Thanks Mr Andersen for making what was a mind-boggling problem into something completely understandable and basically easy. A student in Australia appreciates your work!
I am a surgeon, I had to study physics for an examination, I thought this is annoying, but after watching your videos I remembered the basic science of matter, energy and thereafter inspect the living body more thoughtfully. Thank you Mr Andersen. Greetings from Egypt.
I would like to thank you for this video, as well as the one preceding it in the playlist, since the comments were turned off on that one. Keep up the good work.
What a great presentation you have designed to help the reader easily understand what is radioactive radiation/decay about and how to write nuclear reactions.
Really cool, Mr. Andersen! I am showing this tomorrow for my physical science students that need some intervention during our flex day. Really clear without being dumbed down. This is just what we need!!
Thank you for explaining in straight-forward terms. I especially found the equations at the end showing how one element decaying in a certain way can "become" another element on paper. Thanks!
Thanks For sharing this for the students who don't have the opportunity to get to school and learn! Plz make more videos based on high school science and math, we don't really get good teacher like you everyttime to teach us at public school, no offense to the teachers
"electrons have no mass" on 5:35 pls correct that. They have no mass number, but mass of electron is approximately 9.1*10^-31kg, which I'm sure u already know. The beginners in science might pick it up wrong U could put a note or something. Ty
Thank you. I am struggling im my physical science class and i can get extra credit for taking notes on a video about what we are learning in class and this should really help!
At 9:05 he says the new proton was a result of a neutron transforming into a proton, yet the neutron number (137) stays the same, can someone please explain? Thanks.
137 is the mass number of the atom (ie mass of protons and neutrons combined). A neutron transforming into a proton and releasing an electron will not affect the total mass since electrons have 0 mass.
pardon my confusion. are you saying the alpha an beta particles are breaking down into helium and an electron or are you saying that is what the particle is? thank you
the nucleus also looses mass during the decay when the atom is balancing itself by the release of the proton/electron correct? This mass lost is the daughter element that is "created" what are those particles called that the nucleus releases to the daughter element?? Just curious if they have a special designation.
1. Do positrons actually exist or are they just the same as the idea of positively charged "holes"? Do we know? 2. How do we know that Beta-minus decay is a neutron becoming a proton rather than an atom/ion that loses an electron?
1. positrons do exist and are deflected in an exactly opposite way to electrons in an electric or magnetic field, so same mass but opposite charge. A positron and an electron are produced in a "pair production" emission but this is a very high energy reaction so positrons are rare in nature and they don't survive very long before meeting an electron and being annihilated. 2. beta particles are nuclear electrons, not atomic electrons. Losing an atomic electron just produces an charged ion, while emitting a nuclear electron changes the atomic number (protons) while conserving the mass, so it has to be a neutron changing into a proton.
A couple questions: When an atom undergoes alpha decay, and looses 2 protons, wouldn't the atom then have a surplus of two electrons in its shells? what happens to those electrons that would then unbalance the number of electrons and protons? In your Cs example of Beta- decay: if it gains a proton,why would it loose an electron? wouldn't it need to gain an electron, not loose one, to have an equal number of protons and electrons? If it had 55 protons and 55 electrons before decay, after decay it would have 56 protons in the nucleus and 55 electrons in orbits, and emitted one electron as part of decay. How does the atom regain balance of electrons and protons? Thanks.
+Stephen Evelyn Well I'm not really very smart when it comes to nuclear physics. But I believe that it just becomes a Thorium ion. Or maybe undergo two beta decays?
In alpha decay, an atom loses 2 protons and 2 neutrons and a positively charged helium atom ( actually a helium nucleus, not an atom itself )with no electrons ( He2+ ) is lost. The 2 "extra" electrons in the original decayed atom are not being lost because of the process of alpha decay, but are being caught by another positively charged atom. In most of the cases, it will the newly formed helium neuclus! It is usually not written in the nuclear equation as this process does not really belong to alpha decay. Your second question shows u doesn't really have the basic knowledge of nuclear physics ( no offense though ) . In beta minus decay, a neutron ( a neutron is made up of a proton, an electron and an antineutrino!!! ) is decayed into a proton, an electron and an antineutrino. The electrons being ejected is therefore not from the electron shells. As the electrons ejected is in an extremely high speed and carry large amount of energy, creating the beta radiation. Considering the fact that most atoms have an ionization energy of a few tens of electron volts, while the beta decay electrons can have up to few millions electron volts, the daughter atom has a very little to none chances of capturing a electrons compare to the alpha decay above. But yes, the daughter atom will become positively charged and should eventually capture electrons and become neutral in state again over time. There are so much more behind this such as wave functions and quantum mechanics which are very complicated and interesting.
This video is great to make people understand what is, in essence, radioactivity. I just have one concern, still: Even knowing this, I don't really understand the relation between this and the nuclear power plants, and nuclear reactors, and all the things that bring the word radioactive and scare some people (laymen) off, mostly because of the Hiroshima incident. How does this apply to those things is what I don't really understand, and most other people too, I believe.
@bozemanbiology Does this mean that when the mass number is double the atomic number the element is more stable then when the mass number would be, let's say, triple the atomic number? Thx
I know a little more but is still don't understand how radiation actualy comes into exitense. Is it because the larger the nucleus gets the more unstable it becomes and the strong nuclear force starts to oscillate and that gives of protons as radiation? If so, can you accelerate the process so it breaks up in stable elements?
Sir you forgot the neutrino and anti-neutrino in the Beta + and the Beta - decay which will mess up with the conservation of energy.Thanks for the Helpful video :) .
You exokained more in these 10 minutes then my science teacher did in a month. Thank you! Love this kind of stuff, but my teacher seriously dont know shit about radiation.
thanks for the lesson, i have to watch it several more times to understand it, i still cant wrap my head around the idea that electrons can change into protons. science would be a lot easier if we could somehow have a frame of reference for these things, can't think about stuff that hard to picture
Good video, things are pretty clear now, but I have some doubts from the video which I hope will be adhered to: 1. How does a neutron become a proton? 2. If alpha particles have such less penetrating power, then how did they pass through the GOLD foil having a thickness of 1000 atoms in Rutherford's alpha ray scattering experiment? 3. How can an electron have a positive charge to become a positron? 4. In sodium decay, how are we losing a PROTON and changing the aromic number, when essentially it is electrons or positrons are lost in beta+ decay? Is there a direct relationship between positrons and protons?
Thank you for this video. It was very formative and easy to understand (and even entertaining). I have a question that maybe you or somebody else here can answer. Since Cesium-137 only decays beta+ and what it decays (an electron) can be stopped by something with the thickness of paper, does that mean it is relatively safe? I ask because I recall that the Fukishima reactor leaked a lot of Cesium-137 among other things.
What causes beta decay though? I just don't get how it's more dangerous compared to say, electricity, and I don't understand why the neutron creates and electron when turning into a proton?
Well sort of... If a positron (positive electron or positive beta particle ) hits a normal electron than it annihilates it because positrons are actually antimatter, so when that happens both particles are transformed into pure energy given off as two gamma rays. I actually have a great video on my channel showing an actual radioisotope Na-22 that emits positrons.
Nuclear particles are by no means compact rigid balls, as depicted in the animated film. In my opinion, nucleons are dynamic structures in the form of gratings or cylindrical cages, in which the density of the mass reaches 10 ^ 24 Kg / m ^ 3. In these structures there is a circulation of gigantic electric and magnetic fields, which do not allow the existence of spherical shapes. And compact granules would not allow the circulation of gigantic physical fields.
It's easy enough to memorize the types of decay you discuss, & that's probably enough to get a good test grade, but you (& other teachers) don't really explain what's going on. I understand why atoms would lose neutrons in order to have the ideal proton/neutron ratio, but why on earth (and how on earth) would it give off protons or electrons? Someone PLEASE explain this.
it is really breathe catchiing video.but with due respect isn't nadiun atomic mass(Ar) 23 as why did you wrote 22. ? is it a isotop of Na. 10:01 also Thorium has mass of 232 not 234. ( 7:56 )
Thank you mate. The essence of genius is the ability to simplify the complicated, and you have masterfully done this. Thank you!!!
Can geniousness be diluted? How is essence of genious made? And what is its solvents? All this and more on Bozeman Science.
@@Marius-vw9hp what?
???????
@@ragno7193 bruh nvm
My brain was struggling to grasp the concept of this and this really helped. Thanks.
Thanks Mr Andersen for making what was a mind-boggling problem into something completely understandable and basically easy. A student in Australia appreciates your work!
9 years later and I think this is the best video on radioactive decay. Thanks.
I am a surgeon, I had to study physics for an examination, I thought this is annoying, but after watching your videos I remembered the basic science of matter, energy and thereafter inspect the living body more thoughtfully. Thank you Mr Andersen. Greetings from Egypt.
Your 10 times better than crashcourse
I totally agree with you
*you're
I like roblox
Mr Anderson thank you for existing!
I would like to thank you for this video, as well as the one preceding it in the playlist, since the comments were turned off on that one. Keep up the good work.
You sir, are absolutely awesome!!!!
This guy's videos are brilliant. Makes understanding the fundamentals of physics easier than most others. He truly understands.
i like the way you teach a lot, just chilled and calm. its nice coming to this when you have "intense" teachers so to speak
What a great presentation you have designed to help the reader easily understand what is radioactive radiation/decay about and how to write nuclear reactions.
Thank you so much! I have my P6 GCSE unit test tomorrow and I was really confused but you've made it so clear and helpful, thanks!
This literally helped me more than I thought it did. Thx
Really cool, Mr. Andersen! I am showing this tomorrow for my physical science students that need some intervention during our flex day. Really clear without being dumbed down. This is just what we need!!
Thank you for explaining in straight-forward terms. I especially found the equations at the end showing how one element decaying in a certain way can "become" another element on paper. Thanks!
Thanks For sharing this for the students who don't have the opportunity to get to school and learn! Plz make more videos based on high school science and math, we don't really get good teacher like you everyttime to teach us at public school, no offense to the teachers
I recently discovered your channel and it helps me a lot in my chem lessons! thank you :)
"electrons have no mass" on 5:35 pls correct that. They have no mass number, but mass of electron is approximately 9.1*10^-31kg, which I'm sure u already know.
The beginners in science might pick it up wrong
U could put a note or something. Ty
its considered as negligible
No, he means electron has no mass number, and he said that at the end of the video.
See 8:22
If a proton or neutron are 1, an electron has a mass of 0.00055.
@@SkepticalTeacher or 1/1840
THANK YOU !!!
Just perfect! Not too long or short, and not too simple or too complex :D
Thanks, Mr. Andersen
Thank you. I am struggling im my physical science class and i can get extra credit for taking notes on a video about what we are learning in class and this should really help!
Very simple and easy to understand!
At 9:05 he says the new proton was a result of a neutron transforming into a proton, yet the neutron number (137) stays the same, can someone please explain? Thanks.
137 is the mass number of the atom (ie mass of protons and neutrons combined).
A neutron transforming into a proton and releasing an electron will not affect the total mass since electrons have 0 mass.
Awesome channel, seriously wish I'd found it sooner
How do we know the certain elements can undergo those decays? Did he pick random elements of the periodic table?
Awesome You explained all things in few minutes
Helpful for my test, thank you!
Geez thank you so much. Why does no one else on the internet explain this stuff!
Thank you, a very clear explanation and good demonstrative examples.
Thank you so much! It was well broken down and easy to understand, and I'm a student who never took chemistry.
pardon my confusion. are you saying the alpha an beta particles are breaking down into helium and an electron or are you saying that is what the particle is? thank you
You are very good at teaching. Keep it up
A very good explanation.
Excellent job! Thanks.
after uranium goes through alfa decay giving off helium ++ . what happens to the 2 electrons
sushant karki Could get absorbed by other molecules but don't hold me to that, radiation does damage to living tissues for a reason.
the nucleus also looses mass during the decay when the atom is balancing itself by the release of the proton/electron correct? This mass lost is the daughter element that is "created" what are those particles called that the nucleus releases to the daughter element?? Just curious if they have a special designation.
you are amazing sir, really really awesome explanation sir
Excellent explanation.
you have a superpower...the superpower of "conveying"...hats off!!!
Very great explanation. I love learning stuff like this.
Excellent video! It's so much clearer to me :) Thank you
@viptutorialscom Thanks.
you just saved my chem. test tomorrow!!!!
Very helpful, I hoped to have teacher like u.
1. Do positrons actually exist or are they just the same as the idea of positively charged "holes"? Do we know?
2. How do we know that Beta-minus decay is a neutron becoming a proton rather than an atom/ion that loses an electron?
1. positrons do exist and are deflected in an exactly opposite way to electrons in an electric or magnetic field, so same mass but opposite charge. A positron and an electron are produced in a "pair production" emission but this is a very high energy reaction so positrons are rare in nature and they don't survive very long before meeting an electron and being annihilated. 2. beta particles are nuclear electrons, not atomic electrons. Losing an atomic electron just produces an charged ion, while emitting a nuclear electron changes the atomic number (protons) while conserving the mass, so it has to be a neutron changing into a proton.
Absolutely brilliant.
Thanks for such clear explanation
I am gonna enroll in the school you teach, awesome teaching :D
A couple questions:
When an atom undergoes alpha decay, and looses 2 protons, wouldn't the atom then have a surplus of two electrons in its shells? what happens to those electrons that would then unbalance the number of electrons and protons?
In your Cs example of Beta- decay: if it gains a proton,why would it loose an electron? wouldn't it need to gain an electron, not loose one, to have an equal number of protons and electrons? If it had 55 protons and 55 electrons before decay, after decay it would have 56 protons in the nucleus and 55 electrons in orbits, and emitted one electron as part of decay. How does the atom regain balance of electrons and protons?
Thanks.
+Stephen Evelyn
Well I'm not really very smart when it comes to nuclear physics.
But I believe that it just becomes a Thorium ion.
Or maybe undergo two beta decays?
In alpha decay, an atom loses 2 protons and 2 neutrons and a positively charged helium atom ( actually a helium nucleus, not an atom itself )with no electrons ( He2+ ) is lost. The 2 "extra" electrons in the original decayed atom are not being lost because of the process of alpha decay, but are being caught by another positively charged atom. In most of the cases, it will the newly formed helium neuclus! It is usually not written in the nuclear equation as this process does not really belong to alpha decay.
Your second question shows u doesn't really have the basic knowledge of nuclear physics ( no offense though ) . In beta minus decay, a neutron ( a neutron is made up of a proton, an electron and an antineutrino!!! ) is decayed into a proton, an electron and an antineutrino. The electrons being ejected is therefore not from the electron shells. As the electrons ejected is in an extremely high speed and carry large amount of energy, creating the beta radiation. Considering the fact that most atoms have an ionization energy of a few tens of electron volts, while the beta decay electrons can have up to few millions electron volts, the daughter atom has a very little to none chances of capturing a electrons compare to the alpha decay above.
But yes, the daughter atom will become positively charged and should eventually capture electrons and become neutral in state again over time.
There are so much more behind this such as wave functions and quantum mechanics which are very complicated and interesting.
Lemuel L Thank you so much for clarifying it
This video is great to make people understand what is, in essence, radioactivity. I just have one concern, still: Even knowing this, I don't really understand the relation between this and the nuclear power plants, and nuclear reactors, and all the things that bring the word radioactive and scare some people (laymen) off, mostly because of the Hiroshima incident.
How does this apply to those things is what I don't really understand, and most other people too, I believe.
@bozemanbiology Does this mean that when the mass number is double the atomic number the element is more stable then when the mass number would be, let's say, triple the atomic number? Thx
thx, I have read the scienc book on this, many times, did not realy understand it. this video on the otherhand.. I finaly got it :) thx again
I know a little more but is still don't understand how radiation actualy comes into exitense. Is it because the larger the nucleus gets the more unstable it becomes and the strong nuclear force starts to oscillate and that gives of protons as radiation? If so, can you accelerate the process so it breaks up in stable elements?
This is great. Mr. Andersen, may I please put the link to this video on Blackboard for my students to watch?
Sir you forgot the neutrino and anti-neutrino in the Beta + and the Beta - decay which will mess up with the conservation of energy.Thanks for the Helpful video :) .
Thank you so much, i have a test tomorrow, this will freshen up my memory about isotops, thnx!!
You exokained more in these 10 minutes then my science teacher did in a month. Thank you! Love this kind of stuff, but my teacher seriously dont know shit about radiation.
Thankyou! didnt understand before but do now :)
You are absolutely incredible!! You explain it wonderfully, and are an excellent teacher!!! Thank you so much!! This really helped
thanks for the lesson, i have to watch it several more times to understand it, i still cant wrap my head around the idea that electrons can change into protons.
science would be a lot easier if we could somehow have a frame of reference for these things, can't think about stuff that hard to picture
Good video, things are pretty clear now, but I have some doubts from the video which I hope will be adhered to:
1. How does a neutron become a proton?
2. If alpha particles have such less penetrating power, then how did they pass through the GOLD foil having a thickness of 1000 atoms in Rutherford's alpha ray scattering experiment?
3. How can an electron have a positive charge to become a positron?
4. In sodium decay, how are we losing a PROTON and changing the aromic number, when essentially it is electrons or positrons are lost in beta+ decay? Is there a direct relationship between positrons and protons?
Thank you so much! I needed help to learn the basics about radiation and every website is hard to understand.
Thank so much! That was a wonderful explanation. :)
If a decaying atom is giving off protons or nuetrons, is it also generating more to give off?
Thank you for this video. It was very formative and easy to understand (and even entertaining). I have a question that maybe you or somebody else here can answer. Since Cesium-137 only decays beta+ and what it decays (an electron) can be stopped by something with the thickness of paper, does that mean it is relatively safe? I ask because I recall that the Fukishima reactor leaked a lot of Cesium-137 among other things.
nicely explained!!
It's high frequency/high energy electromagnetic radiation (emr) - basically similar to light and radio waves.
@DirtyBird760 No, it turns completely into a different element.
My teacher didn't want to teach so the class has to watch this
Thanks this was VERY helpful
nicely explained
Oh, thank you! I've read my textbook for the nth time, but the explanations were so shallow, so I turned up here instead. Hell yeah for the internet.
Very helpful. Thank you!
What causes beta decay though? I just don't get how it's more dangerous compared to say, electricity, and I don't understand why the neutron creates and electron when turning into a proton?
Yes dude you're the best another 100% on my test
This is very informative, thank you for being detailed!
Subscribed.
I love this video! Thank you so much!!
thank you so much Mr Anderson , it was hard to me to understand radioactive decay Especially that i'm a doc.
Is there a way that the different kinds of radioactivity can cancel each other out, therefore resulting in no radiation emitted?
Well sort of... If a positron (positive electron or positive beta particle ) hits a normal electron than it annihilates it because positrons are actually antimatter, so when that happens both particles are transformed into pure energy given off as two gamma rays. I actually have a great video on my channel showing an actual radioisotope Na-22 that emits positrons.
Very good, thanks
thank you it was really useful
do u know how to determine the half life of radio active material ?
thanks this helped me a LOT
Amazing sir,I am studying in 9th standard and interested in nuclear chemistry. That helps well!!!!!
You are amazing! thank you for your help.
Wait you said in the beta decay it will be minus one then why you add it??
Nuclear particles are by no means compact rigid balls, as depicted in the animated film. In my opinion, nucleons are dynamic structures in the form of gratings or cylindrical cages, in which the density of the mass reaches 10 ^ 24 Kg / m ^ 3. In these structures there is a circulation of gigantic electric and magnetic fields, which do not allow the existence of spherical shapes. And compact granules would not allow the circulation of gigantic physical fields.
It's easy enough to memorize the types of decay you discuss, & that's probably enough to get a good test grade, but you (& other teachers) don't really explain what's going on. I understand why atoms would lose neutrons in order to have the ideal proton/neutron ratio, but why on earth (and how on earth) would it give off protons or electrons? Someone PLEASE explain this.
great video
Thanks. It was helpful.
It's very helpful
can i download this for my report?
So, U235.The 235 is the mass right??
Having a test on this in 5 min. Getting ready :p
same, 6 years later
it is really breathe catchiing video.but with due respect isn't nadiun atomic mass(Ar) 23 as why did you wrote 22. ? is it a isotop of Na. 10:01
also Thorium has mass of 232 not 234. ( 7:56 )
Thank you for making this vid
good job.
a positron is not the same as a proton. its an electron with positive charge right?
Yes
nicely explained!!?