Many thanks to science and technology company Merck for sponsoring this video! Find out more about directed self-assembly and the past and future of microchips by listening to their podcast about it: www.merckgroup.com/en/future-talk/1592785/?ko=anst Edit 25/03/2023: So sorry to hear about Gordon Moore today. www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65073812 His name will forever be synonymous with a half-century of impossible-seeming technological progress. This video was made well before the news but it seems fitting that I released it just in time to be a tribute. RIP Gordon Moore-but may your Law live on.
Great explainer graphics as always, now I feel more sympathetic after being stuck on 14nm with ever increasing TDPs for half a decade! Didn't realise how much of a problem the UV light wavelength was during fabrication as most of the tech coverage for laypeople like me emphasises the issues with transistor size and electrons.
I think in the early nineties, there were attempt to combine rhodopsin and lasers as logic gates to replace semi-conductors, I don't know whether the idea went further than scribbles on the back of an envelope.
Thanks! And yes, Merck has been a real pleasure to work with! They also sponsored this video from last year ruclips.net/video/HaI29AWUsPI/видео.html and there’s another one coming soon!
@Andrew Steele I remember having some reflective hedgehog stuff on my school bag. And then there were the TV adverts. Stop look listen live, or something. There was a singing hedgehog anyway
The whole self assembly idea makes me wonder: solids don’t usually mix with each other, so I assume they will be liquids, or solid + liquids and that just feels like growing something, with extra steps. What a time to be alive, needing to “grow” microchips to make them smaller.
It is a wild time to be alive! And the self-assembling molecules are usually dissolved in something, so they’d be solid in bulk but they’re able to move around in solution and find the right way to self-assemble. :)
Thanks! And good question…maybe something quantum?! But I’m guessing not for a while! The great thing about materials is that they give us the power to control the subatomic particles (ie electrons) that are doing the real work!
You'd need to keep the chips at almost absolute zero (degrees Kelvin) or probabilistic quantum effects would take over and crash your OS every other nanosecond...
Slightly jealous you got a computer as early as 1993… I had to wait another four years! But remember the 486 fondly from a friend’s house (well, remember Doom on it fondly)
I don’t know the exact optical details, but I’m sure the engineers tried to minimise the number for exactly that reason! My guess is it’s because you can’t make a single mirror that reflects the light precisely enough: there are a number of issues known as ‘optical aberrations’ that basically make it impossible to precisely focus light if you’re just using one mirror or lens. It’s the same reason camera lenses have multiple glass elements-one on its own would have an image that was blurry at the edges/brought different colours to focus at different points etc, but by combining a few different ones together, you can ‘cancel out’ these optical errors and get a sharper image. :)
Definitely! In the short term I think we’re going to do amazing things redesigning chips for specific applications, like the various tensor chips for machine learning but on steroids…and then who knows what amazing stuff new materials will allow. Bring it on!
There are loads of video frame rates! Common ones include 25, 30, 60 and 29.97 and 59.94 (don’t ask)…while games usually display at a variable frame rate depending on how fast your graphics card is! And it’s important to keep Moore’s law going because so much of our society and economy depend on faster, more power-efficient computing. :)
13:33 "Current chips are flat" that's not 100% true. FinFET is a technic to make 3D transistor, and the first "stacked CPU" are already on the way with Intel EMIB and Foveros
YES IT IS A GOOD VID BUT WHY NOT JUST USE X-RAYS OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT. I really don't get why you need EUV when much higher frequency light is much easier to make.
It is something they’re thinking about for the next generation of chips…but there are still challenges making the X-rays monochromatic (or just one wavelength), and finding chemicals that react to them.
just speak in Hindi you will get millions of views from Indian audience. Indians love to hear anything from a person from the western part. Your longevity videos need millions of views.
Many thanks to science and technology company Merck for sponsoring this video! Find out more about directed self-assembly and the past and future of microchips by listening to their podcast about it: www.merckgroup.com/en/future-talk/1592785/?ko=anst
Edit 25/03/2023: So sorry to hear about Gordon Moore today. www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65073812 His name will forever be synonymous with a half-century of impossible-seeming technological progress. This video was made well before the news but it seems fitting that I released it just in time to be a tribute. RIP Gordon Moore-but may your Law live on.
This is the greatest explanation of EUV i've ever seen. You did really great 🎉
Thank you! :D
It's not often I watch a channels entire back catalogue of videos but these are so great :)
Thanks! That’s lovely to hear :)
You skipped over the part where they used interference patterns to create structures smaller than the wavelength of light used
I skipped over quite a bit to be fair! :) But that is incredible too!
1:54 certified Dr. Darling moment 😂
Great explainer graphics as always, now I feel more sympathetic after being stuck on 14nm with ever increasing TDPs for half a decade! Didn't realise how much of a problem the UV light wavelength was during fabrication as most of the tech coverage for laypeople like me emphasises the issues with transistor size and electrons.
Thanks! And yeah it was news to me quite _how hard_ it is to make the stuff!
wow, fantastic content here! just found you from rohin's podcast. your videos are very comprehensive and engaging, keep up the great work!
Welcome, and thanks! And glad you enjoyed the podcast with Dr Crisis! :D
please make videos on quantum mechanics ,how to approach ,your expereince and etc
I think in the early nineties, there were attempt to combine rhodopsin and lasers as logic gates to replace semi-conductors, I don't know whether the idea went further than scribbles on the back of an envelope.
Amazing video! Thanks for all the hard work you’re doing 😃
Incredible...
Thank you for a wonderfully-explained report.
Brilliant video Andrew! Very Fascinating explanation!
Really interesting, well done
Thank you!
Great video!
Thanks! :D
Great Video! Very interesting.
Also great sponsor. I loved working at Merck in Darmstadt. First time I have seen them sponsoring a RUclips video.
Thanks! And yes, Merck has been a real pleasure to work with! They also sponsored this video from last year ruclips.net/video/HaI29AWUsPI/видео.html and there’s another one coming soon!
Hedgehog stickers. You definitely got them from school in a Stop, Look, Listen assembly 😂
Hahaha I think that might be it! It definitely rang some road safety bells but I couldn’t remember where I got them…
@Andrew Steele I remember having some reflective hedgehog stuff on my school bag.
And then there were the TV adverts. Stop look listen live, or something. There was a singing hedgehog anyway
@@leftysheppey Well, my computer would’ve been pretty safe if I’d ever crossed the road with it…
Best EUV machines are from asml, powered by special optics from ZEISS
The German company.
@@maxpower1337 yes
The whole self assembly idea makes me wonder: solids don’t usually mix with each other, so I assume they will be liquids, or solid + liquids and that just feels like growing something, with extra steps. What a time to be alive, needing to “grow” microchips to make them smaller.
It is a wild time to be alive!
And the self-assembling molecules are usually dissolved in something, so they’d be solid in bulk but they’re able to move around in solution and find the right way to self-assemble. :)
Any possibility subatomic particle chips? Your presentation was fascinating Andrew.
Thanks! And good question…maybe something quantum?! But I’m guessing not for a while! The great thing about materials is that they give us the power to control the subatomic particles (ie electrons) that are doing the real work!
You'd need to keep the chips at almost absolute zero (degrees Kelvin) or probabilistic quantum effects would take over and crash your OS every other nanosecond...
Slightly jealous you got a computer as early as 1993… I had to wait another four years! But remember the 486 fondly from a friend’s house (well, remember Doom on it fondly)
Are you sure this isn't a Dean Koontz novel?
Why so many mirrors if they’re that bad for the power?
I don’t know the exact optical details, but I’m sure the engineers tried to minimise the number for exactly that reason! My guess is it’s because you can’t make a single mirror that reflects the light precisely enough: there are a number of issues known as ‘optical aberrations’ that basically make it impossible to precisely focus light if you’re just using one mirror or lens. It’s the same reason camera lenses have multiple glass elements-one on its own would have an image that was blurry at the edges/brought different colours to focus at different points etc, but by combining a few different ones together, you can ‘cancel out’ these optical errors and get a sharper image. :)
Computers starting to get exciting again, there's nothing like a limit to bring out creativity.
Definitely! In the short term I think we’re going to do amazing things redesigning chips for specific applications, like the various tensor chips for machine learning but on steroids…and then who knows what amazing stuff new materials will allow. Bring it on!
I thought videos were 24FPS and only video games were 60FPS (or more commonly 30, these days).
Why is it so important to keep Moore's Law going?
There are loads of video frame rates! Common ones include 25, 30, 60 and 29.97 and 59.94 (don’t ask)…while games usually display at a variable frame rate depending on how fast your graphics card is!
And it’s important to keep Moore’s law going because so much of our society and economy depend on faster, more power-efficient computing. :)
13:33 "Current chips are flat" that's not 100% true. FinFET is a technic to make 3D transistor, and the first "stacked CPU" are already on the way with Intel EMIB and Foveros
fastest ever running cpu was an Intel i9 13900k 9008.82 MHz
before that it was AMD FX‑8370 @ 8722.8MHz
and today they even run at 5ghz easily
I love the set-ups for these things…barmy liquid nitrogen cooling rigs are brilliant!
YES IT IS A GOOD VID BUT WHY NOT JUST USE X-RAYS OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT. I really don't get why you need EUV when much higher frequency light is much easier to make.
It is something they’re thinking about for the next generation of chips…but there are still challenges making the X-rays monochromatic (or just one wavelength), and finding chemicals that react to them.
@@DrAndrewSteele Ah! that makes sense.
just speak in Hindi you will get millions of views from Indian audience.
Indians love to hear anything from a person from the western part.
Your longevity videos need millions of views.
Stupid quantum tunneling...why can't electrons just behave themselves. They need to get real!
Hahaha, damn wavefunctions just making things complex…
Great video!
Glad you enjoyed it!