Joel Baden: Layers and Unities in Biblical Texts
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- Опубликовано: 18 окт 2024
- Joel Baden (Yale)
Since the rise of critical biblical scholarship, it has been recognized that few biblical texts are monolithic units, but rather that most are the products of successive layers of editing and revising, often over the course of multiple generations. Not all layers are created equal, however: they may be revisions to some but not all of a given textual unit, they may interact either with only one or with more than one textual unit, and they may either subtly or radically reorient their source text. When considering
questions of composition, it is necessary to delineate between these various types of layers, to develop methods for identifying layers, and to understand the distinct roles that these layers play in the formation of the biblical text.
Sponsored by the
UCLA Center for Jewish Studies
Cosponsored by the
UCLA Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures
How on earth such a video has less than 8000 views in 9 years? People want to believe not to know. I am keeping notes.
Totally agree with you. Fascinating material.
This is a refreshing approach to the Torah and how the book must have been put together. It leaves wiggle room for Jews who have a belief in the Divine but have trouble swallowing the Torah.
The idea of layers of writing and editing through the millenniums is undoubtedly true. The very first edition of Torah is but a vestigial remnant of todays Torah and Talmud interpretation .
Joel breaks down the reliability of scripture with out resorting to opposing philosophies for validation. The Torah unto itself reeks of tampering by many editors and contradictions leaving itself open for contemporary scrutiny .
Joel's research seems to conclude that the Torah was not written by G-d or Moses but inspired by Jewish oral tradition.
I could help decode it ALL
Fascinating and illuminating. I think a lesson in learning to appreciate contradictions and not seeking to unify... appreciate a text for its messy humanity and not a perfect truth or divine message.... or is the message to understand life is all about two things being true at once? Suddenly I am thinking of Schroedinger's cat...
Can not hear it
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How come for more than 3000 years the different authors would leave a sloppy edition? Why didn't they erase the double stories and correct the apparent contradictions? The Torah is not an history book telling cute stories. There are a lot of teachings in the Oral Torah which is the Decoder of the written text. Every letter matters, every word.
@Kokichi World Order The Gospels were not written with the idea to be put together as a book, they were written individually to spread the faith within the new believers essentially pagan none Jews.
The Christian writings are not considered by Christians as being the verbatim word of God which is not the case of the Torah (5 Books of Moshe). This is not a storybook or history book. There are deep teachings once you read it with the commentaries which go back to several thousand years from an unbroken chain of transmission. Jews at the time had a literacy rate much higher than other populations at the time because it was mandatory to teach the Commandments from father to son and later from Teacher to student. The written Torah is not the Only Torah, you need the decipher to understand it which is the Oral Torah, without it the text is not understandable
@Kokichi World Order “They were written with the idea to be used as Scripture. “
You might be right, they probably wanted to connect to the Tanakh to show that Jesus was the one announced by the scriptures ( even if Jesus was in fact the exact opposite of what the Messiah was supposed to be, and especially dying before anything was done like bringing back the Jews from the Diaspora the opposite happened, they were deported by the Romans; bring universal peace- just watch the news; be a King; being a descendant of David THROUGH SOLOMON while Mary descended from Nathan; Spread the Wisdom and knowledge of God all other the Earth- idol worshiping is still around; follow the Commandments from the Torah while he in fact he didn't follow some rules like healing a any life-threatening situation or are forbidden food).
Torah is entirely a story book.: There are 4 levels of reading, it's called PARDES, from the simple understanding to the mystical. Here is the Wikipedia page about it :
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardes_(Jewish_exegesis)
Oral Torah
The written Torah is only the tip of the Iceberg, or the blue print if you want. I often compare it to a Secret Code where the Oral Torah is the key to decipher it.
As you might know, the Torah Roll doesn't have the dots on the letters, so how would you read :
Exodus 34:26 forbid "boiling a goat in its mother's KH-L-V? is it khalav ( milk) or Khelev (fat)? Only the Oral Torah tells you.
What about the circumcision? The Torah verse Genesis 17:14 uses the Hebrew word excrescence ( Orlah) but what’s excrescence are we talking about? The nose? The ear?
Only the Oral Torah tells you.
Other example the famous ”an eye for an eye, an arm for an arm”.
God doesn’t ask us to poke and eye or to cut an arm of the offender. The real meaning is different levels of financial compensation for the victim:
- eye for eye: is the physical pain
- Arm for arm: indemnification for the incapacity to work.
By the way this is a proof that Islam is not inspired by God because Muslims understood the verse literally, not having the Key to Decipher it.
Without the Oral Torah how would you interpret the 4 species commandment for the festival of Sukkot?
Leviticus 23:40 “And you shall take on the first day the fruit of splendid trees, branches of palm trees and boughs of leafy trees and willows of the brook, and you shall rejoice before the LORD your God for seven days.”
What’s the fruit of the Splendid Tree? is it an orange ? A pineapple? A pear? There’s no details like for the other 3 species. Only the Oral Torah tells you which fruit it is.
Same for the Shabbat: there’s no mention of how to observe it, nothing, and it’s officially death if
you don’t follow it . The answer is in the Oral Torah.
You cannot understand the Hebrew Bible without the Oral Torah.
@Kokichi World Order This is not like science or mathematics where everybody agree that 2+2=4. I go by logic: If there is no Oral Torah transmitted from God to Moses to our days through an unbroken chain of transmission, how do you solve the issues I mentioned : The 4 Species for the Lulav of Sukkot? Or is it KhalAV or KhalEv ( milk or fat?) forbidden to use while cooking meat? How do you remember the Shabbat? You are free to not believe but how do you solve these issue?
@Kokichi World Order Yes, how do you know which word it is? khalav or kheileiv? Should I remind you that the Torah Roll doesn't have the vowels and point which would indicate the pronunciation, it's called Nekoudot. I don't know if you are able to read Hebrew but these are the first thing you learn after you learned the letters. This point is very important because if you pronounce it the wrong way you transgress this Commandment which is one of the most important. So, is it forbidden to cook MILK ( Khalav) and meat or is it forbidden to cook FAT ( Kheileiv) and meat? How would people know of they didn't have the Oral Torah?
@Kokichi World Order The Documentary Hypothesis is still what it is, an hypothesis. It's been criticized and has its own contradictions. For the Jews, attention to detail in accomplishing the Commandments is extremely important, it has consequences for the next life. I know Christians see only the spirit of the Commandments while what matters for the Jews is the action. So if it's “an error”, how come every single practicing Jew do the same for the last 3000 years? They found Tefilins more than 2000 years old which match the Oral Torah instructions ( Tefilins are the black leather made boxes with parchment verses put on the arm and forehead, in English it's called Phylacteries). There are no instructions in the Weitten Torah how to make them, none. So how come everybody jas exactly the same ones for millennium? Why don't we find different versions of it? Same with the written Torah, how come we don't see more than one Hebrew Torah within the Jewish communities? There are 100s of Gospel manuscripts but for the Torah Roll which is 30 times longer than the Gospels there are only one. If it were corrected and modified how come no one ever put his hand on different versions? Towns and villages had their own roll, if one was modified they would have to modified every single one and burn the old version...so where are the other Rolls?
Someone please get a talk between him and peterson.
Peterson? Jordan? Thats a joke right lol
@@kaiju4238 Why would it be a joke?
@@lloydgush Because Jordan Peterson is a fraud and Joel Baden is a actual scholar when it comes to religion. All JP does is talk and use big words. He adds nothing to a conversation.
At some point your going to be enlightened and see JP for the fraud he is