Rocket Science: How the Raptor Rocket Engine Works and Full Flow Staged Combustion
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- Опубликовано: 1 окт 2024
- What is full flow staged combustion?
How does it work?
And where did it come from?
These questions and more will be answered as we review rocket engine cycles and follow the historical development of more sophisticated and powerful rockets over the decades.
Finally coming to the debt that all modern rocket companies owe to the genius of those who have made it possible for massive reusable space launch systems like the New Glenn and SpaceX Starship to be developed.
Thanks for listening…
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Credit
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Air Force Research Laboratory
Marshall Spaceflight Center
Smithsonian Channel
University of Brasilia
Semantic Scholar
Astronautix.com
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Roscosmos
TL.net
NASA
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Julien Hutereau
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Todd Sears
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WOW! Just WOW! Your lessons continue to amaze me! Well-researched information presented in a digestible format bordering on art! Keep up the great work, my friend!
Thank you so much James! We appreciate you being here for us.
Agreed!
Fabulous, research , research,research, thankyou but im an ignorant kiwi fan
You are far too modest Rex :-) thank you so much!
I really like the flyback-boosters of the Uragan concept. I wonder if the extra hardware weighs more than the propellant a vertical-landing booster would need to keep in reserve.
That’s a very good question
I just did some quick googling to see if I could figure it out, but it's kinda too hard to tell from an approximate view. I'd say it's about the same, which is surprising. Landing gear + Wings is maybe 5-10 tons and Landing Legs + Fuel is maybe 10-15 tons. But the winged booster would need to be reinforced to take the new loads coming from all the wrong directions. Makes me wonder if SpaceX researched this at all before committing to propulsive landings.
@@nicholasn.2883 Thanks for the research! I think the ratio gets better for flyback-boosters as the size increases thanks to the square-cube law, as the size of the wings, landing gear and reinforcements grows more slowly than the internal volume/amount of propellant it can carry as opposed to vertical landing were the amount of reserve propellant grows at the same rate. There is probably a point were, purely from an engineering perspective, one design makes more sense than the other, if it is even practical to build a flyback-booster the size of Superheavy or even close to that.
@@g.f.martianshipyards9328 don't forget that all rockets benefit from lifting body effects. Even a brick has some aerodynamics, though very poor. Look at new SpaceX Super Heavy booster. They just added chines to increase the lifting body area with just little material.
@@g.f.martianshipyards9328 The square-cube law doesn't actually hold for pressure vessels. A pressure vessel holding a certain pressure will have the same mass ratio of content to tank, no matter the size. Similarly, rocket performance depends on mass ratio. Seen in this light, when you scale a propulsively-landed rocket up, the amount of fuel required to land is always the same percentage of the total, whereas for a winged booster the wing area has to grow to the (3/2)th power to maintain a similar wing loading, which eats into propellant mass ratio.
Funny story, I work at the site in which RD-AMROSS is located in WPB. The entire “facility” was built to produce“one” functional asset and convert all RD-180 Blueprints to English. Right before they tore down the mock-up, we got to tour.
It is also the birthplace of the RL-10 and SSME ATD. They were doing some RL10C development work last week. You only hear the steam when it runs. Thanks for your awesome explanations for us jet guys 😊.
What an amazing experience. We are all enthralled by the Raptor but many great engines came before.
He didn’t receive a Nobel prize because the US public was doped into hysteria 😃 Lo Ping. Xian China 🇨🇳😜
Not at all... the US does not select Nobel prize winners. The Nobel committee nominated him twice... both times the Soviet government refused to release his identity for "security reasons". He would have gotten one for the first satellite, and one for the first human in space.
Great video, again. These are all very well done and super informative.
This site should have 1M subs
Thank you so much Deano!
Thank you for speaking about cavitation because when I first learned about it it was very confusing on how tod walk with it, luckily I have a engineer friend who works on submerines and I found out there are 3 ways to deal with cavitation the size of your turbine, the presure of the fuel and the tempture of the fuel so when I looked at the ssme and saw the low pressure pump and guessed that's what it was for, I was able to figure out it's purpose and I'm happy your spreading that information. One more thing is could you speak about aucostic combustion instability in rocket engines as I have been having problems getting full exsplainations about it. It's eaeist to find how the fix it in plane engines then rocket engines and might be a good lesson on hoe sound effects engines as well the launch area around it which is relevant to space x right now. Also if you want to learn more about engines there is a great ressaerch article called a survey of automatic control methods for liquid propellent rocket engines on the hall archives website. They speak about controlling the rocket engine and touch on much more. Thanks for the good view
I also thought it was strange that bubbles could damage something. But then when you look at the high compression going to low compression it becomes more of an explosion. Very strange physics.
The economical collapse of the Soviet Union was more likely caused by the Chernobyl disaster. Though the Afghan war, certainly, added its share to it.
Multiple misfortunes/oversights
Good point Steffen
Don't forget building massive and very expensive titanium nuclear attack subs: the Alpha Class. As well as some other very expensive "defense" projects. The Soviets spent money like water on projects their economy simply couldn't support.
@@tarmaque Yeah that was bonkers project. I think US even "stole" Ti chemistry from there.
@@alesksander I don't know about "stole," but the Soviets wrote the book on titanium manufacturing prior to 3D printing. I recall a coworker who was a welder back in the 90's telling me about how difficult it was to weld titanium. Don't ask me. That's outside my area of expertise.
( every mars garage will have orbital rockets )
That's right! And if all goes well... so will Earth's one day :-)
An incredible video. I am currently doing master's on space engineering and your visualisation of a fuel rich staged combustion cycle is exceptionally useful. Thank you for the material. Btw, Korolyov was also Ukrainian, born in Zhytomyr and studied in Kyiv Politechnic Institute ;)
Fine context for the flow of possibility. Reaching our potential in the hope to extend our realm of expertise as children of the stars.
Dreams of possibilities
Actually, it was the NK-33 that was too late for the Soviet moon rocket, not the RD-170, which was designed for Energia. NK-33 was the upgrade for the NK-15, which is what the N1 used for it's 4 tests. Those same NK-33s didn't fly until Orbital's Antares rocket.
I thought I said NK-15 for the N-1 and RD-170 for Energia... I'll double check, thanks Matt.
thank you great work
Our pleasure David!
Its amazing what cavitation can do to a marine jet drive impeller.
It is indeed, tear holes in titanium like it was balsa wood
It's as if cavitation was an analog for fusion, each little bubble a star pr sun onto itself.
I wonder if commercial fusion will be catelized by fluid...!? Oh... is plasma used as ambient pressure, a backdrop to facilitate burst of fusion in the same way cavitation bubbles are formed on propellers?
Wonder what a fusion impeller looks like?
If the impellers were electrified, would that have any effect toward deflecting the explosive force of cavitation?
Oh! Google informs me the notion was proposed by a fraud on 2002...
"Bubble fusion is the non-technical name for a nuclear fusion reaction hypothesized to occur inside extraordinarily large collapsing gas bubbles created in a liquid during acoustic cavitation. The more technical name is sonofusion."
Plasma based "sonofusion" might already be "in the works." Al least I hope it is.
Come on. If engineering is lead by experience rather than hard science (degrees) you risk the Titan effect: experience makes you very efficient but makes you neglect safety.
That's a valid point...
Were he given 30 more years of optimal cognitive parameters, would his progression~line of extrapolation brought out a feasible blueprint for his engines to use the power of detonation within exhaust bell nozzels?
Could the human body survive the required seconds of impulse brought from riding a stream of detonation that could drive a rocketfrom the Earth's surfacr all the way to low Earth orbit?
Would the G-forces be too high?
If the detonations were kept to a reasonable power with a high enough frequency it could work.
Great video on the history of Rockets. Almost zero information on specifically the Raptor engines besides a 20-second footnote at the very end of the video. I appreciate the work, so you get a thumbs up, but the title of this video is misleading, and so that's why I subbed then un-subbed.
Well the title is Full Flow Staged Combustion... not all about the Raptor engine. That's a different lesson :-)
Another important Class for the Terran Academy Library, Admiral!
Thank you so much Eri!
More please. Has some who's first memory is Apollo 11 I find these fascinating.
Thank you Todd! Another one just released... don't miss the turbopump deep dive also...
Excellent work. I’ve learned more about rocket engines from your videos than any books I’ve read. Your presentation style is superb.
Could you cover some of the private historical projects like the Roton? I think the ideas behind them are worthy of study.
Thank you very much Wayne! That is an excellent idea... I also loved the Roton... let's see what we can do.
Everytime I think I know it all I watch your channel and realize I don't. Another great video
We appreciate that Scott! Thank you so much for watching.
Your reverence for pioneers is palpable and contagious, thank you for being a fine node of revelation.
You are most welcome Lin! Thank you for your support!
in my opinion moss drew on some Ukrainian or Russian engineer, in another video you showed that in terms of weight and strength of the engine it is very different from the be-4 and also in the pressure regime to the advantage of the raptor,. a few days ago spacex launched a vector, the auxiliary rockets controlled themselves in orbit as satan missiles or other russian ballistic missiles did and do when they start. In my opinion it is not a coincidence. In the future maybe or not raptor engine with feedback similar Rd engine ? 😊
It is very true that the first full flow staged combustion engine was Soviet. But then they stopped. The Germans started working on one and stopped. NASA worked on one and stopped. Musk went on to make a working version.
Awesome job!
Thank you for yet again another fantastic presentation. Keep 'em coming, one day soon this channel is gonna explode with eager space cadets of a younger generation than I; a lot more likely now than when I was a kid to be stepping out on Mars for an enchanted evening under the stars. Yeah!
Thank you so much!
Do Modern Aerospike next please! (The private market says they have new alloys)
Look at Aerospike Success! :-) about eight weeks ago
@@terranspaceacademy U B da Man!!
@@terranspaceacademy That's Great! Thanks Guys!
Stop calling people by their last names. Call them by their first names.
Why Mr. Hawkins... er... Gregory? It is considered proper military courtesy to do so and a habit I would have a hard time breaking. :-)
Having had a bunch of 3d printers and being a machinist by trade, I always go on rants about metal 3d printing.. Its really in its infancy , regardless of what developers say.. When it gets to the point we need zero post processing for for most alloys , costs will go down and wacky innovative ideas will follow.
That is absolutely true Rob.
I'd have to agree that it doesn't really work right now. All the methods right now are either related to welding, which makes terrible material quality, or metal injection molding, which is limited to really small parts. I think the breakthrough that makes metal 3D printing actually work is more likely to come from continuous casting than welding. I have some ideas and I'd love to work at Relativity and try to solve the problem, especially since I don't actually believe they have the fatigue life for a reusable rocket right now even if they get Terran 1 to work. The real trick would be to find a way to 3D print metal with an extruded filament style printer because then you could fiber reinforce it and possibly outperform traditionally manufactured metal parts, not that I expect anyone to figure that one out any time soon.
!? I just realized(after watching this video several times) that picture seen at 12:47, bares a striking resemblance to the videogame character "Albert Wesker."
Wonder if his visage and genius persona as a ricket scientist was used as reference for the videogame character?
The videogame series did come out a decade after the Soviet Union collapsed. I suspect game designers used all sorts of references to the duplicitous nature of desire and the political infrastructure it births.
The Alber Wesker character was a government agent in resident evil(municipal government but still government). He was an effective agent until he revealed his hidden nature as a Eugenicist with multiple plots~plans in his grand vision of upgrading mankind. He went rogue in his quest for perfection and thus became an oponent of the umbrella corporation which governed Racoon city.
I'll have to look him up Lin :-) I am no good at games I'm afraid... Halo gave me flashbacks :-)
@@terranspaceacademy oh! Flashbacks suck, waking up in a cold sweat every night for months ... it gets better as you biochemistry winds down in subsequent waves of senescence... although that's not optimal in the way of conforting~consoling the quaking heart and confused mind...
Excellent as usual was wondering how a 300 m per second water pump would work and be powered as outlined in the Zubrin salt water rocket?
Great point Olaf! Perhaps using H2O2 over a catalyst to power the pump and provide heat, flowing it into the salt water to the reactor could work...
@@terranspaceacademy have you done an episode on Zubrin? Would be interested in your take on his saltwater rocket. I like it because it overcomes the limitations vis a vi exhaust tempreture of nuclear thermal
Thank you.
I like the incremental improvements you are making to your videos, which are getting better each time, both in the visuals and the descriptions.
I didn't know that NASA had already a body of research on a full-flow power pack (named BE4 ?), on which SpaceX could later impinge on.
How generous of NASA!
Once more, thank you for all your efforts in sharing knowledge about rockets...
Regards,
Anthony
Well NASA is somewhat US public service provider. SO makes sense for a certain fee ofc you as US space company can access documents and R&D papers. Maybe even you can get access to the Hardware if it is not private property ofc.
NASA has made so many great developments possible. They often get blamed for the politics and corporate intertia but they have very little say over it. Just some of the world's greatest minds working hard to improve humanity :-)
by law it must all be made available to the public... except classified stuff for DARPA etc...
certo valiouse these contente.
well done
Thank you José!
What about film cooling?
That's a good subject. Maybe cooling rocket engines in general?
This was a moving episode 😌
Thank you John!
Like others have noted, these presentations have been getting better, step by step. I've always felt that one thing that could improve things would be to investigate why your mic has difficulty recording the ends of your sentences. Most of them taper off in a way that leaves the final couple of syllables essentially inaudible. Ex: 0:24 "...a bright future in the space industry." The last syllable of "industry" here is nearly absent. I suspect a closer mic with a pop filter would really help.
Sadly it is my speech pattern but has difficulty maintaining volume at the end of my sentences. That’s always been a habit of mine but I’m working on it :-)
Woah, I have never heard of the UR-700M before. 750t to LEO is just insane. Even more insane than Sea Dragon!
Mind boggling really... Think of the mass to Mars with that baby...
Great, thank you!
You are welcome!
Generalists are cool!
Thank you Vanguard!
Intro waaaaaay too long.
But I like the Intros Baker! They me review the history and fundamentals :-)
Your content is amazing wasn't expecting this format for so e reason. Thank you!
You are most welcome! Thank you!
Great video
Thank you so much Judd!
Love this 😀
Thank you Casey!
Excellent explanation, and an even better salute to dedicated visionaries, scientusts, researchers, and engineers.
Thank you Lyle! We always try to honor those who have done so much to make our dreams possible.
Easy to follow, very well presented. Thanks!
You are most welcome!
I'd actually say the simplest rocket engines don't use a catalyst at all. They just force a pressurized gas like nitrogen through a nozzle which converts the pressure into velocity. These are generally referred to as cold gas thrusters as like those used to control the attitude of F9 boosters on descent, but are a form of rocket engine.
That would make those that use a catalyst the second simplest.
When is engine and when is thruster? i would say engine provides chemical change. Thrusters just changes state of matter.
You would be correct... cold gas is simpler than hot gas... thank you.
Good question San. Solid rockets are called motors usually... and engine should have moving parts I think, impellers in turbopumps etc... thrusters would be simple like my Peroxide example... and smaller of course.
Though small is relative. Is the Curie a thruster to the Rutherford's engine for Rocket Lab? Or maybe it has to do with use... primary propulsion is an engine while RCS etc are thrusters?
Thanks TSA
You are most welcome Ken!
The image at 15:54 is not a hydrostatic bearing.
It is not. I mentioned both types of bearings but could only find an image for the first type.
@@terranspaceacademy I don't know about their use in rocket engines, but hydrostatic bearings are the main type used in automotive engines.
@@snek9353 Almost anywhere they are possible. They are always better if they can handle the load.
@@terranspaceacademy The issue with hydrostatic bearings isn't the amount of load, they'll take more load than an equivalent roller bearing. It's that they can't stop and go under load.
Beware of Clang!
And here I was thinking it was clatter we should watch out for. Thanks for the tip, Louis!
Clang and clatter! The twin nemesis of all submariners!
@@terranspaceacademy Funny, ain't it? Pilots suffer from 'auto-rough'.
Anyway you look at it, in all three cases; rockets, subs, planes: In every case yer in a contraption movin through sumptin in a way ya were neva ment to be!
Gotta love progress.
Seeing the evolution of the Raptor engine is a master class in applied engineering. That and the philosophy of Colin Chapman: "Simplify then add lightness." When I saw Raptor 2 I instantly thought "Someone's been reading Chapman."
I see. Fan of F1 here. Hehe Except his lightness was up to point iof quick disintegration after short period time i.e. race period. Totally opposite but methodology stands correct.
@@alesksander Kind of like when someone asked Ettore Bugatti why the brakes on his race cars were so bad, and he said "My cars are made to go, not stop!" He never understood the principal of good brakes making a car faster. Of course this was a time when people didn't know a lot of things about racing cars.
They learned quickly on the sharp corners though :-)
@@terranspaceacademy Oh gods, those old hard-as-wood tires and questionable brakes, along with stone knives and bear skins suspension must have been nightmarish in the corners.
Another great video. Thank you for the hard work.
You are most welcome!
The idea that a full flow staged combustion rocket engines is much better than a close cycle one is a little bit erroneous, yes the combustion efficiency is higher but maybe only by 2%,from 96%to 98%,and specific impulse isn't directly connected with combustion efficiency, because a rocket engine can increase its specific impulse by increasing ratio of lighter component of propellant,(usually fuel), and have a lower temperature in the combustion chamber and a higher specific impulse.
Very true… probably why Rocket lab went fuel rich open cycle for Archimedes/Neutron… Simple and dependable like Merlin :-)
@@terranspaceacademy well a open cycle rocket engines is significant less efficient than a close cycle one, but are ways you can improve specific impulse even in that case, like increasing temperature and keeping average molecular mass at a lower level at the same time, that usually means adding a third compound to propellant mixt, so you have the oxidizer (like liquefied oxygen), the main fuel (like methane, or hydrogen), and third components also a fuel compound, but one that increases temperature like metalic lithium or berillium, but most practical are boron compounds with hydrogen, that third component is only 10%in mass of the primary fuel, but could increase specific impulse of a metalox engine at the level of a hidrolox one without those large propellant tanks and issues with long-term storage of hydrogen.
@@theOrionsarms yes, but then you're dealing with metallic propellents and how do you inject those in a liquid fuel engine.
Boron is the most practical, and USAF even studied Boron "Zip-Fuel" for a while, but they basically concluded that it just destroyed the engines, so it's not really viable for a re-usable rocket either.
Sequential Burn Tri-propellent seems like the best way to improve the performance without going to harder engine cycles. The Aerojet Thrust augmented nozzle comes to mind, which was basically an RL-10 with a keroLOX gas generator cycle as an augmenter in the nozzle. There was also the amazing RD-701 for the MAKS spaceplane, and then some of the paper designs Robert Skalked dreamed up.
@@thamiordragonheart8682 maybe those concepts worth to be reviewed, because would allow significant increase in performance, and is true that a higher temperature of combustion chamber usually means a shorter life span, but are some cases in which that doesn't matter, like for example in the Neutron upper stage that is not reuseble.
@@theOrionsarms the main issue with the Boron fuels wasn't burn temperature (you can just change the fuel to oxidizer ratio), it was that they're corrosive and produce a lot of solid gunk that gets in everything.
the boron fuels are also much more expensive, and I have no idea how that breaks down against just building a bigger rocket, I would suspect that a bigger rocket is better for low earth orbit, though if you're going for higher delta-V like a kick stage to get you beyond LEO maybe zip fuel or something else like it would be worth the cost and trouble.
I'm seeing it as more something you do with a hybrid rocket where you have a fuel gel full of your adative of choice as the "solid" part and liquid oxidizer so that you don't have to deal with injecting the metal.
Great video. Thanks. As you went thru design iterations, I kept wondering why they didn't do an oxygen rich preburner for the oxidizer side, and a fuel rich preburner on the fuel side. It seemed like the obviously right way to mix the leftovers into the combustion chamber. I guess it took them a while to get up to speed.
The alloys that could survive high temperature oxygen had to be developed :-) and shared.