Microbiology part1l complete handwritten notesl hinglish हिन्दी english both l

Bacteria have several structural components, including:
Cell wall
A rigid structure that gives bacteria their characteristic shape, such as rod, coccus, or spiral.
Plasma membrane
A selectively permeable barrier that surrounds the cytoplasm and controls what passes in and out of the cell.
Cytoplasm
A gel-like substance that contains cell components, enzymes, and organic molecules.
Capsule
A layer of slime that protects bacteria from phagocytosis and helps them stick to surfaces.
Flagella
Appendages that allow bacteria to move by rotating a filament that extends from the cell.
Pili
Appendages that allow bacteria to attach to other cells.
Fimbriae
Appendages that allow bacteria to attach to specific sugars on other cells.
The cell envelope of bacteria differs between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria have a cell membrane surrounded by a complex matrix of peptidoglycan and teichoic or teichuronic acids. Gram-negative bacteria have a cell membrane, periplasmic space, peptidoglycan layer, outer membrane, and sometimes a capsule or slime.
Bacteria are single-celled organisms that are found almost everywhere on Earth. They are vital to the planet's ecosystems and are estimated to outnumber human cells in the human
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