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Artificial Photosynthesis. Nature shows us how to ditch petrochemicals!
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- Опубликовано: 2 авг 2024
- Nature already knows how to convert energy from carbon dioxide and sunlight. After all it's been doing it for millions of years in the form of photosynthesis, the fundamental building block for all life on earth. But although the process is extremely efficient, it's not very fast. Now scientists have discovered how to mimic nature's magic in a laboratory, and speed it up so much that it could become an industrial scale replacement for petrochemicals, allowing us to keep more and more crude oil in the ground where it belongs.
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#artificialchloroplasts #climateemergency #actnow
I am over 70 years old and still work in medical research because it is so important and exciting. Over the past decade I’ve attempted to wrap my head around the increasing divergent narratives concerning global warming, the causes and risks of climate change, fossil fuels, nuclear vs “green” energy sources, etc.; and trying to extract what evidence I can from the hyperbole and noise that presents - and unfortunately obfuscates - the issues at hand. Then I chanced upon your RUclips channel... clear, unpressurized, concise, information presented in a manner designed to make us think, assess and weigh the evidence ourselves, then arrive at a conclusion that is our own. Never preachy, and always down-to-earth, you are the embodiment of the ancient and honorable term “Teacher”. Thank you so very much.
Fully concur, we are certainly informed as we dutifully chose Joe or Donald and let them lead us.
Hi Bruce. Thank you so much for such positive feedback. It is perhaps the highest accolade I could have hoped for to be ranked alongside teachers.
Potholer54 is another channel that is must watch, there are few channels out there that demonstrate how to practice true critical thinking when it comes to evaluating the science and getting past the various media biases
@@itWouldBeWise Part of the issue though is a lot of people are simply not capable of "critical engagement". Remember 10% do not even have the cognitive capacity to be able to follow simple written instructions or link cause and effect. Sad but true. The worst thing about it is that society in general does nothing to help them.
I did my PhD in plant biotech and even I hate the names of these enzymes and struggled with..
Other area that you might find interesting is that scientists are trying to turn rice which is a C3 plant into a C4 plant to increase its performance during water shortage.
Also another amazing area is that a kind of sea slug eats the sea algae and transfers its chloroplasts to its upper surface its body which continue to photosynthesize and produce energy for the animal. To me it is mind blowing and still cant get my head around it as it is not only Chloroplast but the entire complex range of organs and organelles needed to keep the system going.
Thanks for your interesting videos.
Wow!
Wow! That sounds fascinating. I'll look that up :-)
@@JustHaveaThink ruclips.net/video/AcX2n1rC4W4/видео.html
Another amazing development is that Americas' COSTCO had an opening special in Shanghai of dirt cheap sea slugs, it really is a race to the bottom with humanity, in all parts of the World seeing a tree as vertical lumber and in the way of grazing, subsequently followed by dry bores and mudslides, sure research how clever nature is on the micro but stop breaking down the macro and stop breeding and being so destructive and darn right cruel to animals, we need better policy on how this Earth is managed to be sustainable, every country has deforested, collectively now over generations that's most trees gone, and the remainder, including rainforest, burning or at least very dry, not sure the predicament is fully realised, C3 to C4 when we have billions too many mouths to feed, is just fiddling while Rome burns !
O goody! More carbohydrates for the masses. They come back for more and die before they become useless
I'm enjoying and learning quite a bit from these presentations. Thanks for all your hard work.
Thanks Allan. I'm delighted to hear they're proving useful.
Every time I tune into this channel, I learn something new and amazing that gives me hope for the future. Thanks.
I like this channel. It makes me feel less bleak, and in a way that doesn't feel deliberately self delusional.
You know what is delusional? Starve the plants of their food and ourself of oxigen, "to save the planet".
@@TheEVEInspiration lol wut?
TheEVEInspiration When did anyone say that we need to starve the plants of food or ourselves of oxygen..?
@@electron8262 Just don't feed the troll. They need to be starved.
@@electron8262 Are you that limited in thinking capacity? Plants need CO2, if we are going to "consume it instead", these plants starve, plain and simple. If the plants starve, we have to make oxygen ourselfs somehow, and any tiny failure will be a catastrophe. Oh, and who is going to control the artifical setup? You got it, a totalitarian nightmare untill we are all dead and finally free.
Have a good day moron!
Great video as always, one of the best accessible science based channels on RUclips
Thanks Mick. I really appreciate that :-)
This is legitimately the start to things we dreamed of in science fiction. In 40 years technology will have changed so much that society would be recognizable to us now. This video makes me hopeful.
Wow, this is probably the one of the most important thing we could be working on. The possibilitys that could come from this are amazing.
Yeah, lets starve the plants of their food and ourself of oxigen, "to save the planet".
TheEVEInspiration errm... you might want to watch the video again.
"The possibilities that could come from this are amazing" -- true, but nowhere near enough. Planting trees is better than windmills and solar panels.
You call them plants, I call them highly sophisticated, self-replicating molecular machines that convert CO2 into food and construction material without power supply unit.
Yes, but they still haven't found a way to make use of the energy band we call 'green' !
British Government bureaucrat for a living ? Yes, Minister.
Perhaps more than food and building materials but ancient creatures that like whales and elephants deserve more than being used.
@@albertrogers2506 actually, there are photosynthesisers who process solely green (they look pink to us). It’s an evolutionary “choice” (that’s inappropriate anthropomorphisation but oh well) moreso than a failure of ability. Plants, had they evolved from these guys instead of from cyanobacteria, could well have pink leaves today.
Plants provide beauty both in vision and olifactory. Food and construction material sounds a bit unpoetic
This is huge! Cracking the mystery of plant processes to capture energy and create new organic compounds. Thank you for creating this video.
Biology knows how to make a living. It's been in business for a billion years.
Fuck, this is such a great line lol. Thanks.
True. Yet, it can certainly be improved. I mean, birds have been flying for millions of years, yet they can't go as fast or as high as planes can!
Not at all clear to me how scientists doing biology are distinct from biology doing biology. Scientists are the result of biology doing biology.
@@loungelizard836 nor do they need tonnes of fossil fuel per flight lol. A better comparison there would be drones, and drones are way noisier and have a much shorter time of flight than any given bird.
@@loungelizard836 Perhaps that just shows that there's very little real advantage in it. Douglas Adams's character recognised that we think we're smarter than dolphins, because we have digital watches and atomic bombs. Dolphins think themselves smarter than humans, _for _*_exactly_*_ the same reasons._
Oh nature, your sacks of joyfulness please us so.
Do you mean it as a euphemism for something?
This news puts a smile on my face. Thanks Dave for sharing.
I just found your channel and I'm blown away with all the information. 🔬Science is amazing. 👍👍
So amazing what scientists are developing to solve our environmental problems!
I only wish psychology researchers would also step up their game to finally figure out how to convince climate change deniers and make people less wasteful. That would avoid so many problems from the beginning, instead of other disciplines having to clean up the mess later.
This is the type of content that makes me glad to have subscribed! Awesome!
Cheers! I appreciate that :-)
I love your presentations. This one in particular is great to hear as it gives some much needed good news.
Fantastic video. What an amazing concept. Custom made biochemical factories, tailor made to produce any carbon compound you want.
I like your channel a lot. You don’t underestimate your audience, and have a great delivery. Thank you!
Hang on.. Reverse engineering photosynthesis on a massive scale, using engineering rather than biological means, could become a game changing tool to combat climate change... Is this video understating the importance of this research??? Wow.
Agreed. It grows 100 times faster than a plant. This is basically a carbon offset whether it is ever used to make stuff, fuel etc. If viable soon, this would be a total game changer stop the damage yet to be done. I can see huge pools/lakes of these fast-growing chloroplasts. My question: Can this chloroplast get into the environment and become an invasive species?
@@dianewallace6064 not exactly, because its not a self-reproducing life form per se, its a biological product, produced from spinach, combined with chemically engineered complex of enzymes in a manufactured bubble. Its more like a nanoscale cyborg
Normally, I do an occasional yawn when it comes to any articles, videos or otherwise, on mimicking plant photosynthesis, because plants do it so well, so let's let them do it. That is, plant more plants. A lot more. But this is very interesting. The goal of industrial scale production of oxygen, with no downside if I read this correctly, means that we can get closer to perfecting the climate for humans and every other existing species [ I'm speculating far off into the future]. OK, so it is interfering with nature, but we've been doing that on an industrial scale detrimentally for hundreds of years. This would be one asset that we could give back easily. The times just get ever more interesting.
We're already doing artificial photosynthesis much more efficiently than plants, and with further incremental catalysis improvements and lots of scale, we'll be making jetfuel and other hydrocarbons cheaper than fossil fuel companies. I think many people don't see this coming, but it is coming in the next two decades.
I couldn't be bothered to watch the video to find out, but were any actual results quoted? The thing is, that in possibly three billion years, certainly one billion, the rewards of evolution have not resulted in photosynthesis succeeding in making use of the band of light called 'green'. Photochemistry must be very, very difficult.
Note that the difficult phenomenon called "the eye" has been independently brought to a high level in four completely separate ways, by birds, mammals, insects, and cephalopods (octopus, cuttlefish, etc), and pit vipers have infrared vision as well as using light visible to us. That's how clever evolution is. Some birds are known to have four-colour vision. Parrots apparently can even talk about it.
You've been on a roll lately. I love it!
Love your channel. I always learn a lot when I tune in.
Well done Dave, an excellent explainer video on an increasingly important topic.
Hi Dave! I've just become a patreon member of yours and now I feel absolutely "amazing"! I love your pertinent content, and your presentations allow me to see and think - about your topics. You are amazing, and I'm becoming so very brilliant! Thanks for the bubbles churning in my brain, and the thoughts of productivity vs gloom!!
Hi chinookvalley. Bless you for your kind comments and thank you so much for suporting the channel at Patreon. I really appreciate it. Welcome to the team :-)
Thanks for the great video, as always! The theory that chloroplasts evolved from a lineage of cyanobacteria that lived inside early eukaryotic cells is widely accepted across biology.
This is confusing, how come plants produce chloroplasts if it evolved from a bacteria.
@@alcubz2622 Chloroplasts (in all photosynthetic plants, algae, and photosynthetic microbial eukaryotes) and mitochondria (in virtually all eukaryotes, organisms with cell nuclei) are both derived from bacterial endosymbionts, that lived inside cells and were co-opted in long term evolution into permanent parts of cells. see: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiogenesis
I joined your patrion $10/month. I know making these informative videos is a lot of hard work, and for such a good cause. Thank you! 💚
One of the best guys and docs in the world. Respect and big big thanks
I have watched two of your programs on replacing petrochemicals and have been surprised you have not mentioned algae of which there are hundreds of varieties down to even single-cell chloroplasts. The ones I am interested in are the hydrophytes that not only abstract CO2 but also salt and reproduce most efficiently if there are also nutrients in the water. Hence, their use in sewerage works to absorb nutrients without giving off CO2. My interest as an irrigation consultant in Indonesia is as a possible replacement for low-lying rice lands that are progressively being damaged by salinity due to sea-level rise. Both Indonesia and Vietnam have several million hectares of such lands where growing algae can be turned into biofuel and other commercial products to replace the oil palm used for that purpose resulting in vast deforestation. Algae is about 5 times more productive in producing lipids and can start producing in 6 weeks instead of 6 years it takes to produce oil palm kernels, making it overall 22 times more efficient over a 20-year cycle. Some of the drainage coming through these low-lying areas contains excess fertilisers that will stimulate algal growth. With halophyte algae reducing salinity levels, the saline water can then be used for irrigating other crops that have some saline tolerance, which also includes rice. The ponds can also support low-intensity aquaculture such as catfish, bandeng (loved both loved by Indonesians) as well as prawns. The resulting waste is a highly valuable organic fertiliser that can replace the large quantities of organic fertilisers that Indonesia has to import. Hope you will look into this as algae are starting to be cultivated and used to produce products at competitive rates to oil. Regards David Meigh jdavidmeig@gmail.com
Fantastic! This is a major breakthrough. With this capability, we will have a way to make food without the hassle of growing plants. Great for space, Moon and Mars colonies.
Thank you for this vital introduction!
That sounds very interesting ! Thanks for that.
Time for a follow up episode! That is if any progress has been made. Thank for all your hard work.
Thank you so much for this story. I can't help but think that the petrochemical industry will not be appreciating this development. How are the producers of this energy going to protect themselves from the well entrenched and dangerous preexisting energy interests?
I find these things so fascinating. I'll be studying molecular biology next year, and I can't wait!
My mind is blown!!! If it wasn't for You Tube older people who are out of "the loop" would have no idea scientists, archaeologists, and the like are making discoveries and gaining control in areas that were previously labelled mysteries. Thank you.
Best news I have ever read in my entire life.. Dr Erb and collaborators deserve the Nobel...and that wouldn't begin to repay the benefit to mankind that this discovery provides.
Time to stand up and cheer.
Thanks so much for presenting this !!
I was excited by high protein algae growing at a high rate in LED light. ( See Pond Ltd in Canada) but this process is 100 TIMES FASTER !!
Glucose is the feedstock for yeast which have already been engineered to produce proteins, albumin, casein... Glucose has been the bottleneck for feeding the world.
Protein can now be feed by methane. ( Also abundant )
Now all we need is a more efficient Haber process ...
To be clear, if this is used to produce combustible hydrocarbons, it is merely carbon neutral. It doesn't remove carbon from the atmosphere, but it doesn't add carbon either.
If , OTOH, it is used to produce hydrogen for use in transportation, and pure carbon (for use in materials such as carbon fiber) then it is actually removing carbon from the atmosphere (and sequestering it in useful building materials).
Both pathways should be employed of course, but we must continue to expand the hydrogen and isolated carbon pathway to attempt to bring down the levels of atmospheric carbon.
+Rennie Allen All of the carbon stored i fossil fuels must be put back into the air. The planet will die eventually if we don't do this.
@@Islamisthecultofsin Umm... source? That carbon was underground for millions of years and the planet was doing fine.
@@matejlieskovsky9625 Plants have to use CO2 to live. If it gets too low then they die and when they die we die.
HOW can anyone not love science? Every kid should have a day at these facilities to see how limitless the possibilities are.
WOW! Breakthrough indeed!
Thank you for your work
I’m not a scientist but I’m happy to hear about this! Thank you for the information
Yes! This sounds like another potential track for turning 'taking carbon out of the atmosphere' into a profitable venture. The sooner the world can start operations like these the better. I cannot wait for the headline "Carbon in our atmosphere and oceans is reducing"
Good one👍🏼 , this sound realy interesting.
Thanks for another good video.
Very interesting! Thanks, great video as always :)
Thank you!
I derived a system like this about 15 years ago. This issue with this is actually the light limitation. Blue green algae can only grow at 1g/l/day. I had derived a mechanism to supply the energy in a different way. It was based on a model that was finding faster versions of Rubisco and using them in bacteria
It's about time. There have been people researching this for ages.
Thank you
Excellent video
This gives me some hope for our future.
Thanks, good video.
Fun work you have here
Sacs of Joyfulness 😍 you got that right
Very interesting.
Love this
Wow love it
Great video. Much love guys from Zimbabwe
It's fascinating how we can use different technologies and sciences together to develop more efficient plants. I like to imagine a perennial plant with C4 photosynthesis, edible tubers like potatoes, edible leaves, and produces either beans or a grass seed (like corn or wheat) for its seed. Imagine a growing a plant like that in an aeroponics system where it was easy to harvest the tubers sort of like the experiment they did in Chuquillanqui with potatoes which up to 10 times the normal yield. A plant like that would be excellent not only here on Earth, but it would be a great plant to take with us when we start colonizing outer space.
Good work, keep it up
Blimey Dave! Can we see the out-takes of when you were learning to pronounce some of that. Great video as ever.
this is amazing!
Love science which helps to improve our environment
A superb quality presentation.
Keep up the good work.
Science and engineering will find solutions if they are given time, backing and resources to do so. Some governance and oversight doesn't hurt though.
Very interesting tech.
Thanks for another great video! This channel is wonderful.
And speaking of wonderful, artificial photosynthesis sounds... mind blowing, if they can get it to work on an industrial scale. But if I'm understanding the video correctly, the biologists are manufacturing these droplets by the thousands in a lab. This isn't a case of making new and improved plants, but rather plant-like microscopic machines.
please more like this
This episode of JHAT reminded me of a BBC Four program, "Botany: A Blooming History", which aired in 2011. In episode 2, they talk about British efforts to replicate photosynthetic processes to develop hydrocarbons. Link: www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b011wz4q The episode also discussed (beginning at 50:00) how commercial growers in Suffolk were using CO2 to boost crop yields in a massive greenhouse adjacent to an industrial plant which produced steam and CO2 as byproducts; the CO2 was pumped thru plastic tubes to the rows of tomatoes. It would be interesting to see an episode which looks at the latest efforts to re-use CO2 to increase food production. Love JHAT. Thank you for all of your efforts!
The first thought that came to my mind is this - photosynthesis can produce glucose. Other biological systems can turn glucose into ethanol. Therefore it is at least hypothetically possible to turn CO2 and water into ethanol etc. That can be used for aircraft (jet engines can run on almost any flammable liquid or gas). Put them on the roofs of industrial plants etc and you have a source of ethanol. Even if only 10% of aircraft use it, then it will help.
"Little microscopic sacks of joyfulness"...lmao...that was great :)
Greetings from Marburg! I did not know that this research is done here at the Max-Plank-Institute! 😄
A company that is doing some fundamental work with photosynthesis and producing hydrogen and clean water is SunHydrogen (formerly HyperSolar) might be worth a look.
It is aceppted that chloroplasts were once bacteria, that have over geological time become utterly symbiotic with plants - just to add to it all, the power houses of all eukaryotic organisms - mitochondria - were also bacteria that became symbiotic as well :)
the science is advancing so far that the concepts of how things work look like magic. Even if its explained its you just cant really grasp it.
Perhaps, just the technologies needed to transform Mars and eventually Venus.
E.O.Wilson, brilliant emeritus professor of biology at Harvard, knows so much about un-noticed things like fungi symbiotic with tree roots that he reckons there may be whole unnoticed clades of organisms necessary to the life on Earth that we do not notice.
@Josh Ruzicka Nonsense! If you can demonstrate to me how a planet that has raised by 43% the proportion of its atmosphere that accounted for the seas not freezing over, some long time after the loss of Carbon Tetrahydride, CH₄, to oxidation caused them to freeze ( it had taken a far smaller concentration than it does for CO₂) does not get warmer because it no longer emits as much infrared to space as it used to do, you can get your Nobel prize for this illustration of the failure of the first Theory of thermodynamics.
I have been critical of expecting this artificial photosynthesis idea to be much help in winter or at night. Do you wish to tell me how I've got that wrong?
It is very well known that long term weather prediction is beyond our present data gathering abilities, but the thermodynamic and chemical properties of carbon dioxide are well enough known to predict drastic climate changes even at the present concentrations.
I predict that this millenium humans will terraform Mars and Venus both into hell-holes unable to support carbon-based complex Life, just like Earth will be, so they'll be terraforming them. Need to be sure to save some of Matt Damon's fossilized crap before he dies & gets cremated.
Ur awesome, keep it up!
We keep hoping these new technological discoveries will somehow save us... I am not so sure given the absolute voraciousness of human beings to consume absolutely...
Agreed its almost pathetic trying to solve problems on the back of ever increasing human mass, stock mass,and pollution.
Cyanobacteria with red-shifted chlorophylls and phycobiliproteins capable of harvesting near-infrared-radiation at wavelengths > 700-760 nm could be used to develop the technology to get energy at night from an infrared source or to reclaim energy from anything that emits infrared photons .
Even better, it would be 'harvesting' heat, and maybe put a dent in global warming.
The amount of insolation (globally) is awe inspiring.
No, I don't have a figure, but when you think half this planet is constantly exposed to a gigantic hydrogen bomb it seems we could do better at using the whole of that spectrum that reaches the surface.
Wow real science finally trying to catch up to the science fiction of 70-80 years ago. If only those visionaries had the tech we have now.
Another great video presentation on a very encouraging scientific development. Nevertheless, I can't help but think, it will take a lot more to avert extinction in the relatively near term.
Very true Tim. This is only one of many, many things we need to get very busy on very quickly.
Interesting stuff, and good job on pronouncing those long terms. I was wondering how long it will be before these artificial chloroplasts will have a noticeable impact on keeping the black stuff in the ground? What is the timeline to mass production and an observed impact on CO2 reduction for example?
At current time its got a long way to go before commercialisation without far more breakthroughs. it is frankly too slow and on a very low scale at the moment.
Slow but sure, nature was doing a fine job balancing respiration with photosynthesis, till we stole the water and the forests were levelled.
Hi David. It's only at lab stage so far, so several years I suspect. Although it seems like all these workable technologies are suddenly gaining great interest in the inverstment world - a bit like the dot com boom at the turn of the century (except these things actually create something real and do somehting useful!)
Promising.
Hello David, is there any opportunity for one of your follow-up videos on this topic? I would love to think so
Great walkthrough of this technology
How about the Power to X technology?
Thanks for sharing 👍😀
We're not doing "better than nature". We *are* nature. We're part of this, an extension of it. We are the way nature expands its possibilities.
Great News!! It grows 100 times faster than a plant. This is basically a carbon offset whether it is ever used to make products or fuel. I can see huge pools/lakes of these fast-growing chloroplasts to remove carbon from the atmosphere. My question: Can this chloroplast get into the environment and become an invasive species?
Speeding up the photosynthetic process would also enable food to grow faster, which would enable people to depend less on purchased food, which would enable people to depend less on obtaining money for those purchases, which would enable people to leave jobs and/or work fewer hours at them.
The most exciting application for me is the Materials Engineering part. Since, carbon fiber, for example is a great material, maybe some derivative can be produced simply form light and carbon in the atmosphere.
Another fascinating video and a message of hope!. How long will this research take before it can be used in anger ? Years or decades?
Hi James. I think it's probably years. But I would say that Wall Street investors are quickly realising that these technologoes are the investment opportunities of the future. The thought of rampant capitalism driving climate progress is slightly distasteful, but the reality is that it's probably the best way to get these things up and running quickly. If we can cause a dotcom style stampede of money into research and development then all well and good.
@@JustHaveaThink I'd much rather the capitalists do it, it will be quicker and so much more quickly rolled out ! Have we got time to wait for the government to do it ?🙂
How does this get the starter energy that they mentioned for their enemy module?
at 5:00 min. those hairs may be the phased ray antennas that convert sun rays to electric energy very efficient part,this was patented in 1986 16 anstrons long and 4 wide 60% eff.
Another great video which gives hope for us walking monkeys and other mammales will survival. The end is NOT nigh and there is not only one 'solution' to our environmental problems. The weird science on the 1990s TV Show 'Red Dwarf' may not be so weird after all.
Thanks, I love all of the videos on this channel.
Can I ask, if the droplets are doing the dark reaction, do the chemicals produced from the light reaction have to be harvested from the spinach?
Or are the droplets somehow put in the chloroplasts?
Also how long do the droplets last?
Hi Richard. As I understand it, they need the shell of the chloroplasts from the Spinach planat as a sort of 'donor' into which they put their bespoke enzymes. So the light reaction is still the capturing of sunlight and CO2 in the spinach chloroplast and the dark reaction is the turbo charged bit that the scientists have sped up.The droplets are really there to capture the newly created chemical energy in discrete, replicatable units (I think!) :-)
Just Have a Think. thanks, I really hope they get it working at scale.
Great video! But how much co2 is generated to make these new bio systems? I certainly think they hold a lot of promise and would love to see a production level facility in the next 10 -12 years.
I have thought for a while that we should be using sunlight to manufacture synthetic fuel, thus replacing oil in making transport fuel. I imagined this could be done starting with using renewable electricity to generate hydrogen from which hydrocarbons could be synthesised. The process in this video suggests another way to do this. If we did manage to economically produce synthetic fuel we would not have to scrap all our cars and trucks and replace them with electric vehicles. Also such a fuel would solve the energy storage problem, which is currently the limiting factor in renewable energy
Can you put them in animal cells without compromising mobility, cell wall flexibility?
Great video!
As interesting as this technology is, if It can't scale quickly at very high efficiency and low water consumption then there is little it can do to help.
Mobile heat engines and grid scale energy are the problem. Even if you had Sun-petrol your car is still
Just amazing variety of subject you present. Chloroplast that fix co2 100 times seem scary to me. Will this cause the plants to die? Will all the co2 be fixed?
Hi Ron. Thanks for your feedback. I think they will be able to replicate the enzymes and molecules in teh lab, and I imagine they can isolate the active part of the spinach plant, so I don't think there will be a mass killing of plants involved.
Great work, mate. Are you familiar with the Millenial Project by Marshall Savage? Astounding vision, still relevant after a few decades.
4:13 The bottom stem of that sep funnel is broken off. That's how you know this is a real chemistry lab and not just a set.
That, and the Sharpie drawings on the fume hood window.