Hmm, maybe! A few other folks have suggested that too, might give it a shot. Would be pretty easy to tests. I saw some mention in papers of the opposite too... heating everything up so that there was less temperature difference between the glass and the plasma. But cooling seems easier to do so might try that first!
Very interesting. It looks to me as the cavitation erosion does most of the machining in your case. I would expect the surface after etching to be more "round-ish". Also, keep up sharing your unsuccessful experiments, they are as important for learning as the successful ones. All experiments presented in scientific papers are only about the successful ones, but very few people know, that it might be only one out of the hundred attempts (well usually 3 is the needed minimum).
Will do, thanks for the comment! I have a whole collection of things that failed, or only sorta-worked. I might see about packaging them up into somewhat regular videos. Might spur someone to try a variation and get it working themselves :)
Correction: I mispoke/mistyped, my laser is a generic, non-MOPA Chinese fiber laser which means it's likely an Q-switched ytterbium fiber laser (I think). _Not_ an "Nd:YAG fiber laser". Cheers to the folks who pointed that out :)
Awesome experiment and vid!. I would suggest that one of the main possible actions of this unique laser machining process is actually achieved by cavitation bubble micro re-entrant jets. Especially when the plasma induced bubble collapses next to the underside of the glass slides surface. So technically you could just use non conductive silicon oil instead of the copper sulphate solution for potentially a much faster etching process. For a more convenient top down machining process the end of your laser head needs to be just below the surface of the silicone oil to prevent unwanted surface laser diffraction. Cavitation micro jets can machine virtually any hard material extremely precisely and deeply even upto diamond hardness, providing your laser is at just the right focal point. Hope that helps and certainly worth experimenting with :)
Something tells me that the small bubbles are acting as a collimating "lens" which -- if aligned a certain way with the incoming laser beam -- causes an energetic reaction further below the surface. Likewise, you can see the beam refracting/glanncing off bubbles at the bottom of the test chamber.
Great video! Thanks! The laser pulses and resulting plasma explosion bubbles remind me of cavitation bubbles. I’m sure the plasma from ultrasonic cavitation would provide a similar result, given an appropriately shaped ultrasonic head was used.
@BreakingTaps I know this is 2 years old and you probably have researched your way through the wormhole but your walk through of the chemical mechanics behind this started tingling my "Master's thesis research into chemical kinematics of combustion and how their thermodynamics, physics, and micro phenomena in extreme environments extrapolate out into useful energy that we use for propulsion" spidey sense... I think that your assessment at the interfacial layer is fundmentally sound. After viewing the slow motions and observing the significance of the local density gradients that present themselves post-interface, I believe there is a lot of validity to delve further into the free range radicals that you briefly reference, on paper, but assume recombine into water during the voice over. Specifically, that OH radical is -the- chemical signature that becomes an "If-and-only-if" an OH is present does the transition to a plasma state happen. Essentially, unless you see an OH, you don't have a flame, plasma, deflagration, detonation, or henceforth combustion. This is becomes a particularly important definition for systems with operating conditions that are subject to 250 bar AND 4500K+ for time scales of 10+ minutes at a time. Also meeting requirements that they must have the adequate margins to operate for total cumulative lifecycle times in as much as 100+ hours, without service. The analytical research has shown in the past, really 30-40 years since compute resources have been able to run the 120k chemical reactions that occur between nearly 100 chemical species that occur in 2 billitions of a second for a single molecule hydrocarbon, that a large portion of that lifecycle is determine by the near-surface free radical chemistry as opposed to the major combustion products. There is a lot that is going on between the Cu- that is being deposited hyper-localized near-surface and the ionized radical that prepare the surface to "accept" the effects of the cavition without propagating throughout the fairly uniform microcrystalline structure. Definitely more than just the phospho-silanes. This can be observed in the very first high-speed captures you presented of the cavitional nucleation site that essentially "missed" just below the near surface region identified. It is immediately followed by the the effective, and arguably most well represented nucleation site a few microns behind it. If you take note of the density gradients in the solution, I believe that first "miss" helped the drive the success of the secondary pulse. When you compare this to some of the multi-site events captured, there is a correlation between the "missed" nucleation site that generate near surface radicals, be it scavenging or oxidative effects, just ahead of a successful pulse when compared to ones too far behind or below for their sphere of influence to reach the target site before the next pulse arrives. I could go into more detail but I just thought it was worth noting. I applaud every piece of content you present. There is a never a time where you don't have so much more than just the topic of your own interest in any of your videos. You are a golden standard of how science should be conducted and communicated. Thank you.
Pretty awesome. Especially the detailed views and explanation. Some optimization Ideas (not sure if its useful to you): If you degas the liquid before the process (vacuum or ultrasonication), you might get less bubble formation. The latter may have some impact on production quality. Also, sterile filtration with a syringe filter might reduce light scattering in the liquid through tiny particles, homogenizing the bursts. Maybe even with a continuous flow, constantly carrying away the debris.
just a quick little note: U could get some1, to blend up a glass formula. then make some test glass slides! glass will have several temp states, that machine better!
Well done, sir! You are a great illustrator and communicator. I have a handful of grandkids that would benefit from and be mesmerized by your presentations. So many interests...so little time, right? Keep up the great work, man...Love your stuff!
I see your a man of culture and art by the looks of your use of ohuhu alcohol markers. I also use them whenever I can make an excuse to. I've used Copic markers and they're amazing but I'm nowhere near an artistic enough to tell a difference so I stick with the cheap choice. Also also, great video and very understandable.
This was amazing! If you don't need to micromachine-scale features, you can quite easily laser etch glass on the front side by using IR (1013nm) light. Glass is opaque at this wavelength, so the laser energy is absorbed and heats the glass enough that it shatters in place. If you're careful with the power levels you can get quite pleasing results.
Oh nifty, didn't realize glass could be machined with longer wavelengths. Another reason I should get a CO2 laser... now just to find space in the garage...
I had this result by accident. i had painted a graphite ink on aluminum foil and wanted to run a laser across it but results were poor. i wanted to remove oxygen so i put the painted foil between 2 sheets of glass. the surface sheet was perfectly etched (frosted) on the back side with no visible lines in a 20mm x 20mm square. I didn't continue this method because it wasn't cost effective for what i was doing but would be awesome for artwork.
Maybe etching could be done in a much more controlled/even manner if you pre-coated the face of the slide with a copper solution (e.g. CuSO4 or evap-sputtered CuO).
Very interesting. It appears that the vertical lines might be oxidized copper or whatever accelerates the formation of plasma. That would explain why plasma doesn't always occur at the surface.
This is really cool to see! I've had this on my to-list pretty much since I got my laser (60W JPT M7 MOPA) and it's definitely something I plan to experiment with at some point.
Not to be too kooky, but do you think the occasional bigger explosions and implosions might have much higher temperature in very small areas? Would anything interesting happen if you used deuterium oxide as the solvent rather than water?
Think it would be possible to introduce a form of a solution thickener to help keep the "etching bubbles" right underneath the glass? I am new to this process and was watching the slow-mo a little to closely maybe. Seemed like a few times the laser went more so through the solution than having the solution as a "stopper". Interesting manufacturing process here, definitely look forward to progress.
I LOVE the hand drawn "animation", but now I have a headache from all the movement of the paper. This would be so awesome if the paper was laying still.
Are those bubbles beneath the glass sample maybe due to sonoluminescence? Laser pulse superheat the solution, then it produce vapor and if it collapses, it can actually produce flash of light? I read somewhere about cavitation that can destroy boat's propeller by cavitation collapsing bubble onto it's surface.
Have the solution moving so that the tornado doesn't form underneath and debris is removed. That way each laser shot is the same. You may need to use clean solution to spray out of a tube to keep it clean next to the glass
I wonder if getting a significant current of the solution would ( via a boundary layer effect) help keep the plasma bubbles closer to the glass. It would also ensure a more homogeneous solution
could you scan the surface of the etching under your atomic force microscope ... would love to see how fractured or smooth this process gets it. THX and good work
Maybe i missed it, but what about adding a small pump to the solution tank to (hopefully) push auxillary bubbles and debris away from the working area?
Did you try with the solution agitated underneath the slide? like a continuous flow so that bubbles can't collect and hang out around the active area? Would also be interesting to see what happens if you just have a cooling fluid under the glass, but the glass itself is pre-coated with the laser-sensitive material.
Yes, a bit :) I didn't let it run long once it started making those fibers. I also have a ventilation fan + filters running in background which probably caught most that escaped, but yeah, generally not good for lungs :)
Have you looked at the "glass fibre under the microscope I think it would be interesting! Especially if it is possible to reproduce the same effect with graphene (to create carbon fiber or even nanotubes). the absoption spektrum of graphene is quite low at the wavelenth of your YAG laser.
Is there any chance any of the damage to the glass is caused by the bubbles collapsing inward? Reminds me of cavitation bubbles creating pitting on propellers and high speed pumps.
Definitely possible, although hard to know how much it is contributing. There's a dry variant that uses a plate of graphite (or just metal) directly under the glass. The academic literature claims it's mostly the same mechanism (laser vaporizes graphite and causes a plasma plume), and from my testing it seems faster and more reliable. So I don't think the bubbles can fully explain the machining since it works "dry" as well. That said, I saw a lot of unexplained things in the high speed video, and anecdotally the "machining" rate seems to speed up with increased bubble formation (either due to larger pulses, or tuning the frequency so that you get a constant stream of small bubbles). My uneducated guess is that bubble implosion is contributing to some degree. Maybe extra mechanical shock from the implosion + helping to clear debris, etc? Dunno! Interesting to think about though :)
could this not just be cavitation (or at least helped by it)? with the 30k fps you can actually see the fluid compress by quite a lot - it takes a LOT of force to do that. if steel and aluminum were transparent as well you could probably machine them like that very easily - cavitation will ruin hydraulic pumps quick. did you try it with other fluids to see if that might play into it?
And then with lasers I'm thinking about high-powered military power level laser with non-destructive wavelengths non-interference wavelengths with their various orbital satellites that are circling our Earth and like being able to adjust their focal and create patterns and Survey the kuiper belt the orange cloud and basically near objects coming from behind the sun .... Combine them with long wave RF so that you don't like get false returns on dust clouds so it's something solid it won't be very accurate as far as detail but it'll make sure you're not getting their return something that's not very solid but still reflects like
Thanks Ben. Great recommendation! I could watch that slowmo plasma scene for hours! Completely fascinating! Me? I spent the evening watching the 'back catalogue'. Subbed with bells on.
@@BreakingTaps I got that. ...it's still good though! 😁 Your recent direction of "proving scholarly articles in a home workshop" is so valid in this future of increasingly localised manufacturing, and I love that you signpost the problems, pitfalls, constraints - and failures - as you go. 💪👍
@Keith Sherry ❤️ Thanks! I really enjoy working on this kind of content, so happy to hear it's going over well with folks! In some ways it's harder (lots of R&D, trial and error, trying to decipher obscure instructions in papers), but it's also easier since proving a technique is less rigorous than building a widget or finishing a working part or something. Which I think fits my personality well, I like the fiddling-to-get-something-working part more than the final 10% to turn it into something useful 😅
Interesting. Something I have been wondering about how to do is drilling as many thin holes as I can trough glass that is about 1-5 cm thick. The smaller holes the better and as many holes as possible. (or some other process, maybe melting glass over a bunch of very thin wires that I eat away with acid later). It seems this method... could possibly work, maybe, but would take a really really long time.
Yeah, I think it could work but would take a very long time indeed (and questionable surface finish). Stefan Gotteswinter recently posted a video about drilling (and milling with carbide!) into glass, which might be better for your application: ruclips.net/video/GLtdXvL7cpI/видео.html
(How) is this process superior to directly engraving using a CO2-Laser? These lasers can engrave glass with relatively low Power (I've used 40 Watt, which worked fine).
To be honest, it's probably not a lot better. Academics seem to like it because you can get a smaller focal spot, so it's useful for very small microfluidics or microlens arrays and such. To home gamers like us... no real advantage other than not having a CO2 laser :) It's 100% more fiddly and irritating setup, if I had a CO2 that'd be a lot easier. I don't know how it compares on surface roughness and the like, but I'd guess it's probably similar.
With the vertical channels of vapor (I think is how you described it, timestamp 12 minutes-ish) you may be observing accumulated self focusing or similar.
Oh, interesting! I hadn't heard of that before, doing some reading now. That does seem more plausible tbh, I was always unsure how to reconcile a "vapor channel" that clearly wasn't a bubble. But a change in refractive index (self-focusing or just from heating) would make more sense imo. Cheers for the tip!
i wonder how mixing the liquid as you go would impact the bubble formation and size? Maybe the heat would be more even and the bubbles would stay a more similar size.
++ I think that would help a bunch. Redistribute the heat, get copper byproducts out of the immediate area so they aren't floating around, and help dislodge bubbles. I think the bubbles end up making the process unpredictable, since they act like little lenses and redirect the laser pulses into solution, causing more bubbles etc.
Could you tell me what laser your using and the cinsentration solutio n. I have been trying to etch glass slides as you sre but for a different reason, more artistic, scince communication, data storage (like modern day Cuneiform text but Base 64 or a very compressed form of data. Its part art, part engineering, and you just gave me a whole new idea that could be taken all kinds of different functional and artistic ways. I also was hooeing try etching inside of crystal, or making channels for copper or silver (something electrically connective) to form what could be "like messages in a bottle" but not the way the japonise, now microsoft has decided to use for arxhiveal storage (very blade runnerish) but a device withing glass or a devixe made by sandwiching slides together and adding larger components in strategic spaces inbetween. You could use glass like a multi-layered PCB. It would not only be super neat to look at but would be both beautiful and functional. I also bought a big pieces of potters clay. I was thinking of making speakers housing out of them using accusticslly helpful forms inside. I also had the idea of making one into a very unique Raiman Spectrometer. With a premade places for the adding of mirrors, lenses, and a defraction grating. The sample container could also be made from ceramics with a clear crystal round window which slides down for the resulting Reiman defraction and focused into a collumator lens for travel to the slit and into the chsmber for passage through the greating and onto a horazontal TI CMOS for analysis by a program. The lazer used could be a set of different nm for different purposed but the combination of the historical and new with the outside decirated with Base64 encoded Instructors or the theroy of the process. I was also thinking of making a RF transmitter out of a glass slide etched sandwich of glass as the difference PCB layers as well as a two sanwich "peudo pixix tube of copper traces leading to a more reactive metal sealed in the sandwich. The very small traces if you carefully sealled the edges and places corrigated edgeds in the bottom to plug into a holder so only rhe glass slides stick out could be neat. A random number generator using a gigger counter where the seed if randomly choosen from a almost infinate array of seed so you would never know where the number stsrred each time, so a different seed each revolution, and a selectors and a micro sd card to store various ore-set key types ans sizes could take your key pairs for use.....a insaanely large password would be also randomly generated using the hits on the gigger counter and secure the export but securing the oasword on a Biometrics YubiKey. I would want to use a much more homemake cryptographic chipset ans Yubi type key and revist the NIST encryption algorithms which were disqualified for being too complex and too long for the current power of the stsndard cryptographic module and chip sets. Using a few coupled Microchip Secure Trust Chips and a fast milticore RISC-V cpu loaded only with a the basic operational instruction sets ans all the mathematical instructions (creating a chip with multiple cores which would be only good at complex math and communicating the product or the partial results needed to be recalled to finsh the maths all seems.like s much kess expensive solution than losing encryption. Its coming faster and much faster than we are ready for......you could even olace these in the glass PCBs as mentioned with a true random number generator or the new quantum random number generator on a chip invented by the university of Geneva physics Professor. The glass coukd be made of crystal snd very small criss crossed copper traces etched all around rbe edged and if the traces are disturbed in any way the koss or change in the flow of charge in them could wipe the corrected edge chips attsched to thr board or embedded systems with pogo pins replacing the existing. WolfSSL bootloader could update the module. Thr same could be encased in a set of Yubi like keys making them for all practice tamper proof. A small battery could be ecssed within thr.key..good luck but at min could.you give me the basic for the disposition of copper on the glass slides for msking glass components.... It would be interesting to try and make some millimeter on class and maybe even a three-dimensional qhf GPS tuned antenna Helix because those are the most accurate I've ever used in my life they're amazing how much better they performed in the ceramic patches are on board antenna traces I cut one off of a radio Sound PCP and then solder the SMA connector on it and the accuracy is just unbelievable I still need to 3D printer cover for it because you really need to keep those wires perfectly like spaced. But ceramic patch antennas that normally come with GPS modules and the little itty bitty ones that they provide with Lily girl GPS stuff they stink kind of..... But yeah radio would be also another interesting idea about depositing traces on gas and then what about inside Crystal and then could you like temporarily flood the inside of a crystal cavity or etch a hole into the Crystal and put it under the water under the solution so that wherever you etch inside the crystal it gets flooded with the solution and deposits the copper that's justand by the way what's the exact quantities of the chemicals in the solution and then how would I do it with copper and silver has silver is a pretty good conductor and pretty cheap at the moment goes a little much for me..... People use all kinds of stuff like aluminum and stuff for antennas but I think copper works the best........ You know you can bed copper traces inside of ceramics but I have never tried that I mean it melt but it might stay in place and absorbing the poorest areas but still enough in the same place to create a good connection I've never even thought of that.. anyway watching you do that really just cuz I've been working with lasers and glass at the moment trying to catch them and washing your video really like just made my mind Explorer with many ideas cuz I'm just a super creative person so I have way more ideas than I can ever realize I should be on a team with Engineers material scientists electrical engineers and software coders because I understand a little bit of all those things but not enough as stays here but I'm just super creative.
@@BreakingTaps All of yours! And thanks for taking the time and replying to many comments! :) Although we all know that that is not necessary and very time consuming
If you put a layer of water on top, would that be enough of a heat sink to stop the cracking? I’m picturing the slide as the bottom of a water- filled box, in or on the solution. Would make it easier to do gradients as well
I _think_ they are small explosions caused by the laser. But they happen so quickly it's hard to tell if the flashes are happening before or after the bubble formation. Even at 30,000 FPS, craziness!
I'd bet that this process is just thermal dissolution of silica. To test that, you would expect much faster dissolution/etching rates in more alkaline solutions (higher NaOH). Instead of this purported copper absorption mechanism, you'd only need to suspend a tiny amount of lampblack in the liquid to create intense local absorption/heating.
"Laser-induced plasma-assisted ablation" and "Laser induced backside wet etching" were both too wordy for a YT title 😉 It's _not_ purely "laser ablation", since the glass is not being ablated directly by the laser, and the liquid is being vaporized but is not the mechanism of action either. It's the plasma formed in vaporization bubbles that's melting and ablating the glass.
Thanks Applied Science (Ben) for recommending an awesome channel.
Ben is pda (pretty damn awesome)
What a fascinating process, wow! Also love all your sketches, killer video man! ❤️
Thanks!
Curious if you'd get any benefit from keeping the water flowing to move debris away and keep the solution's heat absorption more stable.
Hmm, maybe! A few other folks have suggested that too, might give it a shot. Would be pretty easy to tests. I saw some mention in papers of the opposite too... heating everything up so that there was less temperature difference between the glass and the plasma. But cooling seems easier to do so might try that first!
I appreciate your shading. Nice markers
Very interesting. It looks to me as the cavitation erosion does most of the machining in your case. I would expect the surface after etching to be more "round-ish". Also, keep up sharing your unsuccessful experiments, they are as important for learning as the successful ones. All experiments presented in scientific papers are only about the successful ones, but very few people know, that it might be only one out of the hundred attempts (well usually 3 is the needed minimum).
Will do, thanks for the comment! I have a whole collection of things that failed, or only sorta-worked. I might see about packaging them up into somewhat regular videos. Might spur someone to try a variation and get it working themselves :)
Your content and production quality is increasing at a worrying rate😀
Thanks! :)
One little thing I would improve is purchasing a new hat
@Tophan You can pry this hat out of my cold, dead hands! 😄
@@BreakingTaps haha 😄
hats like that have souls, they need to stay!
This channel is gonna blow up
You've got what it takes to build a massive channel. Keep up the good work man! Can't wait to see your future content as you grow!
a massive channel with well-defined, smooth sides with an incredibly high aspect ratio, at that
Loving the sketches, they help make the project much more understandable for someone unfamiliar with what you're talking about
this seems like it would work perfectly for microfluidics
Why didn’t you show the machine actually etching from the top in real time? Or the designs
Correction: I mispoke/mistyped, my laser is a generic, non-MOPA Chinese fiber laser which means it's likely an Q-switched ytterbium fiber laser (I think). _Not_ an "Nd:YAG fiber laser". Cheers to the folks who pointed that out :)
Ytterbium
What about using activated carbon in the solution?
Awesome experiment and vid!. I would suggest that one of the main possible actions of this unique laser machining process is actually achieved by cavitation bubble micro re-entrant jets. Especially when the plasma induced bubble collapses next to the underside of the glass slides surface. So technically you could just use non conductive silicon oil instead of the copper sulphate solution for potentially a much faster etching process. For a more convenient top down machining process the end of your laser head needs to be just below the surface of the silicone oil to prevent unwanted surface laser diffraction. Cavitation micro jets can machine virtually any hard material extremely precisely and deeply even upto diamond hardness, providing your laser is at just the right focal point. Hope that helps and certainly worth experimenting with :)
The drawing is a great way to explain the process! Thank you!
Something tells me that the small bubbles are acting as a collimating "lens" which -- if aligned a certain way with the incoming laser beam -- causes an energetic reaction further below the surface. Likewise, you can see the beam refracting/glanncing off bubbles at the bottom of the test chamber.
Beautiful footage! Well done
Great video! Thanks! The laser pulses and resulting plasma explosion bubbles remind me of cavitation bubbles. I’m sure the plasma from ultrasonic cavitation would provide a similar result, given an appropriately shaped ultrasonic head was used.
@BreakingTaps I know this is 2 years old and you probably have researched your way through the wormhole but your walk through of the chemical mechanics behind this started tingling my "Master's thesis research into chemical kinematics of combustion and how their thermodynamics, physics, and micro phenomena in extreme environments extrapolate out into useful energy that we use for propulsion" spidey sense... I think that your assessment at the interfacial layer is fundmentally sound. After viewing the slow motions and observing the significance of the local density gradients that present themselves post-interface, I believe there is a lot of validity to delve further into the free range radicals that you briefly reference, on paper, but assume recombine into water during the voice over.
Specifically, that OH radical is -the- chemical signature that becomes an "If-and-only-if" an OH is present does the transition to a plasma state happen. Essentially, unless you see an OH, you don't have a flame, plasma, deflagration, detonation, or henceforth combustion. This is becomes a particularly important definition for systems with operating conditions that are subject to 250 bar AND 4500K+ for time scales of 10+ minutes at a time. Also meeting requirements that they must have the adequate margins to operate for total cumulative lifecycle times in as much as 100+ hours, without service.
The analytical research has shown in the past, really 30-40 years since compute resources have been able to run the 120k chemical reactions that occur between nearly 100 chemical species that occur in 2 billitions of a second for a single molecule hydrocarbon, that a large portion of that lifecycle is determine by the near-surface free radical chemistry as opposed to the major combustion products. There is a lot that is going on between the Cu- that is being deposited hyper-localized near-surface and the ionized radical that prepare the surface to "accept" the effects of the cavition without propagating throughout the fairly uniform microcrystalline structure. Definitely more than just the phospho-silanes.
This can be observed in the very first high-speed captures you presented of the cavitional nucleation site that essentially "missed" just below the near surface region identified. It is immediately followed by the the effective, and arguably most well represented nucleation site a few microns behind it. If you take note of the density gradients in the solution, I believe that first "miss" helped the drive the success of the secondary pulse. When you compare this to some of the multi-site events captured, there is a correlation between the "missed" nucleation site that generate near surface radicals, be it scavenging or oxidative effects, just ahead of a successful pulse when compared to ones too far behind or below for their sphere of influence to reach the target site before the next pulse arrives. I could go into more detail but I just thought it was worth noting.
I applaud every piece of content you present. There is a never a time where you don't have so much more than just the topic of your own interest in any of your videos. You are a golden standard of how science should be conducted and communicated. Thank you.
Looks like cavitation bubbles. Neat. You now hold the power of a pistol shrimp. I wonder what would happen if you did this in an ultra sonic tank.
Interesting view..I guess we would get a higher machining with lower power laser pulses.
Pretty awesome. Especially the detailed views and explanation.
Some optimization Ideas (not sure if its useful to you): If you degas the liquid before the process (vacuum or ultrasonication), you might get less bubble formation. The latter may have some impact on production quality. Also, sterile filtration with a syringe filter might reduce light scattering in the liquid through tiny particles, homogenizing the bursts. Maybe even with a continuous flow, constantly carrying away the debris.
just a quick little note: U could get some1, to blend up a glass formula. then make some test glass slides! glass will have several temp states, that machine better!
The illustrations with those sharpies are so cool 👌
Great job, you deserve more views
Well done, sir! You are a great illustrator and communicator. I have a handful of grandkids that would benefit from and be mesmerized by your presentations. So many interests...so little time, right? Keep up the great work, man...Love your stuff!
Thanks so much! ❤
I see your a man of culture and art by the looks of your use of ohuhu alcohol markers. I also use them whenever I can make an excuse to. I've used Copic markers and they're amazing but I'm nowhere near an artistic enough to tell a difference so I stick with the cheap choice. Also also, great video and very understandable.
Yes... Backside wet etching typically fills the entire mouth.
This was amazing! If you don't need to micromachine-scale features, you can quite easily laser etch glass on the front side by using IR (1013nm) light. Glass is opaque at this wavelength, so the laser energy is absorbed and heats the glass enough that it shatters in place. If you're careful with the power levels you can get quite pleasing results.
Oh nifty, didn't realize glass could be machined with longer wavelengths. Another reason I should get a CO2 laser... now just to find space in the garage...
HOW DO YOU ONLY HAVE 27k SUBS?
Disclaimer: No taps were harmed in the making of this video.
It could be separating hydrogen from the liquid and then exploding
I had this result by accident. i had painted a graphite ink on aluminum foil and wanted to run a laser across it but results were poor. i wanted to remove oxygen so i put the painted foil between 2 sheets of glass. the surface sheet was perfectly etched (frosted) on the back side with no visible lines in a 20mm x 20mm square.
I didn't continue this method because it wasn't cost effective for what i was doing but would be awesome for artwork.
Maybe etching could be done in a much more controlled/even manner if you pre-coated the face of the slide with a copper solution (e.g. CuSO4 or evap-sputtered CuO).
Great video. Would like to see the surface of the slides close up after etching.
Very interesting. It appears that the vertical lines might be oxidized copper or whatever accelerates the formation of plasma. That would explain why plasma doesn't always occur at the surface.
8:29 I'm assuming you had welding goggles on, because that flash of light appears to have temporarily *killed a few pixels on your camera*
2 cams set at opposing frame rate and synced. Plus you'll get a stereographic image to look at divergence in the beam better
Slapping the subscribe button, this is a great alternative info source to the Applied Science channel. Both just teaming with practical details. Bravo
Nanosecond pulses: "I think of myself as fast."
Femtosecond pulses: "Pfff, you've got nothing on me."
Attosecond pulses: "Amateurs..."
Interesting , I wonder what would happen if you do the same experiment in a ultrasonic bath.
This is really cool to see! I've had this on my to-list pretty much since I got my laser (60W JPT M7 MOPA) and it's definitely something I plan to experiment with at some point.
Nice! Your MOPA should work great, I really regret not getting a MOPA unit. Being able to dial in the pulse duration would be super valuable.
Very interesting! Thank you for sharing this.
Not to be too kooky, but do you think the occasional bigger explosions and implosions might have much higher temperature in very small areas? Would anything interesting happen if you used deuterium oxide as the solvent rather than water?
Think it would be possible to introduce a form of a solution thickener to help keep the "etching bubbles" right underneath the glass? I am new to this process and was watching the slow-mo a little to closely maybe. Seemed like a few times the laser went more so through the solution than having the solution as a "stopper". Interesting manufacturing process here, definitely look forward to progress.
He could make a more saturated solution of copper sulfate; that would absorb more light in a shorter depth.
Loved your diagram art! Been watching several of your other videos and it was a nice surprise addition.
I LOVE the hand drawn "animation", but now I have a headache from all the movement of the paper. This would be so awesome if the paper was laying still.
Will keep that in mind for the next time! Will also try to keep my head out of the shot more :)
@@BreakingTaps Can't wait for the next Video! The quality of the recent ones it trough the roof =)
With your new AFM you can check exactly how deep your etchings are.
bro your channel is going to blow up!
Are those bubbles beneath the glass sample maybe due to sonoluminescence? Laser pulse superheat the solution, then it produce vapor and if it collapses, it can actually produce flash of light? I read somewhere about cavitation that can destroy boat's propeller by cavitation collapsing bubble onto it's surface.
Have the solution moving so that the tornado doesn't form underneath and debris is removed. That way each laser shot is the same. You may need to use clean solution to spray out of a tube to keep it clean next to the glass
I wonder if getting a significant current of the solution would ( via a boundary layer effect) help keep the plasma bubbles closer to the glass. It would also ensure a more homogeneous solution
could you scan the surface of the etching under your atomic force microscope ... would love to see how fractured or smooth this process gets it. THX and good work
how about adding a little bit of dye to make the liquid absorbe more of the power closer to the surface?
Laser induced cavitation, nice.
Maybe i missed it, but what about adding a small pump to the solution tank to (hopefully) push auxillary bubbles and debris away from the working area?
It doesn't really matter as they are not on the interface between glass and liquid.
how can this channel only have 13k subs?
Love your drawings.
Dang, those are some nice drawings.
Did you try with the solution agitated underneath the slide? like a continuous flow so that bubbles can't collect and hang out around the active area?
Would also be interesting to see what happens if you just have a cooling fluid under the glass, but the glass itself is pre-coated with the laser-sensitive material.
I didn't, but I think that would help a lot! Getting the bubbles out of the "cut" zone quickly should help reduce interference.
Slowing down the laser pulses and adjusting the energy perhaps this could be used to make copper deposition for creating circuits?
Are you at all concerned about that molten glass blowing effect spraying microscopic fibers of glass into the surrounding air?
Yes, a bit :) I didn't let it run long once it started making those fibers. I also have a ventilation fan + filters running in background which probably caught most that escaped, but yeah, generally not good for lungs :)
Well done Sir, excellent content, technical details and continuity. Editing and video quality were stellar too.
Thanks!
thanks to @BenKrasnow for getting me to this channel.
great content as far as i see it.
You make the best videos dude. Thank you 😉
Have you looked at the "glass fibre under the microscope I think it would be interesting!
Especially if it is possible to reproduce the same effect with graphene (to create carbon fiber or even nanotubes). the absoption spektrum of graphene is quite low at the wavelenth of your YAG laser.
so the laser is basically etching with cavitation bubbles? like a very precise super tiny Mantis Shrimp?
Yeah man janky test chambers are my jam!
Subscribed!
Those flashes might be cavatation bubbles, like when a pistol shrimp punches stuff
Is there any chance any of the damage to the glass is caused by the bubbles collapsing inward? Reminds me of cavitation bubbles creating pitting on propellers and high speed pumps.
Definitely possible, although hard to know how much it is contributing. There's a dry variant that uses a plate of graphite (or just metal) directly under the glass. The academic literature claims it's mostly the same mechanism (laser vaporizes graphite and causes a plasma plume), and from my testing it seems faster and more reliable. So I don't think the bubbles can fully explain the machining since it works "dry" as well. That said, I saw a lot of unexplained things in the high speed video, and anecdotally the "machining" rate seems to speed up with increased bubble formation (either due to larger pulses, or tuning the frequency so that you get a constant stream of small bubbles). My uneducated guess is that bubble implosion is contributing to some degree. Maybe extra mechanical shock from the implosion + helping to clear debris, etc? Dunno! Interesting to think about though :)
nice round Prince Rupert's drop's there, make the fluid flow in the direction you laser and tilt the laser and glass as you burn on a flowing ramp
could this not just be cavitation (or at least helped by it)? with the 30k fps you can actually see the fluid compress by quite a lot - it takes a LOT of force to do that. if steel and aluminum were transparent as well you could probably machine them like that very easily - cavitation will ruin hydraulic pumps quick.
did you try it with other fluids to see if that might play into it?
Proper cool !...cheers.
And then with lasers I'm thinking about high-powered military power level laser with non-destructive wavelengths non-interference wavelengths with their various orbital satellites that are circling our Earth and like being able to adjust their focal and create patterns and Survey the kuiper belt the orange cloud and basically near objects coming from behind the sun .... Combine them with long wave RF so that you don't like get false returns on dust clouds so it's something solid it won't be very accurate as far as detail but it'll make sure you're not getting their return something that's not very solid but still reflects like
Thanks Ben. Great recommendation! I could watch that slowmo plasma scene for hours! Completely fascinating! Me? I spent the evening watching the 'back catalogue'. Subbed with bells on.
Woo! Thanks for stopping by :) And fair warning, as you go back in time the quality and content changes considerably on my channel :)
@@BreakingTaps I got that. ...it's still good though! 😁 Your recent direction of "proving scholarly articles in a home workshop" is so valid in this future of increasingly localised manufacturing, and I love that you signpost the problems, pitfalls, constraints - and failures - as you go. 💪👍
@Keith Sherry ❤️ Thanks! I really enjoy working on this kind of content, so happy to hear it's going over well with folks! In some ways it's harder (lots of R&D, trial and error, trying to decipher obscure instructions in papers), but it's also easier since proving a technique is less rigorous than building a widget or finishing a working part or something. Which I think fits my personality well, I like the fiddling-to-get-something-working part more than the final 10% to turn it into something useful 😅
Interesting. Something I have been wondering about how to do is drilling as many thin holes as I can trough glass that is about 1-5 cm thick. The smaller holes the better and as many holes as possible. (or some other process, maybe melting glass over a bunch of very thin wires that I eat away with acid later). It seems this method... could possibly work, maybe, but would take a really really long time.
Yeah, I think it could work but would take a very long time indeed (and questionable surface finish). Stefan Gotteswinter recently posted a video about drilling (and milling with carbide!) into glass, which might be better for your application: ruclips.net/video/GLtdXvL7cpI/видео.html
amazing video, subbed with bells and looking forward to more !!!
Thanks! ❤
I would like to place an order for fiberglass insulation for my house, how many years would it? Btw great video. See something new every day! =]
Anyone remember micromachines?
solution vapor "smoke"-ring at 13:15 near the lower left of the frame
(How) is this process superior to directly engraving using a CO2-Laser? These lasers can engrave glass with relatively low Power (I've used 40 Watt, which worked fine).
To be honest, it's probably not a lot better. Academics seem to like it because you can get a smaller focal spot, so it's useful for very small microfluidics or microlens arrays and such. To home gamers like us... no real advantage other than not having a CO2 laser :) It's 100% more fiddly and irritating setup, if I had a CO2 that'd be a lot easier. I don't know how it compares on surface roughness and the like, but I'd guess it's probably similar.
With the vertical channels of vapor (I think is how you described it, timestamp 12 minutes-ish) you may be observing accumulated self focusing or similar.
Oh, interesting! I hadn't heard of that before, doing some reading now. That does seem more plausible tbh, I was always unsure how to reconcile a "vapor channel" that clearly wasn't a bubble. But a change in refractive index (self-focusing or just from heating) would make more sense imo. Cheers for the tip!
He looks like off brand William Osmand
Use electron microscope to check it
I wish I had one! :) Maybe someday...
i wonder how mixing the liquid as you go would impact the bubble formation and size? Maybe the heat would be more even and the bubbles would stay a more similar size.
++ I think that would help a bunch. Redistribute the heat, get copper byproducts out of the immediate area so they aren't floating around, and help dislodge bubbles. I think the bubbles end up making the process unpredictable, since they act like little lenses and redirect the laser pulses into solution, causing more bubbles etc.
This is awesome. Very impressive work.
Great animation/drawing!
❤
Cool. I've been looking for some more interesting things. This is new to me.
Cheers
Ben did not send me here. I've been looking.
unreal you have under 20k subs, not for long i think
Fascinating.....50 watts, yikes!
Would it be any use to do it upside down with flowing liquid? It might cool and remove heat.
Could you tell me what laser your using and the cinsentration solutio n. I have been trying to etch glass slides as you sre but for a different reason, more artistic, scince communication, data storage (like modern day Cuneiform text but Base 64 or a very compressed form of data. Its part art, part engineering, and you just gave me a whole new idea that could be taken all kinds of different functional and artistic ways. I also was hooeing try etching inside of crystal, or making channels for copper or silver (something electrically connective) to form what could be "like messages in a bottle" but not the way the japonise, now microsoft has decided to use for arxhiveal storage (very blade runnerish) but a device withing glass or a devixe made by sandwiching slides together and adding larger components in strategic spaces inbetween. You could use glass like a multi-layered PCB. It would not only be super neat to look at but would be both beautiful and functional. I also bought a big pieces of potters clay. I was thinking of making speakers housing out of them using accusticslly helpful forms inside. I also had the idea of making one into a very unique Raiman Spectrometer. With a premade places for the adding of mirrors, lenses, and a defraction grating. The sample container could also be made from ceramics with a clear crystal round window which slides down for the resulting Reiman defraction and focused into a collumator lens for travel to the slit and into the chsmber for passage through the greating and onto a horazontal TI CMOS for analysis by a program. The lazer used could be a set of different nm for different purposed but the combination of the historical and new with the outside decirated with Base64 encoded Instructors or the theroy of the process.
I was also thinking of making a RF transmitter out of a glass slide etched sandwich of glass as the difference PCB layers as well as a two sanwich "peudo pixix tube of copper traces leading to a more reactive metal sealed in the sandwich. The very small traces if you carefully sealled the edges and places corrigated edgeds in the bottom to plug into a holder so only rhe glass slides stick out could be neat. A random number generator using a gigger counter where the seed if randomly choosen from a almost infinate array of seed so you would never know where the number stsrred each time, so a different seed each revolution, and a selectors and a micro sd card to store various ore-set key types ans sizes could take your key pairs for use.....a insaanely large password would be also randomly generated using the hits on the gigger counter and secure the export but securing the oasword on a Biometrics YubiKey. I would want to use a much more homemake cryptographic chipset ans Yubi type key and revist the NIST encryption algorithms which were disqualified for being too complex and too long for the current power of the stsndard cryptographic module and chip sets. Using a few coupled Microchip Secure Trust Chips and a fast milticore RISC-V cpu loaded only with a the basic operational instruction sets ans all the mathematical instructions (creating a chip with multiple cores which would be only good at complex math and communicating the product or the partial results needed to be recalled to finsh the maths all seems.like s much kess expensive solution than losing encryption. Its coming faster and much faster than we are ready for......you could even olace these in the glass PCBs as mentioned with a true random number generator or the new quantum random number generator on a chip invented by the university of Geneva physics Professor. The glass coukd be made of crystal snd very small criss crossed copper traces etched all around rbe edged and if the traces are disturbed in any way the koss or change in the flow of charge in them could wipe the corrected edge chips attsched to thr board or embedded systems with pogo pins replacing the existing. WolfSSL bootloader could update the module. Thr same could be encased in a set of Yubi like keys making them for all practice tamper proof. A small battery could be ecssed within thr.key..good luck but at min could.you give me the basic for the disposition of copper on the glass slides for msking glass components.... It would be interesting to try and make some millimeter on class and maybe even a three-dimensional qhf GPS tuned antenna Helix because those are the most accurate I've ever used in my life they're amazing how much better they performed in the ceramic patches are on board antenna traces I cut one off of a radio Sound PCP and then solder the SMA connector on it and the accuracy is just unbelievable I still need to 3D printer cover for it because you really need to keep those wires perfectly like spaced. But ceramic patch antennas that normally come with GPS modules and the little itty bitty ones that they provide with Lily girl GPS stuff they stink kind of..... But yeah radio would be also another interesting idea about depositing traces on gas and then what about inside Crystal and then could you like temporarily flood the inside of a crystal cavity or etch a hole into the Crystal and put it under the water under the solution so that wherever you etch inside the crystal it gets flooded with the solution and deposits the copper that's justand by the way what's the exact quantities of the chemicals in the solution and then how would I do it with copper and silver has silver is a pretty good conductor and pretty cheap at the moment goes a little much for me..... People use all kinds of stuff like aluminum and stuff for antennas but I think copper works the best........ You know you can bed copper traces inside of ceramics but I have never tried that I mean it melt but it might stay in place and absorbing the poorest areas but still enough in the same place to create a good connection I've never even thought of that.. anyway watching you do that really just cuz I've been working with lasers and glass at the moment trying to catch them and washing your video really like just made my mind Explorer with many ideas cuz I'm just a super creative person so I have way more ideas than I can ever realize I should be on a team with Engineers material scientists electrical engineers and software coders because I understand a little bit of all those things but not enough as stays here but I'm just super creative.
Love it. Give me more!
8:30 Forbidden cotton candy.
Danke!
Thank you for all the absolute genius and *very* well crafted resources anybody from around the world can learn from and get inspired!
Thank you so much! Really appreciate it, glad you enjoyed the video! ♥
@@BreakingTaps All of yours! And thanks for taking the time and replying to many comments! :) Although we all know that that is not necessary and very time consuming
If you put a layer of water on top, would that be enough of a heat sink to stop the cracking? I’m picturing the slide as the bottom of a water- filled box, in or on the solution. Would make it easier to do gradients as well
Is that a cavitation process happening?
9:40 Those flashes, are they due to sonoluminescence?
I _think_ they are small explosions caused by the laser. But they happen so quickly it's hard to tell if the flashes are happening before or after the bubble formation. Even at 30,000 FPS, craziness!
love your hat!
I'd bet that this process is just thermal dissolution of silica. To test that, you would expect much faster dissolution/etching rates in more alkaline solutions (higher NaOH). Instead of this purported copper absorption mechanism, you'd only need to suspend a tiny amount of lampblack in the liquid to create intense local absorption/heating.
punch card dvd media, yes, nano holes
Would having the fluid kept in motion (like with a pump on one side sending it to the other side of the container), produce different results?
Would probably help! Removing the bubbles and "waste" product would help make it a bit more consistent, so I think a pump would definitely help
It's called ablation, not 'laser-induced plasma'
"Laser-induced plasma-assisted ablation" and "Laser induced backside wet etching" were both too wordy for a YT title 😉 It's _not_ purely "laser ablation", since the glass is not being ablated directly by the laser, and the liquid is being vaporized but is not the mechanism of action either. It's the plasma formed in vaporization bubbles that's melting and ablating the glass.