Demonstrating Quantum Effects At Home: The Stern-Gerlach-Experiment Pt. 1: Rebuilding the cryopump
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- Опубликовано: 8 июн 2024
- I always wanted to recreate the Stern-Gerlach-Experiment. This experiment demonstrated that the spatial orientation of angular momentum is quantized. My explanation in the video is probably not the best, but there are many other videos online explaining it in detail. This experiment was always out of my reach because I did not have the necessary vacuum pump. This changed when I got the cryopump. In this video I will first explain what the plan for this project is, and then I will build a stand for the cryopump and reassemble the pump.
If you want, you can join my patreon to help me working on my projects. All posts will be public, so you can participate without paying. / advancedtinkering
Chapters:
00:00 Explanation (Talking)
09:24 Building a frame for the cryopump
14:13 Reassembly of the cryopump
Source for the videos used:
La Physique Autrement: • spin : Stern and Gerla...
AgentJayZ: • Dropped into a turbine...
Music:
Music by Karl Casey @ White Bat Audio: • 2 Hour Synthwave MIX ... 
Наука
A simple way to make an ultra high vacuum seal that even works at cryogenic temperatures is to use indium wire. You only need two flat surfaces, no need to machine grooves and scratches are no problem. How it works is you lay a piece of indium wire where you want to seal it and you overlap the two ends and twist them a few times. When you bolt down the two surfaces you plastically deform the indium and create a perfect all-metal seal. You can search on youtube for indium vacuum seal to see how it works. I bought some indium wire for something like 100 to 150 euro a few years ago, but I think it's even possible to melt down some of your indium scraps into a little blob and extrude it into a wire with a fondant extruder, the metal is just so soft and it anneals at room temperature. Also, you're doing a really cool project by the way, good luck!
Thank you for the advice!
I love the idea of being able to extrude a wire with a fondant extruder!!!
This channel reminds me of Cody's lab some years ago. But better quality! Keep it up!
Thank you!
@@AdvancedTinkering It reminds me of a mix between Applied Science, and This Old Tony. It's superb!
I also loved learning about the Stern-Gerlach-experiment in my quantum chemistry lecture. Great project!
HYPE!
I'm far from being anything near a high vacuum expert, but I think that super glued o-ring is reeeeaaaally gonna come back to haunt you later. The glue is brittle and the viton is pliable so you're sure to get a crack there eventually. I don't think you need grease on it either. On our high vacuum target chamber at work we have 120 sealing surfaces, each about the diameter of your cryo here that have to be removed and reinstalled monthly. We used grease for a while, but basically it just made a mess of everything. Eventually we cleaned it all off and never used it again. It's just viton on steel now but it works really well for us.
Haha, yes I also thought about the O-ring being a problem in the future. But we will see. I am looking for a flexible glue, that is suitable for this purpose.
Yes, I decided to remove the grease. Another person also told me, that it's not a good idea.
Thank you for your advice!
@@AdvancedTinkering I don't know about viton or other O ring materials but some can be heat welded with just a soldering iron.
Any flexible adhesives I can think of will offgass like it's their job I'd think.
I haven't used your sheer quantity of viton o-rings, but there's an o-ring kit that McMaster-Carr sells which includes some sort of CA glue that works fine. Splicing o-rings well enough to not leak is tricky, usually involves sanding it down, and then using finer sandpaper to bring roughness down, and also cleaning up the joint thoroughly with acetone to make sure you've got all the adhesive. Done well, the adhesive isn't the limit on anything except maybe higher-temperature performance.
That said, you can almost certainly buy a viton, or any other common rubber, o-ring of exactly the right size on McMaster-Carr or elsewhere. There are a lot of stock o-ring sizes.
Ein super Projekt, freue mich sehr darauf. Hoffentlich meisterst du die sicher noch auftauchenden Probleme. Endlich noch jemand, der sein gesamtes Budget in seine wissenschaftlichen Projekte steckt. Gutes gelingen...
Danke dir! Ja ich bin sehr gespannt, welche Hürden da noch so kommen werden. Aber ich habe es mir in den Kopf gesetzt, das durchzuziehen.
Amazing job with creating this content, I'm looking forward to finishing the whole series, I really appreciated the detailed explanations of the various steps. Subscribed
SGE was my all time favourite experiment during my studies!
Great adaptation of the original experiment!
Awesome, can't wait for it!
Thank you! And thank you for your support!
I am actually learning this in my quantum physics course right now, cool to see it on your channel
Nice. Gonna follow this one
I'm glad you like the series!
Really excited to see you replicating this experiment! I'm excited to watch your other videos (found your page when I searched for low pressure sodium lamps and saw you make one - also super awesome!!!)
Thank you! I really hope to be able to make progress on the experiment soon.
Thank you for content.
It is also interesting for me to see that ancient experiment in real life.
I failed to find any experimental reproduction of the *Sequential* Stern-Gerlach experiment. If you succeed in actually building the Stern-Gerlach apparatus, extending it to do sequential measurements would be really awesome! 🤩
I will look into the sequential stern gerlach experiment :)
I could really see you benefiting from a DIY cleanroom / Hood enclosure like the one built by "Huygens optics" here on RUclips.
I followed it as a reference for my own setup, and it really came in handy and made me think about things I wouldn't have considered without watching his video.
Love the channel and I'm very glad I ran across it
I would love to build something similar to that, but at the moment I simply so not have the space for it. I'm allready basically sleeping with my feet touching the workbench. There are many projects I can't do because of the limited space. Once I am able to rent a bigger apartment a dedicated space for vacuum and clean work is planned.
Huygens Optics is a great channel!
@@AdvancedTinkeringthis is going to sound bad at first but hear me out,
Buy a house.
I went from renting at 1400 monthly to an 800 mortgage, but it did take me about 15-20 years to save up $10,000 in single 1$ bills for the down payment... That was good for a number of jokes at the bank.
Just put aside a percentage of what little money you get even if it's only $10 and unless somebody's dying or you're ready to buy a house forget it exists.
Du machst das echt richtig richtig gut. Wow.
Mach weiter, echt der Hammer.
Danke!
Thanks for beautful content again !
It's a pleasure!
Excellent!!!!
great video!!
Thanks!
1:08 Damn, these physicist were OGs and Pimps rocking hard with Cuban cigars lol 😂Excellent youtube channel, explaining how to build the apparatus.
Yeah, different times :D thank you! There will be another video about my progress soon!
I've come here from the future... 21:39 is a foreshadowing of future events.
Seh ich Lorenz drück ich Blus
I wondered if I'd clicked on something when that AgentJayZ clip popped up but it makes sense to see it there! If you still need things made let me know; I have some modest means for that.
I would say for the tree, a metal one that has probably 1-2mm gap between glass should be okay, however you would have to find a different way to attach it. I don't think it would be too difficult to make it using commercial glass funnels and the large diameter tubing you already have for your caesium still. Tapering the glass out on the bit that goes at the bottom would be difficult but I think you should be able to acomplish that using a second, wider tube and joining them together. Techniques of joining small tube to large tube exist already for making water jacket condensers and you can learn about it on the internet. You probably can make it all by hand but a slow speed lathe might be needed for some parts where having 2 hands would be useful. It definitely would be a challenge, but a useful experience. I wish I had some way of getting enough oxygen to run my torch for stuff like glassblowing so I could try some of these things but its proven somewhat difficult. Good luck on this project!
I've been lucky enough to pick up Indian foil on eBay several times... Just leftovers and unused portions from other experiments. But the real deal good expensive stuff that I guess just ended up on eBay somehow for dirt cheap prices. Also there are obviously a lot of new sources that can be imported from China and elsewhere and they are great too... But whenever I can purchase it left over from somewhere like Oakridge lab or another big institute like that... It's always worth it.
@AdvancedTinkering What would happen if the magnetic field was uniform? Would the electrons all collect to the top or bottom end of the screen? I don't see why or even how inhomogeneity would help in this case. If the electrons are quantum then they would be equally distributed in the spin up and spin down state, so even with dipole alignment or whatnot, the orientation of the electrons before they enter the field would be statistical and thus the atoms should still be deflected into two beams. The other issue I have is, how does the two patterns show that the electron can take only two spin states? I get that there are only two deflections on the screen, however, why isn't the intensity of the two deflections the same? Statistically, the spin distributions should be equally probably, the results suggest that one spin state is way more likely than the other. Is this an effect of the deformation within the magnet that produces the inhomogeneity? Could the entire results be explained by the deformation of the magnet instead of being due to any quantum effect?
I hope you cleaned the plastic sheet you put on your workbench. Manufacturing often leaves oily residue on the plastic.
Beautiful diffusion pump! It is sad that the tree from the inside is missing. Maybe it is possible to make it from some ceramic sintered powder? You have 3D printed version, indeed metal could end up cracking the glassware. Maybe 3D print the negative, fill it with some silica or alumina, glue it with water glass to make it solid and then fire it up a bit. It does not need to be fully melted but just sintered and strong enough. I have seen some videos making water glass based cement for high temps, then there is a chance it would work.
As for your cryo pump, depending on the vacuum you will get it is possible to make it better by addition of molecular sieves to cryo chamber. Zeolite based cryo vacuum pumps are well known and with them, you can go to those 10e-6 - 10e-7 mbars. Just note if usefull.
Dl Deez Nutz
Eu am vrut sa spun ca, dupa deductiile mele, pornind de la ipoteza identitatii dimensionale masa-sarcina, rezulta ca electronul este format dintro singura unda E-M de foarte mare amplitudine,(511KV), care se roteste (se propaga) pe cercul de raza electronului Re cu viteza de C/137 (m/s), compusa din doua semiunde diametral opuse si se comporta ca un rotor cu puterea de 1080 W , cate 540 W pe fiecare semiunda, la turatia de 10^20 (rot/s) , un curent de cam 20 A sub o diferenta de potential de 27 V. Si fiind in rotatie, semiundele diametral opuse ale electronului se misca in sensuri contrare. De aceea, cand este in campul magnetic exterior, electronul nu poate interactiona cu ambele seminude simultan, ci interactioneaza doar cu o singura semiunda. Si exista deci probabilitatea egala ca jumatate din electroni sa interactioneze cu o semiunda si alta jumatate, sa interactioneze cu cealalta semiunda. Aceasta ar face ca pe ecranul tubului de experienta sa apara doua sinusoide opuse. Acest fapt experimental a fost interpretat ca find dovada existentei a doua tipuri de electroni. Unii levogiri si altii dextrogiri.
Mr. Deez Nutz
I wanted to say that, according to my deductions, starting from the hypothesis of dimensional identity mass-charge, it turns out that the electron consists of a single E-M wave of very high amplitude, (511KV), which rotates (propagates) on the radius circle of the Re electron with a speed of C/137 (m/s), composed of two diametrically opposite half-waves and behaving like a rotor with a power of 1080 W, 540 W on each half-wave, at a speed of 10^20 (rot/s) , a current of about 20 A under a potential difference of 27 V. And being in rotation, the diametrically opposite half-waves of the electron move in opposite directions. That is why, when it is in the external magnetic field, the electron cannot interact with both half-waves simultaneously, but only interacts with one half-wave. And there is therefore an equal probability that half of the electrons will interact with one half-wave and another half will interact with the other half-wave. This would cause two opposite sinusoids to appear on the test tube screen. This experimental fact was interpreted as proving the existence of two types of electrons. Some are left-handed and others are right-handed.
Eu am dedus ca electronul ar fi o unda stationara de mare amplitudine (de 511 KV), formata din doua semiunde diametral opuse. Iar experimentul Shtern-Gerlac reflecta cu fidelitate structura bipolara a electronului, in care energia cuantei constitutive este distribuita in doua semisinusoide opuse, care corespund celor doua semiunde diametral opuse, din unda stationara de mare amplitudine a electronului. In unda de mare amplitudine a electronului, care se comporta ca un rotor bipolar se verifica faptul ca forta electromagnetica propulsoare este egala cu forta de inertie la nivelul fiecarei semiunde. (B.I.L=m.a). La fel puterea mecanica este egala cu puterea electrica. (F.v=U.I)
I deduced that the electron would be a high-amplitude standing wave (of 511 KV), consisting of two diametrically opposed half-waves. And the Shtern-Gerlac experiment faithfully reflects the bipolar structure of the electron, in which the energy of the constitutive quantum is distributed in two opposite half-sinusoids, which correspond to the two diametrically opposite half-waves of the high-amplitude standing wave of the electron. In the high-amplitude wave of the electron, which behaves like a bipolar rotor, it is verified that the propulsive electromagnetic force is equal to the inertia force at the level of each half-wave. (B.I.L=m.a). Likewise, mechanical power is equal to electrical power. (F.v=U.I)
The adapter you have is not CF, it's ISO100. You can mount an ISO100 flange either to another ISO100 flange, or you can buy an "ISO100 single claw clamp" that you can drill a few blind holes into the plate for, and just clamp the flange directly to it. If your hole isn't 108mm in diameter, you won't be able to use an ISO100 centering ring, but you should still be able to use an ISO100 gasket and be *very* careful when clamping it down.
This is common practice in large chambers that need ISO flanges - no protruding machined pieces are needed.
Just make sure that you clean up the surface before you do it, since it looks like garbage. Some manual sanding and polishing should be fine, it doesn't have to be ultra-flat, just very smooth.
My bad, you are correct. That’s an ISO100 adapter. Thanks for pointing that out!
Awesome, I will look for a ISO100 gasket. Yes the surfaces definitely need to be polished.
Orice radiatie E-M pare sa fie un relief electro-magnetic, care luneca sau gliseaza prin spatiul fizic materializat de oceanul materiei inponderale, fiind propulsat de forta electromagnetica. Forta care se demonstreaza ca, la nivelul fiecarei semiunde este la echilibru cu forta de inertie. (B.I.l=m.a). Asemenea reliefului de pe un disc, care fiind in rotatie, pune in vibratie acul dozei, fara ca pe disc sa existe vreo vibratie.
Any E-M radiation seems to be an electro-magnetic relief, which slips or slides through the physical space materialized by the ocean of weightless matter, being propelled by the electromagnetic force. The force that proves that, at the level of each half-wave, is in balance with the inertial force. (B.I.l=m.a). Like the relief on a disk, which, being in rotation, vibrates the needle of the dose, without there being any vibration on the disk.
How about 3d printing the inner stack with ceramic/porcelain filament? You can then fire it in a kiln to burn off the polymer and sinter the ceramic. You'd still have to look into the thermal expension characteristics, hopefully they are somewhat similar to borosilicate glass...
Yes I also thought about that. But I have seen videos where thin walled parts had deformed a lot when they came out of the kiln. And since they are quite expensive, I haven't tried it yet.
@@AdvancedTinkering that is indeed a problem with especially vitrified ceramics. As a ceramicist I have found that such thin structures can be fired more stable by laying them in a mound of molochite(fine grained calcined kaolin powder). It supports the object when it is most sensitive to slumping at high temperatures. After firing the molochite forms a really soft and porous block around the object which is rather easily removed with a toothpick.
Won't the 3D printed part include significant voids and would outgas?
Just starting this series so this will likely be answered later 🙃
Not sure which part you are referring to but you are absolutely right. 3D printed parts are not suitable for (high) vacuum applications. There will be a new video about the Stern-Gerlach-Experiment soon :)
@@AdvancedTinkering I meant the adapter plate between the cryopump top plate and the kf-40 flange. Might've been just a placeholder part.
Grüße aus Bayern :)
Ah ok. That plate would not be exposed to the vacuum. It's only on the outside and used to clamp the flange against the top plate on the cryopump. But as you will see in the next video, the cryopump idea got replaced really quickly thanks to a turbomolecular pump I got.
Grüße zurück! :)
@@AdvancedTinkering Ahh makes sense.
Have you had a look at fablabs in your area?
Maybe one of them might have CNC/Machining capabilities you could use.
Alternatively machinist RUclips might be of help.
Stefan Gotteswinter would come to mind, maybe he could help.
Stoked for the next episode
Este normal sa nu admiteti ce nu scrie in manuale. Dar dupa ce se descifreaza constanta de actiune h si cu legile electromagnetismului, rezulta structura bipolara a electronului. Inpartiti lungimea de unda a fotonului gama electronic la 137 si apoi la 2.pi si o sa obtineti raza clasica a electronului Re=2,81743.10^-15 (m). 137 este indicele de refractie al mediului atomic, de mare densitate energetica si este egal cu inversul constantei de structura fina alfa. Ceeace dovedeste ca electronul este unda stationara bipolara (adica formata din doua semiunde diametral opuse) de mare amplitudine a fotonului gama electronic. Si ca fotonul gama ca orisicare foton are exact masa particulei din care se naste prin mecanismul reactiei de anihilare. Structura bipolara a electronului ar fi dovedita de experimentul Shtern-Gerlack, in care desenul acare apare pe ecran, pare a fi o reflectare fidela a structurii dinamice a electronului.
It is normal not to admit what is not written in the manuals. But after deciphering the action constant h and the laws of electromagnetism, the bipolar structure of the electron results. Divide the wavelength of the electronic gamma photon by 137 and then by 2.pi and you will get the classical radius of the electron. Re=2,81743.10^-15 (m). 137 is the refractive index of the atomic medium, of high energy density, and is equal to the inverse of the alpha fine structure constant.Which proves that the electron is a bipolar standing wave (ie consisting of two diametrically opposite half-waves) of high amplitude of the electronic gamma photon. And that the gamma photon, like any photon, has exactly the mass of the particle from which it is born through the mechanism of the annihilation reaction. The bipolar structure of the electron would be proven by the Shtern-Gerlack experiment, in which the drawing that appears on the screen seems to be a faithful reflection of the dynamic structure of the electron.
I pictured a gamma ray as being composed of a positron and electron trying to orbit each other, but ending up driving each other forwards along a double-helix.
And your claim is based on what evidence?
You're saying an electron is composed of two em waves attached but with different wavelengths?
just thinking about using a photofilm as a detector?
Mh... interesting idea! But what kinf of photofilm would be sensitive to potassium or silver atoms?
@@AdvancedTinkering shouldn't possibly the energy of the hitting atoms be enough to blacken the photofilm or best the x-ray-film?
the energy is quantumized, so if electrons can blacken the film, why should't silver atoms? i do not know. call it "loud thinking".
@@AdvancedTinkering the other possibility could be a phosphorous foil or screen like seen when there are xrax pictures in cartoons. breaking a leuchtstoffröhre and letting the atoms hit the white stuff should make it glow if the energy is high enough.
I don't think the atoms will have enough energy to blacken the film or get a phosphorous layer to glow. They are not getting accelerated, their speed is only due to the temperature in the oven.
What I was thinking about: Using a piece of filter paper covered with a layer of phenolphthalein. After the experiment, I can use a little bit of steam to get the potassium to react to potassium hydroxide, which will change the color if the indicator to pink.
But I have no idea if it would work.
@@AdvancedTinkering
ah - i didn't get the part with "not accelerated" - so the atoms will have to steam out the oven by coincidence.
the potassiumreaction may be a promising way.
You forgot to talk about the cigars
Hey mate, I'm still interested in making bits for you. (or perhaps helping to get them made more locally to you ;-) )
I'll drop you a message somehow.
Hi,
thank you! You can always contact me at this mail adress: AdvancedTinkering@yahoo.com
The shipping from Australia is quite expensive. I currently have two persons, that offered help. But if you know someone in the EU that would be great!
Have a great day!
@@AdvancedTinkering Hey buddy, sent you an email a while ago (from vapourforge) might have gone to your junk though.
Do you make pieces for private guys like us who have an interest in these things?
Will you be using silver in the oven?
Benutzt du PLA oder PETG?
PLA.
At the link below is hosted my complete paper, on theoretical physics, in which the consequences produced in the theoretical system of current physics by the hypothesis of dimensional identity mass-charge are exposed. drive.google.com/file/d/1HxI9IWXuxdCgXCiVkXIOFq_9MC_zzs0O/view?usp=sharing
La linkul de mai jos este gazduita lucrarea mea integrala, de fizica teoretica originala.
At the link below is hosted my complete paper, on theoretical physics, in which the consequences produced in the theoretical system of current physics by the hypothesis of dimensional identity mass-charge are exposed. drive.google.com/file/d/1HxI9IWXuxdCgXCiVkXIOFq_9MC_zzs0O/view?usp=sharing