Sad that people are missing the point here. He has made a template for a pipe that will be part of a custom header - that's the wire bit he's holding in his hand. This technique s letting him bend multiple custom radii as required to ultimately allow the pipe to contour to the header design. You can see the header set-up on the bench, and the heavy cut dies just beyond and to the left of the vice. The trick is knowing how much heat to apply and over what surface area, always testing the resistance of the material by feel (pipe extension, sleeved), and literally "going with the flow". You can't just pick up a torch and "have at it" - this would take a lot of experience over many years, great skill and, most of all, a great feel for the material. That's VERY hard to teach! This guy is as artist. I would like to see anyone try using a pipe bender to achieve this. How many radii of different bends do you you get with a pipe bender set-up for one size of pipe or tube? ANSWER: just the one. Hats off to this craftsman. Awesome skills!!
It's very cool that he's making custom headers and it' obvious he done it before. Some in the comments are in awe that he's not kinking the pipe. You can sèe in the end of the video that the ends are both capped, the pipe is full of sand. I'd love to see a finished header.
till youve tried it , you will never appreciate the talent this man has ,,, full of sane , springs etc , its just not easy , this isnt a garden hose hes working with.
having bent 100's of pipes using heat, i can tell you first hand that to bend that thin wall tubing without it collapsing or even getting a little flat is an art all it's own. What a testament to his extreme talent. If that's Titanium tubing, that just makes it so much more impressive. O', not sure but I think he's using Oxygen/Hydrogen in his torch, and not acetylene or propane. I would also add for you "filled with sand" folks, it's still not that easy even if you do full with sand. Be my guest and try this with or without sand. BTW, do it with .030 wall Titanium tubing like he is using. if this shit was as easy as you all claim, and fucking idiot off the street would be doing it. Way more involved here than simply bending the tubing also.
lol you're getting upset about something you've made up in your head. nobody is claiming the sand makes this any easier, they are just pointing out its probable existence. why are you so defensive over nothing?
Because of the heat. The heat required to bend metals without stressing them is more than most (any?) fluids can handle. If cold bending with tools you could use fluids, but then you can't bend by hand.
Close radius??? That bend radius is clearly more than 1.5 times the diameter of the tubing and is considered a long bend/sweep. It is not a tight or close radius.
People who know what they're doing also wear PPE; The two are not mutually exclusive and cemeteries/hospitals are full of people who "knew what they were doing."
@@DiffEQ They're about as close to being "mutually exclusive" as it can get. We are in a time where every idiot without a clue has the acronym "PPE" rolling off his tongue and has his head so far up the posterior of insurance and 'safety' that he doesn't know where their cheeks end and his shoulders start. In general, when you see a person like this, executing the level of craftsmanship that you most likely haven't the first goddamned clue about, it's a given that they understand the risks involved and behave accordingly. It really isn't so hard to understand, unless a person is of you're ilk and thinks donning every piece of 'safety' attire and dayglow hoopla is going to keep you out of the hospital and cemetery.
That shows that the human still the best machine. He has a good understanding of what the metal is doing, what is going to do and where it needs to be and for how long to apply heat for.
He is a skilled craftsman, working at his own comfortable pace. The video shows you can get very good results doing it the old school way. I believe he may be using a mix of oxy/propane for his torch. Much cheaper than acet. Good video.
@@SirCavemaninthewest Why would he use MAPP gas???? LP is readily available and relatively inexpensive. Propane will fule a 3,600 deg. F flame so why would anyone use expensive MAPP gas which tops out just 200 deg. higher???? It's definitely not hydrogen... which is just absurd on its face. UGH. People.
hotsweetness99 can't and can is as simple as leaving out the t when typing lol, you can do what ever you want to if you wanna do it bad enough. You just have to try, its not like he woke up and just started doing this stuff he learned it over many years and no doubt many failures too like all of us mechanics and fabricators 20 yrs ago i didnt know how to take apart and rebuild a motor at all but now I can do it pretty much with my eyes closed cause I've done it so many times
OneBad88S10 no no what I mean is for kids growing up, the distraction of technology along with what we are forced to do in school does not help at all. in my high school the shop classes all got shut down and locked up. students could no longer learn hands on skills, parents wanted kids to become engineers with no practice hands on experience. auto class? shut down. wood shop? shut down. machine operation? shut down. computer programing class? full full full! what the heck do you expect kids to do when they don't even have the opportunity? not to mention the social stigma of manual labor. where I grew up, people who did manual labor (like me, a self taught mechanic) are looked at as stupid idiots. people in school always asked me "why would you want to fix something, when you can just buy another one?"
@@jesselawson1169 yes, but I am a rarity. Nobody else thought like I did. They all wanted office jobs. Maybe it was just my location? I will have hope.
Really? He's heating a granular-filled tube and bending it while bringing it to plastic deformation temperature. Same process with plastics... just more heat with metal. That's hard for you to understand?
I'm not sure if I'm seeing this right but, was he at some places pushing on the pipe (toward the clamp) and leaning at the same time? Sort of finessing the arc to change as needed by leaning AND pushing? Don't know if that's what I saw but one thing is sure... this guy has skill. Very cool.
At variance with some of the comments below and based on having done this many times to make my own racing car exhausts: The gas is almost certainly oxy-propane which is quite hot enough to get steel barely red. The tube will be packed solid - really solid - with silver sand (MAKE SURE IT'S DRY or the steam pressure resulting from water vapour will split the tube). The heating is slow because you have to get the sand hot right through - otherwise the tube will kink. Pros will get annealed tube but it can be done with CDS - you just have to heat it at the bend and also ahead of the bend to anneal it. Much tighter bends than shown in this video are possible but you will have to pause and repack the tube because there is inevitably more stretch than compression in the bending so the volume increases. Usual method of packing sand is to weld a cap on one end of the tube, stand the tube vertically open end up, pour the silver sand in the top and tap the tube wall up and down with a spanner for a good while to settle the sand and get more in, then drive a wooden plug in. Packing the sand in really tight is key and also giving the sand time to get hot right through before bending - i.e. patience.
This is a very simple concept. More heat=more stretch. You dont want to apply heat in one area, you want that stretch to be gradual so you dont end up getting that section so thin that it would break open. He is basically stretching the outer edge of the pipe, while inside edge is just bending. heat makes inside edge to bend easier and allot more heat on the outside, allows outside edge to stretch.
Its In This Guy's D.N.A - Japanese are Masters of Metallurgy. -His Ancestors Probably Were Keepers of The 'Secret Craft' of 'Katana' Building, back a Hundred Years or So! - But I'm a bit of a Fan of 'Pops' Yoshimura - I've Got an '85 GSX-R750 With An 'Old School' Yoshi Pipe on it - Man that Thing 'Howls' - Cheers👍😀
Man can perform magic and he does so by raising a sail letting the wind do the propulsion. Same principal here heat in the right place and leaning into the advantage with natural leverage. I only ask what his torch gauges are set to, Im only yet a novice welded and used to raw forge grinding and longer time consuming things that may seem relentless but do work if you think what can be used as material all around us. Tools are time savers I try using mans most important one, our mind to freely observe and create from there what I want to make. And tools are costly on the reprise of we get what we pay for as quality rises with cost more, and cheap tools send people to the ER or to a first aid kit fast. We take our licks and come back at it swinging a bigger smarter hammer. Old ways still work so its worth the time, its also worth the time to educate ourselves and learn about tools that render any project to a superior product that works like a charm when its brought into action. Magic is applied knowledge or what my grandfather called ingenuity from thoughtful open mindedness leading us in discovery of trials, fails and finally success for enduring benchmarked crafting in time it becomes refined and experience is our teacher or executioner. lol be safe some things you can only do once and others can only mess up the first and last time. Study close as the old men knew for a reason, and to improve we need to listen to what they say or seek the skilled ones that know how and may teach us how also.
Awesome !! , I need a system for my old Suzuki's I'm restoring ! My 86' GSX-R750, 80' GS1000S SBK, and a 89" GSX-R1100 Endurance would the build period pipes maybe some with modern cans on them ???
Pops at his best,, but lads..this is how we do it in shed land,, and indeed have been doing it this way for years,, But I have to say..I fill my pipes with sand, so I don't crease or ripple. Pops here is heating and bending bare back.., that means hollow pipe,, also that's stainless he's working with..which means,,, the more you bend the harder it gets,, pure skill..
You can't just pick up a torch and "have at it" - this would take a lot of experience over many years, great skill and, most of all, a great feel for the material. That's VERY hard to teach! GIVE ME A DAY
it's NOT filled with sand. If it's closed off it is to prevent oxidation or to help contain heat. otherwise it would create a draft and cool it making it much harder to bring it to, and maintain critical temp.
No big deal, really; that's what he does, anyone can do that, the **TORCH** does it for him; still,very nice to see,thanks for posting (seen this a few times already over the years lol).
Sad that people are missing the point here.
He has made a template for a pipe that will be part of a custom header - that's the wire bit he's holding in his hand. This technique s letting him bend multiple custom radii as required to ultimately allow the pipe to contour to the header design. You can see the header set-up on the bench, and the heavy cut dies just beyond and to the left of the vice. The trick is knowing how much heat to apply and over what surface area, always testing the resistance of the material by feel (pipe extension, sleeved), and literally "going with the flow". You can't just pick up a torch and "have at it" - this would take a lot of experience over many years, great skill and, most of all, a great feel for the material. That's VERY hard to teach!
This guy is as artist. I would like to see anyone try using a pipe bender to achieve this. How many radii of different bends do you you get with a pipe bender set-up for one size of pipe or tube? ANSWER: just the one.
Hats off to this craftsman. Awesome skills!!
Nice explanation. I was wondering what he was doing with that wire.
+Gair Bowbyes its sad that we are not passing skills on like we use to but in stead giving way to mas production of sub par throw away quality
He use, sand or something inside the tube? To not create wrinkles?
It does not show him filling the pipe with anything.
Del Emerson why is the pipe closed off then? when he takes off the tube at the end of the video you can see it
It's very cool that he's making custom headers and it' obvious he done it before. Some in the comments are in awe that he's not kinking the pipe. You can sèe in the end of the video that the ends are both capped, the pipe is full of sand. I'd love to see a finished header.
When you can make something that should be impossible look easy, you've reached mastery of that subject.
The old school craftsmen are the best.
till youve tried it , you will never appreciate the talent this man has ,,, full of sane , springs etc , its just not easy , this isnt a garden hose hes working with.
Amen. Some folks have no idea .
I think it can be fairly assumed that this gentleman knows what he is doing, and may have possibly done it before... Beautiful work...
having bent 100's of pipes using heat, i can tell you first hand that to bend that thin wall tubing without it collapsing or even getting a little flat is an art all it's own. What a testament to his extreme talent. If that's Titanium tubing, that just makes it so much more impressive. O', not sure but I think he's using Oxygen/Hydrogen in his torch, and not acetylene or propane. I would also add for you "filled with sand" folks, it's still not that easy even if you do full with sand. Be my guest and try this with or without sand. BTW, do it with .030 wall Titanium tubing like he is using. if this shit was as easy as you all claim, and fucking idiot off the street would be doing it. Way more involved here than simply bending the tubing also.
lol you're getting upset about something you've made up in your head. nobody is claiming the sand makes this any easier, they are just pointing out its probable existence. why are you so defensive over nothing?
i was thinkin about this the other day, why not use something like hydraulic fluid?
Because of the heat. The heat required to bend metals without stressing them is more than most (any?) fluids can handle.
If cold bending with tools you could use fluids, but then you can't bend by hand.
The tube is full of sand.
oxygene/drogene flame color is blue and not so visible.
Close radius compound angle bend.....thank you teacher, for the demonstration. .👏👏👏👏👏👏
Close radius??? That bend radius is clearly more than 1.5 times the diameter of the tubing and is considered a long bend/sweep. It is not a tight or close radius.
This guy is brilliant no gloves no safety glasses no worries, just knows what he is doing well done :) !!!
People who know what they're doing also wear PPE; The two are not mutually exclusive and cemeteries/hospitals are full of people who "knew what they were doing."
@@DiffEQ You said it so accurately!
@@amateurmakingmistakes No, he did not.
@@DiffEQ They're about as close to being "mutually exclusive" as it can get. We are in a time where every idiot without a clue has the acronym "PPE" rolling off his tongue and has his head so far up the posterior of insurance and 'safety' that he doesn't know where their cheeks end and his shoulders start.
In general, when you see a person like this, executing the level of craftsmanship that you most likely haven't the first goddamned clue about, it's a given that they understand the risks involved and behave accordingly. It really isn't so hard to understand, unless a person is of you're ilk and thinks donning every piece of 'safety' attire and dayglow hoopla is going to keep you out of the hospital and cemetery.
@@TheBarnaby25 You're obviously so skilled at whatever you do that you don't need PPE.
How can anyone give "thumbs down" to this video. He's skilled as!
they are jealous
Just trolls that think they can do all and know all
Donn DIY
A description of the process, and material put in the video description would be nice.
Wow 184 of em. That's alot of jealousy
envy is a bitter poison
The craftsmanship here is something that's going to be lost in the near future. Amazing work.
When you love your job so much , you can't quit smiling.
That shows that the human still the best machine. He has a good understanding of what the metal is doing, what is going to do and where it needs to be and for how long to apply heat for.
beautiful. hard to see how anyone can miss the point unless they have no idea what they're looking at.
as a weld/fab guy- damn it's impressive what control some people have with heat.. I can only hope to one day understand it that well
Hoping is the slowest possible way to attain something.
I think this is the best way of playing a metal without stressing it...
True master
This is awesome
Love to see old school tricks of the trade alive
Adjusting on the fly
Very cool.
I hope he doesn’t forget to put his dust mask back on when he leaves the fab shop.
Haha great!
He is a skilled craftsman, working at his own comfortable pace. The video shows you can get very good results doing it the old school way. I believe he may be using a mix of oxy/propane for his torch. Much cheaper than acet. Good video.
Robert Beck could be Mapp gas too
@@SirCavemaninthewest Why would he use MAPP gas???? LP is readily available and relatively inexpensive. Propane will fule a 3,600 deg. F flame so why would anyone use expensive MAPP gas which tops out just 200 deg. higher???? It's definitely not hydrogen... which is just absurd on its face. UGH. People.
J'adore ces techniques à l'ancienne, sans fioriture d'électronique, juste le talent de l'artisan et de son savoir faire.
So time consuming so perfect, I love Japanese craftsman of all sorts.
yoshymura has been building headers for yrs. they were famous in the early 70s.
This is like a magic trick to anyone who knows about pipe bending .
He makes it look simple, a man who knows his craft . Dave nz
No fine sand in side of pipe? Good tecnic. Thank you sensei Yoshimura.
Fine craftsmanship, a
flawless bend regarding steel pipe.
the vice setup I like as well.
Unreal and smooth as a baby's ass! Consummate skill and control. This demonstrates why the Japanese have "Living National Treasures".
That is a master at work. Amazing not even I can get a pipe to be bend in a perfect pattern with out a deformed bend on my end.
prime example of true skill and workmanship, kids need to learn this shit nowadays!
OneBad88S10 we can't
hotsweetness99 can't and can is as simple as leaving out the t when typing lol, you can do what ever you want to if you wanna do it bad enough. You just have to try, its not like he woke up and just started doing this stuff he learned it over many years and no doubt many failures too like all of us mechanics and fabricators 20 yrs ago i didnt know how to take apart and rebuild a motor at all but now I can do it pretty much with my eyes closed cause I've done it so many times
OneBad88S10 no no what I mean is for kids growing up, the distraction of technology along with what we are forced to do in school does not help at all. in my high school the shop classes all got shut down and locked up. students could no longer learn hands on skills, parents wanted kids to become engineers with no practice hands on experience. auto class? shut down. wood shop? shut down. machine operation? shut down. computer programing class? full full full! what the heck do you expect kids to do when they don't even have the opportunity? not to mention the social stigma of manual labor. where I grew up, people who did manual labor (like me, a self taught mechanic) are looked at as stupid idiots. people in school always asked me "why would you want to fix something, when you can just buy another one?"
@@DesertSessions93 but here you are... which proves that you can, If you want to bad enough.
@@jesselawson1169 yes, but I am a rarity. Nobody else thought like I did. They all wanted office jobs. Maybe it was just my location? I will have hope.
Never seen that done before. Amazing how he gets it to bend without distorting the pipe.
this guy knows exactly where to heat and how much to heat. Expert job...but I'd hate to think how much gas he chewed through!!
This is all about racing and burning gas !!! Lol
A true craftsman at work. So many things going on most of us wouldn't start too understand.
Really? He's heating a granular-filled tube and bending it while bringing it to plastic deformation temperature.
Same process with plastics... just more heat with metal. That's hard for you to understand?
No mandrel, torch and pressure to make a manifold. That's nice. Former gixer rider Yoshi was life.
Zen- Bending
The fire
Must be like
Your own
Hand
I'm not sure if I'm seeing this right but, was he at some places pushing on the pipe (toward the clamp) and leaning at the same time? Sort of finessing the arc to change as needed by leaning AND pushing? Don't know if that's what I saw but one thing is sure... this guy has skill. Very cool.
True Craftsmanship at work...
Beautiful... but that will be a damn dull Samurai sword!!!
I've watched this a couple of times and I can see what he is doing but I still have no idea how it works - respect !
Gravity, packed sand,Heat and generations of skills handed down Father to son and so on and so on.....
Meus Deus, o que é isso? Fiquei de boca aberta, a gente sempre compra ferramentas caras e vê alguém fazer com a mão kkkkkk. Parabéns, gostei.
A whole lot of expensive tools or a whole lot of expensive skills. Choose one!
Wow. That is fairdinkum brilliant mate.Thank you for sharing.
Hypnotic, a true craftsman.
Good skill! Who needs fancy digital pipe bender?
Everyone who wants to produce more than 1 bike a day.
People who can t afford that much gas hahaha,i weld with fluxcore since 8years imagine that
I have a 1977 Z1000A1, I dream of new Yoshimura pipes, just beautiful craftsmanship.
At variance with some of the comments below and based on having done this many times to make my own racing car exhausts: The gas is almost certainly oxy-propane which is quite hot enough to get steel barely red. The tube will be packed solid - really solid - with silver sand (MAKE SURE IT'S DRY or the steam pressure resulting from water vapour will split the tube). The heating is slow because you have to get the sand hot right through - otherwise the tube will kink. Pros will get annealed tube but it can be done with CDS - you just have to heat it at the bend and also ahead of the bend to anneal it. Much tighter bends than shown in this video are possible but you will have to pause and repack the tube because there is inevitably more stretch than compression in the bending so the volume increases. Usual method of packing sand is to weld a cap on one end of the tube, stand the tube vertically open end up, pour the silver sand in the top and tap the tube wall up and down with a spanner for a good while to settle the sand and get more in, then drive a wooden plug in. Packing the sand in really tight is key and also giving the sand time to get hot right through before bending - i.e. patience.
What is silver sand and where do you get it?
@@jesselawson1169 Garden centres are the best bet. Put it in the airing cupboard to dry it.
@@sideshowbob5237, thanks I'll look into it
Well I'm impressed.. I didn't realise one could do it like this and not mess up the pipe.
+robaxx Or has he got sand in there
+robaxx that's probably what the taped off ends was. It'll most likely kink if more than a few degree bend even with heat.
+robaxx Now you are talking.....
+robaxx
which is probably why it takes so long to heat as well.
Nice work. Headed out to my shop and fabing up a new dual exhaust system using this old school Japanese method.
Nice clean organized shop, sure hope he doesn't drop that torch, they'll be running for their lives!
thanks! now I want a torch/flamethrower too. :)
Nicely done!
This guy is just too cool!
It’s an old clip but……..still outstanding work. 👍🏻
A lot more skill there than meets the eye..........and is shop looks as neat as mine.......
That is amazing a real art and now I read in the comments it's titanium this guy should be working for Boeing.
Hand bent titanium. Beautiful works of art
This is a very simple concept. More heat=more stretch.
You dont want to apply heat in one area, you want that stretch to be gradual so you dont end up getting that section so thin that it would break open.
He is basically stretching the outer edge of the pipe, while inside edge is just bending.
heat makes inside edge to bend easier and allot more heat on the outside, allows outside edge to stretch.
This looks like one of my high school shop tests. You had to find and circle all the safety hazards in a picture of a messy shop lol.
Master of his craft
Its In This Guy's D.N.A - Japanese are Masters of Metallurgy. -His Ancestors Probably Were Keepers of The 'Secret Craft' of 'Katana' Building, back a Hundred Years or So! - But I'm a bit of a Fan of 'Pops' Yoshimura - I've Got an '85 GSX-R750 With An 'Old School' Yoshi Pipe on it - Man that Thing 'Howls' - Cheers👍😀
Fantastic, non servono parole
I like his style. no gloves, no safety glasses, no ear plugs, no boots, sets hot torch down on cardboard box.... no osha lol
Fucking fire hazard, that whole workshop.
A Master... My Respect
Marie Kondo says everything there must bring joy.
Handbuilt to PERFECTION...
What do you fill it with to stop it collapsing do you use sand and cap the ends 👍
Man can perform magic
and he does so by raising a sail letting the wind do the propulsion.
Same principal here
heat in the right place and leaning into the advantage with natural leverage.
I only ask what his torch gauges are set to, Im only yet a novice welded and used to raw forge grinding and longer time consuming things that may seem relentless but do work if you think what can be used as material all around us.
Tools are time savers
I try using mans most important one, our mind to freely observe and create from there what I want to make.
And tools are costly on the reprise of we get what we pay for as quality rises with cost more, and cheap tools send people to the ER or to a first aid kit fast.
We take our licks and come back at it swinging a bigger smarter hammer.
Old ways still work so its worth the time, its also worth the time to educate ourselves and learn about tools that render any project to a superior product that works like a charm when its brought into action. Magic is applied knowledge
or what my grandfather called ingenuity from thoughtful open mindedness leading us in discovery of trials, fails and finally success for enduring benchmarked crafting
in time it becomes refined
and experience is our teacher or executioner. lol be safe
some things you can only do once and others can only mess up the first and last time. Study close as the old men knew for a reason, and to improve we need to listen to what they say or seek the skilled ones that know how and may teach us how also.
That's why we love Japan!
They program the robots to be like this dude. Precision
Awesome !! , I need a system for my old Suzuki's I'm restoring ! My 86' GSX-R750, 80' GS1000S SBK, and a 89" GSX-R1100 Endurance would the build period pipes maybe some with modern cans on them ???
That is not a skill, That's artistry.
great vid
Pops at his best,, but lads..this is how we do it in shed land,, and indeed have been doing it this way for years,,
But I have to say..I fill my pipes with sand, so I don't crease or ripple. Pops here is heating and bending bare back.., that means hollow pipe,, also that's stainless he's working with..which means,,, the more you bend the harder it gets,, pure skill..
Arrrr yes the old samurai way of bending pipes....
that's what you call finesse!!
YOSHIMURA EL MEJOR TUNEO DE CHILE.
the man is a genius
the master make masterpiece , nice vid
great work
A master of his art
All-in-all it is definitely a nice job...!
Artist!
You can't just pick up a torch and "have at it" - this would take a lot of experience over many years, great skill and, most of all, a great feel for the material. That's VERY hard to teach!
GIVE ME A DAY
Very nice work friends.
fantastic, craftsman at work.
That one guy is a superhero
the gas and 30 mins spent is a dam lot cheaper than a mandrel bender required to bend exhaust. also its a skill
Pipe bender stays in shop..gas goes in the air...price of bottles exceed price of bender after 10bottles...
Vince Vega Customs a mandrel bender is 40 thousand a pipe bender is something else.
Can YOU do that with a mandrel bender? Note the form... control the heat...kz1000 wicked custom exhaust versus cost of gas ??? Anyone? Anyone?
mike furfaro yes you can actually
Look closely you'll see the tube is closed off on each end, the tube is full of sand to keep it round during the forming process.
it's NOT filled with sand. If it's closed off it is to prevent oxidation or to help contain heat. otherwise it would create a draft and cool it making it much harder to bring it to, and maintain critical temp.
even if it where filled with sand, whats your point?
Still an impressive skill ....
The sand is needed so the pipe doesn't kink or collapse and to keep it round where its bent, it's not rocket science, I've done this many times
@@WelLRoundeDSquarE You sound pretty confident in your claim, you understand Japanese and they said that or is it just a WAG like everyone else?
He should quit then. He sucks
Always thought my shop was a shit hole but that place is bang on
dudes got skills!!!
My garage is starting to look like yours. just hoping I don't catch the filing cabinet on fire and burn down the house
500 years ago….. he would have been forging a katana
beautiful craftsmanship
Amazing!
Excellent!
Top quality work right there
Just awesomeness!
Fire and Steel. Heaven
No big deal, really; that's what he does, anyone can do that, the **TORCH** does it for him; still,very nice to see,thanks for posting (seen this a few times already over the years lol).
Just awsome !
Amazing, what a talent.