The Crisis of the Third Century: How Did it End?
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- Опубликовано: 4 июн 2024
- This collaboration video follows on from The SPQR Historian's video about the Crisis of the Third Century and how it finally ended after 50 years of devastation and warfare.
The SPQR Historian's Part:
• What was the 'Crisis o...
Chapters:
00:00 Introduction
00:59 Political Stabilisation
04:40 External Factors
05:50 Economic Recovery and Monetary Collapse
08:23 Military Reorganisation
10:25 Social and Religious Change
12:28 Administrative Reform
14:12 Conclusion
Bibliography:
Primary Sources
Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus, Translated by H. W. Bird (1994).
Dexippus, Fragments, New Jacoby Edition.
Epitome De Caesaribus, Translated by T. M. Banchich, - Third Edition (2018).
Eutropius, The Breviarium ad Urbe Condita, Translated by H. W. Bird, (1993).
Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, Translated by P. L. Maier, (2007).
John Lydus, De Mensibus - Second Edition, Translated by Mishcha Hooker, (2017).
John Zonaras, The History, Translated by Thomas M. Banchich, (2009).
Orosius, Seven Books of History Against the Pagans, Translated by A. T. Fear, (2010).
Zosimus, New History, Translated by R. T. Ridley, (1986).
Scholarship
Casey, P. J. (1994) Carausius and Allectus: The British Usurpers, London.
Jones, A. H. M. (1964) The Later Roman Empire 284-602, Vol. II, Cambridge.
Potter, D. S. (2004) The Roman Empire at Bay AD180-395, London.
Rees. R, (2004) Diocletian and the Tetrarchy, Edinburgh.
Southern, P. (2001) The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge.
Watson, A. (1999) Aurelian and the Third Century, London.
Williams, S. (1985) Diocletian and the Roman Recovery, London.
Email
easternromanhistory@gmail.com
Discord
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Music Credits:
'Time', 'Shadows', 'Guillotine' and 'Pawns' by Ed Lima and Steve Maitland from Empire Earth by Stainless Steel Studios.
All images used are for educational purposes, if I have used a piece of art and you would like me to credit you, please contact me and I shall do so.
Thanks for collaborating with me on this video! I found a new apprication of the third century after talking with you and watching your videos assessing all of the Emperors during the period. It's a really intresting period that's often overlocked or hand waved away
My pleasure, I found it fascinating and always enjoy devoting time to its study. I am glad I was able to help you. through this tricky period.
This is a great collaboration my only problem is I don't know which video to watch first yours or his hahaha
Lol we got 2/3 for the Roman history content peach garden oath xD
For those interested in the Crisis of the Third Century, the Steven Saylor's novel "Dominus" tells in great detail the entire history of the Crisis of the Third Century (from the beginning of the reign of Marcus Aurelius in 165 to the Christianization of the Empire by Constantine in 326). The story is told from the point of view of the Pinarii, a patrician family that had blood ties to the Julio-Claudian dynasty and Queen Zenobia. Absolutely recommend it!
The curious thing is that while Rome was going through the crisis of the third century, on the other side of the world China was also in crisis.The Han dynasty was divided between the warlords Liu Bei, Cao Cao and Sun Quan. I believe the third century was a generalized crisis. Even the Parthians fell.
It is an interesting point to make that quite a few other large empire's were in crisis during this period.
@@EasternRomanHistory And do you know something more interesting? The Jin dynasty that unified China after the three kingdoms period and the Western Roman Empire have something in common. They both fell in the 5th century.
The fall of the Western Jin dynasty amidst the rise of non-Han regimes in northern China during the Sixteen Kingdoms period resembles the fall of the Western Roman Empire amidst invasions by the Huns and Germanic tribes in Europe, which also occurred in the 4th to 5th centuries.
Jin princes and military governors often recruited non-Chinese tribes into their armies in their suppression of rebellions and wars with each other. Also in 304, Liu Yuan, a Xiongnu chieftain, who had been fighting in the Jin civil war on the side of Prince Sima Ying, returned home to Shanxi where he reorganized the five tribes of the Xiongnu and declared independence as the successor to the Han Dynasty. His regime, later renamed Zhao, is designated by historians as the Han Zhao or Former Zhao.
Doesn't look familiar to the germanic tribes that carved kingdoms out of the Western Roman Empire?
@@Deepak_Dhakad Those Huns were really something isn't?
@@Deepak_Dhakad The Rajputs are indeed the steel wall of Bharat.
We like to look at historical periods in large swaths of 100 or more years, and call it an invasion, migration, Pax or Crisis, etc. In another 2,000 years, the historians may refer to the Crises of the 18th to 20th Century, due to all the wars.
As a fan of GALLIENVS, I liked this video.
So, here's an alternative scenario for what if Gallienus reunited the empire:
After he survived the assassination, he made an impressive speech to all his generals and the speech was similar to Alexander's in Opis, telling them how he guarded Rome fagainstits' dark ages, and he rewarded them by promoting them, and even his own secret: He was the reincarnation of GAIVS IVILVS CAESAR,
In 269, he would march on Naissus, killing every Goth as many as possible and recruiting them the remainder as his army by mercy,
He recovered half of Gaul and Hispania not only to take advantage for the infighting in Gallic Empire, but also to take revenge of his dead "ally" Postumus, who indirectly relieved parts of his burden by defending the Rhine frontier,
An fat, ugly anti-Gallienus senator called @tap who encouraged people to debase the coinage and support Postumus gave whole of the Italy Penisula to the Gallic Empire, he immediately marched into Italy and wore his GOLDEN wreath, defeated @tap, executed the senator by flaying him alive brutally and tossed his corpse into fire during a sacrifice in the fashion of the execution of Valerian which had been told by Christians (myth only), as @tap was responsible for murdering Gallienus' wife and raped many women,
There were barbarian hordes invading the empire like the Vandals, he crushed them with his generals while willing to integrate them to the Roman society for their known warrior reputations,
He cleaned all the decadence in Rome by dismissing or executing the corrupt senators, and confiscated their properties for his army pay, while replacing all these positions to his army officers like Probus and Diocletian in the senate,
He built MASSIVE fortifications in Rome like something similar to Aurelian Walls (Gallienus Walls), to keep Rome safe from any enemies,
For Danube safety, he created Little Dacia by reducing the size of Dacia which was 1/4 to it's original size , while repelling the Goths with his best general Aurelian, and delivering IVSTICE to Cinva,
He and Aurelian would gather all cavalrymen he had created, and wreck Zenobia's empire completely, as an act for revenge of another dead ally Odaenathus, and even captured Zenobia,
Returning west, given the fact he acted like Stilicho in the 260s, he would solely CRVSH the Gallic Empire, sparing all cities that he had conquered and forcing Tetricus to bow down before him,
Despite becoming bald like Carus and losing his father and all his sons, Gallienus had saved Rome from the brink of collapse in 280 AD, when he was 62 years old. When he marched on Rome of triumph, he was declared by everyone as RESTITVTOR ORBIS, same as Aurelian in 274 AD despite taking a longer time,
Shockingly, he pardoned Zenobia and Tetricus, allowing them for returning to their respective homeland, gave their descendants senatorial ranks, and even defied Postumus and Odaenathus, building MARBLE statues of them in Rome, alongside Gallienus,
He was GALLIENVS,and the only emperor who was better than AVGVSTVS and TRAIANVS. Not only he had saved the empire, but also decided to rebuild it from the ashes.
In the final campaign ,he raised an army and EXPAND the empire towards the Persian Gulf and parts of the Media, DESTROYED Cestiphon completely and erected a GIANT statue of his own like Trajan there, and even recovered his father's remains, who died of old age around 20 years before and gave a proper burial by Shapur I.
He sacked the way to Merv and killed the incompetent shah Bahram II, forcing it to pay a huge sum of reparations, even deeper into tndia aimed at looting gold, food, and slaves in th, for completely restoring the wealth of the empire,
After the campaign, he did his usual duties, travelling in every corner of the empire for defeating any threat like barbarian hordes, while solving any crisis in the empire until his death in 298 AD, leaving a strong and prosperous empire behind him, and handled his throne to his son-in-law, Constantius I Chlorus.
"May you keep the marble city that I have built for you, until your son decorates it with gold..."- Gallienus' last words to his son-in-law Constantius I Chlorus, before dying.
His body gradually became cold, but his eyes never closed. GALLIENVS, the RESTITVTOR ORBIS, died of old age in his palace, three months after he became gravely ill and defeated a barbarian horde.
Tears rolled out of Constantius I's eyes, as he saw his father-in-law's GIGANTIC body was dissipated gradually into gold dust, and winds carried it into heaven. The same day when GALLIENVS ascended to heaven, everyone cried hardly to mourn him,
And his body was not cremated, instead he stayed in heaven, and watched his empire thrive under the reign of his grandson, Constantine I...
"I see the city of Rome has been decorated with gold and silver, the coins aren't as worthless as the beginning of my reign. My cenotaph, it isn't located in the Hadrian Mausoleum... Instead, it was located in Trier, in order to use my divine light to scare off the barbarians. It is because... I, Gallienus, am both a Roman god and a Christian Saint." , GALLIENVS
Note: Don't take so seriously. This was partly a fanfiction.
I too am a fan of Gallienus, he had to cope with a lot and in many ways he was successful.
@@EasternRomanHistory But @tap disliked Gallienus by using the justification of not beating Postumus. Well, at least he had slapped Postumus' face several times. You know, I am mad at him because he had also teased Diocletian, Severus, Maurice and Domitian...
Yes, you have a point. Although Gallienus was a super-competent emperor, he faced many problems. He faced many bad usurpers like Ingenuus, broke up of the Eastern and Western provinces from the empire, had no support from the corrupt senate, dwarfed by "losses" against Postumus despite it wasn't his fault, many barbarian invasions, debasement of the coinage, forced to work with Odenatheus. Worst of all was the loss of two of his sons, especially Salonius had broken his heart and drove him into vengeance against the murderer Postumus... 😭😭😭
@@causantinthescot if aureolos didn't betrayed him,he could had prevented the gallic empire secession
@@alessandrogini5283 And if he had more luck
"Et tu, Brute?" Julius Caesar's last words before dying
"Et tu, Claudius?" Gallienus' last words before he had been betrayed by his generals, despite not being as tragic as Julius Caesar's ones.
Poor Julius Caesar tried his best to hold all things together and rebuilt Rome from the ashes, but he ended up being betrayed by some well-intentioned senators like Brutus. May his soul rest in peace, and the injustice against him will end forever. 😔
It is quite sad that the 1000th anniversary of the founding of Rome was celebrated during such a really depressing and decadent period. Romulus sure would have considered absolutely unworthy to celebrate the anniversary in the midst of the great crisis of the Empire. I mean, not alls states can boast of being 1000 years old...
And celebrated by an Arab no less
@@MrAwrsomeness A _Romanised_ Arab.
@@MrAwrsomeness He was a nice guy
@@MrAwrsomeness He's okay and fairly competent, but wasn't as strong-willed as his successor and Gallienus.
Excellent! Thank you for your hard work to help educate us on this topic!
Great collaboration!
Thank you, it was a pleasure.
Crisis of the 3rd Century explained very well here. It should be noted that the Emperors and Senators made the difficult decisions to reform the old system. I highly doubt our leaders today would be so eager to do the same. Great video! "Like" and "Subscribed"
Thank you very much. Always a pleasure.
An excellent summary, well researched and presented.
Thank you very much.
Nice video
I’ll be honest this solution to the 3rd century crisis was a pretty damn creative way of solving that succession crisis issue
The background music sounds very Empire Earthy ... brings back good gaming memories.
An astute observation. I like it too.
Diocletian: *Establishes a "dominate", creating an autocratic regime in which the Senate loses a lot of its power*
Senators: *Shrug* "Meh. As long as he doesn't proclaim himself King, seems perfectly legit..."
He left them some provinces
Empire Earth music
Constantine did manage to solve the praetorian issue,by having the Senatorial families intermingle with the royal one.The Senate regained much of the prestige it had once lost,under the previous emperors.
Well written and produced. Plus u pronounced swathe correctly...not sure y so many presenter struggle with tht one. ;)
Thank you, glad you enjoyed it.
What caused the crisis? And I mean beside obvious and simple answers such as "civil wars" their was certainly cultural economic political and social tensions brewing underneath.
Did you watch my collaborators video?
If not hopefully this helps: ruclips.net/video/9fNIMdA8qWk/видео.html
Crisis might not be the right word. It's more like "several decades where recurring instability took place."
@@histguy101 Perhaps Crises of the Third Century.
>close tab with Constantine and the Criss to check something
>see this
wait it's illegal
Diocletian created a new political/social order that would continue for over a thousand years. And Constantine did the same for religion.
First sorry guys about my bad english and just to add. I love all free and good people and nation on the world, just I cant belive what my kids learn about history. When someone on wikipedia write Theodoric or Athalric and trying to explain me that some guy with last name Teodoric, mostly all were born or lived in teritory of Serbia and that he was a Ostrhogot, i dont belive in this story.
The Great Diocletian!