God I love this youtube channel but I love the prof even more. I could listen to him talk for hours and hours and will always want more. I wish he was my grandpa. Also, I really love that you guys put out full length videos. Thank you so much for assuming we have an attention span beyond a 12 year old child. Keep up the good work and don't keep me waiting to long for the next video!
Xerox really were the quiet developers behind lots of the computing elements we take for granted these days. In the mid 90's I had the opportunity to help install one of the first Print-On-Demand systems in Ireland using their DocuTech production printers. It was a 15 foot long beast of a machine that could spit out stitched booklets and book bodies ready for binding. All pagination and composition could be carried out via the onboard touch screen, which consisted of a wire mesh overlaid on the monitor. During the training programme at Xerox's Dublin offices our trainer let us into his cluttered little office to see his still functioning Xerox Star. He was _still_ using it in his everyday work and I got to play around with a little. I think our company were operating with Windows for Workgroups 3.11 at the time, and I remember thinking how clunky and quaint the mouse and the desktop environment on his Star were, compared to our superior kit! I wouldn't be at all surprised to find that our trainer, who would be long retired by now, is still using his beloved Star in his study. Well, that's how I'll choose to believe it anyway!
What an absolutely WONDERFUL video! As a young (29) amateur graphic artist with experience in an old family-owned printing company, I greatly enjoyed getting to hear some of the backstory of where the fonts I have taught myself to use came from, and how they were created. Thank you for the time and upload! -Coast of Texas.
As always I thoroughly enjoyed professor Brailsford’s technical and historical wizardry and can’t help wonder why flicky bits hasn’t replaced serifs in common usage !?
I could listen to Professor Brailsford all day, he recounts the history of computer evolution with such fluency and clarity. Names everyone's heard of - Adobe, Linotype, PostScript, PARC - all have a story behind them, and this man can tell them. After all, a wizard is on first-name terms with Ken, Dennis and Brian.
I wish he had gone more in depth into what the hints actually did. I feel like that's kind of the most important part--how they actually fixed the problem--but in the video, he just mentions it, and then moves on.
Great video. I used a program called Font Monster to try my hand at creating a font to be used with our 1AESS and 5ESS switch simulations. 'Nearly drove me nuts. I finally paid a font foundry to do the job. David, your videos are always a trip down memory lane for me. Thanks again
Dear God, this is the most pleasurable thing I have heard in months (and likely years if we're being honest). For the past 5 or 6 months I've been fixated on convincing people that this very topic is the coolest thing ever. As expected, said recipients of my rants haven't won too many friends... I guess it's some futile Luddite survivor's guilt from being a severely awkward bookworm who hid out in the public library growing up - who also happened to be on the 'remedial' side of the literacy spectrum...Many many hours spent perfecting 'appearing to be studiously reading' have finally paid off.
invalidusername It's actually an abbreviation of "picture element" so it kind of makes sense to pronounce it like that. Not that many people do, though!
Fonts are often owned property, you cant simply hand them out with your game, and you cant assume the user to have that 'cool one you like' installed. so learning the basic concept of fonts can save you development issues, and money. I was programming an LED-type display for a game-hud that works at various resolutions... Managing the whole alpha-bet, numbers, and special charachters, and making them readable in 5*6 LED characters, on scalable LED bulbs (3 to 20 or so pixels, AND look the same on various screen-sizes was something of a learning experience... Issues like minimum pixel-count for each LED, while maintaing the size ratio of the LED-matrix-display to game-screen area... and so on... Scaling things to look good isnt as easy to do as it is to imagine, with all those resolutions, aspect ratios, and so on out there... Lots of numbers arent so easily devidable, but you dont want to do TOO many manual exceptions, so it requires some planning... Which is why: Fonts are often owned property, you cant simply hand them out with your game, and you cant assume the user to have that 'cool one you like' installed. so learning the basic concept of fonts can save you development issues, and money.
Hey! They used my comment on the 202 Jailbreak video! I'm famous now. :-) To respond to a specific part of this video: I'd love to see Computerphile do a video about the Xerox PARC people and projects. That'd be fun!
The graduation project of a friend of mine was a chess game written in Postscript. The user would enter his move via the printers menu and the printer would calculate its' move and print an updated board.and so on, etc., ad infinitum.
Yes. Can we have a video about PARC. I remember having a quick go on one of the bitmapped terminals when the BBC and CP/M were "leading edge" and it "blew my mind"
Another excellent video. Every time I watch some from Computerphile, I always end up appreciating my PC more. The blinds and open window in the background were a bit jarring, though. Could you, maybe, watch out for that next time? Still an interesting video!
Amazing story! Thank you very much! I've been with graphics on personal computers from almost the very first days. Some of it I remember, some I may have forgotten.
Super sampling does not really solve the aliasing problem, but I'll have to save my rant about that... Also, a 300 dpi printout is going to be much lighter and blurrier than it should if you apply super sampling. Hinting creates a sharp image and indeed is your only choice when your device only creates sharp images.
I remember - 92-94 - when300dpi was "high resolution". "Draft" meant 150dpi. People were amazed that "30%" shading at 300dpi actually came out at...30%!
Moving the alignment in that regard seems perfectly fine to me as the left-right side bearing alignment would have been rounded off anyway and disappear regardless. Nothing wrong with saving users from doing stupid things with the system themselves
Yeah, and Helvetica Neue still has horrible hinting and it's used by many websites anyway (because Apple uses it, therefore everybody else uses it, no matter if it will be displayed on a retina display or not). I disabled the font on my system so that a better fallback font is used.
Before this video I never knew what 'serifs' meant and I never knew what 'True Type' referred to even though I have read them hundreds of times over 18 years using a computer.
My dad, a developer for the Big Apple Users Group in the late 70s and early 80s, claimed to be a primary contributor to the initiative that created vector fonts - among other computer development. Not sure how valid this is, but I would like to know.
And then something else about the first interconnection between two microprocessors - a typesetter and an Apple II. So you don't need 20k USD for typesetting computer hardware. Only a 2 thousand dollar Apple II. Which people claimed could not be done.
Everyone here is talking about antialiasing as if it's the same problem as here. You might be surprised to learn that modern cg for broadcast tv without using AA runs into the same problem as here but MUCH worse because of screen sizes. AA fixes the problem to some level but because of issues with the depth buffer, it's still often considered unsuitable for most broadcasters.
I wonder if Professor Brailsford is one of the people who likes to spin their rings. I gem on his ring is in a different position in almost every video with him.
I heard that Xerox was actually the ones who started Ctrl-Z,X,C,V for the commands we know them as now. Not sure, but that's what I heard. Also, hinting for printing~ It rhymes!
I'd have to go back and re-watch / do a bit of research, but didn't he mention the "hinting" quite literally being developed by an (albeit ex) employee of Xerox? The copy and paste I believe was someone named Tesler.
The original "Graphical User Interface, GUI" was invented by Xerox. They sold it to Microsoft. The "Disc Operating System, DOS" was invented by IBM. They sold it to Microsoft.
I love your videos. remind me of some of my lectures in computer science but you make it way more interesting and you don't wear sandals with socks ( or at least i don't think you would ) as one of my lecturers did even in the middle of winter.
Am I mistaken or did this video actually neglect to explain how hinting is done? They only explained it in human words. That explanation is the same as saying: "please computer make font look nice". The longer it kept going the more it frustrated me that they never explain the how. In what way can you encode "don't round this down to 0" so that a pixel level decision can be made....?
Very right, 300 dpi looks horrible. And yet, they are trying to tell us that the 200-300 ppi Retina display will be enough for eternity. No it won't! Yes, I am aware of the fact that you can't compare laser printer resolution and screen resolution but 300 dpi ink jet printers also produce horrible text and anti-aliasing is ultimately just a hack. What you want is a 1-bit output with enough pixels so you won't notice it.
Why didn't they just render the letter upsized in memory and then downsample it with 8-bit greyscale, then convert to BW using Floyd-Steinberg or something?
hmm.. I cant think it would take so much time sitting in a paintlike system and pressing which pixels to paint black and which not and generate an algorithm out of that. At least compared to all the man hours he said they used on this "converting algorithm". I could do this on my old Casio calculator...
Borley4 How much would Adobe have to pay you to do this as a lifelong career as a designer: monotonously tweak pixel representations of already existing fonts instead of, oh, create new ones, for example? I bought a few hand-optimized 360dpi Signum!3 pixelfonts for my matrix printer from the Behne brothers - really expensive, and so inflexible, compared to Type1/True-/OpenType scalable vector fonts.
Merely a hint? OK, Professor Brailsford is far to amicable to remove the quotation marks but a professor would not be of much use if he/she wasn't stubborn and filled with a firm original (opinionated) grasp of their fields history. ;-)
Stephen Mortimer Mea culpa. I red your comment and only then realized I ransacked a perfect poem. Forgive my frivolous Facebook fancy of commenting before comprehending and I'll try to refrain from expendable editorializing. ;-)
Aw go on! You made a finer point to my blunt point !! Don't get (as the kids say) so "uptight" you can rest easy the "good old Sean" will injure my psyche if I go too far!!
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God I love this youtube channel but I love the prof even more. I could listen to him talk for hours and hours and will always want more. I wish he was my grandpa. Also, I really love that you guys put out full length videos. Thank you so much for assuming we have an attention span beyond a 12 year old child. Keep up the good work and don't keep me waiting to long for the next video!
I wouldn't mind some discussion about TeX and its variants while we're talking about typesetting.
Another vote for TeX and family.
Ditto.
By the way he pronounces the word "Pixel", I just realized something:
Pixel = Pic+Cell = Picture Cell
My mind just imploded!
Xerox really were the quiet developers behind lots of the computing elements we take for granted these days. In the mid 90's I had the opportunity to help install one of the first Print-On-Demand systems in Ireland using their DocuTech production printers. It was a 15 foot long beast of a machine that could spit out stitched booklets and book bodies ready for binding. All pagination and composition could be carried out via the onboard touch screen, which consisted of a wire mesh overlaid on the monitor.
During the training programme at Xerox's Dublin offices our trainer let us into his cluttered little office to see his still functioning Xerox Star. He was _still_ using it in his everyday work and I got to play around with a little. I think our company were operating with Windows for Workgroups 3.11 at the time, and I remember thinking how clunky and quaint the mouse and the desktop environment on his Star were, compared to our superior kit!
I wouldn't be at all surprised to find that our trainer, who would be long retired by now, is still using his beloved Star in his study. Well, that's how I'll choose to believe it anyway!
What an absolutely WONDERFUL video!
As a young (29) amateur graphic artist with experience in an old family-owned printing company, I greatly enjoyed getting to hear some of the backstory of where the fonts I have taught myself to use came from, and how they were created.
Thank you for the time and upload!
-Coast of Texas.
Sans Serif walks in to a bar. The barman says, "we don't serve your type in here."
I don't get tired of hearing this man talk about the history of computers, fonts and desktop publishing.
Can't wait for the story on true type fonts...
I could literally listen to this guy's voice all day.
Can't wait to hear Professor Brailsford discuss true type fonts
As always I thoroughly enjoyed professor Brailsford’s technical and historical wizardry and can’t help wonder why flicky bits hasn’t replaced serifs in common usage !?
On the 17th minute, my fullscreen video suddenly crashed.
The thing's that fullscreen is powered by Adobe Flash Player.
I could listen to Professor Brailsford all day, he recounts the history of computer evolution with such fluency and clarity. Names everyone's heard of - Adobe, Linotype, PostScript, PARC - all have a story behind them, and this man can tell them. After all, a wizard is on first-name terms with Ken, Dennis and Brian.
I love his videos. They are incredibly interesting. I could listen to him all day.
The David Attenborough of computing
I really appreciate that he never once mixed up computer engineer and computer scientist.
I wish he had gone more in depth into what the hints actually did. I feel like that's kind of the most important part--how they actually fixed the problem--but in the video, he just mentions it, and then moves on.
Great video. I used a program called Font Monster to try my hand at creating a font to be used with our 1AESS and 5ESS switch simulations. 'Nearly drove me nuts. I finally paid a font foundry to do the job. David, your videos are always a trip down memory lane for me. Thanks again
Dear God, this is the most pleasurable thing I have heard in months (and likely years if we're being honest). For the past 5 or 6 months I've been fixated on convincing people that this very topic is the coolest thing ever. As expected, said recipients of my rants haven't won too many friends... I guess it's some futile Luddite survivor's guilt from being a severely awkward bookworm who hid out in the public library growing up - who also happened to be on the 'remedial' side of the literacy spectrum...Many many hours spent perfecting 'appearing to be studiously reading' have finally paid off.
I love how Professor Brailsford says "pixel", I'm going to start saying it like that from now on :D
invalidusername It's actually an abbreviation of "picture element" so it kind of makes sense to pronounce it like that. Not that many people do, though!
Professor Brailsford has this unique talent for storytelling. He can turn a (seemingly!) boring subject into an exciting story.
senior cs proffessors always have the best stories!
Fonts are often owned property, you cant simply hand them out with your game, and you cant assume the user to have that 'cool one you like' installed. so learning the basic concept of fonts can save you development issues, and money.
I was programming an LED-type display for a game-hud that works at various resolutions...
Managing the whole alpha-bet, numbers, and special charachters, and making them readable in 5*6 LED characters, on scalable LED bulbs (3 to 20 or so pixels, AND look the same on various screen-sizes was something of a learning experience...
Issues like minimum pixel-count for each LED, while maintaing the size ratio of the LED-matrix-display to game-screen area... and so on...
Scaling things to look good isnt as easy to do as it is to imagine, with all those resolutions, aspect ratios, and so on out there... Lots of numbers arent so easily devidable, but you dont want to do TOO many manual exceptions, so it requires some planning...
Which is why:
Fonts are often owned property, you cant simply hand them out with your game, and you cant assume the user to have that 'cool one you like' installed. so learning the basic concept of fonts can save you development issues, and money.
Hey! They used my comment on the 202 Jailbreak video! I'm famous now. :-)
To respond to a specific part of this video: I'd love to see Computerphile do a video about the Xerox PARC people and projects. That'd be fun!
Thank the gods for Anti-Aliasing ;)
Typesettingphile
Loving these videos!
I need 8 hours of this man continously speaking
The graduation project of a friend of mine was a chess game written in Postscript. The user would enter his move via the printers menu and the printer would calculate its' move and print an updated board.and so on, etc., ad infinitum.
Yes. Can we have a video about PARC.
I remember having a quick go on one of the bitmapped terminals when the BBC and CP/M were "leading edge" and it "blew my mind"
These videos are the best, I love learning about the history of computers.
Would love some more type-orientated videos. Really enjoyed this, thanks.
Another excellent video. Every time I watch some from Computerphile, I always end up appreciating my PC more. The blinds and open window in the background were a bit jarring, though. Could you, maybe, watch out for that next time? Still an interesting video!
"The problem was solved, essentially"
Reminds me of the Kobayashi Maru.
I love how fast this gets views, this was submitted literally 15s ago.
Boy, does that take me back to my graphic design work days!
I have no interest in fonts whatsoever but I find this guy a good imparter of knowledge.
Amazing story! Thank you very much! I've been with graphics on personal computers from almost the very first days. Some of it I remember, some I may have forgotten.
The things I would do to have your knowledge! I'm just grateful you make these videos, thank you!
Super sampling does not really solve the aliasing problem, but I'll have to save my rant about that...
Also, a 300 dpi printout is going to be much lighter and blurrier than it should if you apply super sampling. Hinting creates a sharp image and indeed is your only choice when your device only creates sharp images.
I am floored on how much there is to fonts....I had no idea.
Btw, would you mind explaining typesetters for people who were born after printers were commonplace. Please?
Hi, I think Professor Brailsford pretty much covers it in this 'Extra Bits' film EXTRA BITS - Printing and Typesetting History - Computerphile
I'm loving these videos. Are there any plans for talking about typesetting systems like TeX in the upcoming videos??
I remember - 92-94 - when300dpi was "high resolution". "Draft" meant 150dpi. People were amazed that "30%" shading at 300dpi actually came out at...30%!
Hand hinted fonts look great even at ~100 dpi on screen and Epson dot matrix printers.
Suddenly my 100ish DPI monitor seems really blurry.
I've never really thought much about fonts until now. Thanks for this interesting and well explained video.
thank you for amazingly interesting history lessons!
11:42 "Hints show" "all the places..." sounds a bit odd. :-)
I think Computerphile has found its Poliakoff. :)
Yes, another one! Don't ever let these stop! :D
I actually enjoy this series more than the graphics one even though I do stuff with graphics.
loved the video and the accidental apple product placement.
Moving the alignment in that regard seems perfectly fine to me as the left-right side bearing alignment would have been rounded off anyway and disappear regardless. Nothing wrong with saving users from doing stupid things with the system themselves
Yeah, and Helvetica Neue still has horrible hinting and it's used by many websites anyway (because Apple uses it, therefore everybody else uses it, no matter if it will be displayed on a retina display or not). I disabled the font on my system so that a better fallback font is used.
Yay for fonts.
This series on fonts is turning out to be a real treasure trove. Typography for the win!
Before this video I never knew what 'serifs' meant and I never knew what 'True Type' referred to even though I have read them hundreds of times over 18 years using a computer.
My dad, a developer for the Big Apple Users Group in the late 70s and early 80s, claimed to be a primary contributor to the initiative that created vector fonts - among other computer development. Not sure how valid this is, but I would like to know.
And then something else about the first interconnection between two microprocessors - a typesetter and an Apple II. So you don't need 20k USD for typesetting computer hardware. Only a 2 thousand dollar Apple II. Which people claimed could not be done.
Everyone here is talking about antialiasing as if it's the same problem as here. You might be surprised to learn that modern cg for broadcast tv without using AA runs into the same problem as here but MUCH worse because of screen sizes. AA fixes the problem to some level but because of issues with the depth buffer, it's still often considered unsuitable for most broadcasters.
Will you talk about TeX and LaTeX?
Hello computer phill. Love your vids
I love this. Thanks to all concerned.
Such an insightful video!
I wonder if Professor Brailsford is one of the people who likes to spin their rings. I gem on his ring is in a different position in almost every video with him.
Really fascinating teacher
I heard that Xerox was actually the ones who started Ctrl-Z,X,C,V for the commands we know them as now. Not sure, but that's what I heard.
Also, hinting for printing~ It rhymes!
I'd have to go back and re-watch / do a bit of research, but didn't he mention the "hinting" quite literally being developed by an (albeit ex) employee of Xerox? The copy and paste I believe was someone named Tesler.
The original "Graphical User Interface, GUI" was invented by Xerox. They sold it to Microsoft.
The "Disc Operating System, DOS" was invented by IBM. They sold it to Microsoft.
I love your videos. remind me of some of my lectures in computer science but you make it way more interesting and you don't wear sandals with socks ( or at least i don't think you would ) as one of my lecturers did even in the middle of winter.
omg rendering a letter is a nightmare. let alone know the width of one in a language from east europe .
Thanks for another one! :)
well what about only turning it on if the pixel was at least half way covered?
michael benzur You don't think they already thought of that?
Simon Magnusson i meant why they didn't mention it. it seems quite obvious haha
I love these videos! Keep 'em coming ;-)
This is fascinating.
What if you rendered to 4-bit greyscale (50% coverage = 8) then turned the results to black and white?
Now or then? What would you prefer to be in
Am I mistaken or did this video actually neglect to explain how hinting is done? They only explained it in human words. That explanation is the same as saying: "please computer make font look nice". The longer it kept going the more it frustrated me that they never explain the how. In what way can you encode "don't round this down to 0" so that a pixel level decision can be made....?
This is a subject I love and am very interested in. But the camera work was very distracting.
What accent does professor Brailsworth have? It’s my favourite of the English accents.
I love how the man pronounces 'pixel'. You'd think he spends most of his summers in Spain....
This is a great video!
Very right, 300 dpi looks horrible. And yet, they are trying to tell us that the 200-300 ppi Retina display will be enough for eternity. No it won't!
Yes, I am aware of the fact that you can't compare laser printer resolution and screen resolution but 300 dpi ink jet printers also produce horrible text and anti-aliasing is ultimately just a hack. What you want is a 1-bit output with enough pixels so you won't notice it.
Does this have anything to do with Vector Graphics ?
Companies like Bell and Xerox didn't own the IP on the inventions of their employees?
I demand a video about LaTex.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX
Dat product placement
***** I'm a website & graphic designer, this video was fascinating to me!
Why didn't they just render the letter upsized in memory and then downsample it with 8-bit greyscale, then convert to BW using Floyd-Steinberg or something?
Why couldn't the designers just redesign the letters to work within the constraints of the 300dpi?
The problem lies in the »just«. It’s prohibitively laborious and expensive to get this kind of manual redesign done in time by professionals.
hmm.. I cant think it would take so much time sitting in a paintlike system and pressing which pixels to paint black and which not and generate an algorithm out of that. At least compared to all the man hours he said they used on this "converting algorithm". I could do this on my old Casio calculator...
Borley4
How much would Adobe have to pay you to do this as a lifelong career as a designer: monotonously tweak pixel representations of already existing fonts instead of, oh, create new ones, for example?
I bought a few hand-optimized 360dpi Signum!3 pixelfonts for my matrix printer from the Behne brothers - really expensive, and so inflexible, compared to Type1/True-/OpenType scalable vector fonts.
All these years and Windows clear type still can't get fonts right... I think I'll stick to freetype.
Love it
Is they now factrol mathematical approch to solve this problem
Why does he say pix-elle?
For the outline over the grid, why didn't they decide to fill in any box with 1/2 of the shape in the box or 1/3?
Xerox PARC always creates everything and never gets the money? lol
avhuf Open source? No way. They licensed that stuff for money.
Bad luck brain that Xerox PARC
Wow soo interesting
So everytime when i will see H
I will think that sometimes cheating is a solution ...
Hahha , awesome video :) Thanks Professor
Fontographer? Isn't that a little bit cowardly? What's wrong with hacking OTF in pure hex?
The solution here is _don't use serifed fonts for small text_.
Pick Cell
Phobe to Phile: great presentation with just a hint of "curmudgeon"!!
Merely a hint? OK, Professor Brailsford is far to amicable to remove the quotation marks but a professor would not be of much use if he/she wasn't stubborn and filled with a firm original (opinionated) grasp of their fields history. ;-)
You have an "in other words" approach - but yeah you got it!!
Stephen Mortimer
Mea culpa. I red your comment and only then realized I ransacked a perfect poem. Forgive my frivolous Facebook fancy of commenting before comprehending and I'll try to refrain from expendable editorializing. ;-)
Aw go on! You made a finer point to my blunt point !! Don't get (as the kids say) so "uptight" you can rest easy the "good old Sean" will injure my psyche if I go too far!!
Apple logo throughout the video annoys me ;)