Kartvelian and Hurrian Confederations of Nairi, Etiuni and Khayasha-Azi - 1500-860 BC
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- Опубликовано: 8 янв 2024
- Ibero-caucasian (Georgian and Hurrian) - 83 states of Nairi (South Caucasus) - 1400-860 BC.
Nairi States - Union of Independent States (Nairi - South Caucasus - Eastern Anatolia) - a confederation of dozens of small tribal states of Kartvelian (Georgian) and Hurrian-Urartian aboriginal Caucasians. existed in BC From the 14th century BC - until 860 BC.
"At that time, in the name of my God, Asur and with his great power, and with a devoted help of the brave God Shamash, with a help of the great Gods. (I, Tiglathpileser), who rightfully rule over the four sides of the Earth, and no one can defeat me in war, and no one is equal to me in the battle. i went to the distant Kingdoms, who did not know what the obedience is, and who (live) near the shores of the northern sea, God Asur, My lord, sent me there and i went through the pathless roads and through the hard passovers, that was not seen by any other King before me. through the stifling paths and locked roads, I overwhelmed Mountains: Elama, Amadana, Elkhish, Sherabeli, Tarkhuna, Tirkakhuli, Kisra, Tarkhanabe, Elula, Shakhtarae, Shakhishara, Ubera, Miliadruni, Shulianzi, Nubanashe and Sheshe - 16 enormous mountains. on the good roads, i used to move with my cab, (but) on the locked roads, i paved the ways with a bronze pickaxes. i cut the trees of the mountains and build the bridges to take my troops through the River Euphrates. The king of Tumme, the king of Tunube, the king of Tuali, the king of Kindari, the king of Uzula, the king of Unzamuni, the king of Andiabe, the king of Pilakinni, the king of Aturgini, the king of Kulibarzini, the king of Shinibirni, the king of Khimua, the king of Paiteri, the king of Uiram, the king of Abaeni. the king of Adaeni, the king of Kirini, the king of Albaia, the king of Ugina, the king of Nazabia, the king of Shururia, the king of Abarsiuni and the king of Daiaeni, thoroughly 23 kings of Nairi countries united their troops in their countries, with their Chariots and soldiers and came to me for war. with my horrifying weaponry, i attacked them. Like the downpour of the God Adad, i destroyed their troops and scattered their dead bodies near the territories of their cities and hill-tops. Their 120 armored Chariot became mine and another 60 kings of Nairi countries, who came to help them, i chased to the upper sea. I conquered their Cities and took their wealth, i burned their cities in fire, ravaged, destroyed, smashed and made hills of ruins from them. unnumbered flocks of Horses, mules and the cattle of their fields - i appropriated. My hand imprisoned every king of Nairi alive. I had mercy on these kings, kept them alive. I freed them, locked and bounded, in front of my lord Shamash and i made them swear to serve my Great Gods from today to the eternity. I took their sons and inheritors as a hostages, i prescribed tribute to them - 1200 horses and 2000 cattle and then let them go to their countries. Sien - The King of Daiaen, Country that did not obey God Asur - My Lord, I took him bounded in my City Asur and there i forgave him. I let him go from my City as an obedient towards Great Gods and i let him go to live and to obey. I totally conquered Nairi countries. Their Every King i overthrew under my feet."
Tiglath-Pileser I (Reign 1114-1076 BC) - King of the Middle Assyrian Empire. Text is written in 1112 BC.
here we can see, that in only Nairi Countries coalition and in its territory, there are very developed Cities and every City is in fact a City-State and Each of them has their own kings. It was like Greek or Mesopotamian, Sumerian City-States, but when the enemy used to come, they were united and used to form a coalition of Nairi countries. we know the names of 23 Nairi countries that existed from the 12'th century BC to 860 BC, when Urartu was formed on these territories and united these 23 countries. the population of Nairi countries were Ibero-Caucasians: Hurrians and Kartvelians (Georgians).
Tukulti-Ninurta I was a king of of Assyria in 1243-1207 BC. in one of his written source He writes: "Every country of Nairi and Also every country, that is on the seashore of the upper sea, was defeated by my hand. I submitted their 40 Kings, I subverted them under my feet and made them to pay a tribute."
Upper sea, that is mentioned here is a Black sea and the countries near the seashore of the black sea are the territories of Colchian tribes. it seems, that in 1243-1207 BC - there were at least 40 Independent states, or City-states in South Caucasus in the XIII century BC.
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Ibero-caucasian (Georgian and Hurrian) - 83 states of Nairi (South Caucasus) - 1400-860 BC.
Nairi States - Union of Independent States (Nairi - South Caucasus - Eastern Anatolia) - a confederation of dozens of small tribal states of Kartvelian (Georgian) and Hurrian-Urartian aboriginal Caucasians. existed in BC From the 14th century BC - until 860 BC.
"At that time, in the name of my God, Asur and with his great power, and with a devoted help of the brave God Shamash, with a help of the great Gods. (I, Tiglathpileser), who rightfully rule over the four sides of the Earth, and no one can defeat me in war, and no one is equal to me in the battle. i went to the distant Kingdoms, who did not know what the obedience is, and who (live) near the shores of the northern sea, God Asur, My lord, sent me there and i went through the pathless roads and through the hard passovers, that was not seen by any other King before me. through the stifling paths and locked roads, I overwhelmed Mountains: Elama, Amadana, Elkhish, Sherabeli, Tarkhuna, Tirkakhuli, Kisra, Tarkhanabe, Elula, Shakhtarae, Shakhishara, Ubera, Miliadruni, Shulianzi, Nubanashe and Sheshe - 16 enormous mountains. on the good roads, i used to move with my cab, (but) on the locked roads, i paved the ways with a bronze pickaxes. i cut the trees of the mountains and build the bridges to take my troops through the River Euphrates. The king of Tumme, the king of Tunube, the king of Tuali, the king of Kindari, the king of Uzula, the king of Unzamuni, the king of Andiabe, the king of Pilakinni, the king of Aturgini, the king of Kulibarzini, the king of Shinibirni, the king of Khimua, the king of Paiteri, the king of Uiram, the king of Abaeni. the king of Adaeni, the king of Kirini, the king of Albaia, the king of Ugina, the king of Nazabia, the king of Shururia, the king of Abarsiuni and the king of Daiaeni, thoroughly 23 kings of Nairi countries united their troops in their countries, with their Chariots and soldiers and came to me for war. with my horrifying weaponry, i attacked them. Like the downpour of the God Adad, i destroyed their troops and scattered their dead bodies near the territories of their cities and hill-tops. Their 120 armored Chariot became mine and another 60 kings of Nairi countries, who came to help them, i chased to the upper sea. I conquered their Cities and took their wealth, i burned their cities in fire, ravaged, destroyed, smashed and made hills of ruins from them. unnumbered flocks of Horses, mules and the cattle of their fields - i appropriated. My hand imprisoned every king of Nairi alive. I had mercy on these kings, kept them alive. I freed them, locked and bounded, in front of my lord Shamash and i made them swear to serve my Great Gods from today to the eternity. I took their sons and inheritors as a hostages, i prescribed tribute to them - 1200 horses and 2000 cattle and then let them go to their countries. Sien - The King of Daiaen, Country that did not obey God Asur - My Lord, I took him bounded in my City Asur and there i forgave him. I let him go from my City as an obedient towards Great Gods and i let him go to live and to obey. I totally conquered Nairi countries. Their Every King i overthrew under my feet."
Tiglath-Pileser I (Reign 1114-1076 BC) - King of the Middle Assyrian Empire. Text is written in 1112 BC.
here we can see, that in only Nairi Countries coalition and in its territory, there are very developed Cities and every City is in fact a City-State and Each of them has their own kings. It was like Greek or Mesopotamian, Sumerian City-States, but when the enemy used to come, they were united and used to form a coalition of Nairi countries. we know the names of 23 Nairi countries that existed from the 12'th century BC to 860 BC, when Urartu was formed on these territories and united these 23 countries. the population of Nairi countries were Ibero-Caucasians: Hurrians and Kartvelians (Georgians). these Ibero-Caucasian countries, were:
1) Tumme (Nairi Country) - approx. 1400-860 BC. Succeeded by Urartu.
2) Tunube (Nairi Country) - approx. 1400-860 BC. Succeeded by Urartu.
3) Tuali (Nairi Country) - approx. 1400-860 BC. Succeeded by Urartu.
4) Kindari (Nairi Country) - approx. 1400-860 BC. Succeeded by Urartu.
5) Uzula (Nairi Country) - approx. 1400-860 BC. Succeeded by Urartu.
6) Unzamuni (Nairi Country) - approx. 1400-860 BC. Succeeded by Urartu.
7) Andiabe (Nairi Country) - approx. 1400-860 BC. Succeeded by Urartu.
8. Pilakinni (Nairi Country) - approx. 1400-860 BC. Succeeded by Urartu.
9) Aturgini (Nairi Country) - approx. 1400-860 BC. Succeeded by Urartu.
10) Kulibarzini (Nairi Country) - approx. 1400-860 BC. Succeeded by Urartu.
11) Shinibirni (Nairi Country) - approx. 1400-860 BC. Succeeded by Urartu.
12) Khimua (Nairi Country) - approx. 1400-860 BC. Succeeded by Urartu.
13) Paiteri (Nairi Country) - approx. 1400-860 BC. Succeeded by Urartu.
14) Uiram (Nairi Country) - approx. 1400-860 BC. Succeeded by Urartu.
15) Abaeni (Nairi Country) - approx. 1400-860 BC. Succeeded by Urartu.
16) Adaeni (Nairi Country) - approx. 1400-860 BC. Succeeded by Urartu.
17) Kirini (Nairi Country) - approx. 1400-860 BC. Succeeded by Urartu.
18) Albaia (Nairi Country) - approx. 1400-860 BC. Succeeded by Urartu.
19) Ugina (Nairi Country) - approx. 1400-860 BC. Succeeded by Urartu.
20) Nazabia (Nairi Country) - approx. 1400-860 BC. Succeeded by Urartu.
21) Shururia (Nairi Country) - approx. 1400-860 BC. Succeeded by Urartu.
22) Abarsiuni (Nairi Country) - approx. 1400-860 BC. Succeeded by Urartu.
As we can see, Also there is mentioned 60 other kings of Nairi (South Caucasian) countries, who came to help these 23 Kings. That another 60 kings were the kings of the countries, that was northward from these 23 Nairi countries - on the territory of 21'st century's Georgia. According to these sources there was at least 83 small states in south Caucasus in 13th century BC.
Tukulti-Ninurta I was a king of of Assyria in 1243-1207 BC. in one of his written source He writes: "Every country of Nairi and Also every country, that is on the seashore of the upper sea, was defeated by my hand. I submitted their 40 Kings, I subverted them under my feet and made them to pay a tribute."
Upper sea, that is mentioned here is a Black sea and the countries near the seashore of the black sea are the territories of Colchian tribes. it seems, that in 1243-1207 BC - there were at least 40 Independent states, or City-states in South Caucasus in the XIII century BC.
A few words of cuneiform inscriptions from the vicinity of Lake Van (Kingdom of Urartu) were deciphered by Archibald Sayce. The material is taken from his book.
Here are the big city-states that were developed on the territory of Georgia at that time, they were called: Irduani, Irmaani, Irhuiani and Anistiri.
Also there are the names of 3 regions on the territory of Georgia, that were called: Lusa, Huisusini and Uriani.
There are also 2 names of Proto-Georgian kings: King Huedaini of Irmaani and King Ultuzaini of Anistyri.
Etiuni (Etiuḫi, Etiukhi, Etiu, Etio, Etuna, Etina) - an early Iron Age tribal confederation in northern parts of Araxes rivers, roughly corresponding to the Central part of todays Armenia. Etiuni was frequently mentioned in the records of Urartian kings, who led numerous campaigns into Etiuni territory. It is very likely it was the "Etuna" or "Etina" which contributed to the fall of Urartu, according to Assyrian texts. It is a great possibility, that it had Georgian-speaking population or Urartian-Georgian mix. Igor Diakonoff considered Etiuni to be a Hurro-Urartian people.
The Urartians sometimes used the variation, Etiuḫi, which seems to have referred to the people of Etiuni specifically. Etiuni was compromised of a number of small kingdoms and tribes, included Iga (also known as Igani, Iya, and Aia). Abiliani and Apuni, probably corresponding to the Armenian Abełean and Havnunik, in Kars region, and the Luša, Katarza, Uiṭeruḫi (Witeruḫi), and Gulutaḫi, of the South Caucasus. Another region of Etiuni was Liquini, located near Armavir. The city of Aza, mentioned by Rusa as an important temple-city along the Araxes River, has been connected to the wealthy religious center, Azara, which was later placed by Strabo near Artashat. The Etiunian lands of Uelikuni (Welikuni) and Tiluḫu were located on the western shore of Lake Sevan and Kekuni was on the lake's northern shore. The archaeological site of Lchashen, probably corresponding to the city of Ishtikuni, was located in one of these kingdoms. The Urartians mentioned "the four kings of Uduri-Etiuni." This may have referred to a separate, but perhaps culturally and linguistically connected, confederation from Etiuni, comprising the lands Lueḫi, Kemani, Urteḫini, and Arquqini, stretching along the southern shore of Lake Sevan. The word "Uduri" probably means "water" (referring to its location along Lake Sevan). Etiuni was bordered by Georgian state Diaeuḫi to the west, Urartu and possibly the separate lands of Biani to the south and Georgian state Kulḫi, Kulkhi, Kolkha (Cholchis) to the north and northwest.
During the co-regency of Išpuini and his son, Menua, Urartu began expanding northward into Etiunian territories, battling the Katarza and Luša tribes, bragging about conquering Liquini and "the mighty land of" Erkuaḫi, and putting Etiuni under tribute as a result. Menua's son, Argišti, ventured further into Etiunian territory than his predecessors, building the fortress of Erebuni (located in Yerevan) on newly conquered land, and bringing to it 6600 warriors from Hatti and Shupria. Argišti conquered Apuni, Luša (castrating its king as a result), and Iga, taking many of the inhabitants of these regions as captives.
However, the Etiunians seem to have revolted and invaded Urartu during Argišti's reign, stealing the aštiuzi (perhaps an idol of a god, compare this word to Armenian Astuas (god)) of the Urartian religious center, Musasir.
Sarduri II, Argišti's son, also launched numerous military campaigns in Etiuni in the 740s BCE, battling with local rulers and the king of Etiuni, Diaṣuni. However, whatever became of this confrontation with Diaṣuni is unknown, as the text breaks off.
According to the Assyrians, "the Etinaeans" revolted three times during the reign of Rusa I, Sarduri II's son. These revolts apparently resulted in Urartian military losses and Urartu being "plundered."
A later Assyrian text mention that Urartu had been "destroyed" by the "people of Etuna."
The Urartians only named one king of Etiuni - Diaṣuni of Iga. Other kings of regions of Etiuni were likely rulers of smaller kingdoms or local chieftains. These included: Murinu of Uelikuni, Murini of Abiliani, Ṣinalbi of Lueḫi, Rashu of Ruishia, and Kapurini of Iga.
Archaeologists connect Etiuni with the Lchashen-Metsamor culture. Lchashen-Metsamor culture ultimately descends from the Trialeti-Vanadzor culture. Ishtikuni, near modern Lchashen, is a notable Etiunian archaeological site. The Metsamor site, near modern Taronik, was an important metal-working center during the Iron Age.
Nairi hayasa etiuni non indoeuropean ancestors of armenians hayk=father of armenians(hayer) and brother of kartlos and other caucasian tribes such as caucas lekos etc..hayk:Armenian historiography of the Soviet era connected Hayk and hay with Hayasa, a people mentioned in Hittite inscriptions.[4][6] Some authors derive Hayk and hay from Khaldi/Ḫaldi, the chief god of the Urartian pantheon, and also identify Hayk with the Urartian deity.
@@christian78478hayk definitely was not indoeuropean at this time there were no indoeuropean tribes in armenian highland only indigenous tribes like u show in the video;)👍
@@varg3952 It seems, you were right, when you told me that. As i remember, 1 year ago, if i am not mistaken.
@@christian78478yea 😉 it looks like that otherwise I can't explain it because the Armenians as such didn't immigrate from anywhere there are almost no sources about it yes about some Indo-European tribes such as Anatolians and later some Iranians but it's not clear...
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I'm interested what are the main sources to believe those were Georgian (Proto-Georgian) tribes
In the South Caucasus there were only two groups of people: Kartvelians and Hurrians. Only from the 6th century BC, Indo-Europeans appeared here. then, in the middle ages - Turkics.
@@christian78478 Yeah I read that too but uhhh thing is that's not a source that's more like a theory, most historians agree that Armenian highlands are also one of the starting points of Indo-europeans and there were many early armenian cultures such as Hayasa-Azzi
@@Wonderr3 Indo-Europeans were formed in the southern parts of Russia, near North Caucasus, in the Pontic-Caspian steppes from 3500 BC. Armenian highlands theory is not right.
@@christian78478 Didn't Indo-europeans arrive in the Armenian highlands territory in 1500BC with the arrival of hittites? doesn't that make the theory that nairi and urartu was armenian more true? or am I just confused idk
@@Wonderr3Hittite territory was mainly central Anatolia.