Black Holes Are Even Weirder Than You Thought!
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- Опубликовано: 2 июн 2024
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REFERENCES
The Tempest by Peter Cawdron: tinyurl.com/2ep4uzvs
Inside Black Holes: • What would we see if w...
How Black Holes form: • What is the Fate of th...
How Stable orbits form around Black Holes: tinyurl.com/2klz9mfd
CHAPTERS
0:00 Karl Schwarzschild theorizes black holes
1:58 Inspiration for this video
3:16 How black holes form
5:28 What is the Event Horizon?
7:25 How Time flows near & inside a black hole
9:57 How can Black Holes be so bright if no light escapes?
11:34 How do we detect black holes if we can't see them?
12:29 Can life form on a planet orbiting a black hole?
14:59 How long do black holes last?
SUMMARY
Karl Schwarzschild crafted the first exact solution to Einstein's equations of general relativity. He found that as gravity increased around an object, there must be a point where even light could not escape. He theorized black holes.
Stars are in a balance between gravity trying to collapse it inward, and energy of fusion in its core which pushes outward. But when large stars run out of fuel, gravity causes it to collapse. If the star is massive enough, this results in a supernova. A black hole remains in the center of the debris, if the collapsed core has a mass of 2 to 3 times the mass of our sun.
In a Black Hole, General relativity says all its mass is collapsed into an infinitesimally small volume, called a singularity. A singularity has all its mass in zero volume of space, thus it has infinite density. But infinities usually mean errors in math, so singularities may not be real.
The singularity is enclosed by a boundary, the event horizon, within which the curvature of spacetime is so strong that light cannot escape. The radius of this sphere is called the Schwarzschild radius. Since no light can escape from the event horizon, anything inside, including the singularity, can’t be directly seen. Anything that crosses into this horizon is swallowed forever. For this reason, black holes are considered the of edge of space, a one-way exit from our universe.
The size of a black hole is defined by its event horizon, and is very small. If the sun was a black hole, it would be a sphere 6km or 4 miles wide, and earth would be the size of a ping pong ball.
#blackhole
#eventhorizon
As you get closer to the event horizon, the flow of time slows, compared to flow of time from a point far away from it. From the perspective of an observer far from the black hole, time stops completely at the event horizon. General Relativity still works inside it, but not at the singularity.
According to Relativity, time and space trade places inside the black hole. Relativity predicts that time gets destroyed at the singularity. So a black hole is like the "reverse of creation." Whatever is inside the event horizon is causally disconnected from us. It remains forever in the future. Whatever is inside hasn't happened yet from our perspective.
Since no light can escape, we can only “see” black holes indirectly because of the way their gravity affects stars and pulls matter into orbit. As gas flows around some black holes, it heats up, paradoxically making them some of the brightest things in the universe.
But most black holes don’t have accretion discs, so they are not easily seen. Other methods have to be used to find them. The supermassive black hole near the center of our Milky way galaxy called Saggitarious A* was found because of the tight orbits of stars we COULD see orbiting it.
Black holes are rather common. Scientists estimate that a new black hole is formed in our universe, every second. There are an estimated 100 million black holes floating around in the Milky Way. So for every 1000 stars you can see in the sky, there is a black hole among them that you can’t see.
The gravitational gradient around a black hole is so steep that it allows for MILLIONS of potential orbiting planets around them, whereas a regular stars can only support a fraction of that.
The maximum theoretical number of Earth-like planets that could exist around our Sun in the habitable zone is six. Replace our Sun with a black hole a million times its mass but about the same size and 550 Earth-size planets could orbit in the same region without bumping into each other. A black hole’s gravity is so dominant, it negates how planets disrupt each other, and that allows for far more stable orbits to exist. It is possible that a planet around a black hole could support life.
Black holes last much longer than our sun, 10^84 years vs 10^10 years. They are going to be around for a long time, after the all the stars have died out, and the universe goes dark. 
Наука
In 1915, Schwarzschild's understanding of spacetime was already so great that he was able to reach into the future and pull back a book with old Einstein on the cover. Amazing!
Could be a camera trick, or some sort of slight-of-hand. Maybe psychosis, hypoxemia or urine overdose. Most likely a supernatural all-powerful conscious entity beyond space and time that created everything, though.
😂
Lol good eye!
Little known fact, and the cause of many misunderstandings: Einstein actually looked like that since he was five. Later they doctored some images to make it look like he looked different when he was young and conceal the strange truth.
Yep, everybody knows he had mastered time travel! Don't you know?
You are the only astrophysicist that I truly understand. I don't know how you explain complex areas of classical and queries of new concepts in this subject area. Be it extensive experience, a natural gift, or both, I am so grateful I fell into your orbit. As a fiction writer who needs a believable background behind a project I am starting, I am so grateful I can turn to you to contain and expand my plotting. Where were you when I was at school? We never even studied physics. I took it up as a hobby and had so many questions I knew it could only ever be a hobby. A lifetime seemed too short to answer even basic equations. You give me confidence to doubt, question, and then understand enough to move on. Physics has so many unanswered questions. I now feel reassured, from your lectures, that I know it is not ignorance, but curiosity that confounds me, and can comfortably work with what I've learned from you, knowing that I can tune back in when I get confused. I'm sure this is one of numerous similar posts!
Thanks so much. I'm glad I can help satisfy some of your curiosity.
Queries? C'mon man, that doesn't make you sound smarter..
Just today Dr. Michio Kaku tried to save Big Bang by claiming that 3-days ago found 6 mature galaxies, one of which 14.5 billion years old and as massive as Milky Way, are not galaxies, but black holes. And last month Dr. Michio Kaku lobbied financing new accelarator to find out what happened in first second of the Big Bang. Definitely Dr. Michio Kaku has conflict of interests, so he proposes new 2-day old theory that one thing that never happened is happened due to other things that never happened. There were no Big Bang and there are no Black Holes (just images of non-ignited stars due to very slow time around them).
When it comes to explaining quantum and astrophysical concepts, you have found the "goldilocks zone". As a non-physicist, your channel does the best job of toeing that thin line between giving just enough detail (but more than a doc) to quench the curiosity, but not so much as to discourage the viewer. I really appreciate the time you put in, thank you!
Arvin is the G.O.A.T. at explaining physics to common people like me :) I learned more physics during the pandemic thanks to Arvin than I did in college, thanks Arvin!!!
Great to hear that you find my videos useful.
Two years ago, my ignorance of cosmology led me to believe black holes to be a rare occurrence, an exception to the rule of gravitation, so not worth studying. Now, I understand that it's the most important cosmic phenomenon. Arvin's passion keeps me captivated.
This was incredible. Thank you for making such a complicated subject so easy to understand!
Thank you for the compliment, and thank you for the sponsorship!
@@ArvinAsh It's our pleasure! We're so thrilled to be able to partner with such an incredible content creator!
As if this guy has any idea what he's talking about?
I have a theory that leprechauns caused the big bang and are pulling on the universe.. Dark matter fairy dust explains it all..
What a fantastic video! Thank you so much for explaining some of a black hole's mysteries in a way that is accessible and enthralling.
I first learnt about Schwarzschild and the M-87 galaxy from reading German sci-fi. Years later I was immensely surprised when I found out they are real things.
How come only artists get to see what's inside the event horizon?
Artists' privilege...don't you know?
@@ArvinAsh Nobody ever tells me about these things. Now I'm seriously doubting the value of my computer animation degree.
@@ArvinAsh One more thing. I thought I was the only one who used the possessive apostrophe anymore. Now I at least know there's another out there, and I can finally bury this existential crisis in grammar for once and for all.
Came back to this 3 days later to add that bit about the apostrophe? I'm doubting the value of your animation degree now, as well.
As usual, you give more information than almost any other science video creator on the internet while also making that information relatively (pun intended) easy to digest. For example, it was quite interesting to hear about how many planets could theoretically fit in the habitable zone of a star without interfering in each other's orbits, compared to a similar area around a black hole of a certain mass (even though most black holes are unlikely to have any planets at all, and there's no habitable zone at all around them). I always love these new tidbits of knowledge.
Black Holes are time machines that collect the fuel for the big bang!
Nice!! I like that …. Your name makes me wonder how you thought of that 🤔
They do a lot more than just collect energy. The warp it, hold it, and release it as hawking radiation.
Too close to reality you stole my intelligence when I was dreaming. 😂🤣
@@eternalsoul3439 we share the same intelligence in different brains after all 😉
No, the matter the collect is converted into a energy that permeates the space-time of the other end of it.
That energy causes space time to expand, likely at an increasing rate as its fed.
This one gave me chills. Something about Interstellar and other media about humans encountering the effects of relativity really gets me emotional. Thinking about how you can always revisit a place or person but never their time, always becoming more distant in our memory. Beautiful and bittersweet as sunset.
If we conceive of ourselves as a worldline made out of 3D bodies that stretches throughout 4D spacetime - then this worldline stays in touch with everything/-one we ever encounter.
I like to think of myself as a row of people "waiting" in line (in the time direction) - every instance of me is just thinking that they are in the "now" and they have memories of my younger versions - but they are there forever in spacetime (a.k.a. the block universe)
Some alien that moves away (?) from us right now some billion light years away (from our perspective) will from their perspective figure that it's living at the same time with some precious moment in our past.
We are an eternal engraving in 4D regardless what we might perceive at any specific event of our life.
I love your explanation of things and your voice is phenomenal for the videos you create. Power to you always.
Best science channel on youtube. Arvin is the sweetest guy ever
Wow this video is amazing. I learned some things I hadn't known, and I love how simply it's explained and the graphics are top notch. Subscribed and looking forward to many more.
Einstein was certainly no math-novice, but his greatest asset was his imagination which combined with science produced advances we still marvel at. Schwarzschild was a pure mathematical genius. That he died so young was a loss to the world. His day job as an artillery officer was to work out the math for the gun trajectories which must have been mere child's play for him.
This guy explains things so well
You are very, very good, but you surpassed yourself this time. This is the best description of black holes I've seen.
9:29 "whatever is inside, has not happened yet" (from outside view)
i have never heard black holes being described this way, but it is such a perfectly clear way of thinking about it. ty!
people usually say that time stops on the horizon. same thing, but seems so hard to grasp when stated like this.
great great video Arvin. thank you
The Galactic Center Saga by Gregory Benford also has a civilization living around the black hole in the center of the galaxy. It is one of my favorite sci-fi series as it also explores the dangers of AI and where that could end up given enough time. The novel Dragon's Egg by Robert L. Forward is an exploration of a life-form that lives on the surface of a neutron star. Very interesting story.
Funny coincidence: Schwarz = black / Schild = shield
and this turns out to be the limit, the shell (shield) of the blackness (absence of light) of a black hole
Just wonderful, Arvin. You are a superb teacher with an extraordinary mastery of your subject.
Hi Arvin thank you for these amazing videos. You have a unique gift of bringing deep concepts in a simple way. Could you do a video in this series that then explains how, from Oppenheimer’s work, Roger Penrose won the Nobel prize for showing they are inevitable with the inexorable march to a singularity? I could never understand why there isn’t a similar exclusion limit at the quark or smaller level, that is just beyond when spactime is irreversibly curved to prevent light escape. Would that have solved the singularity problem? Could there be a “quark” star that exists at smaller scales within the event horizon? Would love to understand how Penrose and others proved this could not happen. Also, if an observer sees time stopping at the event horizon, does somebody at the event horizon see the whole future of the universe pass in front of them when they look out? So many question, thank you!
Inside a black hole, all moves to the singularity and the more you try to escape, the faster you go to the singularity because each time you move inside a black hole, the faster you accelerate your time in the direction of the singularity (that is the thing that is in the future of all things in the black hole). The only way to fall into the singularity at the slowest pace, is to not move at all and just fall in.
I can say that it's exactly what happen in the universe itself.
We are going in the direction of the future (whatever it is), if we accelerate in some random direction, our time dilates and we go faster into the future. There is no way to escape, impossible to go back in time. The only way to go to the future at the slowest pace, is to not move at all.
That's a good way to look at it!
Also the fact that time and space are said to switch around in the black hole
Also there's a really good yogurt shop in there too.
Arvin I have watched many black hole YT videos and was surprised that I saw many 'new to me' things in your presentation. Very well presented. Kudos to you. André in Sydney ⚫
Another great video Mr Ash . Coincidently the next video in my feed was Lee Smolin talking about his idea of blackholes being a new Big Bang . Fascinating idea .
Nice! Black holes are such a fascinating subject. Regarding time, I think it's very interesting that photons do not experience time. From the perspective of a photon, everything happens at the same time. I don't know if you had already made a video on this subject or if you would consider making one...
More like they don't experience anything 😳👍🤓
Perhaps that’s why their charge never fades? They don’t decay, because they are frozen in time?
@@alphagt62 they do decay. Don't think of them as something more than one of the most gravitational objects in the universe, at enough speed and distance, stuff orbits like anything else.
But energy is something that in total is always the same amount. If x energy goes inside, if it gets out can't be more than x.
And everytime any object interacts with others, if those objects are affected by the energy of the black hole, it has to give some of it to the objects.
Just it has to pass like trillions of years but they will lose enough mass to explode and return the energy to the exterior.
But there are the problem we live too little, we can't see a star birth, development and collapse...
@@misterlau5246
There is more than 1 star
@@Dan-mm1yl yes, why? 😅
Great summary! Geodesic incompleteness and consequences would be a fun video.
It should be clear from the video's description of the singularity that Arvin doesn't know anything about geodesic incompleteness.
"And that's coming up right now!"
Gives me chills every time! Never change this intro!
One thing I really appreciate regarding Arvin's popularizing of Astronomy is his originality. He finds unique points or perspectives to cover not found in the glut of other YT astronomical presentations. This originality gives him the edge in content, imo.
Always wondered though:
How do black holes give out Hawking radiation if nothing has (from our point of view) fallen into it yet?
I was thinking about how QM prevents electrons from "falling" into the nucleus, and was wondering if anyone has hypothesized an analogous process that creates a minimum energy orbit around a singularity. Not sure how it would work considering that gravitational potential energy would be near infinite for orbits approaching zero distance, but I figure that it would be worth a try.
Well the smallest distance from the black hole where light can go around it is the Schwarzschild radius so…
There is something always certain about your videos Arvin... I'm NEVER disappointed!!
Fabulous, fascinating and very informative. Thank you
Man doesn't it almost just make you want to read all the physics books you can, really understand maths and actually be able to figure this stuff out too?
I have always thought that inside a black hole is just a really dense, small star which shines brightly, but the light can’t escape it’s own massive pull on space time.
Hawking and Penrose have shown that general relativity equations dictate all the mass under event horizon to collapse into singularity.
You might be right, who knows? We don't have any information from inside the event horizon, just guesswork. It could be marshmallows and unicorns. No way to know for sure because we can never test the hypothesis.
I thought that too.
I mean, the only difference between neutron stars and black holes is that the latter has a bit more mass.
They both form in the exact same way (Or two neutron stars collide together)
The implications of a singularity just doesn't make sense. Like i thought it was supposedly impossible for matter to occupy the same space.
Being a singularity would mean that the atoms, protons, quarks (however the matter is broken down inside one) overlap eachother and occupy the same space at the same time.
I don't get why blackholes aren't just considered a more massive/dense type of neutron star like a magnetar or pulsar
@@darkknight097 yes, well put. I’d be interested in hearing someone do a talk on those various points and perhaps why they are or aren’t possible.
Thank you very much publisher.
Love your videos!! I would really love to see one about identical particles and how symmetrization Postulate makes phenomena as Pauli's Exclusion Principle arise.
Do gravitational waves pass through everything unimpeded, or do they diffract when passing through mass, like light through a lens? Just wondering if we could use them to study black holes.
The gravitational wave detectors actually measure the distortion of the planet. The earth actually waves, warps, with the space. They have observed black hole collisions by comparing the readings from several detectors, to determine which way it came from. But does the Earth, or the Sun or larger objects change the waves as they pass through? Lensing as you put it? That’s very possible. A very good question. If the Sun was between us and such an event, would it alter our readings? Is there any way to test that? We need a wave detector on Mars, or some other location to test it.
Excellent! Thank you
I totally forgot about this channel, glad I found it again.
Another phenomenal breakdown of nature’s most mysterious objects!
*If you knew you were guaranteed a return trip, would you take a trip to the Event Horizon?*
No, I wouldn't. Too much stuff to do in one short life.
A trip to the event horizon would take longer than the age of the universe though....when you return Earth and everyone you knew would be gone... so no thanks...
Gravitons will return and accelerate Black Holes and other objects to the center of this part of the universe, causing them to convert from matter to energy-beams. Supernova explosions could happen only with the help of a lot of gravitons that comes out quickly. Neutrinos must be the gravitons.
Looking up an watching the future pass me by would be too much to handle.
1 light year = 9 trillion km. so say a human's age is 100 years. a human can only travel 900 trillion km before he's dead.
Hi Arvin , thank you making physics understandable for the commons 😊. I’d like if it’s possible to explain Einstein equation . Don’t laugh I’m curious health worker.
Thanks. I did that a bit in this video: ruclips.net/video/NsUm9mNXrX4/видео.html
Love it! Complex ideas explained so easily! Thanks @ArvinAsh! #Inspired
Wow - that is a truly great episode ❤
Thank you for your simplicity
If you find science very very exciting then you are learning it from right teacher like Arvin.
-richard Feynman.
“If you think you know QM then you don’t understand QM”
R. Feynman
@@davidclark682 If you think I'm dead you underestimate how much fun I have posting on the Internet better stuff than Gell Mann. -- R. Feynman
What if we put one of the particle of entangled particles into the event horizon than we can know what happened to that particle we put in by observing the particle we have out of the event horizon
Nice
No
I wan kno that too!
Thanks for blowing (up) my mind! But you and your gargantuan good channel are still my best friends!!! Thanks Arvin! 👍💪⚫❤️
I think your final words are, in fact, the most accurate description of the fate of time and reality that I have ever heard uttered! Given the distinct possibility that each Black Hole gestates a parallel/notional universe with their own Black Holes - and that these remain within the boundaries of our own 'Mother' universe - there will never be a finality to space-time. A 'Continuum' indeed!
A great advance in broadcasting scientific information.
I'm speechless with how intelligent you are with all the other astrophysicists. Thank you so much for making it somewhat understandable to people that don't get the math.
Peter Cawdron's books are great! And there was good scientific paper I read about the possibility of habitable planets orbiting a black hole and it was compared and contrasted to Interstellar. I don't remember who published it but it was an interesting read!
Very nice relaxing video
Wow, cool stuff!
love your Channel
Very much information 👌
Great video :)
Incredible content
You have one of the best channels on RUclips.
Thank you!
Much appreciated. Thank you.
Wow...... Breathless..... And speech less.....
I think you’re my favorite youtuber. Your videoes are teaching me and everyone else so much! Thanks for doing this ❤️🙏🇩🇰
fascinating video
What an amazing video !!!!!!!!!!!!
This is awesome.
Always known this but thanks good listen
I'm so glad you explain this while acknowledging our limitations rather than simply spouting theoretical information as if it was fact.
Thanks Marvin
great vid
Very impressive video
Amazing Ash! I have a feeling you've been on a quest for the Grand unified theory :D
I love your videos sir ❤️. Your explanation is the simplest. Love from India 🇮🇳.
That's coming up, right now! I find this style more fascinating than anythig else.
Hello Arvin..
First of all I must say that I absolutely love your videos as it's understandable in the simplest way one could possibly explain.
I got a thought in my mind that i would like to share. Maybe it's a blunder but I got to share .. Hopefully you would read this.
Might there be any possibility that a black hole can eventually become a star once again. Over the years a black hole is sucking up all the matter that's passing the event horizon to a confined space (I don't believe it's a single point/singularity) and at some point, the matter inside of a black hole will get heated up due to the frictional force and might start a fusion reaction inside of a black hole, thus forming a star OR should I say a white hole which is believed to be so bright and hot which emits everything out of it.
Is there a possibility?
Arvin what do you think about the wormhole sycamore identified? They think they have a theory of quantum gravity, I would love to see a video from you on the subject!
That's my next video, in fact! Coming in early January. Stay tuned.
Between the relativistic dilation of time around a black hole along with their massive life expectancy, I can't imagine how would be the perceived flow of time for the life it could be formed around a black hole
Flow of time would not change from the perspective of anyone within the high gravity environment.
One more Nicely explained Subject
Danke!
Danke mein Freund
For some reason, I like the short music in the beginning :)
You are one of the best content creator on youtube. Love from India.
Great video - learned Bhole and excretion disk abilitites to harbor way largerer number onf planets around itself than otherwise that of a Star -:)
Ever since I’ve heard about black holes when I was a kid in the 90’s I felt like a black hole sounded like a reverse big bang. I just thought that nobody talked about this because I was wrong since it seemed so intuitive to me and these things tend to be unintuitive.
I am your subscriber and enjoy your excellent videos
This episode was a banger...
Imagine a force that pushes everything apart and a force that pulls everything together and then a force that stops everything coming together and then more forces with more special rules that are discovered after the first forces, and every force has a name that sounds like it's properties.
Just being silly, I actually do like your work.
You just described gravity, dark matter, dark energy and a white hole connecting to a black hole through a wormhole on the other side of the universe.
A few concepts I can never seem to grasp:
1. If a star collapses under its own gravity, how can it explode outward to escape that gravity?
2. If light can't escape a black hole, how do jets of gas escape the gravity?
1) The core of the star collapses, the outer shell collapses inward then bounces off the collapsed core.
2) Light does not escape from within the black hole. It is escaping from the accretion disk that is circling the black hole in close proximity to it.
Arvin, another great video. Thanks so much for putting it up. It would be super interesting to learn more about how space and time to flip roles behind the event horizon and what it means for the other forces of nature. For example, could a nucleus of an atom exist if the forces that hold it together can no longer interact (all paths lead to the center)? Or is there any meaning of temperature, as any light would be effectively infinitely stretched?
Thank you for pronouncing Schwarzschild correctly. No childeren were harmed during this video.
Thanks. It's sounds cringy to me too when people say Swarz-CHILD
In the prior video Arvin said that neutrons in a neutron star could not be compressed further because of the Pauli exclusion principle. Is there any idea what kind of quantum object could be compressed more than the neutrons in a neutron star? Is there any theory about what happens to the neutrons that allows them to be compressed further? Do they become some new quantum particle? Is the Pauli exclusion principle violated?
Arvin, your superhero intro text along with your curated selection of rotating stock footage just helped me become an armchair physicist. No longer am I ignorant to the complex information perched at the fringe of human understanding. Hearing broad physics concepts explained in terms such as "a point in space becomes a point in time" is like seeing a crayon stroke across the printed boundary of SpongeBob's head. So clear and elementary is the compaction of matter at the quantum level, I could illustrate it by crushing a beer can against my head. All this, made possible through the tone of a friendly primary care physician, and the sales prowess of a Time Life infomercial. Keep doing your thug thizzle.
lol. You must be a poet my friend!
@@ArvinAsh ha ha, nope I'm an accountant who just can't focus on accounting sometimes. I wouldn't have been so snarky had I expected an encounter with the man himself! Most of these physics guys are so Hollywood these days! Stars, so to speak.
These just makes the theory of a universe in a black hole more plausible
Videos like this always forget to mention - if you were the astronaut falling into the black hole, your perception of time would remain normal within your reference frame, but you would gradually see the rest of the universe speed up as you approached the event horizon. In such a way, you could consider occupying the edge of an event horizon as a form of forward-moving time travel, as the rest of the universe ages faster and faster the closer you get to the object. I wish I knew enough about physics to visualize how extreme this effect could be - would you be able to witness the heat death of the universe before dropping off into the edge of eternity?
Hi Arvin Ash, your content is great. I was wondering what if a most powerful Anti gravity machine be created so that it can go inside a black hole and look around and then come out to tell us about the trip.
No. Spacetime changes inside. Once you are inside, you can never get out, because time itself goes toward the singularity. Traveling in any direction with only take you to the singularity.
@@ArvinAsh thanks so much. I really appreciate
The 5000 light year jets is mind boggling..
Just recently read a paper on black hole star, and it's really hard to imagine that such stars exist.
"That's coming up. Right Now. (2 seconds of dramatic music) Before we start, a word about our sponsor..." - (almost!) every Arvin Ash video.
13:20
What is the habitable zone around a black hole like?
They've found black holes and recently, light holes. Black holes suck in and destroy everything. Light holes spew out massive amounts of energy. I think both exist to help keep the universe itself in balance.
"Whatever's inside the event horizon... hasn't happened yet". Actually makes sense, but at the same time - Mind: Blown.