My favourite industrial connector (Ceeform).

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  • Опубликовано: 11 ноя 2024

Комментарии • 2,5 тыс.

  • @fb5601
    @fb5601 4 года назад +283

    I just enjoyed watching someone talk about outlets for 16 minutes

    • @mangamaster03
      @mangamaster03 4 года назад +10

      His video on time delayed washing machine locks has a similar effect

    • @z31drifterlf
      @z31drifterlf 4 года назад +10

      May I recommend his video on the British residential outlet.

    • @kolasait
      @kolasait 4 года назад +1

      Just

    • @CapinCooke
      @CapinCooke 4 года назад +4

      I just did also. Not sure why 🤔. I’ll never use these connectors, but video was pleasant to watch. I kept telling myself, “Hit PAUSE. Go find another video”. Nope. Watched it all the way through until the very end. I need a life.
      😂😂😂😂😂

    • @curtisss
      @curtisss 4 года назад +1

      @@z31drifterlf no please, no more power outlet content... Actually send us a link hahahaha

  • @toptierfish
    @toptierfish 4 года назад +517

    Used in server rooms to avoid pesky cleaners unplugging live systems for their hoovers (vacuum cleaners).

    • @Mr1bassman1
      @Mr1bassman1 4 года назад +62

      For the rest of the world, a Hoover is a vacuum cleaner

    • @hyvahyva
      @hyvahyva 4 года назад +7

      Clever.

    • @Elfnetdesigns
      @Elfnetdesigns 4 года назад +55

      @@Mr1bassman1 For Americans Hoover was the 31st president

    • @toptierfish
      @toptierfish 4 года назад +5

      @@Mr1bassman1 oops. Thanks.

    • @paulstubbs7678
      @paulstubbs7678 4 года назад +14

      That realy sucks

  • @paulg3336
    @paulg3336 3 года назад +88

    These are used as caravan/camper connectors in New Zealand.
    As an apprentice, I was taught to always make the earth longest in all plugs,so that it is the last to loose contact from abuse.

    • @jakub3851
      @jakub3851 2 года назад +2

      That pe thing is for anything

    • @An4gram
      @An4gram 2 года назад +2

      Yes, and NZ and AU are the only two counties in the world that use 56 series of exclusively for the same application as iec309 (apart from camping equipment). Bloody stupid

    • @jonathantatler
      @jonathantatler 2 года назад +3

      You should do that with ALL earth/PE connections

    • @pdath
      @pdath 2 года назад +2

      They are often used for server rack PDUs for 16A and above connections as well.

    • @RobinRense
      @RobinRense 2 года назад +2

      In the Netherlands/Europe they are also used for caravans and campers, though in some campings you'll find the E/F connectors and you'll need an adapter.
      Edit: They are also used to charge electric boats.

  • @klasmalman9249
    @klasmalman9249 4 года назад +191

    Sweden, blue and red ones commonly used... and green ones for 400Hz in aircraft related applications.
    About current ratings.. it makes more sens if you start from 1000A.. and halves the rating...ie.. 1000/500/250/125/63/32/16... ie the 63 A is a rounding instead of 62.5A... :)

    • @julianreverse
      @julianreverse 4 года назад +6

      The green connector is the only one which is allowed to be used with various voltages between 50 and 500V. The other colors are fixed voltages!

    • @LinusBerglund
      @LinusBerglund 3 года назад +3

      Yup, red one can be found in just about any concert hall or conference hall just outside the stage.

    • @Tupsuu
      @Tupsuu 3 года назад +3

      In Finland the red one is used in 3 phase power. Our house has one of those.

    • @Anvilshock
      @Anvilshock 3 года назад +4

      Halving from 1000 … that's one way to explain it, but it's actually from the R series, after one Charles Renard.

    • @mernok2001
      @mernok2001 2 года назад

      63A is not a rounding of 62.5A,its 60A+5%. 300A fuses are replaced with 315A ones.

  • @BedsitBob
    @BedsitBob 2 года назад +40

    I know an electrician, who went to do some work at a farm.
    The farmer had a three phase motor, but there was no three phase connector in the shed.
    However, there were three domestic 3-pin sockets in the room, and, by an amazing coincidence, each one was wired to a separate phase, so he connected each of the three lives from the motor, to the live pins on 3 13 amp plugs, plugged all three plugs into the sockets, and off he went.
    Apparently, he'd been running it this way, for a number of year.

  • @floriskuipers4925
    @floriskuipers4925 4 года назад +427

    These are used all over europe on campsites to connect caravans, campers and such to the mains

    • @psirvent8
      @psirvent8 4 года назад +54

      Fun fact: They are also used in places where they don't want members of the public to use the wall sockets: Subway stations and even on some regional trains.
      Or course you can buy adapters but who would carry one in his backpack during a day in the city ?

    • @larrygall5831
      @larrygall5831 4 года назад +12

      I think I seen one of these at a U.S. campsite, but not sure.. Maybe marinas, too? IDK. Definitely in factories, restaurants and such. Much more common cable than one would think by looking at it.

    • @pete3897
      @pete3897 4 года назад +28

      In New Zealand they are simply called a "caravan plug" :)

    • @subjekt_9142
      @subjekt_9142 4 года назад +14

      @@pete3897 In Germany we are calling that also an caravan plug.

    • @DrakkarCalethiel
      @DrakkarCalethiel 4 года назад +2

      We also use them in HazLoc areas.

  • @stulop
    @stulop 4 года назад +87

    I used to work for a tool rental company. These were the only connectors the customers couldn't break.

    • @garrett69
      @garrett69 2 года назад

      Until they run over them.......

  • @terry987654
    @terry987654 4 года назад +310

    The amount of times i have wired them up then realised i forgot to put the cover over the cable first lol

    • @christianjensen7225
      @christianjensen7225 4 года назад +39

      You haven't wired enough of these if you haven't forgotten the cover a couple of times 😂

    • @MCasterAnd
      @MCasterAnd 4 года назад +29

      Try Socapex connectors.
      18pins that have to be soldered with 2.5mm2 wire
      If you forget the PG end cap on both ends it takes literally an hour to fix 😂 I still have a couple of socapex cables at the workshop with missing covers. Haven't had the motivation to fix them yet. Probably never will.

    • @dadillen5902
      @dadillen5902 4 года назад +24

      Didn't you learn anything from all those times you soldered a splice joint only to find you didn't put on the heat shrink tubing in place. I know I did not.😟😱😵

    • @matekochkoch
      @matekochkoch 4 года назад +13

      I am also learning resistant to this

    • @sixstringedthing
      @sixstringedthing 4 года назад +7

      Connector bodies/covers, backshells, lock rings, insulating boots.... So many ways for this basic mistake to trip you up and waste your time! You typically only do it once or twice before getting in the habit of double-checking yourself before starting to terminate wires. But if you're having an off day or you get distracted, it's still easy to catch yourself out.

  • @nightw4tchman
    @nightw4tchman 2 года назад +3

    13:35 Oh god... I'm getting PTSD from this bit. I've had this happen so many times. Last time the caterers were given a 32a and brought everything in on 13a plugs.
    They then told the guests we were to blame for not providing enough power when their fuses blew ON THEIR OWN GEAR.
    Can't believe I hadn't watched this already, great advice in this one Clive.

  • @tzeimet
    @tzeimet 4 года назад +18

    They are used all over Europe, the CEE16 and CEE32 (red connectors) are quite commonly used in houses as 3 phase plugs in countries where 3 phase home connections are common (mostly Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Luxembourg)

  • @nickf3242
    @nickf3242 4 года назад +53

    I love how you stared with a whole workbench full and started pulling more connectors out. Haha.

    • @kevinsellsit5584
      @kevinsellsit5584 3 года назад +2

      I know right. Title could be "Lets Look At A Thousand Dollars Worth Of Connectors I Have Laying Around".

  • @DT11acs
    @DT11acs 4 года назад +14

    Who new having a favourite industrial connector was a thing? Love the channel.

    • @efixx
      @efixx 4 года назад +2

      Jack Madden we love them so much we made a video showing how they are made - ruclips.net/video/tR6nB08kUWY/видео.html

    • @jakew3
      @jakew3 4 года назад +1

      No kidding!

  • @petergdk
    @petergdk 4 года назад +53

    It's the standard here in Sweden, and also in Denmark where i'm from. I have the 5-pin version on all my 400v equipment, and i'm just a regular hobbyist.

    • @Karjis
      @Karjis 4 года назад +6

      Peter G Finland also, 5 pin 16A 400V version available basically in every house, at least near main fuse panel, also maybe in garage etc.

  • @gummywurms226
    @gummywurms226 4 года назад +82

    I've always wanted to wire something stupid (like a toster) to one of these style sockets just because I think there cool.

    • @neilpinner5750
      @neilpinner5750 4 года назад +5

      The only problem with doing this is these plugs don't have fuses so you would need 13A fuse protection elsewhere.

    • @DerH0ns
      @DerH0ns 4 года назад +38

      @@neilpinner5750 Fused plugs aren't really a thing outside the uk, and even there you should have fused circuits by now.

    • @vrzn
      @vrzn 3 года назад +19

      The big 32 amp plugs can fit a small phone charger (EU plug) in the screw terminals (don't question the safety) then you would have a big red plug with a USB lead sticking out charging a phone

    • @illuminate4622
      @illuminate4622 3 года назад

      @@vrzn LOL I want that :D

    • @groenekever
      @groenekever 3 года назад +2

      @@vrzn did once have one with a gitar plug on it for real hard solo's in my van to make fun of some artists lol and one with a garden hose and a gardena plug

  • @mdjnsn
    @mdjnsn 4 года назад +15

    I use these all the times in datacentres, especially the 3-phase ones. I've done event sound and lighting work before too, and they're the standard. I love these connectors.

  • @daysamusements6612
    @daysamusements6612 4 года назад +3

    Hi Clive,
    I am a Showman and as you they are used on fairgrounds.
    Thank you for a great channel, I'm learning a lot.

  • @maurofoti526
    @maurofoti526 4 года назад +67

    I've always being fascinated by these connectors: when I was a child I saw them being commonly used to connect camper vans to campsites and boats to docks (16A for the first and 32A for the lattest), I guess because being more rugged they withstand pretty well being exposed to the environment (rain, dirt, saltwater...) some people leave their boats connected 24h/day for years so they must be doing a good job.
    Also I've started seeing them at my unuversity lately, both in server datacenters but also in the corridors. Probably most poeple don't touch them because they don't know it, or maybe it's becuase they look industrial-y and somewhat scary, but they could well be used to charge phones and laptop (which sometimes people desperately need).
    Also at concerts and discos I can sometime some dangling power cords with the red adapter (so triphase) if I wanted I could have ruined fun for a ton of people lol. The fact that this does not happen really means that workers are confident in people not being confident with infustrial grade components.

    • @plasmachicken
      @plasmachicken 4 года назад +10

      Yep trains also sometimes use them, because nobody will carry an adapter for them.
      Server rooms maybe also because nobody will just yank them out and stick his charger in.

    • @RokeJulianLockhart.s13ouq
      @RokeJulianLockhart.s13ouq Год назад +1

      You say that they can be used to charge laptops. Does that mean I could in theory use this instead of the C13/14 connectors I currently use at home, so that I don't need different ones when travelling countries and outdoors?

    • @tristan6509
      @tristan6509 10 месяцев назад

      ​@@RokeJulianLockhart.s13ouqjust make sure that it outputs 220v (or whatever is the mains voltage in your country) and it should work just fine.
      A lot of 3 phase systems run on 380v or higher, and if you plug a laptop power brick into that, it'll let out the magic smoke.
      At the end of the day these are just connectors, what matters is the voltage that runs through them.

  • @mibars
    @mibars 4 года назад +7

    Red ones are commonly used in Poland, almost every house has at least one 16A or 32A 3P outlet, usually in a garage, storage room or basement as our houses are supplied from a 3 phase system. It lets you plug in a welder, large saw, concrete mixer, etc. Blue ones are sometimes found in RV's and trailers or in industrial 1 phase equipment. At work we have a power supply for testing stuff that is powered from 3 phase 125 A outlet. Older houses and equipment use 4 pin variant of red sockets and plugs with a combined neutral and PE.

  • @kooseerden3767
    @kooseerden3767 4 года назад +5

    In the Netherlands (and i suppose in the rest of the EU) they are quite common. Almost every device that needs 3 phase power has a red CEE plug, so you will find them in workshops on drills and sawing machines. The red plugs usually have 5 pins, or 4 when no neutral is needed (in case of symmetrical loads). The blue single phased types are often used on campsites and marinas. On marketplaces they use CEEform plugs a lot to distribute power to the stalls. This is usually done by distribution boxes which we often call a 'paddenstoel' (mushroom) because of its shape. These boxes split the incoming 3 phase power into separate single phase outlets which are protected by fuses and RCD breakers.

  • @AsymptoteInverse
    @AsymptoteInverse 4 года назад +7

    I work in a factory with a warehouse. We had a cable with a connector like this for connecting our electric forklift's charger to three-phase (I believe). I think there was a second one for one of our big three-phase machines, too. There's something very pleasant about handling tough rubber-clad cables like that, with good sturdy connectors. It feels very reliable.

  • @pauldzim
    @pauldzim 4 года назад +39

    In the US we generally just use strings of household extension cords plugged together end-to-end.

    • @jafafa
      @jafafa 4 года назад +10

      Either that or cheap snippers and black electrical tape. All you need!

    • @benjammin2020
      @benjammin2020 4 года назад +16

      And you might have a couple new ones, but most of them are from the 70s that you got from your grandma's house, with no protection at all

    • @wthrwyz
      @wthrwyz 4 года назад +16

      Bonus points for a string of Christmas lights somewhere in the middle.

    • @imark7777777
      @imark7777777 4 года назад +12

      @@wthrwyz and don't forget to replace all the fuses with tin foil, aluminium foil or if you feel like it lead foil.

  • @Savagetechie
    @Savagetechie 4 года назад +18

    The PCE connectors are brilliant, so cheap yet great quality.

    • @lukahierl9857
      @lukahierl9857 Год назад

      And you get nickel plated pins for almost no extra cost.

  • @KrozMcD
    @KrozMcD 4 года назад +38

    I work in retail, driving a van and delivering shopping. We use these connectors to power the van's refrigerator while we are loading up the van. Each van bay has its own connector and what's interesting is while they are connected the van is 'disabled' in that we cannot start the engine and drive away while the cable is connected!

    • @SimonJ57
      @SimonJ57 4 года назад +4

      Unfortunately, the van where I work aren't so high-tech, there's been few wires torn apart and connectors absolutely fucked over the last few years I've worked there.
      Where you have to leave the van running, so the alternator gives that extra bit of power, so the fridge & freezer don't eat the battery while loading.

    • @arthurtwoshedsjackson6266
      @arthurtwoshedsjackson6266 4 года назад +4

      Same sort of work but you can still drive off with these connected. I did it and re-wired it back together before anyone noticed 😬

    • @arthurtwoshedsjackson6266
      @arthurtwoshedsjackson6266 4 года назад +5

      KrozMcD same sort of work but it doesn’t disable the engine. You can still start it. I drove away at very low speed with it still connected and pulled the wires out but I rewired it and no one noticed 😬

    • @robbgosset674
      @robbgosset674 4 года назад +10

      @@SimonJ57 They do mke auto-ejecting connectors which are common on the side of ambulances and Drs cars in the UK. www.ludomcgurk.com/auto-eject-connectors-product-124.html

    • @trevorvanbremen4718
      @trevorvanbremen4718 4 года назад +1

      @@mcgherkinstudios Self ejecting plugs... Hmmm, sounds like something Apple would invent. Or perhaps it's the latest way that Samsung are going to circumvent over-charging of LiIon batteries?

  • @andysev
    @andysev 3 года назад +1

    Ceeform!! wow in all these years i've always called and heard them called commando plugs. You learn something new every day.

  • @D4ng3rB0yc3
    @D4ng3rB0yc3 4 года назад +2

    We have these in Sweden, you can buy them in most trades stores but I think mostly they are only used in industry. I changed my garage three phase sockets to these kind and use them on my engine warmer since ... snow gets everywhere. Always glad to see a Big Clive video :)

  • @alex27826
    @alex27826 4 года назад +13

    You'll find these connectors at harbours throughout Europe.
    I've been sailing since I was 5 and I've never had one break or malfunction, they are great.

    • @otm646
      @otm646 4 года назад +3

      The twist lock NEMA plugs we run in boat slips in the US are awful. Malfunctions all the time. I wish they'd gone with a better connector like this.

  • @DustinWatts
    @DustinWatts 4 года назад +11

    Hi Clive! I had the same "discussion" with a colleague at work the other day about the weird amp rating numbering (eg. 16A,32A,63A). After some research I found that we owe this to Charles Renard, a French engineer who came up with these preferred numbers when he was tasked to reduce the number of ropes used on balloons in the French army. Makes for an interesting read!

  • @mikedjames
    @mikedjames 4 года назад +42

    Slugs like hiding in plugs left in gardens. The slugs expire spectacularly when you plug them into a live socket.

    • @dadillen5902
      @dadillen5902 4 года назад +11

      Just add garlic butter. Is garlic butter an insulator?😜

    • @ScarredRealist
      @ScarredRealist 4 года назад +7

      @@Fazer_600 This sounds like something Clive could test as a departure from his MRE tasting? :D

    • @jk9554
      @jk9554 4 года назад

      Don't plug slugs into a live socket :p

    • @garywillis1870
      @garywillis1870 3 года назад

      Slug sockets

  • @davidellis4031
    @davidellis4031 4 года назад +1

    Very nice. There is a certain beauty in a simple product, properly thought out and made well.

  • @DaimlerSleeveValve
    @DaimlerSleeveValve 4 года назад +6

    The 240V 16A version are pretty much standard throughout Europe for mains connections to touring caravans and motor caravans (recreational vehicles).
    They are also used at moorings for canal boats in the UK, so may be widespread for seagoing craft too.

  • @TheWitcherX
    @TheWitcherX 4 года назад +29

    We use them everywere for lights and sound on stages for concerts in Poland

    • @Cloudy5.0
      @Cloudy5.0 4 года назад

      Mumohan atpQuan Lord Mumo

    • @sumilidero
      @sumilidero 4 года назад

      and in every garage we have red 3ph ones :p

  • @OzmoMac
    @OzmoMac 4 года назад +20

    We use them In finland also. Sometimes even In server rooms because of the high current demand.

  • @Anaerin
    @Anaerin 4 года назад +21

    You'll find these ALL OVER Europe (at least), as they're codified and standardized in IEC 60309. You may also hear them referred to as "Commando" connectors, as the first major supplier of these, MK, sold them under the "Commando" brand name.
    Here in Canada and the US, there's a whole mess of differing NEMA plugs and sockets picked seemingly at random for a wide variety of uses.

    • @simontay4851
      @simontay4851 4 года назад +1

      Here in Canada and the US, there's a whole mess of differing NEMA plugs and sockets picked seemingly at random for a wide variety of uses" Just as i expected. No standardisation with the rest of the world. US power is a bodgy unsafe inefficient mess. Lots of videos on YT of US power lines on fire, most of which were preventable with a bit of maintenance. None from the UK.

    • @TheMrVengeance
      @TheMrVengeance 4 года назад +1

      @@simontay4851 - Yeah no wonder California burns down every other month. Or wait no.. I'm sure that's not the issue. Right, it's because people should be raking the forest floors... of .. California? 🤔

    • @brianleeper5737
      @brianleeper5737 4 года назад +2

      Here, let me help you out with how NEMA plugs and sockets work, let's take an L6-20R for example:
      L - designates this as a LOCKING type
      6 - designates the voltage 240, single phase, and that this has a grounding connection
      20 - designates the amperage
      R - designates this as a RECEPTACLE
      So how do you figure out what you need to use? It's not done at random!
      1)Do you need a ground connection? In most cases, especially at voltages over 120V this answer will be YES.
      2)What voltage do you need?
      3)Single phase or three phase?
      4)How many amps do you need? Note that you are not allowed to draw more than 80% of the rated current of the plug/socket for continuous loads(defined as loads that will be powered for longer than 3 hours), so for example a 20 amp plug/socket needs to be derated to 16 amps, and a 15 amp derated to 12 amps.
      5)Do you need a locking or non-locking plug?
      With these 5 pieces of information, combined with a table of NEMA plugs and sockets, you can determine the exact plug and socket you need for a given application, assuming that the manufacturer of the device you seek to connect has not already done it for you.

    • @brianleeper5737
      @brianleeper5737 4 года назад +1

      @@simontay4851 Don't blame shitty engineering for what is really a problem of poor maintenance.

    • @TheMrVengeance
      @TheMrVengeance 4 года назад +2

      @@brianleeper5737 - They literally say it's a problem with maintenance in the very same sentence..

  • @adhdgasie
    @adhdgasie 4 года назад +18

    in the netherlands we use these kinds of connectors extensively in the event industry. mostly the 380v (red) ones but also the 230v (blue/black) ones. never really seen any of the other voltages.

    • @groenekever
      @groenekever 3 года назад +3

      yellow onec where ofeten used for blinders (die lampen staan in serie en 1 rij werkt op 110v)

  • @mr.reflect1027
    @mr.reflect1027 4 года назад +28

    They are all over Germany. You can find them anywhere nowadays.

  • @WhoopassGaming
    @WhoopassGaming 4 года назад +192

    These are used on the kitchen equipment at my McDonalds in Canada.

    • @joeh258
      @joeh258 4 года назад +26

      Same in the USA

    • @sebastiansmith9626
      @sebastiansmith9626 4 года назад +23

      Was going to say this. These are used in a lot of restaurants in the US for running things like grills/fryers

    • @kingjames4886
      @kingjames4886 4 года назад +27

      oh canada... our Mc. donalds are better equiped than our hospitals.

    • @gnic76
      @gnic76 4 года назад +5

      You know they'll work in Canada if they are flexible in BC's basement.

    • @mrfluffytailthethird
      @mrfluffytailthethird 4 года назад +5

      I read that in Mister Meeseeks voice

  • @TheSiLq
    @TheSiLq 4 года назад +13

    Argentina, mostly for industrial tools in workplaces and factories, some industrial ovens too.
    Blue ones are 220v and the red ones are 380v, I have one on my desk and only have 1 screw in the earth connection :D

  • @Seluj78
    @Seluj78 4 года назад +58

    France, Using them all the time for lights and sound on stages for concerts, festivals etc

    • @maxdarkdog5051
      @maxdarkdog5051 4 года назад +4

      Yup ^^. Industrial use in my case (FR also)
      1P+N+GND, 3P+GND, 3P+N+GND

    • @d1rcwill
      @d1rcwill 4 года назад +3

      Same industry, using them in the UK. I think they're an EU standard pretty much?

    • @psirvent8
      @psirvent8 4 года назад +6

      Je ne suis donc pas le seul français à regarder cette vidéo ? 😂

    • @rdoursenaud
      @rdoursenaud 4 года назад +3

      @@psirvent8 Non

    • @efixx
      @efixx 4 года назад +2

      d1rcwill they are the same across the world IEC60309

  • @Trident_Euclid
    @Trident_Euclid 2 года назад +1

    We use these plugs in most industrial workshops in Oman. We use the UK electrical system over here.

  • @mirrorsandstuff
    @mirrorsandstuff 4 года назад +12

    We use those connectors in our server rooms for power-to-rack.

  • @boesesascha
    @boesesascha 4 года назад +159

    Germany: exporting all our machines built in germany in the whole world with the CEE16A.

    • @MCasterAnd
      @MCasterAnd 4 года назад +18

      At work we have DOZENS of cee16a to schuko adapters for whenever we rent something from denmark/germany/etc 😂

    • @jk9554
      @jk9554 4 года назад +24

      @Chris Landry we've stopped doing that a long time ago. Bad publicity, you know...

    • @gayusschwulius8490
      @gayusschwulius8490 4 года назад +2

      @@jk9554 lmao

    • @paulpantsoff6584
      @paulpantsoff6584 4 года назад +1

      @Chris Landry Is that why Israel throws the Palestinian kids in Camp 239 for arbitrary torture?

    • @paulpantsoff6584
      @paulpantsoff6584 4 года назад

      @Chris Landry So are you going to tell me I haven't lived there and seen with my own eyes, children with stones being fired upon with automatic weapons?

  • @ChristofferLundgrenSweden
    @ChristofferLundgrenSweden 4 года назад +15

    I’m sure there are content for a part 2 of this! For instance the “hour rating” on the plug - for a while I thought that the “6h” marking referred to “rated 16A continuously for 6h”, but I later learned that’s the description of the position of the earth pin in relation to the key.

    • @carmadme
      @carmadme 4 года назад +2

      Christoffer Lundgren oh is it really never knew that I assumed the same

    • @Frankhe78
      @Frankhe78 4 года назад +1

      There is always a mandatory break after a 6 hour period ;)

    • @JasperJanssen
      @JasperJanssen 4 года назад

      Frankhe78 McDonald’s runs their fryers only for six hours, then it has to cool down for an hour.

    • @Frankhe78
      @Frankhe78 4 года назад

      @@JasperJanssen They desperately need to replace those 6H connectors ;)

    • @flipflop82ful
      @flipflop82ful 4 года назад

      @@JasperJanssen Ahhh, thats when you get the bad soggy shoestring fries

  • @tobysummers471
    @tobysummers471 4 года назад +12

    I commonly see them being used for lighting applications for instance cinematic lighting. I work in the broadcast repair industry and I see them quite often.

  • @countteddy
    @countteddy 4 года назад +1

    I use them every where, 16 for outdoor lighting at events, 32a for electric vehicle charging units , 3 phase in my workshop, really useful ....but can be buggers in cold weather ....

  • @jhartford58
    @jhartford58 2 года назад

    I got introduced to many of these connectors & plugs a few months ago working a fabrication & welding machine trade show. Very fascinating to work with.

  • @PROTXCHPRDE
    @PROTXCHPRDE 4 года назад +31

    Here in Germany the Mennekes StarTops are the best you can get. They are amazing

    • @efixx
      @efixx 4 года назад +2

      Take a look at the Palazzoli XCEE range - ruclips.net/video/CQmmGa3gJXU/видео.html

    • @dasy2k1
      @dasy2k1 4 года назад

      Incidentally one of the longest German compound words that I was hit with in a technical manual for something referred to something very similar to one of these... Why on earth it was called Stromversorgungsteckkoppler I don't know as stromversorgungsteckker would have been sufficient

    • @EnigmaG1
      @EnigmaG1 4 года назад

      @@dasy2k1 I've never heard of Stromversorgungsteckkoppler, here in bavaria the 240v \ 16 go at caravan stecker\steckdose

  • @MarcoWalther
    @MarcoWalther 4 года назад +6

    I used them in my car to connect a removable amplifier/subwoofer arrangement without worrying of swapping polarity by accident. Worked fine and reliable.
    Kind regards from Germany

    • @michaelwilson5055
      @michaelwilson5055 4 года назад +1

      Good idea👍 better than a vibe quick Connector I use in my car, I often have to remove my sub and amp.

  • @parkeerwacht
    @parkeerwacht 2 года назад +3

    My fav are the ones by the mennekes brand. I have used the 63A and 125A ones a lot from them at work and there plugs and sockets are pretty neat in the way they look and also are put together. Very rigid and easy to install. They also come in IP68 rating.

  • @hermanni1989
    @hermanni1989 4 года назад

    These are really joy to wire. They even make three phase ones where you can turn two pins with out disassembling the plug to change the direction of the phases.

  • @imtrue2132
    @imtrue2132 4 года назад +1

    Second from the left, white/blue. Camping plug. With our caravan we have had a cable with schuko at one end and ceeform connector at the other end. (Netherlands/Germany)
    Second from the right, grey/red. I worked with those with the dimmer pack at the theater, 3x16 amp. Had a meltdown once, one of the pin went glowing red (Netherlands)
    Fourth from the left, grey/blueblue, I have these at home for use with my movable server case (retired soda fridge with glass door) to avoid accidental disconnection. (Thailand)

  • @Stefan_Van_pellicom
    @Stefan_Van_pellicom 4 года назад +47

    Belgium : mandatory for semi permanent connections on building sites.

  • @discingaround
    @discingaround 4 года назад +3

    That's a pretty close design to some XLR, NL4 and NL8 cables in the audio industry. Love those little connectors. So small, yet so stout and sturdy. Used in the USA, but I think that style of connector is used worldwide. Closest to NL4 or NL8 for connecting amplifiers to speakers in professional audio settings like concerts, large speaking events, etc.

  • @dergrunepunkt
    @dergrunepunkt 4 года назад +3

    I see those everywhere, I live in Argentina and we used to have the exact standards as europe, we changed the plug for the Australian variant in the 90's, but those Ceeform connectors are everywhere, now that I don't work in industries I see them used to connect things like power generators and construction sites.

  • @cybershadow81
    @cybershadow81 4 года назад +2

    The red five-pin CEE connectors are the only connectors in practical use for three-phase equipment in Germany. As usually every property has a three-phase mains connection, three-phase equipment is really common here in Germany. There are virtually no machines that need more than 3.6 kW (230 V x 16 A) with a single phase connection, so the blue 3 pin 32 A connector is uncommon in Germany. But also professional machinery with a much lower power consumption, like concrete mixers with as low as 700 W, commonly runs off 3 phases here, because three-phase asynchronous motors are much more robust and easy to handle than single-phase AC motors.

  • @immortalsector
    @immortalsector 4 года назад +1

    I work in mcdonalds UK, and we have these all over the place! From powering 1 egg cooker to powering 10 Frying vats, our fridges and freezers use these our grills, absolutely everything!

  • @tunintunin3417
    @tunintunin3417 4 года назад +19

    I wish you mentioned the 3phase variants where with a screwdriver you can switch the phases over without the need os opening it and switching the cables around. This is handy when you want to change the direction of rotation of three phase motors.

  • @stonehartfloydfan
    @stonehartfloydfan 4 года назад +10

    Live audio (concert sound) we use these all the time.

  • @juliogonzo2718
    @juliogonzo2718 4 года назад +52

    "I like to twist them, and fold them over, and fill that hole there" -Clive

    • @ketas
      @ketas 4 года назад +3

      what about ferrules? i like using ferrules, even if uncrimped, on stranded wire which goes directly under a screw

    • @Peter_S_
      @Peter_S_ 4 года назад +8

      @@ketas you may have missed a double entendre.

    • @johnf3326
      @johnf3326 4 года назад +2

      Dirty fecker! 🤣

    • @Gyzome
      @Gyzome 4 года назад +3

      So that's what he means by *big* clive.

    • @dadillen5902
      @dadillen5902 4 года назад +2

      @@johnf3326 Depends on which holes he likes the fill. So holes are dirtier that others. 😯😈😆

  • @revoxjazz8317
    @revoxjazz8317 4 года назад

    I really appreciate the fact that you are talking about this type of tokens, which is not commonly referred to. In fact, this is a type of card that I use the most, and I am absolutely confident in the field of professional activity, FOH.
    I don't have any such plug made in china. And I make sure it is not so.
    Thank you for talking about this, which I consider important. Congratulations on your work, which I've been following even without subscribing to your channel, which I just did now. Greetings from Portugal.

  • @szaki95
    @szaki95 4 года назад +1

    The 3 phase ones are standard in Hungary, the other variants are rarely used, but we do carry 'em.
    The thing I like about them is that they are usually guaranteed 6 hours of continous use at nominal current while the household plugs might melt after a few hours.

  • @Convolutedtubules
    @Convolutedtubules 4 года назад +8

    I have my garage door connected to one of these, and then my 100A welder is plugged into a regular wall socket.

  • @pitball364able
    @pitball364able 4 года назад +20

    Used a lot in server rooms \ Data Centres. Blue type connector typically.

    • @brianjrichman
      @brianjrichman 4 года назад +2

      Confirm that. Same for me too.

    • @Little_Cr0w
      @Little_Cr0w 4 года назад

      Yep, use them in our Data Centres and network distribution points
      Both 16 and 32 amp in use, I understand

    • @ShockburnVR
      @ShockburnVR 4 года назад

      Yes we have both the blue ones and the red ones in our server rooms.
      Haven’t checked their ratings

    • @ShockburnVR
      @ShockburnVR 4 года назад

      Yes we have both the blue ones and the red ones in our server rooms.
      Haven’t checked their ratings

  • @michaelwebber4033
    @michaelwebber4033 4 года назад +8

    We definitely use them in New Zealand, especially in heavy industry

    • @pwapwap
      @pwapwap 4 года назад

      And caravans, the blue one is a caravan plug in my head (Hi from Napier)

  • @webbac8491
    @webbac8491 Год назад +1

    Very informative. Thanks CLlve.

  • @oweirdone1
    @oweirdone1 4 года назад +1

    Used to do lighting at a club and used these all the time. Did an event with caterers who decided to leave their high and low current calling coiled up under load. Thankfully they ended up with curly cables and not a fire.

  • @djscrizzle
    @djscrizzle 3 года назад +3

    Convention centres and hotel in the US like these -- So they can bill you for using the power drops & distro box rentals thru their in-house provider, usually PSAV.

  • @nikoshi1988
    @nikoshi1988 4 года назад +29

    When you mentioned caterers and their lack of electrical knowledge I nearly pissed myself from laughing as I have "fond" memories of those poor lads and lasses.
    Most memorable was when they plugged in their heat-lamps to keep hot dishes warm during a buffet. Unknowingly, they plugged in, into one of our break-out cables we used for ambient up-lighting of the venue. During the event, we had to dim all of the lights on a few occasions, including the up-lights. This is when we noticed what they'd done and quickly pulled a regular power line for them to use.
    Second memorable event, although not as funny, was during a posh Christmas dinner. We asked the caterer how much kitchen equipment they'd brought in as we were doing power management as well that night. Oooh, only a small oven and a little deep fryer plus 2 fridges was they head chef's reply. Okay, then. We pulled a 32A 3phase line for them and a break out box for them to use. An hour or so into the event, all of the power went out. We went in to check what had happened but couldn't find any problem then. So, we flipped the breakers back on and within 5 seconds they'd trip again. We quickly set out to investigate what was going on and within a minute or so, my boss came walking in and told us that he'd found the issue. That small oven and little deep fryer turned out to be 3, 12 plate ovens, an industrial 2 pan deep fryer and 8 fridges. Needless to say, nobody was amused that evening.
    Though, in most cases, the caterers I've encountered were pretty easy going and asked before they'd plug anything in to avoid issues. It's also worth mentioning that in ones best interest is to keep caterers your friend as they do provide the stage crew with lots and lots of tasty things and snacks throughout the evening ;)
    As for those surface mounted enclosures, most modern campers and caravans use those (the male variant).

    • @mickb6285
      @mickb6285 4 года назад +9

      Caterers hmm, once had a conversation with a catering supplier who when asked what his power connection requirement was replied "just electric!"

    • @nikoshi1988
      @nikoshi1988 4 года назад +2

      @@mickb6285 *face desks* never had that happen to me personally. That's just cringe worthy

    • @imark7777777
      @imark7777777 4 года назад +3

      So this is where I add my food truck experience, oh they where very nice and I managed to get lunch out of it. I managed to get myself into running the electrics for my County Fair I've enjoyed it for two years so far. but this one trailer came equipped with an 240-volt Inlet and a fancy 2x 20 amps to a 30 amp connector that way they could grab two different 20 amp circuits and have 240 or at least have all of the equipment throughout separated on two circuits. Problem is out of the 5 extension cords they brought one had a hot neutral reverse and just happened to be one of the two that they grab and used to plug in and instantly tripped the breaker. which I then had to go hunting for in a large 60s era facility that is currently a Community / Senior activities Center and I think I finally got up to like 6 or 8 electrical panels. So I rewired their cord checked all their cords and transferred them over to the generator and then went on a finding spree for every electrical panel in the building. To their credit the cord had a replacement end and for some reason I literally encountered the same problem when I went to check and verify a new cord to my collection the night before. For some reason the manufacture decided to color to neutral screw black and leave the hot screw brass oh, I guess this was Old Stock and predated the silver for neutral.
      The following year I found out the 2x generously donated large pull behind 500? kilowatt generators were far more money than anybody thought they were the year before to rent. and I had to make do with

    • @raineylights
      @raineylights 4 года назад

      i would never let caterers use 3 phase, its easy to unbalance it and have it start to smoke

    • @nikoshi1988
      @nikoshi1988 4 года назад

      @@raineylights we don't have a choise in the matter as the ovens they all use are running on 3 phase. Mind you, we typically ran big 500 amp or larger gensets or used power from the main lines.

  • @alexpaww
    @alexpaww 4 года назад +17

    We use them a lot here in Germany.

    • @felixwurm1467
      @felixwurm1467 4 года назад +1

      We use them a lot for pa equipment

    • @peterzingler6221
      @peterzingler6221 4 года назад +1

      @Sinon Strunje well people knowledge about electronics hasn't come up since it was invented.

  • @HamishDix
    @HamishDix 4 года назад +1

    New Zealand uses these, we call them blue commando. They carry 16 amps and are usually used on caravans/campervans to provide mains power while they’re parked at a campsite. But also, electric car supply equipment (EVSE’s) sometimes use these too, so that you’re not drawing 10amps off a normal wall plug for 10 hours straight.

  • @r1w3d
    @r1w3d 4 года назад

    We use them for power distribution on "remote vehicles" for radio stations when we are out on a remote site for live shows at stadiums, events, etc.. For powering large amounts of RF equipment on top or regular things like pre-amp, mics, SatComs, and so on.
    love that they can take a beating and I like that they look like huge XLR connectors

  • @jpkosoltrakul
    @jpkosoltrakul 4 года назад +11

    The hardware stores in Thailand do sell this kind of plug too.

  • @Crushonius
    @Crushonius 4 года назад +10

    in my humble opinion the best of the best come from Mennekes in Germany

  • @dercaradas
    @dercaradas 3 года назад +6

    My favorite type of these are the ones from Mennekes witch wont even require you to remove the insulation frome the wires to clamp them in the screwless connector

  • @peterarisz2150
    @peterarisz2150 4 года назад

    I like the way these connectors seem to fight to be in the view.

  • @dudeistpriest7402
    @dudeistpriest7402 4 года назад

    I love seeing electrical connectors and wires from other parts of the world . Here in the states our flexible cables are sj, sjo,sjow and sjoow . It's looks almost the same .

  • @belialclaytix4190
    @belialclaytix4190 3 года назад +3

    As an American industrial electrician, I’ve never seen them in this particular form, but I don’t do a lot of travel work and I’m generally in only three different plants regularly.

    • @jonathancook4022
      @jonathancook4022 2 года назад

      I wish they were used in America. Just watched a video on festival/stage electrical distribution boxes comonly found in the USA, sorry to say that the cefform standard is in so soo many ways superior!

  • @TheZeotrix
    @TheZeotrix 4 года назад +5

    Used quite a bit in Canada, we call them Pin and Sleeves

  • @joshonthetube
    @joshonthetube 5 лет назад +67

    Interesting.. I'm not familiar with these in the US- perhaps they show up industrially, but I haven't seen them. I thought it was interesting that you mentioned that the yellow one (110V) is used in the UK for construction sites? Any more information on that? I'm surprised to hear that 110V is used in the UK at all.

    • @SomeMorganSomewhere
      @SomeMorganSomewhere 5 лет назад +4

      I believe it's a "health and safety" thing.

    • @bigclivedotcom
      @bigclivedotcom  5 лет назад +58

      It's annoying. We have to use heavy transformers to convert 240V to centre tapped 110V. Needless to say cordless tools are very popular. In other parts of Europe they just use 240V and an RCD/GFCI.

    • @SomeMorganSomewhere
      @SomeMorganSomewhere 5 лет назад +11

      @@bigclivedotcom yeah, same deal here in AU, if it's not cordless it's plugged into 240V on an RCD

    • @Frankhe78
      @Frankhe78 5 лет назад +2

      @@SomeMorganSomewhere yes a proper earthing / grounding system and a RCD is indeed perfectly safe for hand tools and the like. Equipment that needs reliable continues operation could benefit from those heavy transformers.

    • @erlendse
      @erlendse 4 года назад +1

      There is a yellow version for 110V. It's in the standard. I don't know if it's used a lot.

  • @mikeyoung7241
    @mikeyoung7241 4 года назад +2

    A similar arrangement is used in Marine applications here in the USA. I've used them extensively in a printed circuit board factory for portable equipment. They are by far the best washdown rated (IP65) power connectors I've found. I REALLY like the angled surface mount socket for those applications.

  • @TheGibsOfTheTube
    @TheGibsOfTheTube 4 года назад

    I worked for Lincoln Electric's (the welding & cutting product manufacturer) Automation Division for 14 years and we used them for our 220 & 480 volt connections. Since we built robotic welding systems and welders for robotic applications we had to test systems. We had these attached to SOO cable and would use them for temporary power supply to the systems. Then disconnect them when the system was shipped to the customer where they would permanently wire the systems at their facilities.
    We are in Cleveland, Ohio USA

  • @AdrianProleiko
    @AdrianProleiko 4 года назад +4

    This is one of the many connectors we use in the film industry.

  • @elesjuan
    @elesjuan 4 года назад +3

    United States: I have no experience with these, but they can be found in the data center at my work on the main PDU's, and have also frequently seen them on commercial kitchen equipment. Hobart mixers and the such.

    • @srfurley
      @srfurley 3 года назад +1

      They are rare in the USA, but I did see a few when I was over there. The current ratings are different to match standard US circuit ratings, 20, 30, 60 A. There is an orange one with four pins for 120/240 split phase use.
      There is a black one for around 600/347 V three phase use. White and purple ones for extra low Voltage, but I cannot remember the Voltage range for each.
      There’s also a higher IP rated range with a locking ring and rubber sealing gasket. The standard also lists a grey one, but I don’t know what that one’s for.

  • @jmp00
    @jmp00 4 года назад +84

    Use them at McDonald’s for the muffin toasters, grills, vats and such.

    • @the_dudeguy
      @the_dudeguy 4 года назад +10

      I was just wondering why I was having deja vu back to my golden arches days

    • @RyanFinnie
      @RyanFinnie 4 года назад +10

      I worked at McD back in the 90s, and remembered the grills and vats were basically permanently attached to the walls, but they could have had those connections at the back. The main aisle definitely had them hanging from the ceiling for the "Q'ing ovens", patty/egg warmer, muffin toaster and muffin warmer, since all of those were designed to be broken down and cleaned nightly.

    • @ajdexter4195
      @ajdexter4195 4 года назад +4

      Yeah in my kitchen we use them for the rachenels that are like 20k and we have 3, each oven has a HUGE switch.
      Its scary.

    • @Newberntrains
      @Newberntrains 4 года назад +2

      @@RyanFinnie lol once a week someone would stuff the muffin toaster too much or not unload it smoke would roll out and out came a hocky puck

    • @Mr1bassman1
      @Mr1bassman1 4 года назад +1

      Are you telling us to use them in McDonald's?

  • @IrishMarcus
    @IrishMarcus 4 года назад

    We use these in two different places in my job. We have a marquee to store stock pallets in over the harsh winter. We use these connectors to power overhead lights in there, a nice amount of them too. We also use these to charge an electric counterbalance forklift.

  • @run_cycle_life4005
    @run_cycle_life4005 4 года назад

    We use them to hook up our refrigerated vans while parked at the yard , and as you say they do get hammered!

  • @Uncleharkinian
    @Uncleharkinian 4 года назад +6

    I’m in Canada in radio engineering, I’ve never seen these before but I can assure you I’m getting the chief engineer to order a few of em!

    • @NeneExists
      @NeneExists 4 года назад +5

      You'll love them, and what Clive doesn't mention is you can get even more water resistant versions with a bayonet locking ring and silicone water seals, so they don't do the thing where they fill up with water if you hang it upside down

  • @muppetpaster
    @muppetpaster 4 года назад +88

    Netherlands and "rest" of mainland europe for camping.

    • @mr.berlingo8211
      @mr.berlingo8211 4 года назад +6

      And even the UK where we like to do our own thing!

    • @KriLL325783
      @KriLL325783 4 года назад +2

      Also boat harbors for mains power into boats from the dock/jetty, colloquially called "euro connector"

    • @parkeerwacht
      @parkeerwacht 4 года назад

      I see them everywhere here too

  • @Frankhe78
    @Frankhe78 5 лет назад +50

    CEE connectors are the standard in Western Europe. They are very affordable and reliable. Almost all of them are rated IP44 and use a clock position of 6H.
    In datacenters you will see mostly red 5 pin 32 A 3P+N+PE 230/400 Volt connectors and blue 3 pin 32 A and 16 A P+N+PE 230 Volt connectors. In film / motion picture lighting they use mostly blue 3 pin P+N+PE 230 Volt connectors in 63 A, 32 A an 16 A variants. Because lights are always single phase. In theatres you will find red 5 pin 125 A, 63 A and 32 A for distribution and blue 3 pin 16 A for equipment. Stage Rigging Hoists use red 4 pin 16 A connectors.
    In agriculture, industry and on building sites you will find mostly red 4 pin 32 A 3P+PE 400 Volt connectors. Because of all the electric motors around. Special application concrete vibrators are used for concrete compaction and are usually 42 Volt at 200 Hz. These use a green 32 A 3P connector without protective earth with 4H clock position. It comes with an external frequency converter that consist of a 42 Volt 3 phase generator creating 200 Hz directly driven from a 400 Volt 50 Hz motor. The power of these devices is usually 2.2 kW.
    Professional ovens in restaurant kitchens are connected using red 32 A 3P+N+PE connectors. In telecommunication installations you will find a lot of -48 VDC but I am not sure wat kind of connectors they are using.

    • @DooMMasteR
      @DooMMasteR 4 года назад +7

      Yeah, pretty much, Germany calling in, they are the most common connector for Outdoor 1 phase (camp and boat) and 3 phase connections in general.
      Since every basic electric utility connection is 3 phase here, they are also very common in houses.
      Yes, many Europeans have common access to 400V 16 or 30 A 3 phase power :-) and most utility connections are ≥80A.
      Even the oven in my 3 room flat is hooked to a 3 phase 400V 20A connection :-P

    • @movax20h
      @movax20h 4 года назад +7

      They are pretty standard in whole Europe., West, central, east. Doesn't matter. There are few exceptions, like low current 3 phase connectors in Switzerland, but the cee is used too, and probably equally popular.

    • @DooMMasteR
      @DooMMasteR 4 года назад +7

      @@movax20h we had the Perilex system here in Germany in domestic installations, but is has become quite uncommon and has mostly been replaced by CEE connectors.
      en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perilex

    • @tehklevster
      @tehklevster 4 года назад +2

      Ex-TeleCity Datacentre engineer.....back in the 90's we ran with 16A-32A per rack so mostly saw the blue variants per phase. Out of the game now and I imagine things have moved on.

    • @DooMMasteR
      @DooMMasteR 4 года назад +5

      @@tehklevster nah they are still standard, blue for single phase red for 3 phase in 220-240 V countries.

  • @warcorer
    @warcorer Год назад

    I recently just installed one of these for my CNC mill, running a 4-pole connecter for three-phase power at 220V.

  • @Flastew
    @Flastew 4 года назад

    Florida, we use a very similar one in warehouses on three phrase air compressors. It allows us to easily unplug them and move them for maintenance.

  • @SillyPutty3700
    @SillyPutty3700 4 года назад +17

    In the states we call them "Pin & Sleeve Connectors" but I have never seen that brand of them

    • @ibimslawa
      @ibimslawa 3 года назад

      Do you use them at all in the States?

  • @tonynicholson698
    @tonynicholson698 4 года назад +57

    Most homes in NZ have these installed in the bedroom for mains operated vibratory devices....

    • @trevorvanbremen4718
      @trevorvanbremen4718 4 года назад +7

      I think that's only the 3-phase variants.... And it's somewhat limited to Otara and the Sth Island

    • @obsoleteprofessor2034
      @obsoleteprofessor2034 4 года назад +7

      So that's why the lights dim.

    • @steveosshenanigans
      @steveosshenanigans 4 года назад

      Tony Nicholson
      😲

    • @Kawarau01
      @Kawarau01 4 года назад +11

      @@steveosshenanigans My landlady has a 125A Ceeform on her wall. I always wondered about that till now. Thanks so much.

    • @igornotis8877
      @igornotis8877 4 года назад +2

      I'd have thought extra vibratory devices were the last thing needed in NZ...

  • @toxicpsion
    @toxicpsion 4 года назад +6

    see these on construction sites fairly commonly in Alberta, Canada.

  • @goldcountryruss7035
    @goldcountryruss7035 3 года назад +2

    In the early 1980's we used a lot of the Hubbell version of "Pin & Sleeve" connectors. Back then very uncommon and pricey but made for a very clean & solid system. California.

  • @machielgames
    @machielgames 4 года назад

    I’ve been working at a transporting company in The Netherlands now for atleast 2 years, and we use the red IP165N connectors to make sure the cooling engines of the trailers can stay on the electric engine instead of it blasting out diesel fumes.

  • @joshmaresch811
    @joshmaresch811 3 года назад +5

    The big ones are used at McDonald's, in Australia

  • @spicyweasel
    @spicyweasel 4 года назад +4

    I've had experience with using these when powering a convention audio system.

  • @billjarv
    @billjarv 4 года назад +3

    The caravan power take off point I installed recently has one each side

  • @elogy890
    @elogy890 4 года назад

    Used over in Germany for industrial-style washing machines, dishwashers etc. - I regularly use them for wiring up refrigerated trailers (the blue, three-prong single phase version) and our pizza oven (the red three-phase version).

  • @233kosta
    @233kosta 4 года назад

    I LOVE these. Use them wherever I can.