Fraser, thank you so much for mentioning my channel! How extremely kind of you! I’ve had some of your lovely subscribers already being very supportive in my comments section. Thanks again!
Belos! Thank you so much for your answer about how people who don't have the time or money to do a "proper" science course can teach themselves. As someone who loves science but has zero plans of becoming a scientist, you've inspired me to look into ways to deepen my knowledge.
As for a galaxy sterilizer, one thing that would be very effective for that would be a tight globular cluster colliding directly with a large supermassive black hole. Note that it would take 50,000 years to irradiate the rest of galaxy, but it would do the job.
@@frasercain Don't worry it'd take a thousand starships just to colonise and support a near earth and luna orbital space we're not starlifting for at least a thousand years unless A.I goes general and we goe dodo.
I'm stuck on "mainly". Fraser is doing a lot more that's worth appreciating! Is this maybe some kind of bot comment trying to influence how uploaders configure their ads?
Many Universities have open Learning programs for free. If you end up wanting that Undergraduate you pay for it. You can even enroll in Uni's outside of your country. I've done a few this way either partially or fully completed.
Belos! Although I might be biased since I asked the question, but thank you so much for your answer! I went to university over a decade ago for a completely unrelated area, and now I'm working in a closely related field to what I studied, but I really considered studying astronomy or something related back in the day, and now I sometimes kick myself in the butt because I love learning about it. I love my current job, but there are just so many crazy big discoveries in astronomy all the time to learn about! Thanks for all you do, Fraser!
8:00 Fraser came up with some good ones, and he's right that few realistic natural phenomena can accomplish your goal. With two exceptions: 1. Lack of star formation in an old galaxy can present a galaxy-wide challenge to all life crowding around still-burning stars which grow ever fewer in number. 2. An unusual galaxy collision could result in an active galactic nucleus i.e. quasar with jets that pass through the disk. This could sterilize worlds that into the jet.
As for potential natural galaxy killers, I was under the impression that quasars can radiate so much energy that they can strip a galaxy of star forming gas and sterilize existing star systems?
AGN certainly disrupt star formation, but if you're already living on a planet already circling one... I'm not sure. Proper quasars are very compact and seen mostly in the early Universe, where available gas was up for grabs in huge lumps. In the mature Universe, quasars occur chiefly in galactic mergers. I have no idea if the quasar's light would extinguish life in plane with its disc, as its flux density in this direction is the least, the disk models predict that they're thin, and galactic centres are full of dust scattering at least direct radiation. But I'm thinking of events like the NeVe-1 supereruption, lasting tens or hundreds of millions of years (it is thought that the AGN SMBH consumed a whole dwarf galaxy, many millions of Sun's mass worth of stars and other matter). When a tremendous amount of axially ejected mater hits interstellar gas far above and below the galactic plane, these lobes can emit a lot of X-rays and other ionising radiation, blasting the whole galactic disc. Or, look at it the other way: you're living on a planet circling a star in a little galaxy that suddenly meets a huge hungry NeVe-1 AGN...
Have a quasar in a nearby galaxy shining directly at your galaxy which is edge-on to the quasar galaxy. Basically arrange a quasar to shine near the center of your home galaxy, but through the whole disc edge on. The orbit of all the stars would take them through the beam in 200 million years, but you could shorten this by having either galaxy move to rake the beam across.
Even something as benine as two large galaxies mergin probably is a big problem for life within said galaxies. Especially when you consider all the gravitational interactions between all these stars going in opposite directions. Heck, we are beyond lucky to not having had an interaction of any significance in the time that life has been around on our planet. We been basically traveling through a void for the last two billion years. We had a near miss with a brown dwarf some 150.000 years ago and that one might still cause problems due to it traveling through our outer Oort cloud and nudging some large Oort objects in our direction. They should be nearing the inner solar system about now😅.
On the rogue gravitational waves, you showed the perfect clip to explain them. Two ships in calm water with relative small wakes and clearly visible lines with bigger wakes. It's how waves behave, they interfere when they meet. So any gravitational wave meeting an other gravitational wave will interfere, or create a rogue wave. Just like the ships. There are some differences of coarse. The ships continue to create waves, so continues to create interference. A gravitational wave happens only once, so the interference just happens on the line where they meet, which is the space time curve where they meet, which goes on to infinity. So the interference two meeting gravitational waves cause, will create a "rogue wave" moving along that space time curve for eternity.
30:08 I think it's more accurate to say that planets twinkle a little less than stars. I've noticed that proximity to the horizon has a bigger effect on twinkleyness than whether it's a star or a planet.
Yeah. I couldn't stand The Colour of Magic. But everyone who knows me was shocked I didn't love Terry Pratchett, so I looked for recommendations and started with Mort. From there, I read some of the Death cycle, then went back and read (actually listened to) the whole pile, and it was well worth it.
Regarding the galaxy destruction question (Vulcan); how about the galaxy wandering thru the beam of a nearby much bigger quasar? Also aren't some active galactic nucleus emitting so much radiation they are expected to sterilize their own galaxy?
It took Pratchett a few books until he became really good. Imho it started with the character Rincewind. His novels get epic, when DEATH becomes the main character of a book, or Samuel Vimes.
Earth's crust becomes incredibly hot just few kilometres underground. Does this mean that a slightly bigger planet would have hot surface just by its own mass? And in that case would it be possible to have rogue planets with liquid water just by their mass, even without a star?
Janus, Great answer Fraiser :) Though, I tried my hand at calculating the size of the whole universe, but of course I fail spectacularly lol On measuring the size of the universe (and my main issue doing so is that I forgot about the inflationary period where the hubble constant "exploded" for the 1/1000000th of a second or whatever it took). BUT if we had that data its as simple as plugging it into this : we can ESTIMATE the size of the universe, using the Hubble constant and the age of the universe: Convert the Hubble constant to km/s/km: 1 Mpc is approx 3.09 × 10^19 km, so 70 (km/s)/Mpc is approx 2.268x10^-18 km/s/km. Multiply the Hubble constant (in km/s/km) by the age of the universe (in seconds): The age of the universe is approx 13.8 billion years. To convert this to seconds, we multiply by the number of seconds in a year (approx 3.154 × 10^7 seconds/year), which gives us about 4.35 × 10^17 seconds. Multiply the results from steps 1 and 2: 2.268x10^-18 km/s/km * 4.35 × 10^17 seconds = 9.866 x 10^8 km, or about 987 million kilometers. This is still a very simplified calculation though, and the actual size of the universe is likely much larger; due to factors such as the inflationary period of the early universe, and the fact that the expansion rate isn’t constant but is accelerating as far as we can tell. This calculation also assumes a flat, homogeneous, and isotropic universe, which may not be accurate. For a more accurate estimation, more complex cosmological models and calculations would be needed. I'm still trying to figure out how to estimate the inflationary period.... lol How'd I do, I miss anything?
Belos Awesome answer! A fairly basic question that I am sure many people think of but don't ask. But what a perfect answer! That it takes the questioner to ask themselves about what they really want it for. Waving someone away from a traditional University for careers that don't really need it. Good on you! Heck some things really will need it but it's knowing that only the really specialized and technical things that will! Kudos!
For Vulcan, I have heard the idea of an active galactic nuclei sterilizing an entire galaxy. Those are usually the sources of gamma ray bursts and go something like gobs of matter falls into Sagittarius A (our central black hole) and causes it to go quasar. The resulting radiation would then wipe everything in the galaxy capable of forming life, and possibly even cause most electrically based hardware to malfunction unless they found a way to harden it more than our current hardware can be hardened.
it doesnt sounds ,iek it would make sense if yhou compare the mass of density of sun clmpared to theh rest of our solar system, but oterhwise we a singleton
A side note. Some Solar/Wind/battery advocates suggest a type of hydro battery. Use high solar output or high wind periods to have an excess and pump water up river so dams can generate power with that extra water later. In many if not Most areas; there are no dams to make this happen because the terrain is flat. The entire State of Kansas has 1 dam; only capable of powering 1,800 homes. The closest big dams are 1200 miles away. You'd lose half any excess energy produced by solar or wind sending the power to the dam; and lose the other half when the dam trys to send back power; so you end up with 1/4th the - "excess"
Fraser, JWST is at L2, and Nancy Grace Roman Telescope will go there, too. There's a Wikipedia article which has a list of all the past and present satellites, "List of objects at Lagrange points".
I think there was a story , about a year ago, where the 'beam' from a quasar, changed direction, to point right at us. (very, very distant.); what if, instead of an AGN, spewing its destruction away from its own galaxy, it flipped 90 degrees and kept sweeping its galactic plane, with all that energy?
I don´t usually see the Star Trek planet name until you mention it. I would personally change it to your left shoulder, but on your shirt. Don´t forget we are all half hypnotised when you speak.
re. "WHAT IS THE MEANING OF LIFE" Best answer, is of Kilgore Trout, written in reply on a bathroom stall. "To be the eyes and ears and conscience of the universe"
Binary stars: 🎶Where, oh where, are you tonight? Why did you leave me here all alone? I searched the world over and thought I found true love. You met another, and PTTFCH! you were gone.🎶
Heck yeah! I knew there was a reason why I always join the live chats when I can a gentleman, a scholar and a fellow Trekkie. Slightly in the future, in the local quadrant of our home galaxy......😂
23:48 "there is probably a nother volleyball size universe beside it" According to definition "the universe" is all existing matter and space considered as a whole. The idea of more than one universe contradicts the definition.
@@frasercain According to definition there is only one Universe. When looking at the definition of Multiverse I found: "The multiverse is the hypothetical set of all universes. Together, these universes are presumed to comprise everything that exists: the entirety of space, time, matter, energy, information, and the physical laws and constants that describe them." This clearly does not make sense. It baffles me that nobody seems to notice the discrepancy. This determination is by no means trivial.
@@frasercain Are we speaking about UNIVERSE or PARADIGM? According to definition the term UNIVERSE is absolut and not relative. Independent of how we humans perceive the world there probably is a reatity out there that we ought to try to understand. Therefor a correct Nomenclature is a good starting point.
Regarding the scientific method and culture; I had a job, where I was summarizing depositions of witnesses (this is something done pre-trial to see what the witnesses have to say). Some were from rural Haitian communities, and they very much had a different mindset about things. They were unable to separate a conclusion from an observation. Both were absolute facts in their minds, and lawyers from both sides of the case were not able to get the witness to separate the two. Note that both seemed to have a good command of English, so language was not a barrier. Needless to say, this means the witness is not of much use in the U.S. court system, where conclusions and observations have to be separated. I imagine they would also have difficulty with the scientific method. Another observation was that these individuals could end up sounding like they are saying yes and no to the same fact, with only a sentence or two separating the two statements. I've seen lawyers from both sides question a single such witness. The lawyers didn't seem to be trying to trip them up, but both were struggling to get a consistent answer, and failing. This is perhaps related to my observation in my 1st paragraph, though I don't know how.
I did earn a Bachelor of Science in Comp Sci from the University of California in '77. It was required for a career in aerospace. There is more to the field than programming and playing video games.
8:00 In Larry Nevin's Known Space a chain reaction in the center of the Milky Way had started a wave of destruction that would reach Earth in 20000 years.
Actually two body systems tend to word. It's when you add a third (or more) body that the system always fly apart. Radically. The third body paradox is real and scary.
QUESTION: Why do they think the "missing matter" is anti-matter and not just an abundance of spread out dust/gas etc???? There is SOOO much space that if dust was just spread out it would be invisible and would easily be able to make up the mass for gravity to work as it does in galaxy's...
Larry Niven's Known Space stories hypothesized that the large stars in the core of our galaxy (spiral or barred spiral, depending on who you ask) were packed close enough together that a chain reaction of supernovae could literally cause the core to explode and wipe out the rest of the galaxy in the process over a 50,000 year period. Earth and the rest of Known Space would be destroyed about halfway through this process. I always found that an interesting idea, though it seems everything merging into a giant black hole might be more likely. The stories most relevant to this are in the book "Neutron Star"....
If they discover that we do indeed live in a closed universe, even if it is a billion times the size of our observable universe, it's going to set off my claustrophobia.
Question/ random thought about vacuum energy and the Heat Death of the Universe (TM). So if assume vacuum energy is real and that you have particles popping in and out of spacetime as we know it. And Attempts to look at protons and such with electron microscopes and how a proton can contain more mass of quarks and all that, than the proton itself in these virtual particles that are basically the same concept as vacuum energy. Maybe there won't be a heat death of the universe if new energy is coming into existence to fill the void of matter falling apart due to entropy over eons.
Do you think that in my life time (hopefully 30-50 years) it will be possible to go on a cruise style tour of the solar system? I've always loved the idea of seeing Jupiter up close with my own eyes
Always pondered if (would have made a good sci-fi movie idea) that earth had an equal twin that was directly opposite us and we never saw the other earth-like planet due to the sun being in the way..
16:51 Yup, you just said it but, not in its completness if you could package it. Yes, the universe will eventually end up with most stars being iron stars. Once stars start to mostly fusing into iron and into heavier elements. The universe will eventually die a heat death. Everything by the laws of thermodynamics will just simply cool down. Who knows if everything collapses in on itself or just disperses like smoke in the wind.
It is HYPOTHESIZED that curvature (proven for star light bending around the sun) might completely bend back on itself, IF our 3D universe is a 'skin' wrapped a 4D hypersphere. There is no direct proof of this yet. And a lot of data gathered in the last century doesn't give encouragement. (But maybe next year or next century, such data will start emerging...) Why contemplate this? Because it is possible. Why do many astronomers talk as if this is proven? (I agree. This annoys me too.) Many astronomer--going back before Hubble--want this to turn out to be reality, allowing a universe with no outer edge and no center. (In our 2D-surface wrapped around our 3D globe, where is the center of that skin?) As near as I can discern, those astronomers aren't motivated primarily from hard-science facts. Instead, the motivation is their worldview-metaphysics aesthetic. They want no special place.Hubble went so far as to talk about "the horror of a privileged position".
Vote: BELOS. Science in general, astronomy/astrophysics and Fraser's Q&A sessions exist only because there have been people like SariDori78 who just had to know how the heavens worked!
Observable universe, I wonder if any the observable universe repeats itself, or like we can see the same galaxy twice but simply due to the distance we don't know it's repeating because one galaxy looks a billion years younger than the other.
Great video as always! I’m curious, how sure are we that the universe expands at the same rate throughout the universe? Could there be some amount of variation?
For global warming, could you have a space stations above the north and south pole creating dry ice by vacuuming up atmosphere from the earth and dropping the dry ice to re-freeze the oceans? Like ice cubes in a giant drink.
didn't they used to say HD 162826 was a solar sibling? You have to wonder if it has been continuously visible in our night sky for the whole time the earth has existed.
A galactic catastrophe could be something like a runaway chain reaction to dark matter. Imagine something like a lit match to gasoline. If a sentient species found a way to harm dark matter, that would basically blow up a galaxy and send stars shooting omnidirectional.
@Fraser Cain (or anyone who knows) I didn' t know either there was a minimum mass ratio of 1/25 between 2 orbiting bodies to get the Lagrange points. Thank you :) And it brings me a question: Have we lagrange points between earth and a orbiting spacecraft (let's say the ISS for example) or is there a minimum mass ratio required?
7:007:00 Frasier speaking about Von Neumann probes is heavily discussed in the book series 'We Are Bob,' written by Dennis Ed. Taylor, where the Bobs encounter a species of galactic killers that go from star system to star system and consume all the organic matter in each solar system, whilst the Bobs trying to clone themselves widely enough to combat them. It's a brilliant series and I have already pre-ordered the 4th book in the series, which was not supposed to be written! Perhaps they are wanting to coast off their popularity, perhaps like the 'Expeditionary Force' novels.
Lyar, has it been shown that gravity waves can interfere with each other in the same way that light and sound can constructively or destructively interfere?
If the wavelengths of gravitational waves are so huge that they don't affect us normally, could they be a problem at relativistic velocities because distance would condense and make the waves sharper?
15:27 I don't want say your out right wrong. But, I do want to mention galaxies do have generations of stars. We measure them by the Iron content of stars in a given galaxy. Population 1 stars are extremely iron poor stars. As stars that were formed closer to the big bang didn't get exposed to heavier elements from older generation stars. There are in fact some galaxies that are so far away and so red shifted but, we can still measure the iron content from the light spectrum emmited from the populations of stars in a galaxy.
He said Stargate, not specifying SG-1, maybe he includes Atlantis, Universe, and Infinity. A lot of planets have names like P3S-517, or "the Genii homeworld." I nominate Asuras. Jonas Quinn is from Langara. It would be confusing to have more than one similar name, but P3X-666 is where Dr. Janet Fraiser died. The Alpha Site? Abydos is an obvious choice, not too similar to Asuras, is it?
What if the temperature on the dark side of a tidally-locked planet gets so cold that the atmosphere condenses to a solid? If for any reason there were a pause in the winds circulating between the light and dark sides, could that freeze-out happen, taking the entire atmosphere with it? Would seem pretty perilous.
That is one of the theories about how the universe will end. Dark energy will dissipate and gravity will reverse the expansion. Eventually crunching everything into a singularity again. For another big bang??? I like this theory. I think it’s elegant and fits with the cyclic nature of the circle of life. It is not the leading theory. I think most astronomers believe in the big rip or big chill; respectively: all matter gets torn to shreds at atomic level by expansion, or all stars and energy burn out to absolute zero, total heat death.
I think expectations are so high on AI for solving all the questions we have about a million things, also astrophysics phenomena and medical evolution. I think hype isn't the right word, more hope to get answers about a very broad sort of subjects. And because AI is still in the early stages it makes maybe people are not satisfied, yet. In my country there are scientific experiments to trace cancer cells early on, because of AI, the correct rate is at 80% which is mind-blowing for me. Only with blood samples. I think in the next decade, AI will be just another tool, like back then a calculator was. I use it a lot for electronics and development, sometimes you forget things that you had in school, and AI is there to bring me back on track. It also can create great schematics, and sometimes better than I made in the past. So it's very powerful.
23:37 thank you for stating this: there are places in the universe that our right foot can go, that our left foot cannot. each of our eyes is in a different causally bound universe.
Lyar:: I've been on a 176 foot fishing vessel and we got hit by one I was only in my mid teens so wasn't overly phased just had to step over the doors when walking down the hall to the bridge :) Skipper was much less stoic he preferred the rum and bucket approach (we were caught in a cyclone wasn't great to begin with) but a cyclone driven rogue took our nest and mast buckled the ship killed the engine bent the rsj beams in the canteen roof down by about 5 inches and buckled the rudder so we were adrift for three days before we got the radio fixed all the chutes got blown in first 24 hours of the storm after rogue got us we were even a submarine for a goodly spell when it hit took an eternity to shake off the water and bob to the surface considering the wheel house was three stories up and we were a good 20 feet under I can affirm rogue waves are indeed terrifying,
Q: What is your policy for correcting errors, such as the one at 19:34 in the Coldest Place in the Universe vid where you claim magnetic forces decline faster than gravitational forces?
Red dwarves are more often alone? So considering all stars, there are more single stars than multiple star systems? I very often heard quite the opposite, without any indications about sun like stars, so thank you I guess, I learnt sthg!
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Fraser, thank you so much for mentioning my channel! How extremely kind of you! I’ve had some of your lovely subscribers already being very supportive in my comments section. Thanks again!
That's great, keep going!
@@frasercain I certainly shall!
@@marionrkerr - what's the channel name please Marion?
@@WACOLE You just need to click on her handle and it will take you to her channel
@@WACOLE Just click on Marion's handle in her comment!
Belos!
Thank you so much for your answer about how people who don't have the time or money to do a "proper" science course can teach themselves. As someone who loves science but has zero plans of becoming a scientist, you've inspired me to look into ways to deepen my knowledge.
Agree
As long as you don't plan on revolutionising science then you'll be good. 😁👍
From the Philippines Frasier, we love you keep up the beautiful videos you send out you are an inspiration
As for a galaxy sterilizer, one thing that would be very effective for that would be a tight globular cluster colliding directly with a large supermassive black hole. Note that it would take 50,000 years to irradiate the rest of galaxy, but it would do the job.
Hmm, are you some kind of supervillian?
@@frasercain Don't worry it'd take a thousand starships just to colonise and support a near earth and luna orbital space we're not starlifting for at least a thousand years unless A.I goes general and we goe dodo.
@@frasercain Not professionally.
@@JayCross Everyone needs a hobby
@@frasercainhe's definitely planning something... 😂
I LOVE watching RUclips videos like yours, mainly 'cause you don't allow the ads at the start of the clip! THX
get an adblocker like ublock origin
We don't have a lot of options. RUclips is forcing ads into every nook and cranny. We've got the absolute bare minimum we can.
@@fatperson1152 “get an adblocker” - only don't forget then to support your favourite channels through Patreon or YT membership!
I'm stuck on "mainly". Fraser is doing a lot more that's worth appreciating! Is this maybe some kind of bot comment trying to influence how uploaders configure their ads?
@@HebaruSan I AM NOT A ROBOT, and I found the way the fix the ad - blocker 😌
Many Universities have open Learning programs for free. If you end up wanting that Undergraduate you pay for it. You can even enroll in Uni's outside of your country. I've done a few this way either partially or fully completed.
YES!!! Stargate planet names next year ;D good to hear.
Great episode.
But how can you decide - P5C-768 or M3E-265
Belos! Although I might be biased since I asked the question, but thank you so much for your answer! I went to university over a decade ago for a completely unrelated area, and now I'm working in a closely related field to what I studied, but I really considered studying astronomy or something related back in the day, and now I sometimes kick myself in the butt because I love learning about it. I love my current job, but there are just so many crazy big discoveries in astronomy all the time to learn about! Thanks for all you do, Fraser!
"either one is weird" - Fraser
8:00 Fraser came up with some good ones, and he's right that few realistic natural phenomena can accomplish your goal. With two exceptions:
1. Lack of star formation in an old galaxy can present a galaxy-wide challenge to all life crowding around still-burning stars which grow ever fewer in number.
2. An unusual galaxy collision could result in an active galactic nucleus i.e. quasar with jets that pass through the disk. This could sterilize worlds that into the jet.
I was thinking about it more, yeah, a quasar jet to quench star formation.
As for potential natural galaxy killers, I was under the impression that quasars can radiate so much energy that they can strip a galaxy of star forming gas and sterilize existing star systems?
AGN certainly disrupt star formation, but if you're already living on a planet already circling one... I'm not sure. Proper quasars are very compact and seen mostly in the early Universe, where available gas was up for grabs in huge lumps. In the mature Universe, quasars occur chiefly in galactic mergers. I have no idea if the quasar's light would extinguish life in plane with its disc, as its flux density in this direction is the least, the disk models predict that they're thin, and galactic centres are full of dust scattering at least direct radiation.
But I'm thinking of events like the NeVe-1 supereruption, lasting tens or hundreds of millions of years (it is thought that the AGN SMBH consumed a whole dwarf galaxy, many millions of Sun's mass worth of stars and other matter). When a tremendous amount of axially ejected mater hits interstellar gas far above and below the galactic plane, these lobes can emit a lot of X-rays and other ionising radiation, blasting the whole galactic disc.
Or, look at it the other way: you're living on a planet circling a star in a little galaxy that suddenly meets a huge hungry NeVe-1 AGN...
Insert yo' mamma joke here
That's one hell of a blowtorch...
Have a quasar in a nearby galaxy shining directly at your galaxy which is edge-on to the quasar galaxy. Basically arrange a quasar to shine near the center of your home galaxy, but through the whole disc edge on. The orbit of all the stars would take them through the beam in 200 million years, but you could shorten this by having either galaxy move to rake the beam across.
Even something as benine as two large galaxies mergin probably is a big problem for life within said galaxies. Especially when you consider all the gravitational interactions between all these stars going in opposite directions. Heck, we are beyond lucky to not having had an interaction of any significance in the time that life has been around on our planet. We been basically traveling through a void for the last two billion years. We had a near miss with a brown dwarf some 150.000 years ago and that one might still cause problems due to it traveling through our outer Oort cloud and nudging some large Oort objects in our direction. They should be nearing the inner solar system about now😅.
Interesting idea - using Stargate planet names for the chapter/question titles. I can't wait to vote for P8X-873 or M4C-862!
On the rogue gravitational waves, you showed the perfect clip to explain them. Two ships in calm water with relative small wakes and clearly visible lines with bigger wakes. It's how waves behave, they interfere when they meet. So any gravitational wave meeting an other gravitational wave will interfere, or create a rogue wave. Just like the ships.
There are some differences of coarse. The ships continue to create waves, so continues to create interference. A gravitational wave happens only once, so the interference just happens on the line where they meet, which is the space time curve where they meet, which goes on to infinity. So the interference two meeting gravitational waves cause, will create a "rogue wave" moving along that space time curve for eternity.
Fraser saying Agentdarkboote made me chuckle
Universe today is great! Thank you, again !
30:08 I think it's more accurate to say that planets twinkle a little less than stars. I've noticed that proximity to the horizon has a bigger effect on twinkleyness than whether it's a star or a planet.
Yeah. I couldn't stand The Colour of Magic. But everyone who knows me was shocked I didn't love Terry Pratchett, so I looked for recommendations and started with Mort. From there, I read some of the Death cycle, then went back and read (actually listened to) the whole pile, and it was well worth it.
Wyrd Sisters or Mort are good starting points.
Regarding the galaxy destruction question (Vulcan); how about the galaxy wandering thru the beam of a nearby much bigger quasar? Also aren't some active galactic nucleus emitting so much radiation they are expected to sterilize their own galaxy?
Fraser “Lagrange” Cain. Thanks man!
Feels so good to just go and listen to the patreon extended part 😂😂
It took Pratchett a few books until he became really good. Imho it started with the character Rincewind. His novels get epic, when DEATH becomes the main character of a book, or Samuel Vimes.
After stargate names: I request names from the guide to the galaxy!
I'm right now rewatching Stargate SG1 series 😄
Great questions and great answers
100% would like Stargate planet names, when they run out the onto BSG planet names 👍😁
Don't worry, The writing gets better. My favorites are near the end.
Can we queue up Babylon 5 planet names?
Earth's crust becomes incredibly hot just few kilometres underground. Does this mean that a slightly bigger planet would have hot surface just by its own mass? And in that case would it be possible to have rogue planets with liquid water just by their mass, even without a star?
Janus, Great answer Fraiser :)
Though, I tried my hand at calculating the size of the whole universe, but of course I fail spectacularly lol
On measuring the size of the universe (and my main issue doing so is that I forgot about the inflationary period where the hubble constant "exploded" for the 1/1000000th of a second or whatever it took). BUT if we had that data its as simple as plugging it into this :
we can ESTIMATE the size of the universe, using the Hubble constant and the age of the universe:
Convert the Hubble constant to km/s/km:
1 Mpc is approx 3.09 × 10^19 km, so 70 (km/s)/Mpc is approx 2.268x10^-18 km/s/km.
Multiply the Hubble constant (in km/s/km) by the age of the universe (in seconds):
The age of the universe is approx 13.8 billion years. To convert this to seconds, we multiply by the number of seconds in a year (approx 3.154 × 10^7 seconds/year), which gives us about 4.35 × 10^17 seconds.
Multiply the results from steps 1 and 2:
2.268x10^-18 km/s/km * 4.35 × 10^17 seconds = 9.866 x 10^8 km, or about 987 million kilometers.
This is still a very simplified calculation though, and the actual size of the universe is likely much larger; due to factors such as the inflationary period of the early universe, and the fact that the expansion rate isn’t constant but is accelerating as far as we can tell. This calculation also assumes a flat, homogeneous, and isotropic universe, which may not be accurate. For a more accurate estimation, more complex cosmological models and calculations would be needed.
I'm still trying to figure out how to estimate the inflationary period.... lol
How'd I do, I miss anything?
Hyped for the stargate planet names.
[Janus]
Two-faces of meaning of life
* Non-sentient: To maximize life
* Sentient: To maximize happiness
Belos Awesome answer! A fairly basic question that I am sure many people think of but don't ask. But what a perfect answer! That it takes the questioner to ask themselves about what they really want it for. Waving someone away from a traditional University for careers that don't really need it. Good on you! Heck some things really will need it but it's knowing that only the really specialized and technical things that will! Kudos!
For Vulcan, I have heard the idea of an active galactic nuclei sterilizing an entire galaxy. Those are usually the sources of gamma ray bursts and go something like gobs of matter falls into Sagittarius A (our central black hole) and causes it to go quasar. The resulting radiation would then wipe everything in the galaxy capable of forming life, and possibly even cause most electrically based hardware to malfunction unless they found a way to harden it more than our current hardware can be hardened.
jupiter could be other binary star to our sun. it balances it out, and jupter almost big enough to be a small star
it doesnt sounds ,iek it would make sense if yhou compare the mass of density of sun clmpared to theh rest of our solar system, but oterhwise we a singleton
Cheleb: Fantasic to think how different but viable a Tidal locked planet in a habitable zone might be like.
A side note. Some Solar/Wind/battery advocates suggest a type of hydro battery. Use high solar output or high wind periods to have an excess and pump water up river so dams can generate power with that extra water later. In many if not Most areas; there are no dams to make this happen because the terrain is flat. The entire State of Kansas has 1 dam; only capable of powering 1,800 homes. The closest big dams are 1200 miles away. You'd lose half any excess energy produced by solar or wind sending the power to the dam; and lose the other half when the dam trys to send back power; so you end up with 1/4th the - "excess"
Nimbus Best Question
Nimbus Best Answer
W Fraser Cain Thank you
Fraser, JWST is at L2, and Nancy Grace Roman Telescope will go there, too. There's a Wikipedia article which has a list of all the past and present satellites, "List of objects at Lagrange points".
I think there was a story , about a year ago, where the 'beam' from a quasar, changed direction, to point right at us. (very, very distant.); what if, instead of an AGN, spewing its destruction away from its own galaxy, it flipped 90 degrees and kept sweeping its galactic plane, with all that energy?
I don´t usually see the Star Trek planet name until you mention it. I would personally change it to your left shoulder, but on your shirt. Don´t forget we are all half hypnotised when you speak.
re. "WHAT IS THE MEANING OF LIFE"
Best answer, is of Kilgore Trout, written in reply on a bathroom stall.
"To be the eyes and ears and conscience of the universe"
Binary stars: 🎶Where, oh where, are you tonight? Why did you leave me here all alone? I searched the world over and thought I found true love. You met another, and PTTFCH! you were gone.🎶
Heck yeah! I knew there was a reason why I always join the live chats when I can a gentleman, a scholar and a fellow Trekkie. Slightly in the future, in the local quadrant of our home galaxy......😂
23:48 "there is probably a nother volleyball size universe beside it"
According to definition "the universe" is all existing matter and space considered as a whole.
The idea of more than one universe contradicts the definition.
Observable universe. It's still the same actual universe.
@@frasercain According to definition there is only one Universe.
When looking at the definition of Multiverse I found:
"The multiverse is the hypothetical set of all universes. Together, these universes are presumed to comprise everything that exists: the entirety of space, time, matter, energy, information, and the physical laws and constants that describe them."
This clearly does not make sense.
It baffles me that nobody seems to notice the discrepancy.
This determination is by no means trivial.
You and I have different observable universes, even though we live in the same universe.
@@frasercain Are we speaking about UNIVERSE or PARADIGM?
According to definition the term UNIVERSE is absolut and not relative.
Independent of how we humans perceive the world there probably is a reatity out there that we ought to try to understand.
Therefor a correct Nomenclature is a good starting point.
Regarding the scientific method and culture; I had a job, where I was summarizing depositions of witnesses (this is something done pre-trial to see what the witnesses have to say). Some were from rural Haitian communities, and they very much had a different mindset about things. They were unable to separate a conclusion from an observation. Both were absolute facts in their minds, and lawyers from both sides of the case were not able to get the witness to separate the two. Note that both seemed to have a good command of English, so language was not a barrier. Needless to say, this means the witness is not of much use in the U.S. court system, where conclusions and observations have to be separated. I imagine they would also have difficulty with the scientific method.
Another observation was that these individuals could end up sounding like they are saying yes and no to the same fact, with only a sentence or two separating the two statements. I've seen lawyers from both sides question a single such witness. The lawyers didn't seem to be trying to trip them up, but both were struggling to get a consistent answer, and failing. This is perhaps related to my observation in my 1st paragraph, though I don't know how.
I did earn a Bachelor of Science in Comp Sci from the University of California in '77. It was required for a career in aerospace. There is more to the field than programming and playing video games.
Star Gate planet names . P4X 259, it just rolls right off the tongue and easy to remember.
Risa- excellent update thank you 🙏
8:00 In Larry Nevin's Known Space a chain reaction in the center of the Milky Way had started a wave of destruction that would reach Earth in 20000 years.
How about star - anti-star collisions, or star - strange star collisions for galactic level disasters in a sci-fi story?
Actually two body systems tend to word. It's when you add a third (or more) body that the system always fly apart. Radically. The third body paradox is real and scary.
I love Lagrange point questions as much as the next person but can we have other questions being answered please?
QUESTION: Why do they think the "missing matter" is anti-matter and not just an abundance of spread out dust/gas etc???? There is SOOO much space that if dust was just spread out it would be invisible and would easily be able to make up the mass for gravity to work as it does in galaxy's...
Larry Niven's Known Space stories hypothesized that the large stars in the core of our galaxy (spiral or barred spiral, depending on who you ask) were packed close enough together that a chain reaction of supernovae could literally cause the core to explode and wipe out the rest of the galaxy in the process over a 50,000 year period. Earth and the rest of Known Space would be destroyed about halfway through this process. I always found that an interesting idea, though it seems everything merging into a giant black hole might be more likely. The stories most relevant to this are in the book "Neutron Star"....
If they discover that we do indeed live in a closed universe, even if it is a billion times the size of our observable universe, it's going to set off my claustrophobia.
...and hay fever no bloody doubt.
Question/ random thought about vacuum energy and the Heat Death of the Universe (TM). So if assume vacuum energy is real and that you have particles popping in and out of spacetime as we know it. And Attempts to look at protons and such with electron microscopes and how a proton can contain more mass of quarks and all that, than the proton itself in these virtual particles that are basically the same concept as vacuum energy. Maybe there won't be a heat death of the universe if new energy is coming into existence to fill the void of matter falling apart due to entropy over eons.
Could you explain more on the lower vacuum state??
What is JWST's research schedule like? Who decides what and when and where it should look? Is it whomever has the biggest pocket book?
Do you think that in my life time (hopefully 30-50 years) it will be possible to go on a cruise style tour of the solar system? I've always loved the idea of seeing Jupiter up close with my own eyes
Always pondered if (would have made a good sci-fi movie idea) that earth had an equal twin that was directly opposite us and we never saw the other earth-like planet
due to the sun being in the way..
Thanks :) I was just having a little fun but I love your answer, 42!
(I was the Janus question) now off to see Marion Kerr!
16:51 Yup, you just said it but, not in its completness if you could package it. Yes, the universe will eventually end up with most stars being iron stars. Once stars start to mostly fusing into iron and into heavier elements. The universe will eventually die a heat death. Everything by the laws of thermodynamics will just simply cool down. Who knows if everything collapses in on itself or just disperses like smoke in the wind.
Janus it is!
Thank you for for great work! 🙂
Fraser , how can a universe that extends in every direction , up, down, left and right etc as far as we can see have 'curvature'?
It is HYPOTHESIZED that curvature (proven for star light bending around the sun) might completely bend back on itself, IF our 3D universe is a 'skin' wrapped a 4D hypersphere.
There is no direct proof of this yet. And a lot of data gathered in the last century doesn't give encouragement. (But maybe next year or next century, such data will start emerging...)
Why contemplate this? Because it is possible.
Why do many astronomers talk as if this is proven? (I agree. This annoys me too.)
Many astronomer--going back before Hubble--want this to turn out to be reality, allowing a universe with no outer edge and no center. (In our 2D-surface wrapped around our 3D globe, where is the center of that skin?)
As near as I can discern, those astronomers aren't motivated primarily from hard-science facts. Instead, the motivation is their worldview-metaphysics aesthetic. They want no special place.Hubble went so far as to talk about "the horror of a privileged position".
Vote: BELOS. Science in general, astronomy/astrophysics and Fraser's Q&A sessions exist only because there have been people like SariDori78 who just had to know how the heavens worked!
Observable universe, I wonder if any the observable universe repeats itself, or like we can see the same galaxy twice but simply due to the distance we don't know it's repeating because one galaxy looks a billion years younger than the other.
Please remember planets in Ursula L Le Guin´s books!
Great video as always! I’m curious, how sure are we that the universe expands at the same rate throughout the universe? Could there be some amount of variation?
For global warming, could you have a space stations above the north and south pole creating dry ice by vacuuming up atmosphere from the earth and dropping the dry ice to re-freeze the oceans? Like ice cubes in a giant drink.
Thank you.
didn't they used to say HD 162826 was a solar sibling? You have to wonder if it has been continuously visible in our night sky for the whole time the earth has existed.
A galactic catastrophe could be something like a runaway chain reaction to dark matter. Imagine something like a lit match to gasoline. If a sentient species found a way to harm dark matter, that would basically blow up a galaxy and send stars shooting omnidirectional.
@Fraser Cain (or anyone who knows) I didn' t know either there was a minimum mass ratio of 1/25 between 2 orbiting bodies to get the Lagrange points. Thank you :)
And it brings me a question: Have we lagrange points between earth and a orbiting spacecraft (let's say the ISS for example) or is there a minimum mass ratio required?
#andoria perhaps planet x is a binary dark star, they say you can't see a black hole until it eats, but gravity remains in effect...
Janus because the answer was very good. Kind of thing I'd tell to my son if he'd ask me the same question
7:00 7:00 Frasier speaking about Von Neumann probes is heavily discussed in the book series 'We Are Bob,' written by Dennis Ed. Taylor, where the Bobs encounter a species of galactic killers that go from star system to star system and consume all the organic matter in each solar system, whilst the Bobs trying to clone themselves widely enough to combat them. It's a brilliant series and I have already pre-ordered the 4th book in the series, which was not supposed to be written! Perhaps they are wanting to coast off their popularity, perhaps like the 'Expeditionary Force' novels.
That's a great series. I've got an interview with Dennis somewhere on the channel.
@Fraser Cain
Stargate planet above your shoulder? Yooohooo 🎉
Lyar, has it been shown that gravity waves can interfere with each other in the same way that light and sound can constructively or destructively interfere?
If the wavelengths of gravitational waves are so huge that they don't affect us normally, could they be a problem at relativistic velocities because distance would condense and make the waves sharper?
15:27 I don't want say your out right wrong. But, I do want to mention galaxies do have generations of stars. We measure them by the Iron content of stars in a given galaxy. Population 1 stars are extremely iron poor stars. As stars that were formed closer to the big bang didn't get exposed to heavier elements from older generation stars. There are in fact some galaxies that are so far away and so red shifted but, we can still measure the iron content from the light spectrum emmited from the populations of stars in a galaxy.
SG1 !!!! :) this will happen!!!
He said Stargate, not specifying SG-1, maybe he includes Atlantis, Universe, and Infinity. A lot of planets have names like P3S-517, or "the Genii homeworld." I nominate Asuras. Jonas Quinn is from Langara. It would be confusing to have more than one similar name, but P3X-666 is where Dr. Janet Fraiser died. The Alpha Site? Abydos is an obvious choice, not too similar to Asuras, is it?
And later... Babylon 5 planets?
What if the temperature on the dark side of a tidally-locked planet gets so cold that the atmosphere condenses to a solid? If for any reason there were a pause in the winds circulating between the light and dark sides, could that freeze-out happen, taking the entire atmosphere with it? Would seem pretty perilous.
Is it possible that gravity will ever beat out the expansion of the universe and cause it to collapse back into a point?
That is one of the theories about how the universe will end. Dark energy will dissipate and gravity will reverse the expansion. Eventually crunching everything into a singularity again. For another big bang???
I like this theory. I think it’s elegant and fits with the cyclic nature of the circle of life.
It is not the leading theory. I think most astronomers believe in the big rip or big chill; respectively: all matter gets torn to shreds at atomic level by expansion, or all stars and energy burn out to absolute zero, total heat death.
No heat death is inevitable
Cait is underappreciated.
I think expectations are so high on AI for solving all the questions we have about a million things, also astrophysics phenomena and medical evolution. I think hype isn't the right word, more hope to get answers about a very broad sort of subjects. And because AI is still in the early stages it makes maybe people are not satisfied, yet. In my country there are scientific experiments to trace cancer cells early on, because of AI, the correct rate is at 80% which is mind-blowing for me. Only with blood samples. I think in the next decade, AI will be just another tool, like back then a calculator was. I use it a lot for electronics and development, sometimes you forget things that you had in school, and AI is there to bring me back on track. It also can create great schematics, and sometimes better than I made in the past. So it's very powerful.
23:37 thank you for stating this: there are places in the universe that our right foot can go, that our left foot cannot. each of our eyes is in a different causally bound universe.
Question. What would it be like if you have a quantum entangled radio on board a spaceship that you launcher at speed close to the speed of light?
You would be a Trekkie but redeemed by Stargate ❤️
What are the ways we can determine if a star has previously consumed another? Did our sun ever merge with other stars?
Could super massive blackholes at the centre of colliding galaxies cause a catastrophic event? What effect eoukd that have on the stars around them?
Cheleb - If Earth were tidally locked to a red dwarf would the Snowball Earth events have occurred more or less often?
Lyar:: I've been on a 176 foot fishing vessel and we got hit by one I was only in my mid teens so wasn't overly phased just had to step over the doors when walking down the hall to the bridge :) Skipper was much less stoic he preferred the rum and bucket approach (we were caught in a cyclone wasn't great to begin with) but a cyclone driven rogue took our nest and mast buckled the ship killed the engine bent the rsj beams in the canteen roof down by about 5 inches and buckled the rudder so we were adrift for three days before we got the radio fixed all the chutes got blown in first 24 hours of the storm after rogue got us we were even a submarine for a goodly spell when it hit took an eternity to shake off the water and bob to the surface considering the wheel house was three stories up and we were a good 20 feet under I can affirm rogue waves are indeed terrifying,
Yikes, that's terrifying
Q: What is your policy for correcting errors, such as the one at 19:34 in the Coldest Place in the Universe vid where you claim magnetic forces decline faster than gravitational forces?
Hi Fraser! Are there any stars that are without a parent galaxy that we've observed thus far?
How does an astronomers give directions?
Lagrange points.
I think your love of Lagrange points is causing people to ask you about them because they're more likely to get you to take the bait! 🎣
It's a virtuous cycle
Sounds like a great slingshot
How far apart are binary stars? Is there a typical distance between them?
Is there a way to artifically rotate a tidally locked planet to increase habitibility?
I keep hearing you say that, but I've never noticed any StarTrek planet names. It seems I'm not very observant.
Red dwarves are more often alone?
So considering all stars, there are more single stars than multiple star systems?
I very often heard quite the opposite, without any indications about sun like stars, so thank you I guess, I learnt sthg!