Greetings Lindsay. I'm 70 and have been around the block; as it were. It's terribly cheering to know that there are such gifted, passionate and intelligent young people as yourself holding the reins of the future. I enjoy your presentations and always learn something. Thank You.
Your comedy style is really starting to shine. The “it’s like 3D printing but completely the opposite” was the funniest thing I’ve heard tonight. As was the 10-in-1 shampoo joke. Thanks for cheering me up on a really bad evening
Who knew geological periods in history could be this entertaining? Thanks for bringing education and laughter together.Keep rocking these prehistoric videos and fantastic content!
Eating a sandwich while watching the part about the evolution of jaws made me suddenly really self-aware about the existence and function of my jaw. Thank you fish grandpa and grandma for allowing me to crunch and chomp
Well, really, xenomorphs are based on morays, but that kinda proves nature is cooler than sci-fi? Our most unique alien ideas are based on things our planet made on its own🤯
I had a 3 and a half hour long conversation with my father last night because of your videos and how pre history and evolution interests me, so thank you for indirectly helping with my relationship with my dad
I ❤ the Silurian Period, it's such a neat but chill time. When people ask me why I would want to be immortal, this is why - to document, over millions of years, the unending progress of evolution, and the practically permanent fireworks show in the stars. That would be deeply satisfying, to me.
I say the same thing, I just want to see where life goes and how Earth changes, I’m confident there will be another extinction event sometime, whether it be tomorrow or in a million years, plenty of them happen and it’s a driving force for allowing new and radically diverse change. I would just love to see what happens and how strange life gets. But I also wish I could travel back in time and see how different Earth was and just how strange life was.
Humans need to copy more from bonobos. For example, because males don't have to compete and "earn" love and intimacy, they have little in the way of a male dominance hierarchy and thus no patriarchy, like other great apes. They're matriarchal instead. Because the males aren't forced to compete for mate access, so they have no reason to do anything but survive and chill.
I am 76 years old and have lived through most of the discoveries that so delightfully trip off your tongue. Those discoveries were written up in weighty papers and explained by ponderous presenters because they were new and had to be discussed very seriously and quite contentiously. But, Lindsay, this knowledge that you grew up with is like the air you breathed as a basic part of your life-ever present and always nourishing. Now to my point: Lindsay, in your presentation, you give to me these decades of gradually accumulated knowledge life! The hows and whys of the evolving tapestry of life have been and are being given vibrancy and, for me, experiential presence. Thank you!
I love the idea that initially food was probably getting caught on the forward gills of Silurian fish (like crumbs in my beard) and over thousands of generations those gills got more grabby to catch more and more food. Under similar selection pressures I'm just imagining what beards could evolve into.
I imagine, as they were gills for breathing, it was a side effect of bringing in more water to breathe with but _not_ getting food stuck in the gulls themselves. Like, you want the food to go to the stomach, not in the gills. So the most forward gill reshapes to intercept the solids and let the water through, while the mouthparts pull the solids off the first filter-gill, which gets better at filtering until it's ability to grab at food becomes its primary function. And, kind of like how a bunch of fish today use their jaw to gulp down water to help breathe when they're swimming slower, jaws likely helped the whole breathing situation, too, so it’s a Case of getting better at your main job and your side-gig at the same time.
I wonder if the gills were already used to capture food. I know some fish have gill rakers that are used to clean and funnel small food particles off the gills and down the throat.
Your videos help me stay entertained and stay off drugs. Tryin to get sober is a 10 year struggle, but having a handful of content creators to entertain me def makes it easier.
I love prototaxites. My sociology teacher was absent one day and gave us an assignment to teach him something, anything. He was always painfully vague with his assignments. I ended up doing a slide project on the era, growth and lifetime of prototaxites . Probably the most fun I ever had in that class 🤚. He came back and told me I was supposed to relate it back to an influence in society, but he still game me a 20/20 on it so 🤷.
Well they already had the eating structures, but what’s more interesting is the diversity in jaw mechanics in the first jawed vertebrates. One famous example is Dunkleosteus sp.
Hey just wanted to say you are one of my favorite science creators right now and I absolutely love how apparent your passion for science is in these videos. Keep killing it!!!
I said it long ago but I´ll say it again: love the phrase "That we know of." Not only is it true but brilliant. Always leaving the door open for the knowledge. ...so glad Lindsay decided to make it "her thing".
I love it too. The other night I was watching some guy asking people info about our solar system/galaxy/universe, and he asked how many planets are there. His answer was 5,000. I looked it up and found its 5.5k+ "exoplanets confirmed" and I immediately was like your answers wrong. It's should be about 5.5k, that we know of xD
So excited for you to cover the Devonian period next! It's probably my favorite period in Earth's history, but I'm very biased cause my boy Dunkleosteus is included and I love them. Learning so much more about all the little creatures that came before has been so helpful! I love learning about early sea life but often times I get too overwhelmed figuring out where to start, (brain fog got me good) so this series has kept me in very good company and given me a great starting point for my own casual research! Thank you!
Hey, Lindsay I just wanted to thank you for making this content. You ( and few others) are teaching not only me, but millions of others around the world. You make it fun and enjoyable.
I really like how, when you refer back to a previous video, you often show a small clip of the previous installment using a really great graphic image that instantly reminds anybody who had seen it before of what they learned about that thing you just flashed. For me, that is a very savvy use of archived footage and a fantastic teaching technique. Really ties together earlier lectures with the current material. I mean, your subject matter is complex in the extreme and your manner of communicating is especially good at breaking down the extreme complexity. Love your channel!
Ms Nikole your obvious passion for these subjects is infectious and greatly appreciated. Thank you for sharing your interest, earth's history is absolutely metal!
Excellent. Just as Milo lead me from archaeology to your biology channel, now you have lead me to Joey's botany channel. My list of sassy educational content on RUclips grows
I LOVE Joey!! Been following him forever! I bought “Botany in A Day”, started trying to learn all of my native plants. On the fossil/historical botany & biology end of things, I can’t WAIT to see what kind of stuff they may find in the oldest (dead) forest, near the Catskills & my home. There could be so many fungi or microorganisms or plants that may have otherwise been completely lost over time. 🤷🏻♀️ ya never know
I got two of your Smilodon sweatshirts cause my mom accidentally ordered two. No regrets. Edit: If you see this Lindsay, It seems you like Smilodon and was wondering if you heard of Smilodon’s new size estimates: 131 cm tall (4.3 ft) and around 960-1,000 lbs in weight.
Joey looks so awkward trying to be as polite and formal, it's like he's explaining what he does for work to his daughter's classmates. He's definitely a sweet person at heart.
So cool to see Joey from the perspective of a cow crippler. I honestly was never too interested in the finer details of ancient life or botany, but you two have really hooked me on these subjects. Thanks dudes!
I really love this series. It's been super fun and educational and helps my brain process the fact that everything is related. The farther along we go the more we see life branch off in different directions, and it's honestly such a cool thing to think about.
I legitimately wait for these videos and look forward to them when they come out. I know it takes a lot of time and effort too. Put these videos out just keep up the good work you kick ass lindsey
I am someone who adores animals (literally they are my special interest, I am obsessed) but I’ve given up on my dreams of having an animal based career, as I’m bad at science so your channel is my way of keeping that love alive
SO PUMPED for this collab, been watching CPBBD for years now and I really do think he knows every single plant. I'm really glad that you gave the plants and fungi their flowers (pun intended) since they often get left out in favor of more charismatic animals
The prototaxites were really interesting! I’ve also been a huge fan of your content for a very long time. I’m surprised you don’t have more subscribers considering how interesting and high quality your videos are. Keep up the good work Lindsay!
I've always been fascinated by how our ancestors started using tools and weapons. It must have been such a massive leap for hominids when the discovery of arrows were made. Just for context; how often do you see animals using a stick to reach something that they otherwise couldn't? Some species of birds have learned, but many other animals use their adaptations instead. Actually, speaking of birds, so many of them have nests that they construct. I would argue that that is tool usage, and perhaps shows that animals long before our ancestors could use tools. Where do you draw the line, though? Is mud sculpture a form of tool usage? What about burrowing? But where does it all begin? What are the earliest examples that we have? What made them? We know that some Homo species before us used stones, but how far did it go? Were there simultaneous developments that the nomadic peoples invented with the technology that they had before they left? Where do clothes fit into this? Or food preparation? I have too many questions, sorry.
Tool use is actually extremely common in the animal kingdom, you've probably heard of apes using tools like sticks but they're even smart enough to learn from humans how to use and make tools. However basically every type of animal other than insects and spiders have been documented to use tools, from fish to squid to birds basically all types of animals will make use of tools in some capacity. Fish and squid/octopus for example will often use rocks to hammer open shells like on mollusks and octopus will hide inside objects like coconut shells and use them as armor. Outside of mammals birds are some of the most prolific tool users, especially the Corvid family which is especially smart. Crows for example will intentionally drop seeds in front of moving cars so the car will crack open the seed and they'll use sticks to dig out snails from their shells. The smartest member of the Corvid family is the New Caledonian Crow, which not only uses tools but is able to deliberately craft tools for specific purposes, they'll for example take sticks and then bend and break off parts of it in order to make a stick with a little hook on it that they can use to fish bugs out of trees with. This technique isn't instinctual either because they have to learn it from their parents and they can also learn to make different tools by watching humans. When it comes to the oldest documented tools that'd be the Olduwan tool culture which dates back 3 million years. However this comes with an asterisk, when it comes to detecting pre-historic tool use we are obviously limited to what gets preserved and what is clearly identifiable as a tool. So we're only talking about tools that were clearly deliberately crafted, we have no way to detect the kinds of tools I was talking about before since they either decay or can't be distinguished from just regular rocks. Tool use in animals is therefore probably much, much older and really there's no way to know when it really started. However Olduwan tools are the oldest clear examples of tool creation, Olduwan tools are stone tools that were made by breaking off chunks of rock with another rock and thereby shaping the rock into a useful tool like a cutter, or scraper. The Oldowan tool culture was initially associated with the genus Homo, our lineage, and thought to have been created by Homo Habilis, the first member of our lineage. This also marks the beginning of the Stone Age, so technically the stone age not only preceeded our species but went on for longer than our species has even existed. However recently new finds of Oldowan tools were made that pre-dated Homo Habilis significantly, which might suggest that the stone age was started by the Austrolopitheceans, the lineage of apes that eventually led to the Homo genus. However we also might find older Homo Habilis fossils soon so who knows. Either way the construction of stone tools is truly ancient and is usually seen as a characteristic of the Homo genus, essentially it's what makes humans human and differentiates our lineage from other Apes. Stone tools also evolved significantly throughout time, it's likely that these tools were simply held in the hand but later humans would start attaching them to wooden handles. Later on inventions like the Atlatl would significantly increase the ranged capabilities of humans, it's not known when bows were invented, the oldest ones we've found are a out 20k years old but bows were likely invented much earlier than that since it's a technology every single human culture has. Boats were another major invention, we know that simple canoes made of hollowed out tree trunks go back at least 50k years since they would have been necessary to reach Australia. By the time we reach the neolithic stone tools had gotten really advanced but by that time homo sapiens was also the only human species left as all others had gone extinct. Food preperation depends on what you mean by that, the earliest stone tools were used to cut meat off bones and break open bones and that allowed our ancestors to access new sources of food since as you might have noticed humans don't have the teeth of a predator nor the jaw strength to break open bones. These early stone tools might also have been used for cutting plant fibers and opening nuts, though that is less neccessary since humans naturally have teeth that are pretty adept at that. Fire obviously doesn't preserve so no one knows when it was really mastered, and humans might have utilized it in different ways before we started using it for cooking, like setting fire to a savanna to drive animals into a trap. However I think it's fairly safe to say that Homo Erectus almost definitely had fire and used it for cooking since the ability to cook food is a major factor in the growth in brain size of humans since cooking food sorta pre-digests it and therefore means we get more calories out of it. Cooking also obviously meant that food was safer, which was good since we don't have the digestive system of predators and are much more vulnerable to food poisoning. And of course fire helped keep away predators and the mere ability to have light at night might have spurred on the development of our social networks and language itself. Even today it has been shown that the mere act of eating together helps strengthen social bonds. Homo Erectus was also arguably one of the most succesful species of human and colonized most of Eurasia and existed for about a million years, and is both our and the Neanderthals direct ancestor. Another form of “cooking” that might have evolved much earlier though is fermentation. Primates of all types are uniquely well adapted for eating fermented food and are very good at breaking down alcohol. This is because primates were often primarily fruit eaters or lived in environments where food is common and since fruit has a lot of sugar and water it ferments easily, therefore there was an evolutionary pressure to be able to eat fermented fruit. Beyond that though fermentation also serves as a form of pre-digestion that means you get more calories out of your food. This adaptation goes back tens of millions of years and is found in all primates. Humans of course also love eating fermented food in many forms ranging from cheese to beer, there's even a theory that beer was partly responsible for the development of agriculture. Another interesting adaptation is the fact that humans develop a taste for fermented food throughout their lives, children generally don't like them, this is probably because fermented food used to carry some risks so it made sense for only adults with a stronger immune system to eat it. Clothes are very difficult to track since they obviously decay. It is likely that even Homo Erectus would use skins from dead animals, to help it stay warm. However proper clothes are probably an invention of Homo Sapiens and Neanderthals, who we know for certain had invented things like the needle and string. Both species were roughly equally intelligent and we know they had similar capacities for tool making and their tools show similar levels of complexity. Homo Sapiens and Neanderthals are also the first humans to display the capacity for abstract and symbolic thinking, which is expressed in them making things like jewlery and having intentional ritual burials where they left their dead with offerings like flowers and what is assumed to be their belongings. This probably indicates a belief in an afterlife of some sort and thus is evidence of a larger and more complex spiritual worldview. Neanderthals are even known to have made megalithic structures, there's a cave where a circle of stalagmites was found which is attributed to Neanderthals. In general I want to emphasize that Neaderthals were in many ways similar to Homo Sapiens. They were probably equally intelligent and had a capacity for language. Another piece of evidence for this is how often Homo Sapiens and Neanderthals interbred, though seemingly this only worked when it was a Neanderthal male with a Homo Sapien female. From this and some burials from Homo Sapien tribes we can gather that Neanderthals were often integrated into Homo Sapien tribes and as such were probably just as capable as Homo Sapien. The other way around didn't happen, likely because Neanderthal tribes were much smaller and their population density was much lower. Homo Sapiens and Neanderthals actually interbred so much that about half the Neanderthal genome is preserved across all moder humans, so in a sense Neanderthal didn't reallt go extinct it just merged with our species.
You’re not the only person to think of these questions so start reading and researching!! You don’t have to sit around and wait for someone on RUclips to respond to you
everyone in the comments is talking abut CPBBD being here but can we get some appreciation for the spore soundtrack in the background? it's the perfect fit for talking about evolution. it just fits so well, and is nostalgic too
Love that you pointed out how little information scientists in the 1800s had to go on. Science has been and will always be a ‘best guess’ from things “that we know of.”
One of the better collaborations I didn't see coming, Joey is an inspiration to this novice gardener. Cheers for another great video Lindsay, I hope you receive many more black t-shirts this year.
Hey Linds, love your channel! I've binged your whole catalogue a few times now and always look forward to new vids! Just wanted to know, since you -love- talking about fish so much.. any chance for an in depth chat about Dunkleosteus? Probably one of the most terrifying things to ever -think- still exists if you go swimming lol
lindsay you should make videos playing spore (evolution simulator basically) and then try and accurately recreate some animal and it's evolution, that would be so so cool. (using some mods so there's more parts available btw because the ones that come with the game can be too limiting)
The selfish gene is an interesting book i need to pick up. I was discussing with a friend of mine how we as humanity seem to emulate how single celled organisms focused on singular reproduction with no focus on cooperation and work sharing, and I think we're slowly moving towards the next evolution of humanity which will be a focus and development of humanity as an entire entity and how we work together to grow. he let me go on for a bit and then said I NEED to read this book. It kind of blew my mind someone would stop at the selfish singular belief and not go on to philosophize on how we develop to whatever is next.
i really love this series so much, i love biology but i have more of an interest in microbiology (it’s my major!), so learning about the ecology side of biology has been rly fascinating and i’m learning a lot!! i look forward to your episodes every week :,]
Hi, bio anthropologist here. I highly suggest Frans De Waal as a counter to Richard Dawkins. Any of his books, “Different” or “Mama’s last hug” is a much more nuanced look into behavior and morality than Dawkins could conceive.
I’m not truly absorbing any of these facts but this series is like crack for that insatiable itch of curiosity in my brain, every time I hear “that we know of,” my g literally just free serotonin. Just really really cool Lindsay does this, like obviously she’s so passionate about her field and makes entertaining content to share what she’s learned. Feels like listening to a friend who’s funny AND smart as they (welcomely) infodump cool stuff they care about
I hope you see this Lindsay This was my first live stream And you rocked it ( Like always ) I really enjoyed the colab You should tag his stuff for it (Did I say that right?) 😊 I wish I could be a patrion (?) But I wanted to let you know that I love the way you teach Fun but real You rock! I look forward to ALOT more content from you. Love always Heidi from Utah
Off topic (kind of) but I love how Lindsay always says "that we know of". I've been doing that for as long as I can remember whenever an animal expert makes a hard claim (not in a "I know better!" way or anything) so it's so cool to see someone else, especially an expert, who does it too.
So my main takeaway about life on land at this time(that we know of) is that if you were a terrestrial plant/fungus during the Silurian, you had to be METAL AS FUCK to be able to thug that shit 🤘 Shoutout to any and all Silurian terrestrial lifeforms in the audience, y'all kept it realer than shit ✌️
I appreciate the fact that you are constantly pointing out "that we know of", like its ok to say this is what we know right now but we are able to adjust with further discovery
Greetings Lindsay.
I'm 70 and have been around the block; as it were.
It's terribly cheering to know that there are such gifted, passionate and intelligent young people as yourself holding the reins of the future.
I enjoy your presentations and always learn something.
Thank You.
i like your music :)
Your comedy style is really starting to shine. The “it’s like 3D printing but completely the opposite” was the funniest thing I’ve heard tonight. As was the 10-in-1 shampoo joke. Thanks for cheering me up on a really bad evening
That 10 in one joke made me pause the video and just laugh!
Had to do it quietly because everyone was asleep tho
Who knew geological periods in history could be this entertaining? Thanks for bringing education and laughter together.Keep rocking these prehistoric videos and fantastic content!
video hasnt even come out lmao
This commented before the video started. Also, this is biology not geology.
@Monke1312_ Yeah, I watch Gutsick Gibbon, too! Great content.
@@wildworld6264 yea they're great
The most fun i've had with Silurian biota for the whole epoch.
Eating a sandwich while watching the part about the evolution of jaws made me suddenly really self-aware about the existence and function of my jaw. Thank you fish grandpa and grandma for allowing me to crunch and chomp
Jaws are such a succesful adaptation that evolution did it twice. Many fish have a second pharyngial jaw that helps them grab onto prey.
@@hedgehog3180 Yes, moray eels are very cool. Real life xenomorphs
Well, really, xenomorphs are based on morays, but that kinda proves nature is cooler than sci-fi? Our most unique alien ideas are based on things our planet made on its own🤯
@@IAmUrFather49 Moray pharyngeal jaws were only discovered after the release of Alien
@@Xenkatze That’s pretty crazy damn. Well still our craziest sci fi ideas have already been come up with by nature🤯😂
I had a 3 and a half hour long conversation with my father last night because of your videos and how pre history and evolution interests me, so thank you for indirectly helping with my relationship with my dad
:’) i love to hear that 🖤🖤
Aw that's wonderful! I wish you and your father all the happiness! 😊🩷✨
People that don’t have a relationship with their dad except random 3 hours convos gang 😍😍
I ❤ the Silurian Period, it's such a neat but chill time. When people ask me why I would want to be immortal, this is why - to document, over millions of years, the unending progress of evolution, and the practically permanent fireworks show in the stars. That would be deeply satisfying, to me.
I say the same thing, I just want to see where life goes and how Earth changes, I’m confident there will be another extinction event sometime, whether it be tomorrow or in a million years, plenty of them happen and it’s a driving force for allowing new and radically diverse change. I would just love to see what happens and how strange life gets. But I also wish I could travel back in time and see how different Earth was and just how strange life was.
You wouldn't say that if you knew how Dr. Who saved us from the Silurians.
ruclips.net/video/CwExauvltnM/видео.html
Wow, you managed to make Crime Pays clean up his language and bring his best behavior to this collab
Ive met him in a nature walk. Hes a very very nice guy very polite
Now we just need Lindsey to clean up her language so that she can collab with Clint's Reptiles!
he's the most polite wielder of the word fuck in the world
he did swear right at the tail end of his colab, so I wouldn't say that exactly
@@YochevedDesigns LOL, but Clint has a dark side -- remember he time the said if you want to feel good just do some cocaine?
"They scissor more than they breed."
I'm dying 🤣🤣🤣
Humans need to copy more from bonobos. For example, because males don't have to compete and "earn" love and intimacy, they have little in the way of a male dominance hierarchy and thus no patriarchy, like other great apes. They're matriarchal instead. Because the males aren't forced to compete for mate access, so they have no reason to do anything but survive and chill.
Ngl, animals from very early evolutionary periods start to resemble more the freaky art covers TOOL makes for their albums.
Other way 'round I think.
Tool are great
Alex Grey's stuff is so damn trippy
Ediacaran lifeforms which are about as primitive as you can get are very fractal with symmetry that isn't found in any modern animals
@@greenghoul157um….. modern animals don’t have symmetry? Lmfao
@@maddieb.4282 What I meant was the fractal symmetry of dickinsonia
I am 76 years old and have lived through most of the discoveries that so delightfully trip off your tongue.
Those discoveries were written up in weighty papers and explained by ponderous presenters because they were new and had to be discussed very seriously and quite contentiously.
But, Lindsay, this knowledge that you grew up with is like the air you breathed as a basic part of your life-ever present and always nourishing.
Now to my point: Lindsay, in your presentation, you give to me these decades of gradually accumulated knowledge life!
The hows and whys of the evolving tapestry of life have been and are being given vibrancy and, for me, experiential presence.
Thank you!
I love the idea that initially food was probably getting caught on the forward gills of Silurian fish (like crumbs in my beard) and over thousands of generations those gills got more grabby to catch more and more food.
Under similar selection pressures I'm just imagining what beards could evolve into.
Filter feeding
This makes baleen sound horrifying lol
I imagine, as they were gills for breathing, it was a side effect of bringing in more water to breathe with but _not_ getting food stuck in the gulls themselves. Like, you want the food to go to the stomach, not in the gills. So the most forward gill reshapes to intercept the solids and let the water through, while the mouthparts pull the solids off the first filter-gill, which gets better at filtering until it's ability to grab at food becomes its primary function.
And, kind of like how a bunch of fish today use their jaw to gulp down water to help breathe when they're swimming slower, jaws likely helped the whole breathing situation, too, so it’s a Case of getting better at your main job and your side-gig at the same time.
I wonder if the gills were already used to capture food. I know some fish have gill rakers that are used to clean and funnel small food particles off the gills and down the throat.
Davy Jones has entered the chat
Your videos help me stay entertained and stay off drugs. Tryin to get sober is a 10 year struggle, but having a handful of content creators to entertain me def makes it easier.
You can do it! Cheers and encouragement from the peanut gallery.
All the encouragement from us! Addiction is a battle and you can win :)
You can do it! 🩷
I’m gonna struggle with this for ten years???? It never gets even a little bit easier?? Wtf lol
You should try gardening or another hobby, works for me
This is a collab I NEVER expected but I am so happy to see
She should do another one with Forrest Valkai
I know Joey he is a 10/10 guy
I nearly broke my wrist clicking when I saw those two names together.
You and Milo make the internet a better place
Crime Pays but Botany Doesn't is a great channel. What a great combo with you , Lindsay.
You pique our interest and make learning fun. Who says old dogs can't learn new tricks? Luv, a pair of Aussie oldies.
Not the crossover we thought we needed but the crossover we deserve
I dunno about you but I needed it!🙃
Speak for yourself, I said hoping for crossovers like this for a while.
I totally needed this.😂
Maybe more the crossover we may not deserve but the crossover we absolutely needed!
Oh, I NEEDED this! 😂
I love prototaxites. My sociology teacher was absent one day and gave us an assignment to teach him something, anything. He was always painfully vague with his assignments. I ended up doing a slide project on the era, growth and lifetime of prototaxites . Probably the most fun I ever had in that class 🤚. He came back and told me I was supposed to relate it back to an influence in society, but he still game me a 20/20 on it so 🤷.
Fascinating how a breathing structure turned into an eating structure!
they were on a sea food diet after all see food see foodd
same same
Speadrunning comments
Well they already had the eating structures, but what’s more interesting is the diversity in jaw mechanics in the first jawed vertebrates. One famous example is Dunkleosteus sp.
Can't spell breathing without eating
Hey just wanted to say you are one of my favorite science creators right now and I absolutely love how apparent your passion for science is in these videos. Keep killing it!!!
props to Lindsay for putting the Spore soundtrack in this series
I know that music from the Your Dinosaurs Are Wrong channel. ruclips.net/video/LH8lYwpQtgs/видео.html
"That we know of"
One of the most needed and least used phrases in paleo.
Thanks for using it a lot, as it should be.
I said it long ago but I´ll say it again: love the phrase "That we know of." Not only is it true but brilliant. Always leaving the door open for the knowledge.
...so glad Lindsay decided to make it "her thing".
I love it too. The other night I was watching some guy asking people info about our solar system/galaxy/universe, and he asked how many planets are there. His answer was 5,000. I looked it up and found its 5.5k+ "exoplanets confirmed" and I immediately was like your answers wrong. It's should be about 5.5k, that we know of xD
So excited for you to cover the Devonian period next! It's probably my favorite period in Earth's history, but I'm very biased cause my boy Dunkleosteus is included and I love them. Learning so much more about all the little creatures that came before has been so helpful! I love learning about early sea life but often times I get too overwhelmed figuring out where to start, (brain fog got me good) so this series has kept me in very good company and given me a great starting point for my own casual research! Thank you!
I love the placoderms but honestly I feel like the giant freshwater lobefins are soo underrated
I love crime pays that guys a knowledge powerhouse.
Dude's legitimately a walking foul-mouthed encyclopedia
I absolutely love these (sort of) longer videos. I could listen to her talk about anything forever I think
Hey, Lindsay
I just wanted to thank you for making this content. You ( and few others) are teaching not only me, but millions of others around the world. You make it fun and enjoyable.
14:22 love that a little bug is carrying balloon babies
I really like how, when you refer back to a previous video, you often show a small clip of the previous installment using a really great graphic image that instantly reminds anybody who had seen it before of what they learned about that thing you just flashed. For me, that is a very savvy use of archived footage and a fantastic teaching technique. Really ties together earlier lectures with the current material. I mean, your subject matter is complex in the extreme and your manner of communicating is especially good at breaking down the extreme complexity. Love your channel!
You're great, and your editor deserves everything you're paying them. I laughed until I cried and I'm not even halfway through the video yet.
Ms Nikole your obvious passion for these subjects is infectious and greatly appreciated. Thank you for sharing your interest, earth's history is absolutely metal!
Whenever I hear the Spore music in the background of your discussion it makes me so nostalgic and I cannot thank you enough for that ❤
A CPBD crossover! I could cry with joy!
Excellent. Just as Milo lead me from archaeology to your biology channel, now you have lead me to Joey's botany channel. My list of sassy educational content on RUclips grows
I LOVE Joey!! Been following him forever! I bought “Botany in A Day”, started trying to learn all of my native plants.
On the fossil/historical botany & biology end of things, I can’t WAIT to see what kind of stuff they may find in the oldest (dead) forest, near the Catskills & my home. There could be so many fungi or microorganisms or plants that may have otherwise been completely lost over time. 🤷🏻♀️ ya never know
Done some work with Joey down at the border, he’s a rad dude
Okay, can I just take a moment to appreciate the fact the spore music started playing.. That's some real nostalgia right there. 8:40
Oh hell yeah, Joey is a cool dude.
Another great video, thank you 👍
Damn, lady. Between you and Casual Geographic I'm learning more shit than I ever expected my mid-40's ass to learn. You rock!
3:05 Could you say that gill arches are _eFFISHent?_
Fantastic video and so good to see you collaborating with Joey Santore! Love both of your educational videos and content
Anyone else notice near the end the Spore soundtrack started playing? Lindsay, you just sent me back to my childhood XD
I got two of your Smilodon sweatshirts cause my mom accidentally ordered two.
No regrets.
Edit: If you see this Lindsay, It seems you like Smilodon and was wondering if you heard of Smilodon’s new size estimates: 131 cm tall (4.3 ft) and around 960-1,000 lbs in weight.
Frankly, I’m blown away at how entertaining and well researched this series is (and all your vids honestly) it’s really Impressive
For some reason I am absolutely fascinated by the idea of a planet filled with nothing but those giant fungi and lots of millipedes.
Joey looks so awkward trying to be as polite and formal, it's like he's explaining what he does for work to his daughter's classmates. He's definitely a sweet person at heart.
ICONIC COLLAB I CANT BELIEVE IT AAAAAAAAAAA
So cool to see Joey from the perspective of a cow crippler.
I honestly was never too interested in the finer details of ancient life or botany, but you two have really hooked me on these subjects. Thanks dudes!
I really love this series. It's been super fun and educational and helps my brain process the fact that everything is related. The farther along we go the more we see life branch off in different directions, and it's honestly such a cool thing to think about.
Can I say how much I love that “That we know of” bit? Because damn it is cool and nifty reminder that we keep discovering new stuff.
Not the collab I thought Id see but definitely the collab i didnt know I needed 😃
I legitimately wait for these videos and look forward to them when they come out. I know it takes a lot of time and effort too. Put these videos out just keep up the good work you kick ass lindsey
I am someone who adores animals (literally they are my special interest, I am obsessed) but I’ve given up on my dreams of having an animal based career, as I’m bad at science so your channel is my way of keeping that love alive
SO PUMPED for this collab, been watching CPBBD for years now and I really do think he knows every single plant. I'm really glad that you gave the plants and fungi their flowers (pun intended) since they often get left out in favor of more charismatic animals
The prototaxites were really interesting! I’ve also been a huge fan of your content for a very long time. I’m surprised you don’t have more subscribers considering how interesting and high quality your videos are. Keep up the good work Lindsay!
The editing on these videos bring me such joy.
I've always been fascinated by how our ancestors started using tools and weapons. It must have been such a massive leap for hominids when the discovery of arrows were made.
Just for context; how often do you see animals using a stick to reach something that they otherwise couldn't? Some species of birds have learned, but many other animals use their adaptations instead. Actually, speaking of birds, so many of them have nests that they construct. I would argue that that is tool usage, and perhaps shows that animals long before our ancestors could use tools. Where do you draw the line, though? Is mud sculpture a form of tool usage? What about burrowing?
But where does it all begin? What are the earliest examples that we have? What made them? We know that some Homo species before us used stones, but how far did it go? Were there simultaneous developments that the nomadic peoples invented with the technology that they had before they left? Where do clothes fit into this? Or food preparation?
I have too many questions, sorry.
Tool use is actually extremely common in the animal kingdom, you've probably heard of apes using tools like sticks but they're even smart enough to learn from humans how to use and make tools. However basically every type of animal other than insects and spiders have been documented to use tools, from fish to squid to birds basically all types of animals will make use of tools in some capacity. Fish and squid/octopus for example will often use rocks to hammer open shells like on mollusks and octopus will hide inside objects like coconut shells and use them as armor. Outside of mammals birds are some of the most prolific tool users, especially the Corvid family which is especially smart. Crows for example will intentionally drop seeds in front of moving cars so the car will crack open the seed and they'll use sticks to dig out snails from their shells. The smartest member of the Corvid family is the New Caledonian Crow, which not only uses tools but is able to deliberately craft tools for specific purposes, they'll for example take sticks and then bend and break off parts of it in order to make a stick with a little hook on it that they can use to fish bugs out of trees with. This technique isn't instinctual either because they have to learn it from their parents and they can also learn to make different tools by watching humans.
When it comes to the oldest documented tools that'd be the Olduwan tool culture which dates back 3 million years. However this comes with an asterisk, when it comes to detecting pre-historic tool use we are obviously limited to what gets preserved and what is clearly identifiable as a tool. So we're only talking about tools that were clearly deliberately crafted, we have no way to detect the kinds of tools I was talking about before since they either decay or can't be distinguished from just regular rocks. Tool use in animals is therefore probably much, much older and really there's no way to know when it really started.
However Olduwan tools are the oldest clear examples of tool creation, Olduwan tools are stone tools that were made by breaking off chunks of rock with another rock and thereby shaping the rock into a useful tool like a cutter, or scraper. The Oldowan tool culture was initially associated with the genus Homo, our lineage, and thought to have been created by Homo Habilis, the first member of our lineage. This also marks the beginning of the Stone Age, so technically the stone age not only preceeded our species but went on for longer than our species has even existed. However recently new finds of Oldowan tools were made that pre-dated Homo Habilis significantly, which might suggest that the stone age was started by the Austrolopitheceans, the lineage of apes that eventually led to the Homo genus. However we also might find older Homo Habilis fossils soon so who knows. Either way the construction of stone tools is truly ancient and is usually seen as a characteristic of the Homo genus, essentially it's what makes humans human and differentiates our lineage from other Apes. Stone tools also evolved significantly throughout time, it's likely that these tools were simply held in the hand but later humans would start attaching them to wooden handles. Later on inventions like the Atlatl would significantly increase the ranged capabilities of humans, it's not known when bows were invented, the oldest ones we've found are a out 20k years old but bows were likely invented much earlier than that since it's a technology every single human culture has. Boats were another major invention, we know that simple canoes made of hollowed out tree trunks go back at least 50k years since they would have been necessary to reach Australia. By the time we reach the neolithic stone tools had gotten really advanced but by that time homo sapiens was also the only human species left as all others had gone extinct.
Food preperation depends on what you mean by that, the earliest stone tools were used to cut meat off bones and break open bones and that allowed our ancestors to access new sources of food since as you might have noticed humans don't have the teeth of a predator nor the jaw strength to break open bones. These early stone tools might also have been used for cutting plant fibers and opening nuts, though that is less neccessary since humans naturally have teeth that are pretty adept at that. Fire obviously doesn't preserve so no one knows when it was really mastered, and humans might have utilized it in different ways before we started using it for cooking, like setting fire to a savanna to drive animals into a trap. However I think it's fairly safe to say that Homo Erectus almost definitely had fire and used it for cooking since the ability to cook food is a major factor in the growth in brain size of humans since cooking food sorta pre-digests it and therefore means we get more calories out of it. Cooking also obviously meant that food was safer, which was good since we don't have the digestive system of predators and are much more vulnerable to food poisoning. And of course fire helped keep away predators and the mere ability to have light at night might have spurred on the development of our social networks and language itself. Even today it has been shown that the mere act of eating together helps strengthen social bonds. Homo Erectus was also arguably one of the most succesful species of human and colonized most of Eurasia and existed for about a million years, and is both our and the Neanderthals direct ancestor.
Another form of “cooking” that might have evolved much earlier though is fermentation. Primates of all types are uniquely well adapted for eating fermented food and are very good at breaking down alcohol. This is because primates were often primarily fruit eaters or lived in environments where food is common and since fruit has a lot of sugar and water it ferments easily, therefore there was an evolutionary pressure to be able to eat fermented fruit. Beyond that though fermentation also serves as a form of pre-digestion that means you get more calories out of your food. This adaptation goes back tens of millions of years and is found in all primates. Humans of course also love eating fermented food in many forms ranging from cheese to beer, there's even a theory that beer was partly responsible for the development of agriculture. Another interesting adaptation is the fact that humans develop a taste for fermented food throughout their lives, children generally don't like them, this is probably because fermented food used to carry some risks so it made sense for only adults with a stronger immune system to eat it.
Clothes are very difficult to track since they obviously decay. It is likely that even Homo Erectus would use skins from dead animals, to help it stay warm. However proper clothes are probably an invention of Homo Sapiens and Neanderthals, who we know for certain had invented things like the needle and string. Both species were roughly equally intelligent and we know they had similar capacities for tool making and their tools show similar levels of complexity. Homo Sapiens and Neanderthals are also the first humans to display the capacity for abstract and symbolic thinking, which is expressed in them making things like jewlery and having intentional ritual burials where they left their dead with offerings like flowers and what is assumed to be their belongings. This probably indicates a belief in an afterlife of some sort and thus is evidence of a larger and more complex spiritual worldview. Neanderthals are even known to have made megalithic structures, there's a cave where a circle of stalagmites was found which is attributed to Neanderthals.
In general I want to emphasize that Neaderthals were in many ways similar to Homo Sapiens. They were probably equally intelligent and had a capacity for language. Another piece of evidence for this is how often Homo Sapiens and Neanderthals interbred, though seemingly this only worked when it was a Neanderthal male with a Homo Sapien female. From this and some burials from Homo Sapien tribes we can gather that Neanderthals were often integrated into Homo Sapien tribes and as such were probably just as capable as Homo Sapien. The other way around didn't happen, likely because Neanderthal tribes were much smaller and their population density was much lower. Homo Sapiens and Neanderthals actually interbred so much that about half the Neanderthal genome is preserved across all moder humans, so in a sense Neanderthal didn't reallt go extinct it just merged with our species.
You’re not the only person to think of these questions so start reading and researching!! You don’t have to sit around and wait for someone on RUclips to respond to you
Btw the person above me is psycho for writing so much but I love ‘em because they’re totally right 😂
I love Crime Pays but Botany Doesn’t, dude is a legend, awesome to see him here on the channel, two of my favorite RUclips people persons
I haven't noticed that before, but I definitely appreciate the Spore soundtrack in the video. Definitely fits the theme of this series lmao.
couldn't stop glancing at the shirt wondering why it was blurred out then i realized it's just like that
Hey stop eating my grass gets me evertime😂😂
everyone in the comments is talking abut CPBBD being here but can we get some appreciation for the spore soundtrack in the background? it's the perfect fit for talking about evolution. it just fits so well, and is nostalgic too
I'm absolutely hooked on this series. Really look forward to each new one. Thanks so much for all your work.
Joey and the dude from Sacramento who talks about old growth redwoods have singlehandedly made Botany the dopest science
i was not expecting this crossover. but i’m so increasingly happy it happened
Lindsay you're right, Joey is super awesome! You always find the coolest guests!
Love that you pointed out how little information scientists in the 1800s had to go on. Science has been and will always be a ‘best guess’ from things “that we know of.”
I found three Silurian trilobites today in a road cut! I typically only find them in our Ordovician rocks here, but was pleasantly surprised!
One of the better collaborations I didn't see coming, Joey is an inspiration to this novice gardener. Cheers for another great video Lindsay, I hope you receive many more black t-shirts this year.
this is the only way i want to learn about animals thank u so much bc this is helping me in my biology classs love your vidss❤❤
Hey Linds, love your channel! I've binged your whole catalogue a few times now and always look forward to new vids!
Just wanted to know, since you -love- talking about fish so much.. any chance for an in depth chat about Dunkleosteus? Probably one of the most terrifying things
to ever -think- still exists if you go swimming lol
Ahhhh love when two excellent folks collaborate! Great video as always.
I just appreciate you so much! 🤘🏼
Please keep being you! Sending love and light always, keep on keepin’ on dude 👏🏼
I love Joey and his channel! I had the honor of interviewing him.. great person! So passionate 😊
I Love this 🖤
Your content is always informative and with plenty of detail/in depth analysis. Never disappoints ☺️
Subscribed. In 82 years, never heard anyone quite like you. Keep it up...
lindsay you should make videos playing spore (evolution simulator basically) and then try and accurately recreate some animal and it's evolution, that would be so so cool. (using some mods so there's more parts available btw because the ones that come with the game can be too limiting)
I'm gonna guess that she knows what spore is, given she used the soundtrack in this video XD
@@MartynDerg lol she did? i didn't notice, i hope she does what i recomended because it would be so cool
Had to click the instant I saw it! Crime pays is a criminally underrated channel.
I appreciate the Spore soundtraxk in the background so much
The selfish gene is an interesting book i need to pick up. I was discussing with a friend of mine how we as humanity seem to emulate how single celled organisms focused on singular reproduction with no focus on cooperation and work sharing, and I think we're slowly moving towards the next evolution of humanity which will be a focus and development of humanity as an entire entity and how we work together to grow. he let me go on for a bit and then said I NEED to read this book. It kind of blew my mind someone would stop at the selfish singular belief and not go on to philosophize on how we develop to whatever is next.
I like to read along with audiobooks when I'm studying something, to provide visual and auditory pathways for knowledge retention.
the Spore soundtrack in this video was peak ngl i love this
i really love this series so much, i love biology but i have more of an interest in microbiology (it’s my major!), so learning about the ecology side of biology has been rly fascinating and i’m learning a lot!! i look forward to your episodes every week :,]
please never stop posting these brilliant videos! i am loving this channel! big love to all people :)
Love your content ✨️ keep up the awesome work, oh and hope any current research you're doing is going well
I really like all the spore music in the background
I love the giant mushrooms! They're like the original trees.
Also, bonobos are my favourite animal, thank you for mentioning them!
Hi, bio anthropologist here. I highly suggest Frans De Waal as a counter to Richard Dawkins. Any of his books, “Different” or “Mama’s last hug” is a much more nuanced look into behavior and morality than Dawkins could conceive.
Agreed! Dawkins is pretty ham fisted and lacks nuance
The gill arches somewhat remind me of the hyoid bone, maybe an exploration of the development of the hyoid could make a fun short?
Haven't seen crime pays but botany doesn't in a long time. Glad to be reminded of them
21:53 classic Joey
I’m not truly absorbing any of these facts but this series is like crack for that insatiable itch of curiosity in my brain, every time I hear “that we know of,” my g literally just free serotonin. Just really really cool Lindsay does this, like obviously she’s so passionate about her field and makes entertaining content to share what she’s learned. Feels like listening to a friend who’s funny AND smart as they (welcomely) infodump cool stuff they care about
I hope you see this Lindsay
This was my first live stream
And you rocked it
( Like always )
I really enjoyed the colab
You should tag his stuff for it
(Did I say that right?) 😊
I wish I could be a patrion (?)
But I wanted to let you know that I love the way you teach
Fun but real
You rock!
I look forward to ALOT more content from you.
Love always
Heidi from Utah
You’re awesome! you make learning, fun. You actually make me laugh out LOUD, that I have rewind. Great work!
Im going to be very mad if you don't put all of these videos together when your done and make a gigantic video!
Off topic (kind of) but I love how Lindsay always says "that we know of". I've been doing that for as long as I can remember whenever an animal expert makes a hard claim (not in a "I know better!" way or anything) so it's so cool to see someone else, especially an expert, who does it too.
8:00 They were found in ice cream?
So my main takeaway about life on land at this time(that we know of) is that if you were a terrestrial plant/fungus during the Silurian, you had to be METAL AS FUCK to be able to thug that shit 🤘
Shoutout to any and all Silurian terrestrial lifeforms in the audience, y'all kept it realer than shit ✌️
8:22 is that a music from Spore??
I appreciate the fact that you are constantly pointing out "that we know of", like its ok to say this is what we know right now but we are able to adjust with further discovery