The enigma of WWII codebreaker Alan Turing
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- Опубликовано: 11 окт 2024
- Anthony Mason visits with actor Benedict Cumberbatch to talk about his role as mathematician Alan Turing in "The Imitation Game," a new film recounting Turing's heroic (and tragic) life story.
he didn't just ended the war quickly but paved the way for computer science nd programming
his invention changed the history of humans forever
Turing is a hero
To bad they killed him in the process
And he died, not knowing the amount of recognition he would receive in the future.
Imagine what he might have done if he had lived longer.....
The polish cracked the enigma code, not Alan turring. Narrative and agenda brainwashing.
This man should have memorials and statues erected in his honor, because he played a large part in defeating fascism and in saving the free world. His relative obscurity is a badge of how sick our society is.
lebarosky - Exactly! His brilliance literally saved millions of lives and he was rewarded by being driven to suicide because of his sexuality. We wouldn't have computers if it weren't for him. He should be honoured as a great hero and thinker.
Hur hur you said erect
lebarosky ______ Over 10,000 people worked at Bletchley Park (including my aunt).They all had to sign the official secret act. That is operative until you die so a lot of information about who worked there and what they did simply didn't surface for decades after the war. There were many brilliant minds at work there. If you don't think Turing is well recognised ask any computer person or mathematician about the 'Turing Machine'.
Agreed. What kind of world do we live in where we write books and make movies about geniuses instead of carving out statues of them!
Granted there are statues of him (as seen in the video), but it's the principle that there _should_ be statues of him that count!
@Carl Taylor
Of course we would have had computers without him. He didn't even invent the computer. People in the early 1970s, for example, were able to convert primitive calculators into very simple computers. No one person invented computing. His machine during the war wasn't even known to the world until long after others had made computers.
It's like suggesting that without the Wright Brothers we'd still not have planes. It's just not the way the world works.
Other people are very capable too ya know.
Ironically, it was a German Konrad Zuse (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zuse) that invented the modern computer.
Turing was an absolute genius and I'm so glad the Bank of England is honoring him. His image will be on the new 50 pound note!
@calin m They appreciate his genius mind instead of his particular gender. I'm a homophobic. But Personally, I'm completely happy they did it.
@calin m your mind is worthless
You way of thinking is utterly rubbish
They are celebrating his sacrifice for all human beings withiut him you wouldn't have existed to today because your parent parents would have been killed in another 2 year of war
You should be thankful
I am badly in need of This Note!
I am an idiot!
Please Sir!
I need help.
To bad they didn't do it then
Turing didn't break the Enigma code.
“Sometimes it’s the people no one imagines anything of who do the things that no one can imagine.”
This is so powerful!
Turing is a hero!
absolutely right ....from 🇵🇰
His citation of Christopher
We literally wouldn't have computers without this man, what a legacy
No, someone else would’ve discovered it amidst the Cold War.
@@memezoffuckery3207 You’re a 🤡🤡🤡
The polish cracked the enigma code, not Alan turring. Narrative and agenda brainwashing.
@@memezoffuckery3207 no. Computer is turings legacy
Alan Turing should be given a posthumous KNIGHTHOOD.
Absolutely! A pardon is not enough!
Actually only thing he have done was electical version of polish mechanical code breaking machine and calculations of:
Marian Rejewski and Henryk Zygalski and Jerzy Różycki.
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma
+Paweł Andonis Gawralidis Dobrzański herbu Leliwa Stop being bitter. The Poles created the original device and then Turing created something better.
What idiocy--the whole business (Started by TRAITOR BLIAR ) where we apologise for everyone who died in the effing world, or were executed when the law of the land AT THAT TIME--called for it--- should be forgotten.
Philip, you are so wrong it hurts.
No law is just simply by virtue of it being the law. Slavery was legal for most of British and Human History - but it is still undeniably a moral outrage. Hitler was the supreme dictator of a sovereign state. Whatever he decreed was law. It was still some of the most barbaric and immoral practices ever carried out by a head of state. The same standard applies to these outrageous anti-homosexual laws which existed in the 60s.
I suspect your motives are very different than how you present them and that you actually agree with these laws which killed one of the greatest British minds of the 20th century.
The royal pardon is just a royal non-apology apology. There is nothing to forgive if there was no crime.
I never once heard the name Alan Turing in school, although we Germans are usually quite conscious about the necessity of teaching history. It's a shame.
"I never once heard the name Alan Turing in school,"
I have seen a lot of comments like this, but I find it strange. Even The Imitation Game actors have made similar statements in various interviews. But the question is, why would have you heard about Alan Turing? Most people don't know about mathematicians and scientists.
Have you ever heard about John von Neumann? Probably not (if you never heard about Alan Turing). The same logic applies here. The reason you have never about John von Neumann is the same reason why you never heard about Alan Turing. The general public do not know scientists and mathematicians.
Evi Tthought
I didn’t say that I had never heard of him, just not in school. And I am familiar with John von Neumann, at least with his contribution to quantum physics.
But you are definitely right about scientists (and science) being underrepresented. Much to my embarrassment I can name more women who are solely famous for their butts…er… looks than e.g. important contemporary female scientists. Shallow and idiotic information gets shoved into our brains, and there is so little appreciation for people, who contribute to different aspects of humanity's progress every day.
But I also believe that being a gay (or a female) scientist does not lift the chances of getting appropriate recognition. And Turing’s work was not only important from a scientific perspective. Decoding the enigma massively influenced the war, so it is an important historical fact. Furthermore, his personal story needs to be public knowledge, so maybe more people might realize the destructive, dehumanizing effects of homophobia. Why can’t we just all get along, FFS? *snarls*
SnorkFlirt My country started the war, but we didn't invent facism, antisemitism and homophobia. Germans can't be held responsible any longer what generations before them have done, but we should also never forget it. Nazi Germany is an example that normal people are able to do and support the most horrible things, if they are convinced it is the right thing to do, and that governments are not infallible. You should never follow a savior figure, a government or a believe system blindly. But that is easier to be said than to be done. In modern, western civilization we tend to be say that we would NEVER fall for fascist ideas. And mostly, people are right by saying so. But this is only due to the fact that we cannot possibly imagine the desperate situation that drives people into fascism. German people don’t have an “evil gene”, nor do terrorists. We all have this potential in us! I’m not defending horrible acts; everybody is still and should be held responsible for his/her own decisions. But we have to focus on fighting the systems that cause desperation (inequality, poverty, lack of education and possibilities…), instead of just the people who have fallen into it.
Evi Tthought well, maybe the fact that the British governement concealed Turing'sreal role in WW 2 for about 50 years contributed to the fact that she/he had not heard of him in school, don't you think? In fact, I own an encyclopaedia from 1976 in which he is mentioned as "a communication specialist who worked for foreign affairs", nothing about him being a war hero his Turing machine, howeve, is rather elaborately described in it)
Sonja Spaan His war contribution might have been secret, but Alan Turing has been well known as mathematician/scientists for decades, at least to people who majored in computer science or related fields. . The general public just don't know about mathematician/scientists, unless they are in media (like Hawking) or if someone makes a movie about them.
So many people are indebted to Alan Turing, he changed the course of the future for the good. So sad to see his country (Britain) spitting it back in his face with this conviction. The pardon was the least we could give back to him. RIP our hero Alan.
Carl Meehan there can be no pardon if there is no crime.
Turing didn't break the Enigma.
@@piotrb8434 He did, plenty of sources confirm this fact: www.bing.com/search?q=did+alan+turing+break+the+enigma+code
@@carlosdavison No, he didn't and these British "sources" falsify history.
@@piotrb8434 So you're rewriting historical facts because you suspect they were falsified without any credible information that would support your ridiculous theory?
for us computer students.. he is a real icon in math and computer science..
What a shame for Britain to convict such a man for gross indecency!!
Turing is a hero
shame on british government
Charuhas Kshirsagar your government would do the same being gay was illegal in that time in every country it’s not like America was for gays
Shame on theocracy
@@aaryanparikh3611 whilst that is true in just about any other country at that time he would’ve been treat in the same disgusting way
Alan TURING was a absolute genius. He had not to be pardoned, England had to be condemned. This man was a Pauli or Goëdel himself.
Thank you so much, Mr. Turing, for saving the world. Many of us would never have been born if not for you. I hope there really is a heaven because you are surely there. I'm so sorry for what you went through.
Never heard about him before, I saw this on Netflix not really knowing much. I cried twice during the movie and cried even harder at the ending. Such a strong movie and what an amazing man.
Poland should be given credit for bringing back a fully working enigma machine early in ww2.
Turing should be given credit for basically inventing the modern computer.
ZENOIST2 actually the Enigma Machine was captured by HMS Bulldog from a German U-boat
@@gendumthegreat805 that was just usa propaganda, anyway enigma been broke first in 1932!
@Bala Thanappan The NEVER capitulate fighting entire wwII period (the longest indeed for them) and fighting everywere in europe with germany.
@Bala Thanappan and? The poles weren't prepared at all... Brits could have helped...
he saved the most yet endured the most. rest in peace
My Grandmother was a code breaker at Bletchley Park. Because she was sworn to secrecy, she never told anyone, not even my Grandfather. After her death we found out what she was throughout the war. She was only 22 then. It is now on her grave stone, code breaker at Bletchley Park. ❤❤❤
that movie with benedict cumberbatch was a good one. i was transfixed watching it. HIS nephew looks like him
No good deed goes unpunished.
All to often we forget how incredable we can be when needed.
Great man have the highest RESPECT for him LEST WE FORGET I salute you you did great Britain proud sorry you lived in small minded times thank you.
6.41 "could have been worse" ?!!!! what the hell is this man talking about ... worse than being obliged to choose either chemical castration or jail ?? O.o
It could have been aversion therapy, with electrical shocks or being forced to throw up, which would be much worse and painful than either jail or chemical castration
An excellent film which I've seen four times. I've often wondered, however, if the royal pardon was only granted when they found out that a movie was in production, and that if a pardon had not been issued, the filmmakers would have made note of that, and made the British aristocracy look like primitive fools.
That is a very good theory
Being a computer science nerd, he was one of many I studied. Lovelace, Babbage, Turing ... Heavyweights
The real hero is Tommy Flowers who actually built the first programmable electronic computer Colossus which was cracking the Lorenz Cipher codes which was far more complex and harder to break than the enigma codes. The people at Bletchley Park were sceptical that Flowers machine would work so he was given no support so Flowers did it in his own time with his own savings and remarkably it worked like a treat. Quite a few Colossus computers ended up being made and they were soon put to cracking the codes of the Soviet Union and its Communist allied and was still being used by the intelligence services until the early 1970's. Sadly because Flowers had signed the Official Secrets Act, his achievements were unknown for decades, even his own family were unaware off what he had done. Flowers was given a medal and a reward for his work but the cash given didn't even cover the money he had spent himself building Colossus let alone all the money he could have made from the computer industry that grew after WW2 often with technology he had first made but because of the Secrets Act had not patented and so he missed out on millions. Turing is rightly remembered but its a shame that Flowers is largely forgotten.
Dudley Burk, USN, MIT if you want to add more computer heros.
He played it excellently in this movie
An absolute genius…..his creation changed the world for the better and worse in some cases…..RIP and thank you.
My mother was a Bombe operator at Bletchley Park. They told us the Germans thought they were pretty cocky. Every day they would send out the weather report to the coastal regiments. They always used Heil Hitler at the end. The code breakers figured things out when the Germans used the same lettering every day in their weather reports.
Best movie of 2014 by far
RIP Mr Turing
It is so sad that he was a hero but no one recognized him and gave him the attention he deserved when he lived
No many people know this but Alan Turing could not have cracked the Enigma Code without the help of Polish mathematicians Marian Rejewski, Henryk Zygalski and Jerzy Różycki who broke the enigma code in 1932.
Every person in the world knows that. Its a team effort.
Read my previous comment that I posted (I should of replied earlier than I did) learn your damn history instead of over glorifying Alan Turing who would probably be offended if he saw the movie himself.
@@happybear3706...Polish broke the 3 dial enigma not the 5 dial enigma , but they played an important part as history shows
Why I'm crying now
A lot of honour to know about him
He was genius. Nothing less.
A true heroe.. he should have been treated as one , how did they treat the man that saved the world that way??? shame on them.
Thank you Mr Turing, the world is forever grateful to you
Great guy loads of respect....too much respect 🙌
Turing is pretty famous.Not many people have award winning Hollywood films made about their lives
Enigma broke Polnad, guy who broke this called Marian Rajewski ;)
***** Yes but it was Polish intelligence that stole a machine and gave it to the British. Speaking of codebreaking, we had Arne Beurling he cracked the code in a month with just paper and pen and after he built a machine to use since we did not have one, from 1941 we read the German messages, we knew that they were going to invade the Soviets 22 of June 1941.
me hee No... British claim of them breaking code is false... Turing used techniques based on bomb method...Scale is different, principle the same..
The Enigma Code Machine was decrypted by three Polish men in 1932 and they gave the Enigma machine and their code book to the British in 1939. The British were able to read all German military messages from 1939.
Can you check what Sir Dermot Turing said about the enigma? Who cracked the code. Turing is the nephew of Alan Turing if you wouldn't know. Then you can laugh at yourself.
Where did you get your education? In Hi...jugend they would teach such nonsense.
The machine he invented was actually a Polish design. They had 6 of them before Britain got involved in the war. Alan improved on it. Also the chemical castration drugs he was given are still used today. They're given to children as "puberty blockers" The exact same drug.
Unforgiveable, He saved Millions of lives but my comments won't amount to anything but a like button let's hope who you love will never be an issue again. He committed no crime You will never be able to repay this Man
Well no it won't because he's dead
He was posthumously pardoned by HM the Queen in 2013 and in recognition of his life's work, Alan Turing's portrait now appears on the reverse of the new £50 polymer banknote issued by the Bank of England in 2021 and I'm lucky to have this banknote.
When I saw the movie, the audience applauded when Turing and his team cracked Enigma.
Well done Alan Turing.
Very good!
I think they somehow forgot how the Polish and French counterintelligence (especially the Polish one) in the 1932 played a HUGE role in decryption of Enigma, long way before the war even started, and how in the 1939-1940 the Poles handed over their copies of final work of the Enigma being decrypted to the British, while Turing made a good use of this and did the work done, but the work he did lonely was the last part of decryption and not even the most important part.. still, a lots of respect to Alan Turing, such a big shame he ended up like he did in reality. this should've never happened in a country that was and still is supposedly civilized, free and democratic.
This was not a singular effort.
The Poles had laid the groundwork for Turning and the team to continue the work.
Not mentioning that does a huge disservice to those who sacrificed much to get the information to the UK.
RUclips recommendations showing me what I want to see :)
One of Britain's finest, what we did too him is shameful
Imagine what we lost by this man not living twice as long as he did. What a shame!
The machine was built and designed by the post office. As you see the machine is mainly made from rotary relays which are common in telephone exchanges.
Isn't that POLISH who breake the code and later brought Enigma to the British? WTF?
Asd Kjh
Around December 1932, Marian Rejewski, a Polish mathematician and cryptanalyst, while working at the Polish Cipher Bureau, used the theory of permutations and flaws in the German military message encipherment procedures to break the message keys of the plugboard Enigma machine. Rejewski achieved this result without knowledge of the wiring of the machine, so the result did not allow the Poles to decrypt actual messages.
British kings stealing Polish achievements. Counts!!!
For the third time - They were essentially two different codes, the first one that the polish broke didnt regularly change cypher, after that the germans improved it with a cypher which changes every single day which was broken by Turing and co. Without the work of the Polish to go on Turing would never have achieved what he did and without Turing what the Polish achieved would have been worthless after the second version of Enigma. This might be the most pointless rivalry of all time since theres no evidence of hostilities between the two parties at the time, the narrative just got taken over by nationalists of both sides who insist their side solved it single handedly and the other side were inconsequential.
Fuck their pardon; its too little too late. A royal pardon" would have been convenient before you decided to oppress him because of his orientation. What a shame, who knows what he could have invented later on in his life.
I agree with you. What a shame that society would treat someone like that because they are gay. The thing is it still goes on today.
what do you fucking care, as if you deserve any of it
+SirPilkington . It is believed that around 10 percent of animals ,which includes Homo sapiens. ( us ) are homosexual..doe's it matter... As Queen Victoria said. And I quote, " I really do not care what they do, as long as they don't frighten the horses..." Alan Turing was a genius.
+roger mullins im homosexual and im a hundred percent natural.
That is the most powerful hero.
I HOPE THIS MOVIE GUEST THE OSCAR THIS YEAR AMAZING MOVIE GREAT CAST WONDERFUL ACTING THE MUSIC IS HAUNTING!
Poor guy. It's a shame he couldn't live his life the way he wanted to.
Because he was of the most persecuted group of people in the world.
"The British bombe was a development from a device that had been designed in Poland at the Biuro Szyfrów (Cipher Bureau) by cryptologist Marian Rejewski, known as the "bomba" (Polish: bomba kryptologiczna) who had been breaking German Enigma messages for the previous seven years using it and earlier machines. The initial design of the British bombe was produced in 1939 at the UK Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park by Alan Turing"
Allan DIDN'T broke enigma code, he IMPROVED Polish encryption machine called Bomba. Marjan Rajewski broke enigma!!
He broke it first. Yes he did.
@@dbdb9334 educate yourself...
They were essentially two different codes, the first one that the polish broke didnt regularly change cypher, after that the germans improved it with a cypher which changes every single day which was broken by Turing and co. Without the work of the Polish to go on Turing would never have achieved what he did and without Turing what the Polish achieved would have been worthless after the second version of Enigma
Alan should get a posthumous Knighthood
If not Poles Turing would never break Enigma code confused no one talks about them
He was one of the most important humans to have ever lived. If he did not exist, we would not have the technology we have today and we treated him like trash simply because he didn't like women. It's disgusting and it happens every f****** day
3:40 I love how engineer name tony Jarvis and he sound really like Jarvis haha, this is unreal
He suffered and died, all his pure dedication didn't matter.
.that is the truth. The rest was people trying to make themselves feel good about what they did to him. So sad and unfair
and the royalty gave him a ""pardon"". Hypocrisy at its best.
Today Alan Turing is featured on the reverse of the new £50 polymer banknote issued by the Bank of England in 2021 in recognition of his work with computers.
Turing's going on the new £50 note
apart from the enigma not codeing letter to thesame letter - two other weaknesses noted on that
Thank you for video. Excellent I adore Alan Turing and his machine,Christopher.
It is ones again proved that there's no place for good people in this world. Soo sad!!
The mans a true a british hero.
We live in a sad society ... we celebrate false gods...materialism... and all the other isms... Thank you Alan...
British in fact did not solve the enigma. It was handed over to them by the Poles. In fact, the "Enigma code was first broken by the Poles, under the leadership of mathematician Marian Rejewski, in the early 1930s. In 1939, with the growing likelihood of a German invasion, the Poles turned their information over to the British, who set up a secret code-breaking group known as Ultra, under mathematician Alan M". British themselves admitted in early 2000 that it would be impossible for British to solve enigma without Polish contribution ( they didn't go as far as telling that Poles did it, but we know otherwise). Movies are one thing; historical facts are the other. Since Poles were trapped behind the Iron Curtain, the British took all the credit for the enigma. The story of Marian Rejewski and his group of mathematicians is really fascinating, much more than a Bletchley Park story, in my opinion, because it shows the incredible dedication of a few men to solve the puzzle that lasted many years. If the movie was done to show real historical facts, I think everyone would be sitting at the edge of their chairs. I think you might be inspired reading the story of Marian Rejewski, if you have time....
The Father of Modern Computing, Alan Turing
The wind talkers had Navajo language which many educated couldn’t understand
The Poles payed the groundwork for breaking the Enigma Code and gave it to the Brits.
Alan Turing was a hero..... even when the British threw him under the bus.
now theyre saying there were mistakes decoding the messages. WHO CARES! IT worked then didnt it?
this man saved the whole world
Bubba Boo This is wrong. This is wrong wrong version of history. Poles broke enigma.
+Cirind No they didn't. They built the original code breaker but it was flawed. Turing improved upon their original idea.
Shorten THE WW2...using Information and 2 Enigm's made by them-,~ FROM 3 Polish matematicion Rajewski ,Ròżycki, Zygalski.
Bubba Boo ???? This man was an imposter, and put his name on someone else accomplishment.😎😎😎😎👎👎👎👎
Polish nationalists not be obnoxious challenge (impossible difficulty)
Alan Turing - betrayed by the country he saved.
he was gay and was castrated for it later on. sick. this totsly changed my views on u.k. wow.
I completely agree that it's sick, but the UK is nothing like this anymore - in fact, now it's one of the most LGBT+ friendly countries in the world.
You seriously did not know about the horrible discrimination of gays back then, and in so many countries even today?
Why would you disclose this infor.? unless it was leaked?
Super 1
This was in World War Two it’s not like it’s an ongoing thing.
What’s the perfect date?
June 23, 1912!
😉
Sisi la TG1 on est là
Enigma Machine
What the country did to him was a crime.
Movie name
Mohit Tiwari (The Imitation Game) name of movie
@@nicholasholloway8743 thank
Downplaying Poland in breaking the enigma. If it wasn't for the Poles they wouldn't break anything. Secret meeting oustide of Warsaw 1939 Poles pass on all the knowledge to British and French.
Greatest Britons list has Beckham and the Queen but no Turing.
Says it all
Gross indecency? I think it’s proper to convict the British government in 1950s for this crime. And the royal pardon should be the other way around to have any justice to be served.
Interesting, that you do not have courage to mention that the code of cracked by Polish matematicians . They shared all their knowledge with Turin after Germans added some parts to the Enigma but the first code was already cracked by Polish Mathematicians before1938-39. Educate yourselves and be bold enough to be able to admit the truth.
Why it took so long to "pardon" him is baffling and inexcusable.
I see the start of the computer
Enigme Niemiecką maszyne szyfrującą Ultra rozpracowali Polacy
Rejecki Różycki Zygalski- Polscy kryptolodzy
Such a fine line between a recreational dose of cyanide and a fatal one.
It took 60 years for a pardon from the queen after his death . What a disgrace . Never mind the lives he saved and ending WW1 by 2 years ,a pardon for being so badly treated after the war . Where is his Nobel prize ?
Google three names:
1. Marian Rejewski
2. Jerzy Rozycki
3. Henryk Zygalski
Learn the truth for yourself !!!
Darz Bor It doesn't matter the poles would be slaugtered if they were found plotting against germans
Here’s the truth.
Around December 1932, Marian Rejewski, a Polish mathematician and cryptanalyst, while working at the Polish Cipher Bureau, used the theory of permutations and flaws in the German military message encipherment procedures to break the message keys of the plugboard Enigma machine. Rejewski achieved this result without knowledge of the wiring of the machine, so the result did not allow the Poles to decrypt actual messages.
me hee
Mate, that’s and extract from the Wikipedia page on enigma. It’s true.
This ALWAYS happens... Look at Shakespeare, he borrowed plots from other writers, some of his plays were co written with people largely forgotten. He became a figurehead like Turing. Other peoples work was attributed to Turing, or at least overshadowed by him. Not only the poles but British people who worked alongside him. That's how it works folks.... get over it!
Truly an incredible man.
He should have moved to the USA.
We were no better here at that time.
Uhh no, The USA legalised homosexuality decades after the UK did
Cold war paranoia played a huge part in his treatment, It wouldn't surprise me if the spooks didn't try to leverage him back into the code business which Mr Turing wanted no part of it. The actual machine was built by Tommy flowers, an absolute genius engineer
CATCH SUNDAY MORNING AROUND 8 GOOD SHOW!
Did the american break the enigma code too?
no
The German Navy had a more sophisticated 4 wheel Enigma machine for command and control of the submarine fleet which was wreaking havoc on US and British shipping all along the US east coast. Joe Desch, an engineer with NCR Corp. in Dayton, Ohio was chosen by the Navy to break the code be developing a device called the NCR Bombe. It worked, the Navy was able to decrypt the German Naval messages, locate the U Boats and dispatch them thereby clearing the shipping lanes to England. This allowed the necessary materials to get to England and for D Day to happen. It is estimated that the war in Europe was shortened by 6 months to 1 year as a result of this achievement. Google "The Secret in Building 26" for the whole story.
Sorry meant WW2
High level Starseed sent from universe, you did your mission on earth Alan Turing.
he solved it in 14million 605 combination. Only one is sure right.
A victim of predgudice
A Polish mathematician named Rajewski broke the Enigma codes, and he and his team passed the information to Turing and his team in 1939, this is the "politically correct" view of history - not the fact based one.
Do research from more than one source before you talk about fact based history
They were essentially two different codes, the first one that the polish broke didnt regularly change cypher, after that the germans improved it with a cypher which changes every single day which was broken by Turing and co. Without the work of the Polish to go on Turing would never have achieved what he did and without Turing what the Polish achieved would have been worthless after the second version of Enigma.