@@ClaíomhDClover who's to say we aren't already thoughts within the Boltzmann brain that is Simon Whistler which is why we obsessively watch his channels
This has to happen. Any one who agree? If we all say we want it we can't be ignored or all be silenced by joining the growing number of captives in the basement
I feel space themed videos are one of Simon's biggest draws (that and war). He's branched off so many times because certain channels have strayed from their original plan, that I feel this will inevitably happen, which I'm all for!
Back when I was in university (1990's), we discussed the possibility of "photon shells". These would be neutron stars so dense that light would tend to form stable orbits around the star. We always thought that it was an interesting idea, and maybe some strange physics would be going on in that shell.
But would they be stable? Any slight deviation from a perfect path would surely tend to result in a photon escaping or falling towards the star, yes? There's only going to be one, very thing shell where such an orbit is perfectly balanced.
I believe black holes do have these, but only precisely because they are black holes. It could be possible for the Gray Holes mentioned in this video to have Photon shells as some sort of weather effect on them, but without the stability being guaranteed I'm just a youtube comment reply
Strange Stars are for sure my favorite undiscovered theoretical. A "state" of matter so stable it can infect other matter and make it Strange. Awesome.
To any who love deep time i highly recommend to look up the video Iron Stars by Isaac Arthur. It deals in possibilities of how highly advanced civilizations of new forms of life may feasibly be able to still operate at the furthest reaches of time that have any meaning and is one of the most fascinating videos I have ever seen that feels like it holds any merit.
I dont know Jack about this stuff, but definitely going to check out that video! Space stuff, while often confusing and mind blowingly incomprehensible, has always been fascinating to me.
History of the Universe covers the details of the black hole suns in more detail as well and Kurzgesagt strange stars. SFIAs Fermi paradox videos and iron stars video are what got me sucked into his channel.
There’s also the hypothetical “plank stars” from loop quantum gravity, they remove the black hole singularities, instead provide an upper bound to how dense matter/energy could ever be “plank energy density” …. Incredibly small/dense and very very short lived, though cause of the extreme time dilation from our perspective they take eons upon eons to cease
Simon do more like this these are great you do great narration on anyting astronomy or universal related you make it interesting you make it sound fun and mysterious the same time.
If you're an aspiring armchair astrophysicist, you should really check out (or already know about) the channel Isaac Arthur. He has entire videos or playlists discussing topics like Iron stars in very great detail. Particularly how future civilizations or technology could/would be shaped by their existence.
The universe has some *really* weird thins in it. I saw something on streaming that described one of the strangest planets imaginable: a planet made of carbon that is under *such* high pressure thst it could only be an enormous diamond.
love the "space" themed episode the most, so many interesting possibilities, agree with Alzurath Astro Graphics with maybe a bit of sci/fi thrown in the mix
12:30 And if you wanted to see an iron star die, you'd have to wait much, _much_ longer. Theoretically they then collapse into neutron stars, but that happens on the order of 10^(10^76) years.
@@MLBlue30 A googolplex is 10^(10^100), which is dramatically longer. If you like contemplating the scope and scale of the universe and want your mind blown, go check out the Civilizations at the End of Time series by Isaac Arthur, also here on RUclips.
For those living in fear of strangelets turning the earth into a broiling blob, you probably shouldn't. Observation suggests models with stable strange matter are probably incorrect. The two biggest being: - No detections of temporarily stable strange matter in particle accelerators (as predicted by strange matter forming models); and - Nearly all neutron stars should become strange stars and this doesn't align with current observations. This is of course still up for academic debate but the existence of strange stars is looking unlikely at this point. If you want to melt your mind thinking about even longer timescales: assuming protons do not decay, iron stars are expected to become neutron stars (then black holes/ evaporation "shortly" after) between 10^10^26 to 10^10^76 years in the future. Compare that range to the unimaginably long time it took for the iron stars to form (as stated in the video) being 10^1500 years, on the order of just 10^10^3 years.
Gray Holes aren't likely to exist, or at least for long: because they'd gather more matter and thus surpass their Schwarzchild Radius. Millisecond Pulsars (everything I read says they probably aren't pulsars but something different) are interesting and have potential of being quark stars. Ultra-Cool Brown Dwarfs are interesting 'stars', or better described "Failed Stars". While most are akin to objects like Jupiter just dozens of times bigger: some appear to have solid surfaces and temperatures under 200c
The Black Hole at the center of the Milky Way is written Sagittarius A* It's pronounced "Sagittarius A-star." It's an odd notation that we pronounce an asterisk as star, but there it is.
Thanks for a great video. The Universe is certainly a weird and wonderful place, yet we still haven't detected the one thing which it should be full of - aledgedly. Other life. I live in hope!
I love space!!! The weirder the better! It still amazes me that 1 teaspoon of a neutron star can eat right through Earth like hot butter on a slice of toast! Crazy!!!
Cool video man! Just a suggestion. Maybe add some compression on the voice? Sounds like you're cutting down to a whisper quite often. Probably just my hearing.
I wake up make my breakfast to these videos and then come home and make my dinner while watching these Simon series... I've just realized how screwed I will be in the Kitchen if Simon ever decide to call it a day.
Yep! Very annoying to listen to! It is "Schwarz-schild" literally "black shield". English speakers would be better of pronouncing it "Schwarz-shield" than "Schwarz-child".
So if Iron stars are massive spheres of iron floating in space what would happen if two of them collided? Wouldn't they explode causing them to break down into baser elements? Would the collision create light and heat? I imagine physicists have considered this.
they can’t explode. the reason all fusion eventually settles to iron is that fusing iron consumes more energy than it produces, so Iron can’t fuel fusion. thus, based purely on their combined mass, the two iron marbles would either a. become a bigger lump of iron b. be heavy enough to collapse into a neutron star c. he heavy enough to collapse into a black hole
This level of physics is FAR above what my mind can grasp! It's no wonder that people take the easier to understand concept of a 'sky daddy who works in mysterious ways' than trying to understand the nature of the universe and creation!
I’ve just discovered you’re channel. The subject of iron stars is fascinating. I was kinda hoping that you’d attempt to show ten to the power of fifteen in actual terms on screen, of course I’m kidding!👍
I...I think I might have a problem. I glanced at the video thumbnail as I was scrolling down and thought to myself, "Huh, another Righteous Fire build? Doesn't PoE have enough of those?"
I was just starting to write a book series based on the idea that what of the laws of physics were time/space relativistic? As in our "current instantiation of space/time" would only apply to a specific space region, other solar systems and galaxies within the Universe could actually function with different base laws of physics. Start thinking what it would be like to find out that gravity isn't directly linked to mass, or if the strong and weak forces were slightly different and allowed a bunch of different elements to form. Alternate realities, with crazy "Borderlands" interactions of two different instantiations of space time. Imagine if Earth only currently exists because we happen to be sitting smack dab in the middle of a "stable" solar system, that isn't actually stable. What would happen if two solar systems that operated under just slightly different laws of physics, "crashed" into one another. Maybe one solar mass has a strange gravity pulse that causes the other solar mass to "surf" the gravity wave, and have just the outer planets of each star slamming into each other.
For the strange matter condundrum: Wouldn't it lose stability as it leaves the star? Or is it just THAT stable? If so, should we be thankful that the escape velocity requirements from a neutron star are impossibly high?
Plenty of stuff escapes neutron stars. They’re generally extremely hot, and they also shoot out all kinds of stuff due to their magnetic fields. For example, Pulsars are neutron stars. The only object with a region that has an “impossibly high” escape velocity is, by definition, a black hole.
With the hypothesis of such MASSIVE stars....and the James Webb space telescope presenting lights during the dark age of the universe.....how do we know that those discoveries are galaxies, and not just massive quasi-stars?
By the time iron stars form wouldn't they start colliding with eachother? That'd probably create heat and prolong the inevitable for quite a while. I'd imagine all the super iron stars would actually reverse directions via attraction to the closest mass which is most likely other super iron stars, whilst actively fighting the expansion of the universe. But since the expansion accelerates would these stars have to eventually approach the speed of light to have any hope to find eachother? Wow even as a hypothetical this seems to have lots of room for wacky physics. For some reason my mind just imagines a point in which every object in the universe will suddenly collide due to everything travelling lightspeed, thus creating a new center of the universe from which the collision of all that mass might have enough energy to create a huge explosion almost like...a big bang.
Light speed is hopelessly slow though and would take infinite mass just to reach that speed. If it takes an eternity to make these iron stars, it would take eternity to reach another one. Everything stretches out to the extremes. I doubt one atom will ever find another one let alone a star. A dark lonely nothingness seems to be the destiny of everything and the universe seems quite fine with it. It makes me sad knowing that even light itself will be a long, long forgotten myth.
@@MLBlue30 the timescale I'm working with for the stars to reach lightspeed, or the universal speed limit, shouldn't be infinite. The acceleration of gravity is constantly increasing velocity which even means that if it was one atom's width per second then it'll still eventually reach it in a finite time. I'll be honest and say that the video on the shape of space being 4d is the backbone of the imagery I'm basing the wonky physics on. Just travelling at lightspeed implies you have infinite speed since time ceases to be an obstacle, but the curvature of spacetime makes everything cap at C in relation to everything else. But if everything else is also travelling lightspeed then I'm imagining the shape of reality would collapse on itself when everything is on a collision path with an instantaneous timeframe. I got lost in all the mind bending i did and really don't want to check it, so hopefully I conveyed the thought process for how it ends with a universal reset.
No, that needs a White Dwarf with hydrogen and helium which can undergo nuclear fusion. If these elements are only at the surface, a nova might occour.
Small "correction": When saying Schwarzschild the the second "sch" is also pronounced like "sh". Schwarz-Child is funny though. Sounds like Starlords archenemy or so. 😄 Thank you for the great video and best wishes from Germany 🌻
Years of astronomical curiosity, plenty of Wikipedia deep dives and hours of reading, and it wasn’t until Veritasium’s black hole video that I learned that. It’s so obvious now, looking at the word, but from an English readers perspective, I can see how it’s so widespread.
strange quarks aren't "highly unstable", they last like 100 picoseconds and decay via the weak interaction. Originally, it was believe they should decay strongly, in which case their lifetime would be around 0.00000000001 picoseconds...now _that_ would be highly unstable.
@@MLBlue30 it is short, but look at a rho meson, it decays via the strong interaction (a spin flip I think) to pion(s) in 5 x 10^{-24} seconds. Neutral pions decay by quark-anti-quark annihilation via electromagnetism in around 10^{-16} seconds (1/2 billion times slower), while charged pions need to wait for the weak interaction to violate flavor conservation, which is another factor of 1/3 billion: 3 x 10^(-8) seconds.
@@MLBlue30 flavor is an arbitrary name given to quark types. They come in pairs: (up, down), named after the proton/neutron 3rd component of isospin. Then strange for being strange, then charm for charmingly completing the (s, c) doublet. Finally the boring (top, bottom). Strong and EM interactions conserve flavor (i.e, up quarks stay up etc). Cabibbo figured out the the weak interaction works on quark mixtures: u' = u cos(theta) + d sin(theta) d' =-u sin(theta) + d cos(theta) so it could change flavors (e.g. neutron decay) Theta is the cabbibo angle. Then with strange, it was generalized to the CKM mixing matrix. K & M won the Nobel prize and Cabibbo got nothing. Being 3D, the CKM matrix allows baryon number violation and was thought to solve the "baryogengesis problem" aka: where'd the antimatter go, but it didn't work. Then over in the lepton sector, Pontecorvo, Maki, Nakagawa & Sakata made the PMNS matrix to explain neutrino mixing. Weak interaction does a lot of weird stuff.
Part of the problem with strangelets idea though is... that these stable clumps of strange matter can really only exist in that state inside the star. So it's not likely we'd be in danger anyway. First in order to eject some matter from the strange star, you'd need something insane to happen. I don't think regular people really understand just how much gravity there is. It's something like several billion times stronger. Plus the magnetic fields are insane. So in order to get ejected matter.. you'd have to basically hurl another neutron star at it. A regular planet going a decent fraction of the speed of light isn't going to phase the strange start at all. It won't even matter. It would be like you getting hit by an air molecule. Who cares. Second.. once the matter is ejected.. let's assume it hits escape velocity... which btw... is insane speeds. It would have to be something like... near the speed of light.. whatever chunk of material that is. That material is no longer under the same stresses. So.. the conditions for keeping strange matter in a stable state no longer exist. So they would go under the normal decay patterns. Which as I recall is in minutes. So.. by the time these things traveled a few light years... There's basically no strange matter left in a stabilized form. In order for any of this to be a problem... you'd basically have to have a strange star right next door. In order for this to spread from start to star.. you'd have to have all your stellar objects so tightly bound basically nothing is more than maybe a light year a part at best. And even then.. that's probably not close enough. This really isn't an issue. Scientists like to scare people with this absurd thing though.
The idea is that the strange matter "could" exist in the core of neutron stars. And a collision between two neutron stars "could" rip open one and eject material from its core into space. Like you say - the matter here is under insane pressure. It is the most powerful "spring" in the universe and would result in an enormous explosion of matter and energy. (consider a small neutron star and a larger neutron star, that starts orbiting each other closer and closer, faster and faster. The gravitational gradients would be insane, but would be at 0 inside parts of the smaller neutron star, releasing the energy from trillions of tons of compressed neutrons). Strange quarks decay within fractions of a second! However - the reason they decay - as I understand it - is because they are bound to other quarks. There is no reason for a strange quark to decay at all - IF it were to exist unbound from other quarks. And that is the idea. In the interior of neutron stars - conditions are so extreme it is theorized that strange quarks could exist in it's unbound form - and clump together to form strange matter.
what he says at the end doesn't make sense: the complete evaporation of black holes CAN NOT happen before Iron starts, because an iron star has entropy still, so it can not be the end of the universe, if protons can not decay, then NOTHING can ultimately decay so no end to anything in the universe,.... it's a contradiction
And one day, long after the last Iron Star formed, the last english-speaking Human realised that it wasn’t pronounced Schwarz-child but Schwarz-Shield… But then it pulled an Asimov, another few orders of magnitude of years later the Cosmic AC answered The Last Question, and all was well in the Universe. (Schwarz Schild. Black Shield.)
Lets consider a little bit of looking up properties of elements and chemicals. H2 condenses (boils) at 20K, and current star formation theories depend on this value. Lithium condecses at 1615K, but would probably form LiH which condenses at 1173+K. Less than 1%, but would star foeming liquid drops and accumulate to attract H2.
Reasons why I compare black holes to toilets: Nothing can escape the suction, but shit leaves it. The converted energy just doesn't escape as the delightful cheeseburger you plopped into the event horizon. There has been some severe digestion. (Oh, and seems to spin. Why things spin is still a mystery.)
One thing I don't get, I was told the universe is expanding slower than the speed of light because it is still accelerating, so how can we see light that should have already passed us because it was generated when the universe was smaller?
The 'speed' which the universe expands isn't a single velocity like x miles an hour. It's a rate over distance, x miles an hour per y miles of distance. If two objects are twice as far away, they will be expanding twice as fast apart. At some point the two objects will be moving apart faster than light speed. So when we say the universe's expansion is accelerating we mean that the expansion over every mile is greater today than it was yesterday. The 'speed' needs that distance note. Otherwise it's like discussing speed limits on a road without mentioning miles or kilometers. Our universe is a lot like the mythical race between Achilles and the tortoise. Any photon that reaches us must first reach where we were when it was emitted, then cover the extra distance caused by expansion as it got there, THEN cover the new extra bit of distance that expanded into existence while it was catching up and so on. If those extra bits get smaller and smaller then we'll eventually see the light. If they get bigger then the expansion is too great.
As soon as a star starts creating iron, it only has seconds to live because iron creates zero fusion energy. At that point gravity takes over and the star collapses onto the iron core, the rebound off the core into the onrushing material heading for the core causes a Supernova. Depending on the mass of the star you either end up with a neutron star or a black hole.
“A cold, dark, universe, devoid of light” where Simon hosts his last remaining RUclips channel.
From an iron star...so metal
There wouldn't be enough energy to run RUclips, but Simon would find a way.
LOL! The King of RUclips would just start more channels. Allegedly. Cheers from Tennessee
The first boltzmann brain in our universe will be Simon starting a new youtube channel
@@ClaíomhDClover who's to say we aren't already thoughts within the Boltzmann brain that is Simon Whistler which is why we obsessively watch his channels
Simon really should start Astro Graphics. I would love a channel dedicated to space themed content.
This has to happen. Any one who agree? If we all say we want it we can't be ignored or all be silenced by joining the growing number of captives in the basement
Yes, I'd also LOVE a Simon Space themed channel!
I feel space themed videos are one of Simon's biggest draws (that and war). He's branched off so many times because certain channels have strayed from their original plan, that I feel this will inevitably happen, which I'm all for!
I think at this point we just need to start suggesting names for this channel 😅
@@staytuned2L337 He's already used the term "Astrographics" in other space videos that by now it's all but official.
Back when I was in university (1990's), we discussed the possibility of "photon shells". These would be neutron stars so dense that light would tend to form stable orbits around the star. We always thought that it was an interesting idea, and maybe some strange physics would be going on in that shell.
But would they be stable? Any slight deviation from a perfect path would surely tend to result in a photon escaping or falling towards the star, yes? There's only going to be one, very thing shell where such an orbit is perfectly balanced.
They exist around Black Holes though don’t they? Innermost stable orbits which equal the speed of light?
@@garethdean6382 You're right, photon orbits are never stable.
@@garethdean6382 Thar would be the GRAY HOLE (optional E) that Simon mentioned, I think.
I believe black holes do have these, but only precisely because they are black holes. It could be possible for the Gray Holes mentioned in this video to have Photon shells as some sort of weather effect on them, but without the stability being guaranteed I'm just a youtube comment reply
"Strange Quarks are one of the six flavors of Quarks" just gave me a mental image of a very specific Ferengi doing the Jack Nicholson creepy nod meme.
Lmao!
Strange Stars are for sure my favorite undiscovered theoretical. A "state" of matter so stable it can infect other matter and make it Strange. Awesome.
there’s no need for quotes. it would be a state of matter.
Hypothetical Stars. The perfect description for people who gained fame from appearing on reality TV shows. 🌹🌹🌹🌹
Is the known universe large enough to contain all of Simon's channels? That is the question.
Well the Simonverse is expanding rapidly.
@@adamboise3907 Whistlerverse!
Quark Star would be so dense that it would produce latinum and have lobes for business 😁
Yes, they would be even mroe dense than my ex-wife, which is really saying something.
To any who love deep time i highly recommend to look up the video Iron Stars by Isaac Arthur. It deals in possibilities of how highly advanced civilizations of new forms of life may feasibly be able to still operate at the furthest reaches of time that have any meaning and is one of the most fascinating videos I have ever seen that feels like it holds any merit.
You mean this? ruclips.net/video/Pld8wTa16Jk/видео.html
YES! SFIA FTW! 😎👍
I dont know Jack about this stuff, but definitely going to check out that video! Space stuff, while often confusing and mind blowingly incomprehensible, has always been fascinating to me.
History of the Universe covers the details of the black hole suns in more detail as well and Kurzgesagt strange stars. SFIAs Fermi paradox videos and iron stars video are what got me sucked into his channel.
I am going to throw in "A timelapse of the future" by Melodisheep.
There’s also the hypothetical “plank stars” from loop quantum gravity, they remove the black hole singularities, instead provide an upper bound to how dense matter/energy could ever be “plank energy density” …. Incredibly small/dense and very very short lived, though cause of the extreme time dilation from our perspective they take eons upon eons to cease
0:55 - Chapter 1 - The early universe
4:25 - Chapter 2 - The present day
10:00 - Chapter 3 - The far, far future
- Chapter 4 -
- Chapter 5 -
- Chapter 6 -
I mean... I'd watch the entire thing anyways, why do you need time stamps?
@@9r33ks It's his most sacred duty to commemorate each individual chapter for us lay-abouts in the comments.
[appreciation post
0:49 the early universe
4:22 the present day
9:55 the far far future
Simon do more like this these are great you do great narration on anyting astronomy or universal related you make it interesting you make it sound fun and mysterious the same time.
"Iron stars will exist in a cold, dark universe, devoid of light." one of the most metal things science has ever said. pun intended.
Iron Star. What an awesome name for a Rock band!
Black Dwarf, what a name for a TV show made 100 trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion years in the future.
Great stuff! As an armchair astrophysicist, this was absolutely fascinating. Thank you, sir.
If you're an aspiring armchair astrophysicist, you should really check out (or already know about) the channel Isaac Arthur. He has entire videos or playlists discussing topics like Iron stars in very great detail. Particularly how future civilizations or technology could/would be shaped by their existence.
@@Fyrefrye I'll be sure and do that, thank you.
I love this stuff. Give us more space videos!!!
The universe has some *really* weird thins in it. I saw something on streaming that described one of the strangest planets imaginable: a planet made of carbon that is under *such* high pressure thst it could only be an enormous diamond.
I love your videos & I love the people who post the chapters w/ time stamps
love the "space" themed episode the most, so many interesting possibilities, agree with Alzurath Astro Graphics with maybe a bit of sci/fi thrown in the mix
He missed to talk about a very weird kind of star that we all came here for. It's known as a youtube star and Simon is the greatest of them all.
Havent heartd the idea of an active-yet frozen star before. What an awesome concept.
Another great video. Cheers!
12:30 And if you wanted to see an iron star die, you'd have to wait much, _much_ longer. Theoretically they then collapse into neutron stars, but that happens on the order of 10^(10^76) years.
There are no words how long of an expanse of time that is. Eons don't cut it. A googol plex wouldn't even be a blink of an eye.
@@MLBlue30 A googolplex is 10^(10^100), which is dramatically longer.
If you like contemplating the scope and scale of the universe and want your mind blown, go check out the Civilizations at the End of Time series by Isaac Arthur, also here on RUclips.
You know what isn't a hypothetical star? Simon Whistler
For those living in fear of strangelets turning the earth into a broiling blob, you probably shouldn't. Observation suggests models with stable strange matter are probably incorrect. The two biggest being:
- No detections of temporarily stable strange matter in particle accelerators (as predicted by strange matter forming models); and
- Nearly all neutron stars should become strange stars and this doesn't align with current observations.
This is of course still up for academic debate but the existence of strange stars is looking unlikely at this point.
If you want to melt your mind thinking about even longer timescales: assuming protons do not decay, iron stars are expected to become neutron stars (then black holes/ evaporation "shortly" after) between 10^10^26 to 10^10^76 years in the future. Compare that range to the unimaginably long time it took for the iron stars to form (as stated in the video) being 10^1500 years, on the order of just 10^10^3 years.
Gray Holes aren't likely to exist, or at least for long: because they'd gather more matter and thus surpass their Schwarzchild Radius.
Millisecond Pulsars (everything I read says they probably aren't pulsars but something different) are interesting and have potential of being quark stars.
Ultra-Cool Brown Dwarfs are interesting 'stars', or better described "Failed Stars". While most are akin to objects like Jupiter just dozens of times bigger:
some appear to have solid surfaces and temperatures under 200c
I was wondering if you were giong to mention black dwarfs. They're kind of neat
The Black Hole at the center of the Milky Way is written Sagittarius A*
It's pronounced "Sagittarius A-star."
It's an odd notation that we pronounce an asterisk as star, but there it is.
Thanks for a great video. The Universe is certainly a weird and wonderful place, yet we still haven't detected the one thing which it should be full of - aledgedly. Other life. I live in hope!
I love space!!! The weirder the better! It still amazes me that 1 teaspoon of a neutron star can eat right through Earth like hot butter on a slice of toast! Crazy!!!
Love your channel, a regular ray of Sunshine!
Cool video man!
Just a suggestion.
Maybe add some compression on the voice?
Sounds like you're cutting down to a whisper quite often.
Probably just my hearing.
The mass of enough Simon RUclips channels may create a Simon Star by the time there are Iron Stars
I wake up make my breakfast to these videos and then come home and make my dinner while watching these Simon series... I've just realized how screwed I will be in the Kitchen if Simon ever decide to call it a day.
The "child" in Schwarzschild sounds more like "shield" than "child".
Yep! Very annoying to listen to!
It is "Schwarz-schild" literally "black shield".
English speakers would be better of pronouncing it "Schwarz-shield" than "Schwarz-child".
So if Iron stars are massive spheres of iron floating in space what would happen if two of them collided? Wouldn't they explode causing them to break down into baser elements? Would the collision create light and heat? I imagine physicists have considered this.
they can’t explode. the reason all fusion eventually settles to iron is that fusing iron consumes more energy than it produces, so Iron can’t fuel fusion.
thus, based purely on their combined mass, the two iron marbles would either
a. become a bigger lump of iron
b. be heavy enough to collapse into a neutron star
c. he heavy enough to collapse into a black hole
"Sun is a yellow dwarf star"
Isn't it a main sequence star?
Yes, G2 V, but main sequence stars (MKK classification V) are also known as dwarfs.
Fun Fact--- Simon Clone #3 presented this video :D
This level of physics is FAR above what my mind can grasp! It's no wonder that people take the easier to understand concept of a 'sky daddy who works in mysterious ways' than trying to understand the nature of the universe and creation!
your understanding of theology is just as weak as your science knowledge.
i like the thought of Quasistars exploding into SMBs and starting galaxies
You are the star m8
....so the end product of the entirety of existence is.. ball bearings? Y'know, I wouldn't have guessed it.
Good idea for a video. I really enjoyed this 1 tysm
This man could sell me practically anything with his voice alone.
Very well done video! And such a cheerful ending, haha!
Love this Deep Time stuff. More!
I watch a lot of space science vids, daily. Learned a few new things here, cheers!
I choose to not worry too much about anything like strange matter because if it does happen, we won't know anything has h
Beard blaze must work like a charm i remember totally bald simmon now he got one of the most full well groomed beards you ever seen
Talking about heat death of the universe. Video considering hypothetical ends of universe would be cool :)
You’ll need to book early to get a table… :)
The early universe, The big bang issued forth from Simons beard & glasses
The idea of a high metallicity frozen star is quite interesting, especially as this is the first I've heard of it. Very Intriguing.
😂
I’ve just discovered you’re channel. The subject of iron stars is fascinating. I was kinda hoping that you’d attempt to show ten to the power of fifteen in actual terms on screen, of course I’m kidding!👍
Neutron Stars spin at something like 750 times a second.
The speed of rotation can vary greatly, even thousands of times per second.
I...I think I might have a problem. I glanced at the video thumbnail as I was scrolling down and thought to myself, "Huh, another Righteous Fire build? Doesn't PoE have enough of those?"
Ejected strange matter might convert all, and with strange aeons even death may die.
Black holes, grey holes, Qs of different types, the snigger factor in this video is off the scale! 🎉
possibly... astronomically... off scale?
bro. not the S-word.
I was just starting to write a book series based on the idea that what of the laws of physics were time/space relativistic? As in our "current instantiation of space/time" would only apply to a specific space region, other solar systems and galaxies within the Universe could actually function with different base laws of physics. Start thinking what it would be like to find out that gravity isn't directly linked to mass, or if the strong and weak forces were slightly different and allowed a bunch of different elements to form.
Alternate realities, with crazy "Borderlands" interactions of two different instantiations of space time.
Imagine if Earth only currently exists because we happen to be sitting smack dab in the middle of a "stable" solar system, that isn't actually stable.
What would happen if two solar systems that operated under just slightly different laws of physics, "crashed" into one another. Maybe one solar mass has a strange gravity pulse that causes the other solar mass to "surf" the gravity wave, and have just the outer planets of each star slamming into each other.
Interesting although I'm surprised you left out Magnetars.
Along with heat death aren't we also expanding and accelerating. How would this matter come together if everything is just spreading out?
Not easily, which is why the Big Crunch scenario has fallen out of favor in cosmology.
For the strange matter condundrum: Wouldn't it lose stability as it leaves the star? Or is it just THAT stable? If so, should we be thankful that the escape velocity requirements from a neutron star are impossibly high?
Plenty of stuff escapes neutron stars. They’re generally extremely hot, and they also shoot out all kinds of stuff due to their magnetic fields. For example, Pulsars are neutron stars.
The only object with a region that has an “impossibly high” escape velocity is, by definition, a black hole.
I could see Simon starting a new channel all about space and calling it SpaceProjects or something. Would be cool
This could be a rather literal episode of Into the Shadows.
Wait.... our sun is considered a dwarf yellow star? What?
Yes. Sadly, our sun is quite unexceptional.
With the hypothesis of such MASSIVE stars....and the James Webb space telescope presenting lights during the dark age of the universe.....how do we know that those discoveries are galaxies, and not just massive quasi-stars?
Scientific proof that the one thing that will outlast everything is heavy metal! 🤘😎🤘
After all, Quark, Strangeness and Charm is one of Hawkwinds best albums 😎
Iron isn't a heavy metal though 🤔
@@firecubes4984 That maybe true but at that point in the universe it would be the heaviest as it would be the only one left.
Quasi-stellar objects… Quasars!
If there were such compact, massive objects, wouldn’t they cause gravitational lensing, thus revealing their presence?
Always love space stuff 🌌🚀🌌
The Trifid Nebula, shown at 1:47, is not an SNR. The somehow round shape comes from being a Strömgren sphere.
Our time in this universe is so unfairly short, so many cool things we’ll never get to witness 😢
A photon knows only a single moment. To it, we live an eternity, and witness a billion lifetimes of existence every second.
It’s all relative :)
By the time iron stars form wouldn't they start colliding with eachother? That'd probably create heat and prolong the inevitable for quite a while. I'd imagine all the super iron stars would actually reverse directions via attraction to the closest mass which is most likely other super iron stars, whilst actively fighting the expansion of the universe. But since the expansion accelerates would these stars have to eventually approach the speed of light to have any hope to find eachother?
Wow even as a hypothetical this seems to have lots of room for wacky physics. For some reason my mind just imagines a point in which every object in the universe will suddenly collide due to everything travelling lightspeed, thus creating a new center of the universe from which the collision of all that mass might have enough energy to create a huge explosion almost like...a big bang.
Light speed is hopelessly slow though and would take infinite mass just to reach that speed. If it takes an eternity to make these iron stars, it would take eternity to reach another one. Everything stretches out to the extremes. I doubt one atom will ever find another one let alone a star. A dark lonely nothingness seems to be the destiny of everything and the universe seems quite fine with it. It makes me sad knowing that even light itself will be a long, long forgotten myth.
@@MLBlue30 the timescale I'm working with for the stars to reach lightspeed, or the universal speed limit, shouldn't be infinite. The acceleration of gravity is constantly increasing velocity which even means that if it was one atom's width per second then it'll still eventually reach it in a finite time.
I'll be honest and say that the video on the shape of space being 4d is the backbone of the imagery I'm basing the wonky physics on. Just travelling at lightspeed implies you have infinite speed since time ceases to be an obstacle, but the curvature of spacetime makes everything cap at C in relation to everything else. But if everything else is also travelling lightspeed then I'm imagining the shape of reality would collapse on itself when everything is on a collision path with an instantaneous timeframe.
I got lost in all the mind bending i did and really don't want to check it, so hopefully I conveyed the thought process for how it ends with a universal reset.
9:00 If a neutron star collided with a regular star wouldn't that result in a type 1A supernova when the neutron star accreted to 1.4 solar masses?
No, that needs a White Dwarf with hydrogen and helium which can undergo nuclear fusion. If these elements are only at the surface, a nova might occour.
Well, except that Keith Richards will still be around when iron stars form, which is something to consider when thinking about them.
Science is fun. Always changing and exploring.
Out of chaos comes order, then there must be order in chaos, then out of order comes chaos and so on and so on.
Small "correction": When saying Schwarzschild the the second "sch" is also pronounced like "sh". Schwarz-Child is funny though. Sounds like Starlords archenemy or so. 😄 Thank you for the great video and best wishes from Germany 🌻
Years of astronomical curiosity, plenty of Wikipedia deep dives and hours of reading, and it wasn’t until Veritasium’s black hole video that I learned that. It’s so obvious now, looking at the word, but from an English readers perspective, I can see how it’s so widespread.
Cool story bro can I hear it again. Literally.
Well! That ended on a light hearted happy thought!
strange quarks aren't "highly unstable", they last like 100 picoseconds and decay via the weak interaction. Originally, it was believe they should decay strongly, in which case their lifetime would be around 0.00000000001 picoseconds...now _that_ would be highly unstable.
That is a crazy short amount of time. One regular second would seem like an eternity, let alone 10 to the 1500 years.
@@MLBlue30 it is short, but look at a rho meson, it decays via the strong interaction (a spin flip I think) to pion(s) in 5 x 10^{-24} seconds. Neutral pions decay by quark-anti-quark annihilation via electromagnetism in around 10^{-16} seconds (1/2 billion times slower), while charged pions need to wait for the weak interaction to violate flavor conservation, which is another factor of 1/3 billion: 3 x 10^(-8) seconds.
@@DrDeuteron Man, existence is weird. Whst the heck is flavor conservation?
@@MLBlue30 flavor is an arbitrary name given to quark types. They come in pairs: (up, down), named after the proton/neutron 3rd component of isospin. Then strange for being strange, then charm for charmingly completing the (s, c) doublet. Finally the boring (top, bottom). Strong and EM interactions conserve flavor (i.e, up quarks stay up etc). Cabibbo figured out the the weak interaction works on quark mixtures:
u' = u cos(theta) + d sin(theta)
d' =-u sin(theta) + d cos(theta)
so it could change flavors (e.g. neutron decay) Theta is the cabbibo angle.
Then with strange, it was generalized to the CKM mixing matrix. K & M won the Nobel prize and Cabibbo got nothing. Being 3D, the CKM matrix allows baryon number violation and was thought to solve the "baryogengesis problem" aka: where'd the antimatter go, but it didn't work.
Then over in the lepton sector, Pontecorvo, Maki, Nakagawa & Sakata made the PMNS matrix to explain neutrino mixing.
Weak interaction does a lot of weird stuff.
Part of the problem with strangelets idea though is... that these stable clumps of strange matter can really only exist in that state inside the star. So it's not likely we'd be in danger anyway. First in order to eject some matter from the strange star, you'd need something insane to happen. I don't think regular people really understand just how much gravity there is. It's something like several billion times stronger. Plus the magnetic fields are insane. So in order to get ejected matter.. you'd have to basically hurl another neutron star at it. A regular planet going a decent fraction of the speed of light isn't going to phase the strange start at all. It won't even matter. It would be like you getting hit by an air molecule. Who cares.
Second.. once the matter is ejected.. let's assume it hits escape velocity... which btw... is insane speeds. It would have to be something like... near the speed of light.. whatever chunk of material that is. That material is no longer under the same stresses. So.. the conditions for keeping strange matter in a stable state no longer exist. So they would go under the normal decay patterns. Which as I recall is in minutes. So.. by the time these things traveled a few light years... There's basically no strange matter left in a stabilized form.
In order for any of this to be a problem... you'd basically have to have a strange star right next door. In order for this to spread from start to star.. you'd have to have all your stellar objects so tightly bound basically nothing is more than maybe a light year a part at best. And even then.. that's probably not close enough. This really isn't an issue. Scientists like to scare people with this absurd thing though.
The idea is that the strange matter "could" exist in the core of neutron stars. And a collision between two neutron stars "could" rip open one and eject material from its core into space.
Like you say - the matter here is under insane pressure. It is the most powerful "spring" in the universe and would result in an enormous explosion of matter and energy. (consider a small neutron star and a larger neutron star, that starts orbiting each other closer and closer, faster and faster. The gravitational gradients would be insane, but would be at 0 inside parts of the smaller neutron star, releasing the energy from trillions of tons of compressed neutrons).
Strange quarks decay within fractions of a second! However - the reason they decay - as I understand it - is because they are bound to other quarks. There is no reason for a strange quark to decay at all - IF it were to exist unbound from other quarks.
And that is the idea. In the interior of neutron stars - conditions are so extreme it is theorized that strange quarks could exist in it's unbound form - and clump together to form strange matter.
This video was awesome but... instead of jingle at the end you would just leave silence and black screen...
"Cosmos Redshift-7", what an awesome name.
what he says at the end doesn't make sense: the complete evaporation of black holes CAN NOT happen before Iron starts, because an iron star has entropy still, so it can not be the end of the universe, if protons can not decay, then NOTHING can ultimately decay so no end to anything in the universe,.... it's a contradiction
It's kind of the same dilemma with brown dwarfs; brown dwarfs aren't brown and our sun isn't yellow. Our sun is white.
When you first asked if we were familiar with stars I thought you were referring to the streaming service. 😅
And one day, long after the last Iron Star formed, the last english-speaking Human realised that it wasn’t pronounced Schwarz-child but Schwarz-Shield…
But then it pulled an Asimov, another few orders of magnitude of years later the Cosmic AC answered The Last Question, and all was well in the Universe.
(Schwarz Schild. Black Shield.)
In English, it's pronounced how Simon says it is. We're not sphrechening here.
A cold, dark and empty universe. Gee, thanks for the happy thought!
Do the hypothetical electroweak and preon stars would fall into the category of grey halls?
Quark stars have a strange charm about them :)
Lets consider a little bit of looking up properties of elements and chemicals. H2 condenses (boils) at 20K, and current star formation theories depend on this value. Lithium condecses at 1615K, but would probably form LiH which condenses at 1173+K. Less than 1%, but would star foeming liquid drops and accumulate to attract H2.
The only “hypothetical star” I want Simon to talk about is himself
Do more of these please
We need a spaceographics channel
Reasons why I compare black holes to toilets: Nothing can escape the suction, but shit leaves it. The converted energy just doesn't escape as the delightful cheeseburger you plopped into the event horizon. There has been some severe digestion. (Oh, and seems to spin. Why things spin is still a mystery.)
Feedback: I enjoy videos on new types of planets and stars in the Cosmos.
"Cold, dark, universe", how Simon's writers describe the Blazement.🕳️🕳️🕳️
One thing I don't get, I was told the universe is expanding slower than the speed of light because it is still accelerating, so how can we see light that should have already passed us because it was generated when the universe was smaller?
The 'speed' which the universe expands isn't a single velocity like x miles an hour. It's a rate over distance, x miles an hour per y miles of distance. If two objects are twice as far away, they will be expanding twice as fast apart. At some point the two objects will be moving apart faster than light speed.
So when we say the universe's expansion is accelerating we mean that the expansion over every mile is greater today than it was yesterday. The 'speed' needs that distance note. Otherwise it's like discussing speed limits on a road without mentioning miles or kilometers.
Our universe is a lot like the mythical race between Achilles and the tortoise. Any photon that reaches us must first reach where we were when it was emitted, then cover the extra distance caused by expansion as it got there, THEN cover the new extra bit of distance that expanded into existence while it was catching up and so on. If those extra bits get smaller and smaller then we'll eventually see the light. If they get bigger then the expansion is too great.
As soon as a star starts creating iron, it only has seconds to live because iron creates zero fusion energy. At that point gravity takes over and the star collapses onto the iron core, the rebound off the core into the onrushing material heading for the core causes a Supernova. Depending on the mass of the star you either end up with a neutron star or a black hole.
Bravo sir👍