Mission To Mercury
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- Опубликовано: 5 июл 2010
- / sciencereason ... BepiColombo will set off in 2014 on a journey lasting approximately six years. When it arrives at Mercury in mid 2020, it will endure temperatures as high as 350 °C and gather data during its one year nominal mission, with a possible 1-year extension.
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About the mission
BepiColombo, an ESA mission in cooperation with Japan, will explore Mercury, the planet closest to the Sun. Europe's space scientists have identified the mission as one of the most challenging long-term planetary projects, because Mercury's proximity to the Sun makes it difficult for a spacecraft to reach and survive in the harsh environment. The scientific interest to go to Mercury lies in the valuable clues that such a mission can provide in understanding the planet itself as well as the formation of our Solar System; clues which cannot be obtained with distant observations from Earth.
Only one probe has visited Mercury so far, NASA's Mariner 10 which flew past three times in 1974-5 and returned the only close-up images of the planet so far. The information gleaned when BepiColombo arrives will throw light not only on the composition and history of Mercury, but also on the history and formation of the inner planets in general, including the Earth.
The mission will consist of two separate spacecraft that will orbit the planet. ESA is building one of the main spacecraft, the Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO), and the Japanese space agency ISAS/JAXA will contribute the other, the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO).
The MPO will study the surface and internal composition of the planet, and the MMO will study Mercury's magnetosphere, that is the region of space around the planet that is dominated by its magnetic field.
Technological challenges
With two spacecraft, BepiColombo is a large and costly mission, one of the 'cornerstones' in ESA's long-term science programme. The mission presents enormous, but exciting challenges. All of ESA's previous inter-planetary missions have been to relatively cold parts of the Solar System. BepiColombo will be the Agency's first experience of sending spacecraft to 'hot' regions.
The journey from Earth to Mercury will also be a first. After launch into a geostationary transfer orbit, the Mercury Composite Spacecraft will be boosted to the phasing orbit using chemical propulsion. From here the spacecraft will be set on its interplanetary trajectory through a flyby of the Moon. On its way to Mercury, the spacecraft must brake against the Sun's gravity, which increases with proximity to the Sun, rather than accelerate away from it, as is the case with journeys to the outer Solar System. BepiColombo will accomplish this by making clever use of the gravity of the Earth, Venus and Mercury itself and by using solar electric propulsion (SEP). This innovative combination of low thrust space propulsion and gravity assist has been demonstrated by ESA's technology mission, SMART-1.
When approaching Mercury, the spacecraft will use the planet's gravity plus conventional rocket engines to insert itself into a polar orbit. A special Weak Stability Boundary Capturing technique is employed. This gives flexibility and is more robust against failures compared to using the more traditional "big kick" approach (single burn capture). The MMO will be released into its operational orbit, then the Sunshield and the MMO interface structure will be separated while the chemical propulsion system will bring the MPO to its lower orbit. The mission design and deployment sequence is schematically depicted in the above figure. Observations from orbit will continue for one Earth year.
• sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area...
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@OhmySKoD I think you misread what I quoted; the wikipedia article stated that the mantle has a thickness of 500-700km, which doesn't conflict with your figure of 600km. It's the crust, not the mantle, which is stated as being 100-300km thick.
another great informative video, thanks
i had to check that KSP was not open XD
@JoeB2C From wikipedia:
"Geologists estimate that Mercury’s core occupies about 42% of its volume; for Earth this proportion is 17%. Recent research strongly suggests Mercury has a molten core.[17][18] Surrounding the core is a 500-700 km mantle consisting of silicates.[19][20] Based on data from the Mariner 10 mission and Earth-based observation, Mercury’s crust is believed to be 100-300 km thick.[21] "
Look it up yourself if you want more detailed information.
Fascinating.
Excellent video.
It would be cool to hear more about Mercury's magnetosphere and the magnetic storms occurring often, sometimes as big as the planet itself. Especially if they could be represented visually. :)
I love that science is so international. There are no borders in science.
I know it's been 10 years but i wanna know if u'll reply
@@analena1584 Sure! Hope you have a wonderful day, cheers
@@DelusionalJ wow how did you even got the notification?
@OhmySKoD
I don't know how specific you want me to be when it comes to "specific details", but I'll be more than happy to explain these ideas to you in as much detail as you need.
@IronManTalks
..did the dishes, took out the trash, helped my family and friends a bit, wondered at your h8.. wondered at the teachings of my faith, which keep me from that kind of h8 and self-destruction.. came back thankful..
Anyone know what the music used during the video is?
does anyone know how mercury's metallic core compares to that of the earth? For example, is the core similar in size and the surrounding mantel far smaller?
@fertilizerspike ok similarly charged, is that good enough, and have you ever heard of something called a neutron
@mallardhead Viking raids were a small part of instability. It was the church that burned down the library of Alexandria which set us back by 1,000 years.
@fertilizerspike Astronomy is an observational science because things like gravity are hard to produce and test in lab conditions. However, there is strong support for gravitational lensing effects, and there are several examples that can be found (for example) in Hubble images. Also, objects have been observed as strong x-ray emitters which are not visible in other wavelengths of light and are theorized to be black holes - an exemplar of gravity bending light.
@bluffr22 It is quite incredible. Especially considering even how far we came the past 150 years. We have gone from riding horses to flying in spacecraft. What will the next 100 to 1000 years bring us?
@fertilizerspike as i asked before explain to me how uncharged items attract each other, that is all
@fertilizerspike The accuracy of the GPS satelite system, for one example is affected in several ways by relativistic effects. These need to be corrected to make it work.
Have you ever published a paper on your radical theories in a peer reviewed journal?
@fertilizerspike Jupiter is thought to consist primarily of metallic hydrogen. The rocky core, while 12 to 45 times the mass of earth, is small compared to the planet's total mass of 317 times earth (and much less dense at that)
@Peter5930 Doh, I do that sometimes. Please excuse, thanks for the clarification. :)
@mallardhead I still don't understand what you are trying to say with that and how it is relevant.
What is the music in the background?? I love it! Reminds me of FF7
@AThagoras
GPS technology in no way relies on the validity of notions like "curved space" or "time dilation". What's taken into account is the time it takes signals to get from satellites to the ground and the reverse. That KNOWN, OBSERVED lag does not rely on any metaphysical model like "curved space" or "time dilation" and doesn't exclude other explanations that rely on proven physics not flights of fancy and wishful thinking or "thought experiments".
the mono audio doesnt sound very good on headphones
Mercury a la vista!
@fertilizerspike
"Support cause" of lensing? Photons react with Em fields the way they interact with any charged particle, it has nothing to do with visibly altering the path of laight. Gravitational lensing. First observed in 1919 and heavily tested and observed since explains that because Gravity bends space-time the photon moves straight on its path through curved space allowing us to visibly witness the bending of light around an object (planet, star).
So how,does EM account for G lensing?
@OhmySKoD
I reposted it because it was marked as "spam", a clear abuse of the spam flagging feature.
@fertilizerspike "astronogers will hammer the data until it fits in the context of their preconceived notions"
So, can I assume gravitational fields fit this bill or am I misunderstanding you.
@fertilizerspike
Which is why I don't use wikipedia for anything more than its references.
this is amazing to see !!!! i cant believe we can do such things, how far we have come as a spieces that we can do such amazing things when 1000 years ago all we had was the knowledge that them shiny things in the sky were angels looking down upon us, no electricity no nothing and here we are doing this. It is incredible, huge respect to all astronomers and scientists!!! + doctors too =)
@TheCurmudgen
Certainly humanity has been around for ages, but the oldest known/dated religious artifact, a python head from a cave in Africa, was given the age of 70K years ago recently. It's much older than the 'civilizations' we have facts concerning- Sumer, Egypt and the Indus Valley. Do you know of older?
@OhmySKoD
What I claim is that we KNOW electromagnetic forces can bend and polarize light, we can NOT say the same about "gravity". No experiment has ever shown that "gravity" has any effect on light.
@blurglide
The mass you were told for the sun is erroneous, because the motion of the planets around the sun is not governed by "gravity", it is governed by electromagnetic forces. Since the mass of the sun is specious, you also have specious masses derived for the planets using the same failed "gravity" model. If the derived mass of Jupiter is wrong, so is the derived density. Do I even need to state that any speculations as to its composition based on this are going to be flatly wrong?
@fertilizerspike It is earth like in that it is a small, rocky planet near the sun rather than a huge gas giant very far away.
While the sound is all f'd up... FIX the sound and re-upload!
mono?
@mallardhead I always expect moronic responses. Thank you for doing your part.
@CyberNeticRodent
I didn't propose any speculation, I cited established fact.
@blurglide
These ideas you have about Jupiter are partly derived from the specious mass for Jupiter obtained by plugging the observed orbit of Jupiter and the derived mass of the sun plugged into gravity models. We know these numbers are likely to be wrong, since the sun and planets are charged bodies able to interact electrically. This moots gravity, the motion of the sun and planets is governed by electromagnetic forces, not gravity.
@Peter5930
Weird wikipedia. Everything I've read says the mantle is 600km thick. Twice as much as the wiki article would have us believe.
Not that it matters much.
@fertilizerspike Accept internet guy wasn't the first guy to notice this. It was Davis in 1968, when he decided to bury 600, 000L of chlorine down a mine shaft to observe the plentiful solar neutrinos. He observed 30% of the predicted little interactions. Again, instead of doing away with physics all together he postulated that neutrinos may have different types depending on the environments they've passed passed through.
@AThagoras
No, I don't think scientists are stupid. I also know that GPS technology in no way relies on the validity of notions like "curved space" or "time dilation".
@blurglide
The term "gas giant" is very unfortunate. Planets like Jupiter and Saturn are not primarily gas, they are very large rocky planets with opaque atmospheres. Mercury is smaller than Earth and much closer to the sun than the Earth is. The differences aren't as extreme as they are with Jupiter, but that's hardly a reason to call Mercury "earth-like".
@OhmySKoD
Elements to note here: "dong[sic] math" and "cant account" and "Shunning physics".
This "explanation" proposed by this gentleman is like seeing a train when you're in New York, the train started in Chicago, you've been in New York the entire time yet you baldly announce the train cars have all switched around from the time they left Chicago to the time they arrived in New York. You have no knowledge of their previous states yet you somehow conclude a "change". It's specious.
@fertilizerspike "electromagnetic forces are known to be capable of bending light"
Who knows this?
I can only guess You have some how observed a charged photon in the lab. Explain how that happened please? Also, tell me where I can find information on this discovery.
@CyberNeticRodent
So he says, but I've never watched or commented on any of his videos, or seen his channel page so I wouldn't know. :)
@blurglide
That is thought by some people, I suppose, but certainly not by all people. Firstly, this idea of "metallic hydrogen" is speculative, metallic hydrogen has never been observed. Further, to suggest that we know what Jupiter "consists primarily of" is reaching. We don't know what Jupiter is made of, but if it's anything like every other discovered body in the solar system, it is primarily rock.
@CyberNeticRodent
You seem to think you know how "heavy" Mercury is. The mass derived for Mercury is based on gravity models. Charged bodies able to interact electrically (like the sun and planets) do not obey "gravity" models, their motions are governed by electromagnetic forces. The "mass" derived for Mercury is wrong, thus, so is the density derived for Mercury. One needs to know the relative charges of the sun and Mercury in order to draw conclusions about their compositions.
@CyberNeticRodent
It is painful to see how far we can go reflected in how far we've come, then to have our progress threatened by the "easy" ways out.
@fertilizerspike lol, I can't believe you posted this stuff twice. I'll reply in PM sometime
@OhmySKoD
I don't have to "prove it", it's already been demonstrated that over 99% of the universe is plasma, and that plasmas are governed by electromagnetic forces, not "gravity".
@CyberNeticRodent Me too. If I have time I even engage witnesses who come to the door on Saturday morning. :)
@CyberNeticRodent
That mercury has an "iron core" is highly speculative, at best. Even suggesting the Earth has an "iron core" is speculative. The "geodynamo" idea was dead on arrival, we don't need it to explain Earth's magnetic field, magnetic fields are generated by electric currents. The Earth's motion around the sun is governed by electric and magnetic forces. Further speculation that Mercury "once had a larger mantle" is also specious and unwarranted.
@AThagoras
If this is the only bone you have to pick with my last comment, it's an easy rebuttal.
You think this information is "less reliable" because it disagrees with the fables you've learned.
@TheCurmudgen
You're welcome to your opinion. But you should not blather without expecting some reaction. Its ridiculous to think otherwise!
@AThagoras
I do know exactly what I'm talking about. There is no doubt that the universe is over 99% plasma, and that plasmas are dominated by electromagnetic forces, not "gravity". None of our technology depends on "curved space" or "time dilation" being valid concepts. I live in the same world we all live in. I don't now more than "most of the scientists in the world", I simply see most people aren't scientists, and I know more than they do, certainly.
Plautus Satire yea gps requires accurate math of time dilation or time would continue to be off all over the world. your whole bullshit just got proved wrong. hahahahq
@fertilizerspike and yet people are able to predict where planets will be even before they have seen them, ex. neptune
@OhmySKoD
I'm not familiar with your brick experiment. Perhaps you've written a paper describing it and outlining your conclusions.
There are abundant examples of experiments showing quite conclusively that charged bodies able to interact electrically ignore "gravity", they are affected about thirty times more strongly by electromagnetic forces than by "gravity". There's also abundant evidence showing over 99% of the universe is plasma, so over 99% of the universe ignores "gravity". Get it?
@Peter5930
I understand your feelings, when you've spent most of your life and your entire academic career believing in something stupid, you're reluctant to admit you were ever wrong about it. It's kind of a case of the emperor wearing no clothes. You're emotionally invested in seeing those invisible clothes.
It's always wise to seek an education. It's more important to learn how to think than to memorize a bunch of stories, however. Critical thinking is more than swallowing and regurgitating.
Ten years...
@fertilizerspike what are you even talking about now, we can observe things at the atomic level now with electron microscope technology, we have seen neutrons and protons directly, as you would say it is an observable fact
@OhmySKoD
This, again, is what I like to call the "mystery train" hypothesis. There is no known "neutrino" flux at the surface of the sun. That is to say, we've never tried to measure "neutrino" flux at the surface of the sun. That's where these "neutrinos" are said to originate. We devise machines to detect "neutrinos" then turn the machines on and wait for "neutrinos". No attempts are made to exclude sources other than the sun. The observed "neutrino" flux misses prediction by 2/3. EPIC FAIL
@IronManTalks
angrily? nope! amused! .. 'mallardhead' is a nickname. I know full well how it sets me up for jokes petty people apply, but I use it anyway because of the esteem I hold for the one how gave it to me and the reason I was given for its bestowal. ..
@nutty01 hi... i gues
@TheCurmudgen
Strawman? I followed 'your' lead. 'You' took us everywhere. I responded to what 'you' brought up. .. more like seven, when my first grade teacher taught me what 'civilization' means- a developed culture at the least. .. We started with me wondering if you knew what religion is and how it has advanced humanity.. that's when you started the roller coaster ride. .. 'You' never answered my wondering..
How is it 6 years. It only take mariner 10 147 days to get there.
@fertilizerspike first, learn to spell, it's astronomer, next, their magnetic fields are far to weak to interact with the kind of power that they are, and if they are charged electrically why do we not see objects propelled away from each other because they had like poles facing each other, your theory includes more holes than swiss cheese, while gravity may have some issues it is still a much better theory
@fertilizerspike I'm a research scientist. I know my science. There is nothing wrong with what's in Wikipedia about tests for general relativity.
I wish we had been doing this 100 years ago. We should be exploring space in ships by now if we had gone down the road of Tesla and not oil!
@Peter5930
It's not wise to get information about science from wikipedia. Science is not performed by consensus, wikipedia is ruled by consensus (even when that "consensus" is forced down from the top). This speculation about how thick Mercury's mantle or "core" is has no place in science. Science requires verification.
@mallardhead I get what you are trying to say now, but I don't think it requires such actions because it is impossible in the first place. even if you eradicate all the religious people new religious people would be born, they would search for deeper meaning and create new Gods if old ones would be forbidden.
@BlackFly1988 English second language.
@Kargoneth
probably a 2 max will come.. I was talking about the more radical who want to drop a plague or two or engineer a famine or two and radically cut numbers quickly.. the problem is the tech is there do both. ..teach more science, definitely.. we have the tech to get more food yields. It's just not happening.
@mallardhead My original statement was about how religion has held us back as a society. You followed by saying I didn't know anything about religions. I presented a brief biblical history, one that most Christians, Muslims and Jews follow. These religions make up the majority of the population of the world. You then went into how long civilizations have been around, arguing with me about the definition of the term, accusing me of misusing the English language. YOU are the one
is there mercury on mercury?
@S2000fred
First of all, Mars does have a magnetic field. Secondly, the speculation that Mars' "core is dead" is based on Mars' magnetic field, which is not nonexistent, it is simply different than Earth's.
I also don't know where you got this idea that electromagnetic forces are "short in distance". When dealing with charged bodies able to interact electrically, "gravity" is mooted, electromagnetic forces are thirty times as strong and operate at longer distances. Do some more research.
@IronManTalks
....................
@IronManTalks
You'd have to work at that, killing me.. and that's the difference between us. I want you to live! To live is to grow in knowledge and the graces, to experience the beauty of life, to challenge yourself to your best, and to see your kids and hope for grandkids! ..I used to be all bah-humbug! ..Sorry you h8 so much!
@IronManTalks
It's not my fault you read more into it than is there.. if you need more info then ask questions.. don't assume. Idiots assume!
@bluffr22
Yes, Adolph! 95% genocide while you play Nero!
@SuperiorApostate hitler was religious? where did you get this information? is true though that he grew up in a christian family, but he wasn't the church attending type, so he wasn't practicing, in conclusion he wasn't religious. Just wanted to point that out. I'm not religious also...
@IronManTalks
I'm immune to warped 'brow beaters' like you. I endured a lot of them growing up.. True, I was raised under tough, judgmental circumstances, but demanding is not abusive.. ..You misread my channel..
@IronManTalks ..........
@fertilizerspike Is it wise to go to university and get an education in Earth science and cosmology? I'd hate to think my years of study were wasted on silly things like molten iron cores and gravity, when you've seen right through these apparent falsehoods.
Mercury is not a planet but the moon to Venus.
@OhmySKoD
Wow, wikipedia is wrong when it comes to science? Shocker! Science is not performed by consensus, wikipedia is.
@SuperiorApostate He doesn't know anything, he's a rare breed of epic troll. Just ignore it and it will go away.
@TheCurmudgen
lol! ..So I comment with others.. like you, they say stuff that needs a challenge.. we work it out or they go ballistic.. its a form of conversation.. some even throw out stupid labels, like moron and troll, because they cannot carry their end..
@IronManTalks
pathetic- 'miserably or contemptibly inadequate.' .. I'm sure some feel we both qualify. .. and, no, I like to talk to people and bring enlightenment to them.. I even thank them when they rightly correct or enlighten me..
@fertilizerspike "I don't get my science information from wikipedia. Science is not practiced by consensus."
That's a pity because wherever you get your science information from is much less reliable than Wikipedia.
@fertilizerspike then point me to a reliable source that backs this theory instead of just spouting it out saying there is evidence for it
@mallardhead Though, I would not have a problem with people who would not worship Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism etc. and would only have their personal beliefs and would not force them onto anyone else, just acknowledge that there are things we do not know about the universe and that a, what they would/could define as God, could account for it. But now it is just crazy how religion goes against laws of nature, known facts and people still blindly believe it.
@SuperiorApostate
bluffr22 said, 'i just hope time heals us and the world (or at least west europe / america) go 95% atheist!' ..I called him Hitler as achieving such requires Hiltler-like actions. ..another challenged that, so I pointed out some Progressives call for a 95% reduction in world population. ..Does that help? I know its confusing.
@fertilizerspike Hahaha, exactly what I expected. You fail.
Claims that Mercury is "telluric" or "earth-like" and therefore "must be" similar to Earth in composition are baseless and unwarranted.
@OhmySKoD
You apparently fail to tell me what information I've given that you want supported by evidence. I can't read minds.
@TheCurmudgen
We misread each other. I apologize. Religion, the belief in god(s), has advanced mankind. Historically people tried to discover the ways of god(s) using rudimentary science. The discoveries and advances were called gifts. Hinduism and the Egyptians chronicled many of these. ..But a lot were hidden or lost for a while due to natural disasters, climate changes, wars, social reformations. ..Then came the age you describe. I simply thought you were discounting the earlier stuff. cont
To me Mercury is the scariest and least interesting of the planets because of the proximity to the sun. I would never want to be there. Never!! Only unmanned flights are welcomed.
@BlackFly1988 Wow. You can curse at me and call me names for having the gall to answer your question. Would you like a gold star?
@SubTachyon people reject science and talk about how a bearded man started the earth and are not at all courious as to what really happened
@11235811193049
There is no such thing as an "uncharged item". All matter in the universe enjoys an electric charge.