How Earth Creates Its Magnetic Field
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- Опубликовано: 13 июл 2018
- How turbulent convection currents in Earth's outer core make its magnetic field
This video is a prequel to one that will appear here: ve42.co/Spin
Huge thank you to Prof. Jon Aurnou who spent a lot of time explaining how planetary magnetic fields are created. He changed a lot of my preconceptions. His youtube channel is here:
/ spinlabucla
His research page is here: ve42.co/SpinLab
OK, so what were my preconceptions?
1. That the Earth's magnetic field is a passive thing - it shouldn't need a continuous input of energy to maintain itself (that seemed reasonable to me because the magnetic field has been around for a long time and it seems mostly stable). But as it turns out, the Earth is a giant electromagnet, and so of course those currents dissipate their energy as they encounter resistance in the liquid metal through which they flow. So the energy to continuously create these currents comes from the kinetic energy of the liquid metal flows in the Earth's outer core.
2. If it's convection, I'm thinking hot things rising, cooler things falling. But apparently the main effect driving convection is the compositional differences at the boundary with the Earth's inner core. This is because of the differential freezing at the boundary. Things like iron freeze into the inner core, while elements like sulfur do not. Hence the pockets of lighter material which then rise outwards.
3. I didn't get why the fluid motion was necessary for the generation of the magnetic field. I mean if it's a conducting liquid, it can conduct currents whether it moves or not. But the key is that the liquid metal can 'trap' magnetic fields. I imagine this like how iron channels magnetic fields. Then once these fields are channeled, they can be pulled and stretched, making more magnetic field.
4. Fluids operate very differently in rotating frames of reference. This is something I didn't intuitively grasp. But, as fluids move from the inner core outwards, those particles are moving much more slowly in the direction of rotation than the matter that has been there for a long time, which means the convection currents get deflected and form helices.
Listening to Prof. Arnou's explanation made possible my explanation in the other video (it's really just a summary of what he says here). So thanks Prof. Arnou!
"Not to scale". Thanks, I wasn't sure!
😐oohhkayy….
Damn, that circle is nicely drawn.
Ikr! His first circle was _really_ good.
I was disappointed by the second one, but I thought first was pretty satisfying.
Whaaat?
The first one was AWESOME. The other ones were shit.
Circle drawing goals
he literally describes the magnetic field like a sales pitch like he's trying to convince you that this is what's actually happening lol
0:15 lets take a moment and appreciate that circle
Ok I did. Now what?
Yup
I LOVE the passion of this guy. He really cares about this, and is clearly willing to dumb it down for the purpose of teaching anyone who asks.
You certainly can't get any dumber
That's Incorrect unfortunately" cat laughing at how many people thought this was true in the comments" ok folks the planets energy field come's from the suns powerful electron dencity and x rays pass into the earth at its poles' and produce fusion in the center. it's a two part reaction this fusion creates an electron loop or electromagnetic field is a modality" via it's circular magnetic physical property's" a iron, nickle shell" exc,,,this also makes it's spin or rotate itself'' one energy flows counter clockwise from the sun" the em field flows out counter clockwise I believe'... its not a ball lava that's impossible we would be melted by the mass of the heat squared mc_2,,, to what a 5 thousand mile across peace of hot cole would do floating around in outer space ummm no" it's empty after 450 miles debts ish" alot of watter some other things' I can't say" olny fusion "a small star" in the center with not alot of gravity probley near it...so there's acculy nothing there a real bright blueish light, but still not vary hot no...but nice try guy'' however liquid mettal can make a magnetic field yes', but no" there's probably none of that down there, you see especially near all magnetic centurfugal divergence" is a zero point" so there's no gravity to hold any rotating element together so such'
Instine was still great tho' thank you lady's and gentlemen,"
a house cat walks off stage...
Lmao
😂😂😂😂 riiiiiight
Hokay, so here's de Earth. Dang, that's a pretty sweet magnetic field, you might say...
Too few people remember this gem :)
This proves that those places on journey to the center of the earth 2008 movie are real unbelievable and they exist
Fire ze' Missiles!!!
@@jgrant4201 Energy has/involves GRAVITY, AND ENERGY has/involves inertia/INERTIAL RESISTANCE. TIME is NECESSARILY possible/potential AND actual IN BALANCE, AS E=MC2 is F=ma; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. TIME DILATION ULTIMATELY proves ON BALANCE that ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is gravity, AS E=MC2 IS F=ma. Gravity IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy. ("Mass"/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY.) GRAVITATIONAL force/ENERGY IS proportional to (or BALANCED with/as) inertia/INERTIAL RESISTANCE, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is gravity; AS E=MC2 IS F=ma. Gravity/acceleration involves BALANCED inertia/INERTIAL RESISTANCE, AS E=MC2 IS F=ma; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is gravity. (Gravity IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy. E=MC2 IS F=ma.) "Mass"/ENERGY involves BALANCED inertia/INERTIAL RESISTANCE consistent with/AS what is BALANCED electromagnetic/gravitational force/ENERGY, AS E=MC2 IS F=ma; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. Gravity IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy. It ALL CLEARLY makes perfect sense, AS BALANCE AND completeness go hand in hand !!! (Very importantly, outer "space" involves full inertia; AND it is fully invisible AND black.) E=MC2 is CLEARLY F=ma. The stars AND PLANETS are POINTS in the night sky. A PHOTON may be placed at the center of what is THE SUN (as A POINT, of course), AS the reduction of SPACE is offset by (or BALANCED with) the speed of light (c); AS E=MC2 IS F=ma; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. E=MC2 IS F=ma. This NECESSARILY represents, INVOLVES, AND DESCRIBES what is possible/potential AND actual IN BALANCE. Gravity IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy. The Earth is ALSO CLEARLY then E=MC2 AS F=ma ON BALANCE !!! GREAT !!!
By Frank DiMeglio
wow, wish this guy was my professor! I'm studying mechanical engineering and this beautifully ties so many concepts in electronics and heat transfer and fluid mechanics. THANK YOU FOR THE POST.
That's Incorrect unfortunately" cat laughing at how many people thought this was true in the comments" ok folks the planets energy field come's from the suns powerful electron dencity and x rays pass into the earth at its poles' and produce fusion in the center. it's a two part reaction this fusion creates an electron loop or electromagnetic field is a modality" via it's circular magnetic physical property's" a iron, nickle shell" exc,,,this also makes it's spin or rotate itself'' one energy flows counter clockwise from the sun" the em field flows out counter clockwise I believe'... its not a ball lava that's impossible we would be melted by the mass of the heat squared mc_2,,, to what a 5 thousand mile across peace of hot cole would do floating around in outer space ummm no" it's empty after 450 miles debts ish" alot of watter some other things' I can't say" olny fusion "a small star" in the center with not alot of gravity probley near it...so there's acculy nothing there a real bright blueish light, but still not vary hot no...but nice try guy'' however liquid mettal can make a magnetic field yes', but no" there's probably none of that down there, you see especially near all magnetic centurfugal divergence" is a zero point" so there's no gravity to hold any rotating element together so such'
Instine was still great tho' thank you lady's and gentlemen,"
a house cat walks off stage...
I've had him as a professor and worked in his lab. He's awesome as both a human being and an instructor.
This man almost free-hand drew a circle. I was already impressed.
Then ingeniously normalized himself by doing a hilariously terrible placement of the inner circles. Like the Iron Core, my impressed assessment then cooled somewhat
But what DOES give the Earth the initial magnetic field? I get that for illustrative purposes we can simply impose it, but I'd like to know what the actual answer is.
The system being discussed evolves across orders of magnitude in scale. If you're interested you may find resources which delve into the specifics
1. The outer core fluid can hold and generate flux through motion;
2. Local differences form larger composites which are sustained by effects of local motion and charge/flux;
3. Nature favours the lowest energy state. The gradual evolution of the massive system trends toward alignment, leading to initial conditions discussed at 6:00
I imagine the torus of magnetism being more a jagged chain of flux in the system than the smooth shape of a doughnut.
(P.S. The magnetic poles are not greatly aligned with the rotational poles)
yeah the thing is that there is positive feedback. A small current or magnetic field can generate the other and they can continue to grow and generate each other in the presence of these helical, turbulent convection currents.
SlimThrull sadly, the base of your question, the why, is unknown, we learn more and more about the effects, but many ideas for the why accelerated materials are still hypothetical, for instance, something likely related, it is not yet known how charge is built up in clouds for lighting, all we know is there is a high correlation with stronger updrafts equating to more lightning. So, stay curious, and perhaps you could find it :)
So the motion of the liquid metal is enough to generate some field which in turn is amplified by the convection currents, yes? Okay, that makes sense.
@SlimThrull I don't think liquid metal will generate it's own magnetic field that's then amplified, but there are any number of potential sources of a magnetic field that the core can then amplify.
"It's messy. You're wrong."
That's such an Einstein thing to say lol
"this core is about the size of mars"
mind blown
Why? Mars is half the diameter of Earth.
*MIND STILL BLOWN*
@MomoTheBellyDancer lol wow that's not nice. Don't discourage, stimulate.
MC Güx Deluxe b
@@brokenwave6125 exactly, in fact martian gravity is so comparatively weak, it provides a serious hindrance in colonizing mars.
This actually really helped answer my questions, thanks.
Great video! I would love part two with the topic of "how we actually know all this things". Like how can we know the chemical composition of the core? What proves this theory besides that it fits the observation of large scale magnetic field? etc.
👍🏽👍🏽👍🏽👍🏽 exactly my thoughts!
one way we know the chemical composition of the core is from chondrites that can be dated back to the time of earth's formation. basically meteorites were pieces of earth's core that didn't get trapped when the earth formed.
“He nailed it. It’s just complex.”
LOVE OF PLANTS 🌻 fml
Sounds like a bunch of assuming and should bees I don't know we know nothing.
@@glenncanfield6211 You are absolutely correct. There was nothing of modern science in this report.
Mgtow Values Seismology has shown a lot of this information.
@@nikiwiki2006 Do not blandly tell me that, please. I did the research on seismology and there is nothing in seismology that explains the cause of earth's magnetic sphere.
Writing a topical paper on Ganymede for my astronomy class and watched this video for some background context. Jon Arnou's name sounded familiar and I check the citations I have and sure enough, he has co-authored the papers I've used that are focused on the geodynamo in Ganymede. What a coincidence! Thank you Derek!!
This guys an awesome teacher the angular momentum analogy with the convection of the fluid was spot on nice work.
I would like to get his take regarding a area that is off the charts regarding a Aeromagnetic Map which indicates a county Major League magnetic presence. Some strange things at night and will leave at that.
It's an obvious statement, but I have never heard it in my life: "This core is about the size of Mars. It's big. It's the size of other planets."
Cool.
therealnightwriter ha "hollow" is a bad word to use friend because of the crackpot connotations.
It's also just inaccurate i mean its obviously not vacuum because that would contradict everything else we observe in nature.
therealnightwriter the dinosaur Gravity point is pertinent though.
This seems to be something most people have never heard but remains completely unanswered by mainstream science.
@therealnightwriter Lol, good joke. You made a mistake, though. For gravity at the surface to be smaller in the paste, the Earth needs to shrink over time, not grow. Or you need to add mass to its hollow core over time.
@@renedekker9806 can you show me in life where mass is attracted to another Mass.
I'm going to answer this really fast for you..... No!
Here's an idea start at the beginning trying not to believe the lies that you've been told use your brain for yourself and you will see.
@@IAMSTEVIERAYBITCH I am sorry, I don't follow your humor. What is mass attracted to if not other mass?
0:14
Casually hand draws a perfect circle, no big deal.
A recent scientific publication on the "Origin of Geomagnetism" shows "A New Hypothesis to Fully Justify the Generation, Maintenance and Behavior of Geomagnetism". Just search.
"Where is it coming from?" Is the most important question.
"and who put it there?" as phoebe said...
Mantal part
Yeah he doesn’t make that clear. Naturally in the earth’s core there are charges/ions, I guess in a much higher quantity than in normal matter. The motion of these charges is what generates the field. Scientists think this motion is greatest at the boundary between the solid and liquid cores
Motion of ions
Zeb Oh!! Thanks fam, that helps me understand a bit better. So is it like the concept of the “sea of electrons” in metallic bonding?
I can't wait for the day that they can make a model of the earths magnetic field that is made the same exact way that earth makes its magnetic field. But obviously I wont hold my breath
U ever think u could use magnets for energy?
@@letstacoboutit8205 obviously the real way Earth's magnetic field is produced is because the earth and sun are electrically connected through birkland currents that you can see with the naked eye... northern lights, Aurora...it also explains why the earth spins..follows the right hand rule.. claiming that the heat that is in Earth's core comes from gravity is total BS... must be a coincidence that electric currents produce heat as well
@@metou3072 I mean could we use it in a way of a unlimited source some way to harness the electrical field idk too much up on it u knw just researching
@@letstacoboutit8205 no.. magnetism is from protons...and electricity is nothing more than moving magnetism
If you are interested in making your own energy usually storing it is the issue because batteries are expensive... capacitors are the future not batteries but in my opinion use electricity generated to lift a weight connected to a generator so when you want to use it release the weight to spin the generator...or if you have the batteries to store energy use your car to charge batteries as your battery in your car is only used for starting the car. You waste a lot of energy driving your car around and not capturing all the energy it can produce...you need to learn about diodes...like solar panels use... electricity behaves exactly like water in a pipe... EXACTLY...so if u can understand that then you should have no problem understanding electricity and ways to generate it...if I was you I would save information that you think that you will need later in life cause the internet will not always be there
SmarterEveryDay did a video recently on opposing rings and the helical offshoots they create when they hit each other, in my mind this seems like a similar effect
As Neo said to the Architect, "You haven't answered my question!". You've explained only how the Earth maintains it's magnetic field, not how it was created in the first place, which not only makes the title of your video false but it's also ignoring the most important part of the question in the first place.
No, he’s explaining how it’s created. Try watching again or proceed on to other electrodynamics or magnetism courses
When there is movement of charge it generates field, initial condition was attained by rotation of the earth which forced liquid metal to helical spin.
Don't think he answered the question... He imposed a field to explain how that field got bigger. The question is where did it come from in the first place? Did I miss something? Also, are we certain about the core elements or are these assumptions? How was this proven?
Miss this channel so much!
Nobody knows how Earth generates its magnetic field..... Nobody lol
You're not suggesting the earth is flat...?
@@mmmk6322 how did you infer THAT from what he said, rofl. Nobody knows because no one can fucking actually observe what is going on and test it...it's all a theory based on how we most likely think it is generated based on our limited understanding of what is beneath the mantle..
1:12 Mars whole planet radius is 3389 km whereas Earth's core only is estimated to be 3485 km. Thanks for the information, that's the first time i've heard.
Great, simple explanation that anyone can understand! 👍🏼
He said "magnetic field " more than I would blink..
“Or we would quickly perish” I love this video
This was absolutely lovely to listen to. And I don't see it as complex, really. Instead of smashing atoms together, it smashes electro magnetic fields together and boom! it protects us 🙃😛
Absolutely wonderful 😊
Finally some in depth analysis.
2 videos in one day
Is it Christmas yet?!
but...
So how *fast* is the material in the liquid outer core actually moving?
Similar speed to earth surface rotation. 24h per revolution. The speed at the outer bunduary is thus probably something like 900km/h. The turbulent convection and other random motions in the outer corre add and substract a bit from this figure, but on average it is 900km/h, and local variations are probably extremally small. (I do not have any sources, but my guess it is less than 1km/h). My guess, is that the outer core is actually rotating little bit faster, (but could be also little less, we do not know), and using slightly different axis of rotation, but probably within 5 degree of normal axis of rotation. These differences are becuase the things are fluid, and outer core is actually pretty low viscosity, it takes a lot of time to transfer torque and find balance towards equilibrium. Not only that, the outer core also has a magnetic torque and sheer forces, as well due to angular momentum, a differential rotation. So, it is likely the outer core is rotating slightly faster (less than a degree per day) than mantle and surface of the Earth at the Equator, and slightly slower or similar closer to the poles.
Update: Apparently, it is even more complex! www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/09/130916162005.htm the inner core rotates faster than mantle and surface, but due to reactive forces, this make outer core to rotate actually SLOWER than mantle, thus from the stationary point on the surface, it appears that the outer core is rotating in oposite direction! Fascinating. In the absolute space (lets say from the moon or sun or distant starts perspective), they rotate at similar speeds tho, close to sideral day, which is just few minutes less than 24h.
I'm not talking about the speed of rotation which is rather uninteresting. I meant the *relative* motion of some parts of the liquid relative to other parts. Like e.g . the "speed" of the Golf Stream is measured relative to the surface, not relative to the universe, the latter being quite a meaningless number.
There are features in the outer core (liquid part), that do reasamble gold stream, and do form jets, but the relative speeds to the mantle and crust are very small. From my quick calculations it is about 1 meter per hour. Slow.
Wei Zhao Triggered much. Someone stoled your puppy. Your haircut is shit. Oh, by the way, we are living in the best of times in human history.
I like this explanation, very simple e coherent. The explanation does not embrace many things that could be explained and I think those things are not explained because of their complexity, otherwise, it would make things very hard for many of us to understand.
Thank you for taking your time to explain to us how it works.
Thanks for this video, I love the last sentence a lot: it’s just complex!
This guy is a god. Look at the way he drew that circle
Why would the dipole be composed of quadruples? Also, changing magnetic fields generate currents, typically eddy currents, which just heats up the metals. I'm skeptical.
you see: earth magnetic field
i see: picasso art
After a point, I was struggling to follow. But i understand that it's a complex topic to discuss; so i appreciate the effort
Oooo time to watch a video at 2 am :D
Edit: was actually 1:30 am.
time to launch a video at 12:30am
2veritasium oops, yes you are right, it was 1:30 to me, I was too exited to look at the time
Keystone Science we need a European science youtuber now
Keystone Science get a life
Keystone Science I looked at my watch as I read this and it was 1:30am
He re explained everything he was trying to explain but never explained the magnetic field. Makes absolutely know sense
As someone who wishes they continued high school physics, there are so many parts of this where i can remember this or that. So its expanding (in a dumbed down form) from those original ideas. Its highly fascinatingm
Bookmark Paused @ 4:13
Trying to figure out: How does our magnetic field affect cosmic inflation? This was step one. Thank you for the 'Cole's Notes' version (I'm Canadian).
When I have been thinking about random stuff I have sometimes wondered how the core can be magnetic when steel and i am assuming iron too when heated above the austinetic point (700deg cent opprox) becomes non magnetic how the core can be magnetic
The core isn't magentic, its electrically conductive, meaning it can generation induction voltage by the motion of the core turning. This voltage generates a new magnetic field. You are correct in saying it isn't magnetic because the outer core is to warm for there to be magnetically conductive metals.
I’d love to see a video on how some of this stuff is worked out, I mean how could they possibly know if they can’t physically get to the core. Same for a lot of space stuff.
100%
This simulation is just too damn complicated. No creater would create a simulation this sophisticated
when the earth stops spinning one day, we will call upon this man to help jump start it again. protect him.
how quickly is the core freezing?
It'll freeze over in about 91 billion years last I read.
in 5,000,000,000 years all life on this planet will be dead.
in 7,000,000,000 the sun will become a white dwarf.
1/2 Earth radius - 1/3 Earth radius = 1062km
Assuming +Karanbir Singh is correct It will average 1062km per 91 billion years or 1.33 nanometers per hour
1mm per year. Seriously.
If I was a giant super god I would dust off the earth. and use that solid crystalline core in some cosmic game of marbles.
A question here: how can they be so sure (well, they/he seems to be) that the core elements are what he/they described?
Analysis of the seismic spectra tells how seismic waves propagate in Earth's interior. Sometimes seismic waves get reflected and difracted. By studying many of these waves we are able to localize clumps of different densities inside Earth in 3D. The core is there, the density is so high that it has to be made of Iron, and the seismic waves bounce on it in a very specific way.
I once asked a geologist how we know what's deep in the earth...his answer was long, detailed, and way over my head
I know pretty much nothing about electric and or magnetic fields, so forgive my ignorance if this is a silly question, but are the fields generated due to the friction of the moving liquid metal core? Or by some other proposed means?
Before, my question was why does the magnetic field change direction
Now, my question is why doesn't it change quickly
The magnetic field cause the fluid to stretch and create the Earths magnetic field. How did the first magnetic field come??
wikipedia said nobody really knows but they guess it's the sun's magnetic field; it was way stronger billions of years ago
One possibility is that the liquid outer core in friction with solid inner core produced electric charges that in movement through the metal induced little initial magnetic fields.
God created everything
@@josyjoy2836 if you are so sure about what you think why are you here? Please don't spam the comment section of scientific viedos
Sir ur first circle was so perfect
Thank you sir
It helped me
Everytime I try to understand space science, my brain cells keep on shrinking
mans wears his watch with the face facing inward that's how you know hes on another level
That's usually an offshore marine thing.
It's so the watch isn't damaged by metal rails that are everywhere.
7:50 "In one direction or the other" Okay, but if they go the other direction, don't they produce currents in the opposite direction? This would net-zero the current and screw the magnetic field. What causes all of the helices to be so predominately in sync?
Did you find the answer to this, I'm wondering this as well.
There is a much easier to understand explanation. Whether it is true or not I don't know. But if you spin an object which consists of hot syrupy molten iron the parts of that iron which are liquid will (although further out from the centre) likely move around the inner core at a different speed to the inner core speed of rotation. The different speeds between these two metals will mean that if the core has been magnetised (maybe in earths early history) then the outer spinning material will make the inner core magnet stronger and a field will be produced. Since the earth is continually spinning this condition remains. That could all be rubbish, but it is the way I have always though about it. But it is great that the system is still very much unknown and unproven. All we have is theories at moment.
But earth magnetic field is very weak
Excellent, clear explanation! Thanks.
Explain like im five
r/explainlikeimfive
They never explain like you're five - more like ten.
Melomania
not flat = magnetic field (Globe Earth) 🌎
I've seen one or two times that they literally break it down to 5 year old levels
Tidy your room first and then we can talk
Amazing the way he did a perfect circle,
Hans Krakaur Power if science
Do magnetic lines of force always form in the same place around a magnet, or are they improvised depending on environmental factors? In other words, will a static magnet of the same strength, oriented in the same way, always have a magnetic line in the same place surrounding it? Or will it move around in "orbit" around the magnet spontaneously?
If he taught me Physics, I'd fail the course.
So far he has not mentioned that the transformer relationship with the sun. You can't map it all out without that tidbit. Remember that the more measurements taken, the more the current paradigm is disproven. When you refuse to see the magnetic and electrical effects in space, you can't understand our own planet.
Dave Scruton Yes thank you.
Please keep educating!
If anyone wants to understand Dave's comment, just watch this (there's plenty more where that came from).
ruclips.net/video/hPNMoalTTVE/видео.html
It's a religious cult... if you contest his dog and pony show they put the cross in your face 😂😂😂😂😂😂
Oh. Good idea. There likely is a connection with the sun and a connection of the sun with orion’s belt. Birkland current anyone?
Thunderbolts project
I tend to believe the field is caused by that current from the sun.
Also tend to think... the relative motion of the sun... and relative speed...I think of static electricity. Motion, electricity, fields.... motion, they are all intertwined.
However, the thing that occurs to me as someone who does some welding, I know that mild steel will loose magnetic properties at about 1420° F and will not regain them until it cools to about 500° F. Since steel is made from iron, and it's the iron that imparts the magnetic properties to steel, I assume that iron shares this property of losing magnetism at critical temperatures, yet a magnetic field is still generated.
Guildrum I've got a hazy idea of how this works but from what I understand the convection currents cause the fields in the mantel to have helical spirals and creates rings of net current which act like the coils of an electromagnet and the turbulent changes to the field also generates induced magnetic fields as the field "resists" changes
Trust me, I realize that there's no way to know exactly what goes on until someone goes there and directly observes it. :) I know magnetism and electricity are closely related, but I also know, also from welding, that heat effects those relations, as does any welder that's arc welded something too hot and got an arc "blow-out" where the electrical arc will actually try to follow a generated magnetic field due to heat, rather than "do like electricity do" and try to take the shortest route to ground. It seems magnetic fields do strange things at high temperatures, as does electricity.
Well he mentioned in the video that there is currently flowing through the mantel and I have seen videos of induction heating from an electromagnet which causes the ingot to levitate and also quickly and evenly heat up. Permanent magnets lose magnetism when they heat up because the molecules are able to move around freely and orient in random directions, canceling out the net force. My guess is that because there's a strong field passing through the molten metal, the molecules are still induced to orient in the direction of the net field
It has nothing to do with iron's ferromagnetism, this works with any convecting metal.
And NOW I get around to seeing the main video, where they're talking about sodium!
Several years ago on top of Taum Sauk Mountain, lighting strikes to Trees were numerous beyond your average run of the mill Missouri Mt. Composition of the soil and rock atop Taum Sauk contained an inordinate content of Iron which obviously attracts the Lighting. Good times and thanks Dad.
Where can i find more videos explained by this professor
How exactly does a magnetic field become “trapped” within a fluid? Is it a bunch of iron electrons that are flipping and moving with the iron?
If anyone's wondering it's just eddy currents -- sea water is conductive and pulls the magnetic field as well.
Interesting, yet I've never seen the heat radiating from the core through the mantle being factored into the calculations regarding global temperatures in the climate models. Also, I didn't catch how a molten iron core can have a solid iron center. But I've often wondered where does the heat at the earth's core come from? And since high temperatures actually cause magnets to lose all magnetic properties, how can it be creating the earth's magnetism? Considering the deepest hole ever dug by man goes only as far as 8 miles, how are we able to extrapolate the composition of the core? Wouldn't we see much larger amounts of iron in volcano lava and magma?
Not trying to be a smart ass, just curious....
That's Incorrect unfortunately" cat laughing at how many people thought this was true in the comments" ok folks the planets energy field come's from the suns powerful electron dencity and x rays pass into the earth at its poles' and produce fusion in the center. it's a two part reaction this fusion creates an electron loop or electromagnetic field is a modality" via it's circular magnetic physical property's" a iron, nickle shell" exc,,,this also makes it's spin or rotate itself'' one energy flows counter clockwise from the sun" the em field flows out counter clockwise I believe'... its not a ball lava that's impossible we would be melted by the mass of the heat squared mc_2,,, to what a 5 thousand mile across peace of hot cole would do floating around in outer space ummm no" it's empty after 450 miles debts ish" alot of watter some other things' I can't say" olny fusion "a small star" in the center with not alot of gravity probley near it...so there's acculy nothing there a real bright blueish light, but still not vary hot no...but nice try guy'' however liquid mettal can make a magnetic field yes', but no" there's probably none of that down there, you see especially near all magnetic centurfugal divergence" is a zero point" so there's no gravity to hold any rotating element together so such'
Instine was still great tho' thank you lady's and gentlemen,"
a house cat walks off stage...
Here’s something for those people that ask questions about the inner core. It explain how we know the composition etc. en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_inner_core
Not to scale, but that initial circle Prof. Jon drew was spot on.
Magnets loose their magnetism when heated so we don't know anything really
Amen
You are kind of right and kind of wrong. Earth's core is not like ordinary permanent magnet so saying it would loose it's magnetic field is incorrect. Although earth would loose it's magnetic field eventually but because of some another reason
@@kekersdev because of what reason?
@@jetsshowbruh7617 We are not 100% sure how exactly magnetic field is generated but it is definitely related to the movement of liquid metal in the core. This movement happens due to convection between hot core and cold planet' surface so the main reason is core cooldown. The core cools - convection slows down - slower movement in core - weaker MF. After a long time (if nothing special happens) core will completely soludify and MF will be completly gone
@@kekersdev yeah ok
The iron in the core is not magnetic because of the curie temperature. The theory here is based on its conductive properties.
But the simple fact that no experimental setup with all varieties of rotating conductors has been able to create or even enhance a magnetic field, tells me that there is no understanding of planetary magnetic fields. Just admit that for once, please.
The same lack of understanding goes for the phenomenon of differential rotation in planetary bodies and stars.
Perhaps the two questions are connected?
We have high temperatures but also high pressures and a huge radial speed. With all this high energy involved many things can occur.
This is one of the best explanations I have heard on the earth’s magnetic field .. here after watching “mars” on Disney .. and how the magnetic field defends earth from the solar winds ..
Seems like your new video about synchronisation could help explaining the organised motion of the helixes!
8:40 Finally something Einstein wasn't right about. How refreshing!
There was something else he got wrong too. Introducing cosmological constant in a static model of universe. More refreshing lol
More turds dropped in this video than my dog drops in my yard.
How Earth creates its magnetic field ? Draws few lines on board , here is magnetic field . Oh , you dont say .
Even Einstein had not been able to explain it successfully. The Dynamo theory explains it to an extent, yet someone has to explain the increasing angle between the axis of Magnetic poles and the axis of geographical poles.
I highly encourage viewers to look for different explanations.
I am...trying to explain to a child and this was nonsense
@@peacelove6817 😂
He is talking nonsense.
Earth is spinning..
Basically, the outer part of Earth is a solid inner part of it liquid with differentials in density, which causes differentials in turning speed eventually created magnetic field similar to dynamo.
What he really means is that ..
Magnetic field of the earth
Is coming from the magnetic field of
a metal element of the periodic table or the interactions of those metallic elements creates the Earth's magnetic field
@@astaghfirullahalzimastaghf3648 some of his facts work some don't liquidity is probably a big nuclear reactor the earth is one big China syndrome
Or.... everything he said could be wrong. Planetary magnetic fields are a huge area that is unresolved.
yes, that fact could have been more highlighted.. i think this is one of our greatest weaknesses, that we want the things we learned to be true. Look at the history.. whenever someone proposed a new concept that broke with establsished thinking, it always took a long while till that new concept even was considered to be true.. scientists have more ego than they generally admit, and more ego than is good for their studies.
I agree
Thank you that's the most truth I read on any of these sites so far. The truth is we don't know it's all speculations.
It's very clear the scientist have no idea how a magnet really works if they're going to use it as a Cause at Earth's core.
Magnetic field is contrary to the rotation of the earth. Pseudoscience is BS
Everything he stated is supported by evidence. If you got something better Sean......you're more than free to have it examined by the scientific community.
So well explained, hats off.
I love the enthusiasm on him too :)
A particle at the centre of the Earth would experience a vector summation of gravitational forces equal to zero. It would be weightless, and NOT under immense pressure.
Lol being weightless and being under immense pressure are two diff things !
I didn't get how he moved from the cooling Earth to the magnetic field at 04:14
Much better
glad we got that worked out! Thanks for your patience
When the first video came out, i only had my right earphone plugged i thought it was about master volume lol
Thank you for your reply and all of your highly educational videos!
@0:24 holy shit that circle is perfect
So...side thought: If I need to build a new magnetic field so that I can survive on Mars, I would need to build a new and stable convection process at the core? If so...then I'll stay here.
But did he answer your question about where the initial field comes from?!
No, he did not. You know why? Because this professor sucks at explaining. He just likes to hear the sound of his own voice and to finish his diatribe undisturbed. He majorly pissed me off when he didn't stop to explain where the initial field comes from.
He sucks.
Because the question is actually stupid, and explaining it would involve a lot of math and physics that is not related to the topic. Just take a look at defintion of unstable state, or take a look chaos theory, or instability, positive feedback mechanisms, spontanous symetry breaking, initial condition sensitivity, opamps, turbulence, convection, etc. In the esence, the initial field can be arbitrarly small, so small, that it is not possible to make it smaller in practice (space is always filled with some field, fields and matter and current fluctuations). That is enough to provide initial field, and eventually be huge field.
From mathematical point of view it is like asking why it is raining today or not.
The Earth has small variations in current throughout its entire mass. These might come from reactions between elements, friction, or radioactive decay. The tiny currents have their own tiny magnetic fields, which get twisted and shifted by the turbulent flow in the Earth's outer core. Moving a magnetic field creates a current (Faraday's Law), so it becomes a larger current than the initial one, which in turn creates a stronger magnetic field, and so on. Normally there isn't a positive feedback loop, but the natural convection and 'sulfur' plumes are driving the whole process, converting their kinetic energy into magnetic/electric.
+movax20h Also, the answer is in the companion video on the primary channel that was released a day after this one. Derek erred on the side of dramatic suspense.
> movax20h1 day ago (edited) "Because the question is actually stupid, "
The question is not stupid. This is a layman science video. STFU and GTFO with your elitist "is stupid" bullshit. There is no such thing as a stupid question. And lots of people were asking themselves that. You're stupid.
Dejavu.
but not dejaentendu
I've just been in this place before
Lordious
I'm back
Higher on the streets
seen the black cat again?
Is there any indication or printed paper about conviction cells of earth mantle in solid state
That's great info!! Nice representation of the dynamics. Thank you.
What about all of those youtube videos of people seeing if liquid iron is still magnetic? (it's not). Wouldn't the iron that moves outward from the solid center lose its magnetic field when transitioning from solid to liquid?
Matkat Music copper is not magnetic but a current flowing through it produces a magnetic field. This explanation relies on the fact that a current flowing through a conductor (copper, aluminium, iron.....) produces a magnetic field without any need for the material being permanently magnetisable. If the core stopped spinning the earth's magnetic field would pretty much vanish, apart from some stuff in the crust such as lodestone.
If earth gets it magnetic field due to iron core and liquid fermi stuff in core then how does gas giants like Jupitar and saturn have magnetic fields ?
Google the electric universe. you will find many answers
+Sebastian Scholle
Many mutually exclusive answers that conflict with the evidence and no solutions.
The gas giants have solid cores.
There are absolutely no magnetic fields in super hot liquid metal...quite the opposite. These areas of Earth are where the magnetic field of the Earth is DESTROYED. That's why flying over volcanic areas diminishes the effects of your compass, and it might stop working altogether if you ask the pilot to take you in closer. And if you were to fly over a volcano, and drop a 10pound Nimh grade 40 Nib bar magnet into the mouth of the volcano, that bar magnet wouldn't even stick to a refrigerator seconds later...The Heat of the Volcano would destroy that bar magnet's properties in a HEARTBEAT>
I guess I need to be teaching at UCLA instead of this clown....Because even I know the basics of magnetism, and I am just an old skool skater.
This problem of heat destroying a magnetic field is also more than likely the actual cause of crashes in and around the Bermuda Triangle Area....I believe that whole area is riddled with Volcanoes, and yes your compass would go haywire because those volcanoes destroy magnetic fields, and therefore would make your compass not function properly while flying over those areas. Just sayin.
I could also teach everyone how to gain acceleration and torque using solid magnets...and show everyone how to keep them cool so they retain their power during the run cycles. But I guess kids these days would rather hear about Lava flow and crustal friction making a magnet in the oven of the Earth...Wow!
i know nothing about magnets but you must be right because the magnetic poles are in the coldest places of the earth. can you explain in a simple way. thank you
@@pacthegreatest Ok, there's a couple of ways to look at it....Let's say we apply heat to get grease off of a pan using dishwashing liquid....Bingo we "loosened the bond" the grease had on the pan's surface...whereas cold water didn't loosen it as much.
Or....we could look at it from strictly a movement perspective...like in the way that if something is frozen it stays the way it is...with very little movement...versus heating it up, excites it, loosens it, stops it from staying the way it is...it will melt down in fact if we keep going hotter. So this would destroy the magnets ability to keep or maintain itself....Staying the way it is, and not being excited, moving faster, loosening up, and eventually losing all bonds that hold them together until the magnet is melted completely and becomes it's base elements of nickel, iron, and boron.
I suppose you could say that heat loosens the bonds these three metals or materials have between each other in set patterns forming the pole of the magnet...whereas even passing heat close to the magnet will dissipate it's field in that area...until the magnet itself heats up, and the bonds which created that shape of field and pattern start to change and that's when it's no longer a magnet.
So a better explanation for the situation of the Earth is that magnetic layer deep under the ground is below the lava layer somehow, and those areas where the lava comes to the surface, are areas where we experience the magnetic field of the area below the lava being disrupted. This would explain airplane crashes in the ocean around the ring of fire, or where a lot of volcanoes are located....The lava is destroying the magnetic field coming from below, making the field strength below be weaker in that area for our instruments, and they give false readings and pilots accidentally crash the plane.
@@dr.davidbannerf.e.s.6217 thank you for your time. I will read more about it. I will contact you in the near future to discuss this fascinating phenomenon.
I don’t see how the distortion of the plane’s radar can cause it to crash. The altitude of the plane is way above mountains and the radar system isn’t what’s controlling or keeping the motor from running, the radar system is magnetic and for navigating while the motor is mechanic and is irrelevant to the radar system or magnetism.
Sir why cooling from inside when heat is escaping from surface. Cooling must be at outer surface of this core. As the core is large enough and the process is slow possibility of convection can be ruled out. Please tell
Hello hi there, could you tell me the difference between the electromagnetic field and earth generated a magnetic field, why they seem different from each other, earth EMF interact with everything on earth but electromagnet just interact with metals, etc. thank you
So clear, now that’s a good teacher
scottseptember1992 sarcasm right ?
Oi paji, I am not being sarcastic, he really did explain it well with pictures
I really urge you to reconsider what criteria you use to decide whether you've understood something. I'm a physicist and to me this looked like absolute nonsense. It really appeals to Veritasium's recent video where he explored how people would say they were "displeased and confused" when they had actually learned but said they were "content and fully understood" when they hadn't learned anything.
7:14 is where he explains the actual origin of the earth’s magnetic field, if anyone should wonder.
Fluid leaves the solid core, and because it contracts the way it does when leaving the surface of the solid core, it picks up angular velocity.
You now have lines coming out perpendicular to the surface of the core, and these lines are spinning, so generating small field lines.
And the entire earth is also completing a rotation once every day, so these field lines are being dragged around the core in helices with the earth’s rotation.
The helices experience turbulence, because they’re fluid, breaking up their perfection, inducing small currents that may fortunately happen to line up with each other to form enormous electric loops that, in turn, induce our protective magnetosphere - or more suiting, magneto…doughnut? ;)
The lecturer should have mentioned that this mechanism is a "self-exciting dynamo" of which there are many examples, including most of the electrical generators you need for outdoor work. All that is needed is an electrical conductor to rotate and as it does it generates a tiny current from whatever slight magnetism is present. the current adds to the magnetic field which increases the current and the whole process feeds back into itself until the magnetic permeability of the conductor is saturated.
he is so excited to explain this