Whenever I feel down or stressed about something at work or in life, I come to youtube to watch these cosmic science videos. Nothing beats stress and anxiety better than the feeling of existential crisis.
@akacurryful - that's exactly what I do too... When I said this to a couple of close friends, they thought I was crazy :). Nice to know there's someone else who thinks the same way.
@@arifsaifee4146 You're not crazy. It works on many people. It just reminds us how insignificant our lives are, which makes our problems insignificant too. :-)
After an existential crisis, I'd imagine you'd be almost glad to have something to focus your attention on for the moment to get your mind off the dread.
@@fellipsilva I think you're right. String theory requires 11 dimensions. As far as i know its not possible to formulate a universe like ours with any fewer dimensions than 11 if you use strings as the fundamental particles. M-theory is similar to string theory, but includes a 12th dimension by turning some strings into membranes. In both string theory and M-theory some of these dimensions are curved and very very small so they dont fit with the 'hyperspheres all the way down' model implied by the initial post. If you ask me thats unfortunate, because it would be funny if the universe was hyperspheres all the way down, just like the old 'turtles all the way down' myth. Come to think of it, a hyperturtles-based theory of everything would probably be my favorite theory of all time :D
Our universe is a sphere, but that sphere transforms into a cube :) Our Universe is a Box. Holding us hostage inside so we never escape. Going up or going down, doesnt matter. You always end up back were you started "As Above As Below"
You know how people got mad a few hundred years ago for people suggesting the idea the earth was spherical? I kind of see the same thing happening with the shape of the universe argument. Then eventually scientists are almost 100% certain whether it is spherical or flat. But then instead of flat-earthers it's flat-universers or spherical-universers
What if you combine milti-verse idea as well as hypersphere.. time being the depth of the sphere. Still with space, except theres an invisible depth, where entirely similair or different worlds exist
Yeah exactly. When talking about the universe, the universe means "everything". It makes no sense to think about what it is expanding "into", or what is "outside". From our point of view, the universe is all there is.
@Kenzita This is incorrect. It wasn't in one tiny place, it happened everywhere. It was only "smaller" in the sense that distances between objects was less and the universe was denser. And "exploded" is misleading as it didn't go anywhere, just stretched.
@@jelaninoel The thing is 2d creatures more than likely do not actually exist. And if they do exist in another universe somewhere the laws of physics which govern that universe would be one of the most perplexing mysteries and discoveries of science ever.
@@jelaninoel they say they can, but we can show a 4D (hypercube) corollary by drawing 3D concepts (persective) in 2D (on paper). Can these 2Ders do the same in 1D? I say Nay good sir, NAY! Analogy debunked.
You mean they don't know what the correct shape of further dimensions but predict on the basis of their own shapes?? Like a 4d sphere (but actually sphere is 3d)
Kudos for adding "We think that...", most of the time people explain things as facts when they are not, some times is just the best answer right now, and some times that's enough to get some results, but it's not the best we can get
@fynes leigh OK firstly, I don't struggle with language (I am c1 level in English) Secondly, what I meant is explain what you mean by "we are imaginary", like *how* are we imaginary. Maybe also provide proof for that statement.
Dumb fools: "The Earth is flat!!" Smart fools: "The universe is flat." Don't think so? Check this out: www.uvs-model.com/UVS%20on%20overviews.htm#validity
@@octapc Those who believe the universe is flat are just another lots of fools, and it doesn't matter some N-prizes were awarded to such fools. Get over it.
@@alexanderday6754 The reply to your point number 1 is, the current scientific development is merely for pragmatic theories of truth with the consilents that do not refer to reality. It merely requires the scientific hypotheses to work in the objective reality with its hypothesized subjective reality. FYI, the quantitative prediction for the retrograde motion of the Mars is very precise in the geocentric worldview. Despite the geocentric model could fairly precisely predict, we all now know geocentrism is fundamentally flawed without a doubt. For your point 2, you need to understand the predicated logic of the scientific hypotheses that were validated to work pragmatically, are not tantamount to the reality of nature they are emulating. The contemporary modern physics is entirely built on its fallacious posits that flopped on every aspects under the law of noncontradiction. Check this out: www.uvs-model.com/UVS%20on%20time%20dilation.htm And this: www.uvs-model.com/UVS%20on%20clarifying%20the%20concept%20of%20gravity.htm If you could grasp these, you would understand I did not simply consume media that some else had handled to me. For your point 3, the SI measurement for the definition of a second is alright, but the assumption for the caesium atom would remain stable under different gravitational potential, is just an assumption. This scientific consensus was concluded with circular reasoning, and consequently all the modern physics propositions were thus inbued with that confirmation biased. To answer your point number 4, it would be: be enlightened to a paradoxical reality of nature. www.uvs-model.com/UVS%20on%20paradoxical%20effect.htm And the structure of the observable universe: www.uvs-model.com/UVS%20on%20the%20structure%20of%20the%20observable%20universe.htm BTW, by understanding the actual underlying mechanisms of the cosmos, among the resolutions to the numerous unsolved problems of physics, the 400-year mysteries of the solar cycles are unequivocally resolved. Check this out: www.uvs-model.com/WFE%20on%20sunspot.htm#solar_cycle Galileo was never given a podium, so am not holding my breath the smart fools could really come to their senses at all even a podium was given. It would take alot more than that, but I foresee a scientific revolution of physics is inevitable.
I am thinking, people used to think the earth is flat due to lack of perspective. Relatively, we don't have perspective of our universe. Its simply too big.
@@97YoAnDrEwYo97 and the fact that all SPACE AGENCIES had their own flaws and solar system is just faulty, like , what is sun made of? if fire, why would it burn on a vacuum space? fire needs oxygen, right?
Didn't the mystery schools of ancient Greece teach that the universe was a polytope dodecahedron? And if you were to ever speak of the existence of such a shape you would be instantly killed it was so secret. The reason it was so secret is the fact that it is no infinite. The expansion is key to the framerate of our perceived time. Eventually the universal will likely contract.
@Alchemica Blackwood It al should be easier to prove than it is. I still don't know why there isn't a single untouched photo of earth from outter space. Not one.
Our 3D universe is in fact expanding into something. It is expanding into the future. The moment we experience now is the 3 dimensional "slice" of the hypersphere we are stuck on. We can not move backward into the past because of the forward "push" of entropy, and we can not skip ahead to the future because causality is limited to the speed of light.
They: Earth is flat! We: Don't be silly, earth is sphere. But, you see, universe is flat. Some higher beings: Don't be silly, univers is Hypersphere... Some Higher higher beings: Don't be silly dimensions don't exist everything is simulation and every conciousness percieve reallity as it wish...
I figured this out on my own some 25 years ago, though I used string and balloons to step up from one to three dimensions. Some flaws here are like the parallel laser test, where the vastness of the universe would compare somewhat similarly to testing the curvature of the Earth by measuring parallel lines between two adjacent atoms.
You'll be more hard pressed to explain to us steady state universe types why it is physics from trillions of years ago at the edge of our observed universe looks almost identical to now, even though a proton should have been half the size and the existence of our elements impossible. Unless things didn't exist in particles back then. Which would be amusing as the quantum eraser would make them into particles.... There is a physics brain-bender for you. In any event, what is more interesting is that these stars which were some of the first ever formed, supposedly, have a high concentration of transition metals in them, if their spectra is any indication to be taken seriously. Of course, I'm something of a skeptic of time dilation and lorentz transformations of "space time" - so tie me to the stake and burn me like a heretic I suppose.
@@Aim54Delta OMG, you idiot. I would say get an education, but you obviously dont have the brainpower,lol. Protons half the size, hahahahahahahahahahah..Not in THIS universe moron,lol..Hmm, on second thought this comment was a bit mean. Its not a subject that most people know much about:) As for the "steady state"idea. This is not 1950, that idea is out the window big time:/
@@TheZacdes idk if you know but protons are shrinking in size. Are you saying that protons being half the size they are now is impossible, or are you saying the protons cant shrink? Im asking because i want to know more about physics
@@TheZacdes I'm assuming that since you can't articulate any kind of explanation as to why I am incorrect or flawed in my example, you, yourself, lack the necessary knowledge of physics theory to engage in much of a discussion. However, here is the problem with "space expands" theories: we have to then define what space is. Now, by taking the speed of light as a universal constant, we can arrive at what have been termed Planck units. These are, effectively, the smallest units of length, volume, and time. If you know your quantum mechanical experiment history and how field theories were developed, you'll note a direct relationship between wavelength, energy, and particle behaviors. Those of us who come from radio and microwave fields of experience tend to think of the subatomic universe less as particles and more of stupidly small radio systems where harmonics, interference, coupling, etc all play major roles in how things play out. All of this works because the planck units are defined as set to the speed of light. Which is constant so far as we have experienced in the vacuum. Which ... Gets interesting because all of this implies a scalar field and therefore a prefferrential reference frame. But that is another story. The world in which much of cosmology operates is in one dominated by relativity. Relativity utilizes what are called lorentz transformations to explain how space and time can be distorted. The problem is that these operate completely detached from any material reality we have observed. Lorentz transformations don't explain what gets stretched or how it does so - only illustrates how it is possible to stretch apparent dimensions into uncountably infinite space - where I can fit a whole universe inside a marble, or something. Of course, this is more of an illustrative tool than a physical model as even though there is a ton of empty space inside things - and arguably nothing there to begin with until you look for it - the entire premise of space expanding or contracting flies in the face of every physical mechanism we know to be consistent with everything we consider to be material fact. If space is expanding between galaxies as part of a 4d expansion, then that same space must necessarily be expanding as well within our planets, atoms, etc. If the photon and the speed of light are the units of measure we use to measure our world and define space, then the question then becomes "what is space other than the amount of time it takes for information to be transferred?" - and what is time other than the distance over which something travels between the occurrence of two events? Spatial expansion theories, therefore, argue that space expands and attenuates the wavelength of a photon. Because the volume of space containing the photon has increased, the total wavelength has decreased (this requires energy to have dissipated, somewhere, as photons have an energy proportional to their wavelength). Thus, if a photon arrives with a shifted frequency implying a 5% reduction in wavelength, we would estimate that space has expanded roughly 5% in that timeframe. So, all subatomic particles would be expected to occupy 5% less space (well, to have a 5% smaller diameter... So a lot less space, actually). This is a disaster of a problem as you can't do that in QM. So, there are four potential courses to address this. First is that space doesn't expand and redshift is caused by some other factor - perhaps light "leaks" energy and this is why red shift seems proportional to distance. Perhaps there are other explanations. The second is that some weird mechanisms take over we are not familiar with - IE - space is somehow different than the methods we use to measure it, and thus it can expand without disrupting the behavior of subatomic particles. The third is that physics is in a temporarily stable state and spatial expansion will eventually trigger a catastrophic shift in the way the subatomic world works. This also has interesting implications as the photons we are encountering from distant parts of the universe are entities which came into existence under our current physical reality from a fundamentally different one. The fourth is basically an appeal to ignorance in that it would argue we know too little about our world to be making these determinations because almost any internally consistent theory can be proposed to explain our world granted the inability to test the claims. Grant us one free miracle and we'll explain the rest.
@@anteconfig5391 hahahaha. Protons cant shrink man, they are what they are given the rules governing this universe. If Protons were half the size[in another universe say] things would be entirely different. We would not be here:) I could go into detail but as you are not educated in the field it would mean nothing:/ I could also copy/paste any number of easily found articles on this that YOU could find with a VERY simple google search:/ If you want to know more..GOOGLE IT!!
12:15 "If the universe was on a hypersphere, then it would be an extremely large hypersphere." I don't understand why that invalidates the theory. After all, we've found space to be much bigger than previously thought many times throughout the 20th century. Also, wouldn't a flat, infinite universe be infinitely larger than a hypersphere? So that's even weirder than the hypersphere theory
Agreed, thought the very same thing. The hypersphere idea is somewhat easier to grasp for me, for the concept of infinity, when applied to the physical world (beyond mathematics), usually turns out to be very problematic in many different ways.
I agree. Also, how do we know that the hypersphere is or is not on the hypersurface of a 5D hyper-hypersphere? We, as human beings are extremely limited in our capacity to understand the brain of the creator.
yep, it makes a whole lot of intuitive sense, practical sense, etc. and then at the very end. “nope the math doesn’t check out”. Using 3D geometry it all still appears to be 3D, well no shit! lol Like it was forgotten that the math for the model is not going to be the same math as the real thing. It has been said that in order to learn more about the universe, like quantum mechanics and what not, but we have to ‘discover a new math’ so this is no surprise.
This is still the best reply here and I wish it was pinned to the top. Just because the universe appears too large for us to know whether it is a hypersphere or not does not seem like a good answer to whether or not it is a hypersphere.
I think people don't actually get what it means to be in an infinite universe. Just to blow some brains i will say there would be infinitely many earths almost exactly like ours, and by "almost exactly" i mean almost exactly with us people included, our history and our personalities. That same thing you watched in sci-fi moovies about parallel universes, but all in our universe, just because it is infinite
Wow, I'm truly impressed. You explained difficult concepts in an understandable and approachable way without dumbing it down to drivel. First video I saw from this channel and subbed.
That's what I really enjoy about the physics and composition of the Universe, you never know what's out there! Just the thought of an infinitely expanding universe was always interesting to me.
The infinite flat universe theory has far worse problems: It would make the universe infinitely dense at the beginning, an infinitely large black hole, where nothing could escape. Afaik, the error margins of the measurements for the flat universe theory still include the universe if it was a 4d ball which expanded for 14 billion years. If we assume a universe which works more like mathematical vectors, space being an illusion, and expansion being comparable to adding more curvature locally, a map of that whole universe would still have a form, and, considering we don't see an edge in either direction, a 4d ball would be pretty much the only option (regardless of whether it has a positive, negative or neutral curvature when time is included). Here we are at another point: Are they calculating the shape of the universe including or excluding time? With time, geometry and speed of expansion both affect measurable curvature, and rising speed of expansion can create the effect of a flat universe even if it is actually round. There might actually be a relation between the two... Imagine a 3D Ball with a 2d surface, like Earth. We are in a small city and can only see using very slow sound or light, so that what we see of neighboring cities is millions of years old. If the world expanded at the right rate, the streets would look stretched out, adding to an apparently flat curvature, with a sharp dip right behind the event horizon, where the expansion is faster than the speed of the sound/light, so that we can't see it.
According to a theory based on higher energy state calculations, the size of the whole universe is 10²⁴ x observable universe. That's 90 billion light years times with 10 followed by 24 zeroes. And still growing faster than the speed of light...
@@ahmetakgun7709 Do you have a link? I'd like to see those calculations. A few ultra-large structures in the universe plus a picture where the same (rare type of) galaxy appears twice, just billions of light years apart, make me uncertain at the moment whether we really expand faster than light or may just get this impression because light traveled around the universe a few times and we see a much larger universe than there actually is.
@@ahmetakgun7709 The popular extreme size estimates are based on one group saying they were able to calculate the curvature of space, but I have yet to see a good source detailing their methods in an easy to test and reproduce way. If the entire universe expanded at the speed of light for 13.7 billion years, it's radius is exactly 13.7 billion years and it's diameter is 27.4 billion years. Things change if we assume the spatial expansion is in 4 dimensions and we can only see 3 of them - the surface. Like a comic hero painted on the surface of a balloon can only see and move in 2 dimensions. That would make the apparent (3D) diameter of the universe equal the circumference of it, similar to the comic hero seeing itself in the center of a plate larger than the radius of the balloon. So we get a 'diameter' of 84 billion ly. More if there are more dimensions or if hyperinflation is true and such. If we move at such a fast speed, only the light of nearby galaxies becomes visible to us, after a time which corresponds to the distance. That's the visible universe. It's not clear how much of a percentage of the universe is actually in the view - that depends on our rate of expansion. I personally believe it might be considerably slower than light. That would allow the light we see to travel around the universe multiple times before reaching us. So the universe might have a radius of 10 billion ly or less and we see 3 billion of that as mirror images. I don't think we could tell by just looking at the galaxies, like above mentioned scientists say they can. But there are a few indicators, like a 5 billion light year ring of gamma ray bursts, which is not possible in a flat universe with inflation, among other mega structures and anomalies. Your sources are not able to convince me otherwise, among others because of sloppy explanations, like assuming that objects from 13.7 billion light years away have moved more than the expexted 13.7 billion light years away from us, without real explanation (math formulas). In my model, it would be a maximum of 27.4 Gly, appearing as 43 Gly if we assume a 4D hypersphere.
How will humanity learn if people would rather enjoy themselves than to be bothered to think? I dunno the shape of the universe, but I believe it's like that loaf of bread analogy...and yes that loaf of bread has a center.
Honestly, time being a spacial dimension sounds terrifying to me. Imagine some higher dimensional being accidentally stepping on you because it stepped "back" in time Like time travel is just.. walking for them. And the "expanding universe" is actually the entire universe falling.. towards something we can't see, because we can't see in time. It may just be the pepperoni, falling towards a fourth dimensional hyperpizza.
Ignoring time, a 4th dimensional being could pick one of us up, rotate us in the fourth dimension, and place us back. This would eventually kill you. Most of the nutrients we take in are right-handed isomers, but your body would now be prepared for left-handed isomers. Hence you'd never absorb another nutrient again. (Simplified to keep the comment short.)
So I was enjoying your clips and watching and YT was rewarding me by feeding them to me. But now because I recently faced back into a Universe kick it fed me this from 2 years ago. I hope there is at least more content like this to find and then a grander hope is that you are continually putting this content out because it's good.
You will meet a problem with the not decreasing orbital period of electrons and such things... It might work with the string theory. The elementary foundation of reality has to be fuzzy, without any constant.
And yet you morons still don't get it, that earth is a level plane. Just continue typing idiotic one liners and post brain-dead memes. All the while oblivious to your enslavement and many preferring it, and wanting to impose it on others. Oh well... still a level plane.
How about: spacetime is a hypersphere, but time is the "radius" dimension while space is the other 3 polar coordinates? The question is whether the math would be compatible with the Lorentz transformations in Special Relativity.
Elie The Prof : My thoughts exactly. The is expanding thru the 4th spatial dimension at “c”. Since we’re on the surface, far away galaxies will seem to move faster. For example, a galaxy on the “opposite side “ would be moving from us at twice that speed.(if measured through the “center “. Our movement along this 4th dimension would seem like what we call time. The past would be unreachable because it’s now inside the hyper sphere.
That sounds like it could make a lot of sense. Surface area increases as radius increases just like how the universe expands as time goes on. This is just my intuition, but now that I think about it, it wouldn't make sense if radius was *not* the time dimension if all the other points were true.
How about air is ancient unicorn farts? A theory is a hypothesis plus a mathematical model that agrees with current observations and makes predictions of what you will observe under differing conditions.
I had an interesting exchange about a flat or curved universe in a comment section just yesterday and had a hard time understanding the flatness in a universe that's obviously not 2d. Your video just cleared that up so easily! Thank you, you're a brilliant teacher and i'd love to see more content from you :)
ASMR Gaming nah it isn’t proven. The plane of our existence can either be a plane, a curved plane, or a sphere. We don’t know yet but research shows we are most likely in a curved plane I think.
@3:48 THANK YOU! I was always wondering if this was the case for the expanding universe and could never find a clear answer - maybe I didn't look hard enough, or maybe I wasn't sure I really understood the concept. But thank you for explaining gravity wins locally and atoms etc don't fly apart... I had always wondered if, for example, I could compare my body now to my body from billions of years ago if the me now would be enormous and b.y.a. me would be relatively tiny or at least noticeably smaller (obviously this is a thought experiment and factors such as time travel capability for the comparison, mortality that would adversely interfere with the temporal specimens, and weight gain extrapolated over such a lifetime are ignored for convenience's sake).So they wouldn't be appreciably different sizes, right? What about galaxies (how local is locall?)? Galactic clusters would be "larger" (again, I hope the things I'm ignoring for the sake of clarity don't come off as completely ignorant of the development of things like galactic clusters, galaxies, stars themselves...so instead of just 12-14 billion years ago to now, maybe a comparison between a human body from 12bya, 8bya, 4bya, and now (hmm, and say 4billion years hence and so forth) - all other factors accounted for (species stays same size, nutrition, planet size/gravity the same - let's take homogenous to ridiculous levels and include all times as well-solely for the development of comparable specimens to compare which just goes to show nothing stays the same!).
So, living on the 3D ball will give you the option to travel in 2 orthogonal directions to come to your starting point again. Living on the 4D ball with give us the option to travel in 3 orthogonal directions to come to our starting point again. That means, traveling along the room-like 3d dimension will be seen as a 3rd line across the hyperspherical ball, without entering the 4D ball (or 4th dimension). Interesting🤔
With the major difference that when we use reason and experiment we find that the earth is a spheriod while the same principles indicate an overall flat universe. It's more of language thing I'd guess.
@@Neoplasie1900 Well we did use reason when we thought the earth was flat. We said it looked flat so it was. It wasn't great reasoning but it was all we have. It is the same thing here where we use all the reasoning we have now to say the universe is flat but we certainly still don't have the full picture not even close.
I did the angle measurement experiment in my back yard i took 10 steps one way, turned 90 degrees clockwise, took another 10 steps turned 90 degrees again and finally took another 10 steps, i was not in the same place, therefore the earth is flat. Q.E.D.
Were those ten steps standardized? How likely is it that you will always land your foot on the same distance for an n number of times around the perimeter of a square? Probably very low. If you expected this to be an R/whoosh, nope! Here’s my UNO reverse card: 🔁
@@topsecret1837 You are right, I will play my skip card until i re-do the experiment, i will bring my yard stick and protractor and give you the new results soon.
In my dream (and yes, I know it was a dream, but everything you are saying fits within it, the universe is like this), imagine a book and its pages. when you look at a book, it looks like a thick solid piece, but as you explore it closer, you see that it has individual pages. This is basically our universe, at least in terms of what I saw in my dream. Each page is a universe that is stacked on one another. I can't remember if the shape was a cylinder or a sphere, but it was one of these. Now when you looked at an individual universe (just like you would a page from a book), you would see that the shape was a circle, however, it had a hole in the middle, so it was more like a halo or doughnut shape. Now here is another interesting part of the whole thing. The closer you were to the middle, the smaller an object was or non existent it would become...I believe this was like 4d or 5d stuff going on that I couldn't really understand. As you moved farther out to the universe or the outer edge of the halo, you would see things come into existence and get bigger. Like I said, this was all from a dream I had a while ago, but it's interesting to see that some of this dream could hold some truths to it.
I like that idea especially looking at the curvatures of the model at 12:13 and how he said scientists measured the angle to be "just ABOUT 180 degrees". Well that might work if we measured only one of the squares of the grid in the model. As if our sample was wayyyy too small. The "just about" measurement could actually be all the room for error in the world for the universe to be a large continuous donut.
Angeldude101: I think there's a good chance that the universe is on a hypersphere, or rather is the hypersphere, not just the surface. You opted to ignore time and a dimension in the model, but I think it's very important. To determine your location in an n-dimensional ball, you need n numbers. One of those is the distance from the center, while the others all represent angles relative to some reference. Well our universe just so happens to have 1 dimension that behaves notably different from the other 3. If you haven't picked up what I'm saying yet, I'm saying that time acts as the radius of the 4-ball, and space represents the angular dimensions. From this perspective, there is a center of the universe, but it's not where the Big Bang happened, but when. This would mean that light follows curved paths and travels 1 unit of angle for every one unit away from the center. Regardless of what direction you look, light eventually curves back towards the center, which would be the microwave background which appears to come from all directions. I haven't worked out the exact shape, but the observable universe could be some 3D manifold that intersects one's current position in spacetime and the Big Bang. It might be a hypersphere, or maybe a hyperellipsoid, but again, I'm not certain and it also probably depends on the speed of light. What would the universe be expanding into in this model? The future! Ashraile: You're a genius. I was 100% convinced that the universe is hypersphere, given that protons and electrons are all spherical, but I couldn't figure out what the 'inside' of the hypersphere could be. Also it 100% fits with my model of the universe not actually expanding into anything, as the only 'things' that could exist outside the universe are higher dimensions. The 5th dimension being potentialities, or 'strings' of time encapsulating all potential superpositions of matter. Aka all potential futures!
Ah, I don't believe I explained what I was trying to describe well enough. Each "slice" or "page" of the sphere/cylinder (probably sphere) is its own universe. So each slice is a 3d flat disc, however the whole universe is in it and the universe is not expanding out of it at all. It is all contained. Time and Space are only relative to the Universes. I don't know how space/time works outside of the discs, but I'm sure it has it's own way of doing things. When I talk about objects being small coming from the middle, but getting bigger I would interpret that as another dimension being shown, however I'm not sure which one/ones. Time and Space is extremely important as that is how we have movement, at least in our reality. Perhaps, I was seeing time/space (future) happening, however I'm sure it was more that just that. Oh! Well cool, sounds like you figured something out. Glad I could share my dream experience with you.
Lets say hypothetically that there is an edge to the universe, whats beyond? Is there like an invidible wall in a video game? Is there anything that we could potentially compare it to?
4:59 That's faulty logic since we don't know how far our universe goes. There for, it could still be a sphere but so far that we can't measure if the lines are slowly getting closer.
Exactly. I mean the alternative here is an infinite flat universe. If the flat universe needs to be infinite to exist, then you'll never really be able to be sure you're measuring far enough to verify there's no curve. Idk why it would be easier and more logical to assume an infinite flatness, rather than a finite 3 sphere that's just much larger than our current observable universe.
i thought it was faulty because shining two beams of light parallel to each other isnt the 4D version of verifying this. Shining two beams parallel to each other in a 3D space will result in a hypothetical 2D plane like the 3D sphere example. I think the 4D way of verifying that we live in a hypersphere is with parallel 2D planes separated through 3D space; If they make a 1D cross-section anywhere in space when they meet, then we do.
I guess our instrument sensitivity would have to be so low in comparison to viewable versus actual size that we can't see a change. Possible, but I don't know.
love this video, im only 6 minutes in but i just wanted to mention a couple things and then add onto the theory you discussed. first, parallel lines on a sphere do not eventually intersect on a spherical plane because if you were to flatten it (obviously this can't be done perfectly but for the sake of the mathematics it doesn't necessarily matter) you will see two elliptical outlines with varying curvature that intersect at two common points. the best way to visualize this i guess is by comparing it to the way we measure the planet we live on- e.g. longitude vs. latitude. Second, time has not been accepted as a viable candidate for fourth dimension in a long time but time is rather a construct of human perception that allows us to articulate the way energy interacts with physical matter. in the grand scheme of things, time doesn't actually exist. Now, what I wanted to add to the video is an analogy I came up with that helps me visualize what the fourth dimension means to us as three dimensional beings. Imagine a tree growing upwards, branches extending outwards in each direction. Now take a two dimensional plane and run it parallel to the ground straight through the trees canopy. To someone existing on the two dimensional plane, there would be these rounded cross sections scattered throughout their version of the universe that appear to be entirely separate, while to someone existing in three dimensions, these cross sections are all connected in a way that is far beyond what a two dimensional being is able to grasp; simply existing as a small part of something much bigger.
It’s actually super interesting how many things in physics would make total sense if all our confusion was that it’s all 4d physics and we’re just seeing the 3d bit. “Sometimes we bump it up a dimension and use imaginary numbers and then back down and it works better than just trying it all with 3d real numbers not quite sure why” or maybe that was the trick all along
question: a 3d person percieving a hypersphere would see it as a sphere that grows and then eventually shrinks, so could our perception of the universe expanding be a property of our 3d nature, observing a grand cosmological hypersphere?
@DankMemeKid - we have no direct observations of distances increasing. We have redshift of distant light. Cause could be an expanding universe. Could be a million other things as well.
@DankMemeKid - well, the problem is that if we shrink - then all things not shrinking should expand equally. Expanding universe model states that far away objects are expanding away faster than closer ones.
@@Mosern1977 The far away objects are shrinking much longer, which we perceive as "moving away faster". Also the photons that we receive from the far away galaxies may be 'shrinking' which influences their frequency (redshift).
Super video. I really like how it's explain without getting too complicated but still complex in a certain way. I have a question for you : how can we be sure than the universe is expanding rather than we (all the things inside the universe) are getting smaller?
Question about “expansion”. If all of space is expanding, and like any two raisins in the bread loaf, or any two points on the infinite plane, what would it matter? Yes, the universe “expanded” but so did the relative distance between my head and my feet (which constitute two points, or two “raisins”). How would one even observe such an expansion? ie, if from a to b was 1,000 units of my height before the expansion, would it not likewise be 1,000 units of my height after/during expansion? Or am I (matter) somehow “disconnected” from this expansion? Or expanding at a different rate?
Not a physicist but you can find evidence for expansion by looking at redshifting of light sources. Tl;dr it's a similar phenomenom as how the pitch of a ambulance siren deepens as it passes you by.
@@jeromeorji1057 seems like the only reason we can register expansion is the fact that we get information about different chunks of space from different timeframes. By the way, what will change if space will stay the same size, but the speed of light will decrese?
The distance between your head and your feet does not constitute two raisins, cause Gravity. It would rather be part of the raisin. Since Gravity cancels out the effect of the expansion, the raisin would be an equivalent to our Solar System, which stays constant in size. Just like the raisin does not increas, but merely the space in between.
The distance between your head and feet is not expanding because the forces holding you together are stronger than the expansion of space. This extends all the way up to structures like galaxies and such, which are gravitationally bound together. Imagine you had a rubber band with two ants drawn on it. The drawings would be stretched apart from each other, but the drawings themselves would be getting stretched wider and wider as well, because each ink particle is moving with the rubber. Now if you had two real ants on the same rubber band, they would be getting further from each other as the rubber stretched, but they wouldn't get stretched/ripped apart because they're not bound to the rubber itself - sure their legs touch the rubber itself, but it just gradually slips under their feet as it stretches. But they're still being carried away from each other because they're not tied together.
@@zerobyte802 how the forces keep everything togther if them acts within the space and space itself expands? Do we just can not measure expansion at scales like star systems or galaxies simply because it's too small for our instruments? Does calculations of stars trajectories orbiting gelaxy center consistent with expansion included or not, and how (may be Earth orbit is stable cause it's spiral but that cancels out with univerce expansion too)?
What confuses me is cosmologists will talk about how inflationary expansion is expected to make a universe that looks very flat even if it isn't, but then promptly forget about this when talking about direct measurements of the geometry.
@12:00 You seem to have missed this www.nature.com/articles/s41550-019-0906-9 Oh also, while we're at it, and you're a mathematician, wouldn't it be possible to estimate the size of a hypersphere required to make our observable universe seem like a speck (i.e. what size is enough in order not to be able to detect local curvature)? And what would happen if we'd then try and marry that estimate with the perceived expansion of the universe? In other words how fast is the hypersphere growing if that's the case? And does it accelerate in growth or does it grow constantly? (it should be the 3-sphere area that is growing exponentially due to an obvious exponent.) All fine questions imho.
I saw a similar article about positive curvature. I'm surprised it wasn't mentioned. As to the size question, I believe this calculation has been done. I remember watching a science video on YT like Spacetime or Arvin Ash where they mentioned someone did the math and if I remember right, the minimum size to see no curvature was huge. Like mind boggling larger than the observable universe.
@@norcal_faithful775 Well, if the size was that of the observable universe, we would quite easily be able to observe the curvature... So it's quite natural to expect the size to be humongous. Just think about it: you can observe the curvature of Earth just by stand on a shore and watch a ship to disappear under the horizon. And the size of Earth is huge compared to what we can observe when standing still. Not completely analogous to observing curvature of space, but it gives some perspective.
Oh, and the article posted my Milan seems quite intereating, amd I've missed it. Cool to see some possible progress in this direction - I'm wondering how different models of multiverse we currently have could survive if the curvature indeed is globally positive (or do some of them actually predict it? I'm not familiar enough to know this x) )
so that if you travelled for long enough in one direction, you would eventually end up where you started, at the beginning? I dont really like that idea at all.. lol.. its seems so much like any living entity travelling withing this universe would just be chasing its tail..
You mentioned scientists tested the triangular "Walk straight, then two 90 degree turns" method and found it was "close" to 180 degrees, couldn't that point to our universe theoretically being in a hypersphere that's.. unthinkably enormous? so big that even our biggest possible measurements would seem to point to it being otherwise?
This is why scientists talk about the observable universe. They say the observable universe is flat, because the size of the observable universe is known, and measurements of flatness can be made within that context.
Olivia Kittridge : Exactly. The margin of error is 0.4%(or something like that). Anywho, it means the universe could be curved but it have be at least 250 times the diameter of the observable universe, and if we get more accurate, even bigger than that. It’s probably impossible to get 100% accuracy so I’m holding out for the curved universe. That way, we can have colliding bubble multiverses of different sizes and other cool stuff.🤗
He is like that one professor who teaches really chill but you get what he is saying ahaha. Keep up good work. Also a suggestion, would love u to add formulas in the graphics
U know how if u get a 3D object and pass it through a 2D plane and u will see a circle expanding and shrinking because that it's cross section, What if our 3D universes is just a cross section of a 4D hypersphere passing through a 3D plane, This will give a reason for the universe's expansion but also means the universe will shrink at one point!
Wouldn't you see new things popping into existence constantly then? Imagine passing a 3D spherical universe through a 2d plane. To those on the 2d plane, there wouldn't be expansion, it would look different entirely
aman varshney perhaps not, you've got a point when it comes to things happening on such a large scale, but I'm inclined to believe that we would notice something so obviously unintuitive, on however large a scale, but obviously neither of us are going to have a compelling argument on the basis of evidence beyond a hunch and shaky logical reasoning. As for understanding higher dimensions, we have no way to actually observe them so I suppose you're right, but id argue that they're likely to follow the same patterns as lower dimensions, which we can observe. Plus your initial proposition required assumptions regarding the nature of 4 dimensional objects. While we don't necessarily understand them, I think it's reasonable to hypothesize on the basis of what little understanding we do have.
@@orik737 u r a smart person mate Should become a defense lawyer or something However this could also explain y gravity is so weak since it already spreads in the 4th spacial dimension unlike the rest of the forces I should just stop trying now Really 😂
i mean, i thought of something similar when i finished dishes last night. so you know how when you drain water, its mostly flat except for where the drain is, and where that drain is, there is a whirlpool that things can get stuck in. so imagine the surface as being a flat universe with multiple drains, 99.999% of which are inescapable. the flatlanders would be like "inescapable gravitational force beyond a certain point". sound familiar? its a 2D black hole. now imagine our universe is a 3D flat surface in a massive 4D sink. there are many drains, allowing for many black holes. these drains would be the cause of supermassive blackholes, where as star explosions would be small bubble blips on the 3D surface of the 4D water. this is super crazy and probably extraordinarily scientifically inaccurate, but i had to put it out there in some form otherwise this stupid theory would bother me for the next few months or something
At 8:55 regarding the 2D “flat-mans” perspective on the surface of the sphere. Let’s assume that the sphere is not expanding, and such the surface area isn’t either, and that the speed of light is the same. He would either (a) only be able perceive the point at which he is located on the sphere that is the tangent plane, or (b) be able to see the entirety of the spheres surface. But let’s suppose that the sphere is expanding, thereby the surface area, and that the speed of light is the same. He would either (a) still only be able to see the point at which he is located because that is the tangent plane or (b) only be able to see a limited circle on the surface of the sphere like that depicted in the video. So the only way he could see in a limited circle and not the entirety of the surface would be if the sphere itself was expanding. So to carry that over to us, the “4D” shape that we rest on the surface of must be expanding, because we can only see a limited part of the universe. And if the “4D” shape that we are resting on were to NOT be expanding, we would be able to see ourselves from behind ourselves on the opposite “end” of the universe. Just like the flat-man would be able to look at the back of his head if the sphere was not expanding.
actually, if the universe was like that but not expanding, the more likely idea is that the light from all the stars in the universe would loop back around, basically causing everything to fry and become the heat of infinity suns.
Let's say that the 3D-sphere-world is really on a 4D-sphere, and we keep continue and assume that the 4D-sphere is on a 5D-sphere which is on a 6D-sphere and so on to infinite. We have the infinite dimensions overlapping each other theory. I swear somebody must have made that theory.
actually I heard some other guy say that the minimum is 11 dimensions, but in string theory. In “M-theory,” (idk what that is either) there are 12 minimum. So, infinite dimensions is possible, but 11 dimensions is required, at least in string theory.
I’m not sure if you already have a video like this but if not you should make a video or even just post all of the journals and things you visit for information
REALLY IMPORTANT (12:10) I'm sure scientific know what they are doing. But if a triangle is a shape you would use to test that a 2D is flat. WHY WOULD YOU use that shape to test if a 3D space if flat. It would be the equivalent of drawing a line in a 2D space and because it looks straight then the space is flat. Shouldn't have they used a pyramid?
The geometry of the triangle works in both 2d and 3d. If the angles equall 180 the space is flat. Triangles are used to measure distance in 3d space as well as on paper (2d) in geometry class in school. Parallel lines also work on both but not good for finding distances. Hope this helps.
It's because geometry changes on a curved surface. Normally the angles of a triangle add to 180 degrees but depending on the curve it can either be >180 degrees (e.g. spheres ) or
Your videos are fantastic: both simple and sufficient in scope, while also comprehensive. This one answers many important, fairly basic questions I’ve had about cosmology from one time to another. Some of these I’ve answered but the explanations were slow in coming. Questions like: is there any edge to the universe, what do other galaxies see and where is the center?
Knowledge > research. We don't know if it's flat, well... It's not really, it's 3D with gravity being an additional dimension. If you look at it per slice, it appears flat.
@fynes leigh I have a super smelly butt sexy penis and that's the truth, well it's at least my truth. Butt the thing is I farted too and that is truth too.
I have been saying the universe is round for years and spinning in the opposite direction at speeds higher than light while we are in the eye of its huge mass as it is rolling through space which is why everything seems to be moving away from us depending on if they are facing up or down or like a clock ticking clockwise until you see it from the other side it appears to be spinning counter clockwise as seeing and being on top of a galaxy looking down versus up.
If you add up: Dark Matter + Dark Energy + Not Isotropic + Not Homogenous Then we basically know almost nothing about everything and we pretend 11 Dimensional String Theory isn't insane
Explaining how the universe could be basically the surface of an ever expanding sphere was a very satisfying explanation that clicked well in my brain. That actually makes some sense to me even if we can’t fully verify that.
Guys I figured it out. The universe isn’t expanding - all of the matter inside of it is just shrinking at the same rate, proportional to everything. And since our measurements of distance are relative to physical objects, nothing would appear to change on a small scale. But across the universe, stars and galaxies shrinking into their own midpoints would appear to be moving farther away. I’m sure there’s a bunch of things wrong with that theory when the speed of light gets involved, but it’s fun to think about ok
I'm mean technically yes, that's just called moving forward in time, but that doesn't account for the actual physical distances increasing between galaxies
@@nickwilson8119 What do you think about the following idea: What if the 4th dimension of the 4d hypersphere is time? The analogy with the 3d sphere would be the following.:Time is the radius of the sphere. And because we are beings which observe time, we are actually "moving" with time along the radius into the future. This has some funny consequences: The center of the 4d sphere would be "The Start" / Big Bang! Moving back and forth in time would be the same as "moving" in space in a 4d sphere
@@Tirreg88 That does sound like quite an interesting idea and the fact the center is a point in time but 'everywhere' in space is really neat. I would love to see if anyone's taken this idea further.
@@Tirreg88 I really like that model. A lot of things fit so nicely. Though, if the universe is so big that it appears nearly perfectly flat, will it even matter? Only if we manage to move through that 4th spacial dimension
Great video. Also another thought experiment: If you take a picture anywhere anytime in the universe that is 1920*1080 with 32 bit color, then you only can have ( 2 pow 32 ) pow (1920*1080) such picutre. After taking that +1 you gotta get one doulbe at least. And that resolution and color depth for us basically can describe anything for our eyes. So even if the universe an infinite space and time, or very large, we would see lots of recurrence in it with our limited perception.
@@BriggsDCory Exactly.The mind boggling part is, I can wrap my head around the concept of higher spatial dimensions, but I can't picture what they would look like. Kind of like how objects in fact move in a straight line (from their perspective), but the space itself is curved & makes the path of the object curve to an outside observer. We are coming from the perspective of the object & can't perceive the curve & the outside observer is in the 4th dimension, therefore the lines we perceive as parallel in 3 dimensions will in fact intersect in 4 dimensions.
I love to sit around and create situations that are contrary to popular thought. One of my favorite things to think about is "What if you could explain the existence of stars without the need for a universe or galaxy." Most of my musings on this subject are nonsensical, but I have one that actually seems to have some promise to it. My thought is this, what if all the other stars we see out in space are actually just the sun, but at different points in time: Premise 1- If you pass a 3-dimensional object through a 2-dimensional plane, it will look as if the object is growing or shrinking. premise 2- if that three-dimensional shape is an odd shape, let's use for example a horseshoe shape, then at first, it would look as if there are two rectangles that move towards each other. then it would appear as if those two rectangles then merge to be one giant rectangle before disappearing. Premise 3- if there were flat landers living on one of these two small rectangles they would be able to see the second rectangle across an empty void. premise 4- what if time is indeed a spacial dimension rather than its own set of dimensions, that would mean your past present, and future are actually all just one object that is slowly being passed through a 3-dimensional space. Premise 5- what if the temporal shape of our sun is actually a complex shape, like a spiraling sin curve, then we could actually see the other parts of this fourth dimensional as it is being passed through our 3-dimensional plane of existence. I decided to start looking through the internet to see if anyone else has come up with this alternative way of explaining stars, and so far this is the closest I have found.
scientists: the universe is a hypersphere me: wait, so you're saying that warping is possible since you could just dig inside that hypersphere to get to another point? The future is looking bright my friend.
Just a suggestion on the space expansion animation. Scaling up the whole image makes the raisins bigger, too. Since the entire image is scaling up, there isn't anything going on inside the image to give the impression of expansion. It just looks like everything gets bigger and bigger. The distances still increase, but it's not as obvious because the proportions never change. I think it would make the concept of expansion easier to see and grasp if the raisins remained their original size throughout. That's just my opinion and thoughts. I really enjoyed the video.
Whenever I feel down or stressed about something at work or in life, I come to youtube to watch these cosmic science videos. Nothing beats stress and anxiety better than the feeling of existential crisis.
Do you think it's possible for dark matter to exist at the centre of the Earth????
Oh yeah, I love re-watching Kurzgesagt's false vacuum video whenever I feel like having actual nightmares.
@akacurryful - that's exactly what I do too... When I said this to a couple of close friends, they thought I was crazy :). Nice to know there's someone else who thinks the same way.
@@arifsaifee4146 You're not crazy. It works on many people. It just reminds us how insignificant our lives are, which makes our problems insignificant too. :-)
After an existential crisis, I'd imagine you'd be almost glad to have something to focus your attention on for the moment to get your mind off the dread.
*meanwhile 4D beings*
"guys the universe might be 5D sphere! "
There’s always a bigger fish except for beings on the 11th
@@usaball9190 wait. why 11? cant dimensions just go up infinetly?
@@adrianoippolito1999i think it's something related to string theory, but i don't know how to explain
@@fellipsilva I think you're right. String theory requires 11 dimensions.
As far as i know its not possible to formulate a universe like ours with any fewer dimensions than 11 if you use strings as the fundamental particles.
M-theory is similar to string theory, but includes a 12th dimension by turning some strings into membranes.
In both string theory and M-theory some of these dimensions are curved and very very small so they dont fit with the 'hyperspheres all the way down' model implied by the initial post.
If you ask me thats unfortunate, because it would be funny if the universe was hyperspheres all the way down, just like the old 'turtles all the way down' myth.
Come to think of it, a hyperturtles-based theory of everything would probably be my favorite theory of all time :D
Ruben & Anja Vreesma 😐
Imagine in the future where people argue wether the universe is flat or a spherical lol. That would be interesting.
Our universe is a sphere, but that sphere transforms into a cube :) Our Universe is a Box. Holding us hostage inside so we never escape. Going up or going down, doesnt matter. You always end up back were you started "As Above As Below"
Like now.
You know how people got mad a few hundred years ago for people suggesting the idea the earth was spherical? I kind of see the same thing happening with the shape of the universe argument. Then eventually scientists are almost 100% certain whether it is spherical or flat. But then instead of flat-earthers it's flat-universers or spherical-universers
What if you combine milti-verse idea as well as hypersphere.. time being the depth of the sphere. Still with space, except theres an invisible depth, where entirely similair or different worlds exist
@@OpenMindArtist well done! - COD Voice
OF COURSE the big bang happened everywhere at once, because at that time "Everywhere" was all in the same spot.
Fucking hell that is logic!
Live long and prosper!
Yeah exactly. When talking about the universe, the universe means "everything". It makes no sense to think about what it is expanding "into", or what is "outside". From our point of view, the universe is all there is.
@Kenzita This is incorrect. It wasn't in one tiny place, it happened everywhere. It was only "smaller" in the sense that distances between objects was less and the universe was denser. And "exploded" is misleading as it didn't go anywhere, just stretched.
that just made a big bang happen in my brain oof
uhhh hold up explain? I thought they big bang came from a singularity of “nothing”?
Imagine someone in a 2d universe trying to explain a ball.
I always wondered why they always say a 2 dimensional being can’t conceptualize 3D but we can do it with 4D
@@jelaninoel Some of us can, and then mostly with math. Intuition quickly fails on anything more complicated than a hypercube.
@@jelaninoel The thing is 2d creatures more than likely do not actually exist. And if they do exist in another universe somewhere the laws of physics which govern that universe would be one of the most perplexing mysteries and discoveries of science ever.
@@jelaninoel We have mathematical descriptions of higher dimensions. We do not have a strong conceptual understanding of these dimensions.
@@jelaninoel they say they can, but we can show a 4D (hypercube) corollary by drawing 3D concepts (persective) in 2D (on paper). Can these 2Ders do the same in 1D? I say Nay good sir, NAY! Analogy debunked.
"The universe might be flat"
Flat earthers: *WRITE THAT DOWN, WRITE THAT DOWN*
Some people still believe in the earth is flat, aren’t they?
Hope they find this video
so if we know the universe is round (if it even is) we might have flat universers
@@Im_The_Immortal_Snail that’s may be true.
We got eem.
1D beings: the universe could be a 2D LINE
2D beings: guys the universe might be a 3D circle
3D: beings: guys, i've got something that'll blow your mind-
@@diondredunigan2583 4D beings: One more dimension, and we can finally warn our 3D ancestors to get the hell off that rock.
Eminsomethingthatisntem Lmao, I’ve been dreaming of this type of thing for the past month. weird coincidence.
You mean they don't know what the correct shape of further dimensions but predict on the basis of their own shapes??
Like a 4d sphere (but actually sphere is 3d)
4D Beings: Guys! I think the Universe is a 5D Hypersphere!
Kudos for adding "We think that...", most of the time people explain things as facts when they are not, some times is just the best answer right now, and some times that's enough to get some results, but it's not the best we can get
^^^^^^^
You need more upvotes. "I'm doing MY part!" /Starship_Troopers
@fynes leigh what do you mean?
@fynes leigh OK firstly, I don't struggle with language (I am c1 level in English)
Secondly, what I meant is explain what you mean by "we are imaginary", like *how* are we imaginary. Maybe also provide proof for that statement.
@fynes leigh You always aim just left of the mark. It's a great way to play cat & mouse.
I counter with: Wargames
Dumb people: ''The Earth is flat!!''
Smart people: ''The universe is flat.''
Lol
Dumb fools: "The Earth is flat!!"
Smart fools: "The universe is flat."
Don't think so?
Check this out:
www.uvs-model.com/UVS%20on%20overviews.htm#validity
@@vincentwee5332 another Bashir batshit concept. Funny how that page has reference to the definition of truth.
@@octapc Those who believe the universe is flat are just another lots of fools, and it doesn't matter some N-prizes were awarded to such fools. Get over it.
@@alexanderday6754 The reply to your point number 1 is, the current scientific development is merely for pragmatic theories of truth with the consilents that do not refer to reality. It merely requires the scientific hypotheses to work in the objective reality with its hypothesized subjective reality.
FYI, the quantitative prediction for the retrograde motion of the Mars is very precise in the geocentric worldview. Despite the geocentric model could fairly precisely predict, we all now know geocentrism is fundamentally flawed without a doubt.
For your point 2, you need to understand the predicated logic of the scientific hypotheses that were validated to work pragmatically, are not tantamount to the reality of nature they are emulating. The contemporary modern physics is entirely built on its fallacious posits that flopped on every aspects under the law of noncontradiction.
Check this out:
www.uvs-model.com/UVS%20on%20time%20dilation.htm
And this:
www.uvs-model.com/UVS%20on%20clarifying%20the%20concept%20of%20gravity.htm
If you could grasp these, you would understand I did not simply consume media that some else had handled to me.
For your point 3, the SI measurement for the definition of a second is alright, but the assumption for the caesium atom would remain stable under different gravitational potential, is just an assumption. This scientific consensus was concluded with circular reasoning, and consequently all the modern physics propositions were thus inbued with that confirmation biased.
To answer your point number 4, it would be: be enlightened to a paradoxical reality of nature.
www.uvs-model.com/UVS%20on%20paradoxical%20effect.htm
And the structure of the observable universe:
www.uvs-model.com/UVS%20on%20the%20structure%20of%20the%20observable%20universe.htm
BTW, by understanding the actual underlying mechanisms of the cosmos, among the resolutions to the numerous unsolved problems of physics, the 400-year mysteries of the solar cycles are unequivocally resolved. Check this out:
www.uvs-model.com/WFE%20on%20sunspot.htm#solar_cycle
Galileo was never given a podium, so am not holding my breath the smart fools could really come to their senses at all even a podium was given. It would take alot more than that, but I foresee a scientific revolution of physics is inevitable.
Zach Star: "... the universe is mostly flat."
Flatearthers: "I KNEW IT!"
What a comment 😂😂
this was literally my first thought lol
I am thinking, people used to think the earth is flat due to lack of perspective. Relatively, we don't have perspective of our universe. Its simply too big.
@@97YoAnDrEwYo97 and the fact that all SPACE AGENCIES had their own flaws and solar system is just faulty, like , what is sun made of? if fire, why would it burn on a vacuum space? fire needs oxygen, right?
they should be Flatuniversers hahaha, they got it wrong
flat-universer : flat universe society has members all around the cosmos
"around" :thinking:
i think you mean 'the flat universe society has members all around the glome'
Didn't the mystery schools of ancient Greece teach that the universe was a polytope dodecahedron? And if you were to ever speak of the existence of such a shape you would be instantly killed it was so secret. The reason it was so secret is the fact that it is no infinite. The expansion is key to the framerate of our perceived time. Eventually the universal will likely contract.
@Alchemica Blackwood It al should be easier to prove than it is. I still don't know why there isn't a single untouched photo of earth from outter space. Not one.
I honestly can’t tell if this reply section is a joke.
Pardon my language but him explaining how the universe expands away from you no matter where you are is some serious mindfuck.
Welcome Neo, we've been expecting you.
You're telling me, this entire video fucked with my mind
Inflate a balloon a little. Put on a lot of dots on its surface. Continue to inflate it. What's so mindfucking about it?
@@alexeysaranchev6118 that it happens naturally, and theres no big man blowing air on the universe
@@eugene5153 does wind blowing also amaze you then?
My takeaway: The universe is a higher dimensional loaf of bread
the plum pudding model might not fit with the atom but at least it applies to the fucking universe
i hope the 4 dimensional baker doesn't sell us to someone who eats us
4D bread is hella thiccc
The universe could also be the toe nail of a giant baby 👶🏻 xD
You mean a cat?
Its just so fking cool to hear this stuff at my age in life.
How old are you?
@@rockharddock1711 2 and a half years old. Ya, that is fcking cool.
One month
Our 3D universe is in fact expanding into something. It is expanding into the future. The moment we experience now is the 3 dimensional "slice" of the hypersphere we are stuck on. We can not move backward into the past because of the forward "push" of entropy, and we can not skip ahead to the future because causality is limited to the speed of light.
Agreed. Gravity is the drag that our universe experiences as it moves forward through the 3-sphere.
@@kippchapin7750 so what we experience as the passage of time is the, causes gravity?
Very interesting idea!
@@hunterkudo9832 Well, gravitational waves travel at the speed of light. We know that much.
wait a minute that explaination is so beautiful
Flat earthers be like: “checkmate”
They didn't make it to 20 seconds. come on bro.
They: Earth is flat!
We: Don't be silly, earth is sphere. But, you see, universe is flat.
Some higher beings: Don't be silly, univers is Hypersphere...
Some Higher higher beings: Don't be silly dimensions don't exist everything is simulation and every conciousness percieve reallity as it wish...
@@vasiljambazov higher beings, or high beings?
@@igs8949 :) it also suits well
noice
Binge-watching these videos because they're so much more interesting than my online lectures
100%
I figured this out on my own some 25 years ago, though I used string and balloons to step up from one to three dimensions. Some flaws here are like the parallel laser test, where the vastness of the universe would compare somewhat similarly to testing the curvature of the Earth by measuring parallel lines between two adjacent atoms.
This comment got my brain working haha thank you
I just watched n read your interesting comment, I felt u might be suggesting the micro/ macrocosm universe theory that it seems people shy away from?
The celestial bodies just practicing social distancing
Nah, that was pretty funny thumbs up bud
Love to see what the cosmos considers it's covid. That shit must be nuts.
Stfu ken
Caolan Sheridan “Ken” should now be what we call the male version of a Karen
@@frightenedsoul being a bit ignorant, this guy might be defensive cause he just lost a loved one, leave him be. But also yes Corona jokes.
Can't wait for flat-universers becoming a thing once we prove that the universe is on the surface of a ball...
You'll be more hard pressed to explain to us steady state universe types why it is physics from trillions of years ago at the edge of our observed universe looks almost identical to now, even though a proton should have been half the size and the existence of our elements impossible.
Unless things didn't exist in particles back then. Which would be amusing as the quantum eraser would make them into particles.... There is a physics brain-bender for you.
In any event, what is more interesting is that these stars which were some of the first ever formed, supposedly, have a high concentration of transition metals in them, if their spectra is any indication to be taken seriously.
Of course, I'm something of a skeptic of time dilation and lorentz transformations of "space time" - so tie me to the stake and burn me like a heretic I suppose.
@@Aim54Delta OMG, you idiot. I would say get an education, but you obviously dont have the brainpower,lol. Protons half the size, hahahahahahahahahahah..Not in THIS universe moron,lol..Hmm, on second thought this comment was a bit mean. Its not a subject that most people know much about:) As for the "steady state"idea. This is not 1950, that idea is out the window big time:/
@@TheZacdes idk if you know but protons are shrinking in size. Are you saying that protons being half the size they are now is impossible, or are you saying the protons cant shrink?
Im asking because i want to know more about physics
@@TheZacdes
I'm assuming that since you can't articulate any kind of explanation as to why I am incorrect or flawed in my example, you, yourself, lack the necessary knowledge of physics theory to engage in much of a discussion.
However, here is the problem with "space expands" theories: we have to then define what space is. Now, by taking the speed of light as a universal constant, we can arrive at what have been termed Planck units. These are, effectively, the smallest units of length, volume, and time. If you know your quantum mechanical experiment history and how field theories were developed, you'll note a direct relationship between wavelength, energy, and particle behaviors. Those of us who come from radio and microwave fields of experience tend to think of the subatomic universe less as particles and more of stupidly small radio systems where harmonics, interference, coupling, etc all play major roles in how things play out.
All of this works because the planck units are defined as set to the speed of light. Which is constant so far as we have experienced in the vacuum. Which ... Gets interesting because all of this implies a scalar field and therefore a prefferrential reference frame. But that is another story.
The world in which much of cosmology operates is in one dominated by relativity. Relativity utilizes what are called lorentz transformations to explain how space and time can be distorted. The problem is that these operate completely detached from any material reality we have observed. Lorentz transformations don't explain what gets stretched or how it does so - only illustrates how it is possible to stretch apparent dimensions into uncountably infinite space - where I can fit a whole universe inside a marble, or something.
Of course, this is more of an illustrative tool than a physical model as even though there is a ton of empty space inside things - and arguably nothing there to begin with until you look for it - the entire premise of space expanding or contracting flies in the face of every physical mechanism we know to be consistent with everything we consider to be material fact.
If space is expanding between galaxies as part of a 4d expansion, then that same space must necessarily be expanding as well within our planets, atoms, etc.
If the photon and the speed of light are the units of measure we use to measure our world and define space, then the question then becomes "what is space other than the amount of time it takes for information to be transferred?" - and what is time other than the distance over which something travels between the occurrence of two events?
Spatial expansion theories, therefore, argue that space expands and attenuates the wavelength of a photon. Because the volume of space containing the photon has increased, the total wavelength has decreased (this requires energy to have dissipated, somewhere, as photons have an energy proportional to their wavelength). Thus, if a photon arrives with a shifted frequency implying a 5% reduction in wavelength, we would estimate that space has expanded roughly 5% in that timeframe. So, all subatomic particles would be expected to occupy 5% less space (well, to have a 5% smaller diameter... So a lot less space, actually). This is a disaster of a problem as you can't do that in QM.
So, there are four potential courses to address this.
First is that space doesn't expand and redshift is caused by some other factor - perhaps light "leaks" energy and this is why red shift seems proportional to distance. Perhaps there are other explanations.
The second is that some weird mechanisms take over we are not familiar with - IE - space is somehow different than the methods we use to measure it, and thus it can expand without disrupting the behavior of subatomic particles.
The third is that physics is in a temporarily stable state and spatial expansion will eventually trigger a catastrophic shift in the way the subatomic world works. This also has interesting implications as the photons we are encountering from distant parts of the universe are entities which came into existence under our current physical reality from a fundamentally different one.
The fourth is basically an appeal to ignorance in that it would argue we know too little about our world to be making these determinations because almost any internally consistent theory can be proposed to explain our world granted the inability to test the claims. Grant us one free miracle and we'll explain the rest.
@@anteconfig5391 hahahaha. Protons cant shrink man, they are what they are given the rules governing this universe. If Protons were half the size[in another universe say] things would be entirely different. We would not be here:) I could go into detail but as you are not educated in the field it would mean nothing:/ I could also copy/paste any number of easily found articles on this that YOU could find with a VERY simple google search:/ If you want to know more..GOOGLE IT!!
12:15 "If the universe was on a hypersphere, then it would be an extremely large hypersphere." I don't understand why that invalidates the theory. After all, we've found space to be much bigger than previously thought many times throughout the 20th century. Also, wouldn't a flat, infinite universe be infinitely larger than a hypersphere? So that's even weirder than the hypersphere theory
Agreed, thought the very same thing. The hypersphere idea is somewhat easier to grasp for me, for the concept of infinity, when applied to the physical world (beyond mathematics), usually turns out to be very problematic in many different ways.
I agree. Also, how do we know that the hypersphere is or is not on the hypersurface of a 5D hyper-hypersphere? We, as human beings are extremely limited in our capacity to understand the brain of the creator.
yep, it makes a whole lot of intuitive sense, practical sense, etc. and then at the very end. “nope the math doesn’t check out”. Using 3D geometry it all still appears to be 3D, well no shit! lol Like it was forgotten that the math for the model is not going to be the same math as the real thing. It has been said that in order to learn more about the universe, like quantum mechanics and what not, but we have to ‘discover a new math’ so this is no surprise.
This is still the best reply here and I wish it was pinned to the top. Just because the universe appears too large for us to know whether it is a hypersphere or not does not seem like a good answer to whether or not it is a hypersphere.
To be fair, it's easier to imagine a really fu***** huge sphere, then anything related to infinite.
I think people don't actually get what it means to be in an infinite universe. Just to blow some brains i will say there would be infinitely many earths almost exactly like ours, and by "almost exactly" i mean almost exactly with us people included, our history and our personalities. That same thing you watched in sci-fi moovies about parallel universes, but all in our universe, just because it is infinite
@@Uressabe Exactly, that's why it's basically impossible to imagine infinite >>>anything
is there a universe where i eat riley reids ass while playing country music?
Divest_. Yes
@@divest_.2759 Well, if the universe has infinite parallel-universes, then yes.
It’s quite simple actually. Just start by mentally projecting a 4D hyper sphere with your minds eye into this feeble 3D existence.
Ah yes, I see it now. Thank you!
Excellent observation! Understandable simplicity trumps all!
Just think,there's no beginning and no end to the universe,it's forever, always was and always will be
😂
Dubiously
No matter what the universe is, black holes seem like the key to figure out what our universe is
Perhaps, but it's just a hell of a lot of matter in one spot.
Wow, I'm truly impressed. You explained difficult concepts in an understandable and approachable way without dumbing it down to drivel. First video I saw from this channel and subbed.
That's what I really enjoy about the physics and composition of the Universe, you never know what's out there! Just the thought of an infinitely expanding universe was always interesting to me.
RC
@@PapaFlammy69
@@PapaFlammy69 Hallo Papa Flammy
The infinite flat universe theory has far worse problems: It would make the universe infinitely dense at the beginning, an infinitely large black hole, where nothing could escape. Afaik, the error margins of the measurements for the flat universe theory still include the universe if it was a 4d ball which expanded for 14 billion years. If we assume a universe which works more like mathematical vectors, space being an illusion, and expansion being comparable to adding more curvature locally, a map of that whole universe would still have a form, and, considering we don't see an edge in either direction, a 4d ball would be pretty much the only option (regardless of whether it has a positive, negative or neutral curvature when time is included). Here we are at another point: Are they calculating the shape of the universe including or excluding time? With time, geometry and speed of expansion both affect measurable curvature, and rising speed of expansion can create the effect of a flat universe even if it is actually round. There might actually be a relation between the two... Imagine a 3D Ball with a 2d surface, like Earth. We are in a small city and can only see using very slow sound or light, so that what we see of neighboring cities is millions of years old. If the world expanded at the right rate, the streets would look stretched out, adding to an apparently flat curvature, with a sharp dip right behind the event horizon, where the expansion is faster than the speed of the sound/light, so that we can't see it.
كل الا حطتك ببومهن ونسهن
According to a theory based on higher energy state calculations, the size of the whole universe is 10²⁴ x observable universe. That's 90 billion light years times with 10 followed by 24 zeroes. And still growing faster than the speed of light...
@@ahmetakgun7709 Do you have a link? I'd like to see those calculations. A few ultra-large structures in the universe plus a picture where the same (rare type of) galaxy appears twice, just billions of light years apart, make me uncertain at the moment whether we really expand faster than light or may just get this impression because light traveled around the universe a few times and we see a much larger universe than there actually is.
@@ahmetakgun7709 According to NASA, no-one really knows: www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/5-8/features/F_How_Big_is_Our_Universe.html
@@ahmetakgun7709 The popular extreme size estimates are based on one group saying they were able to calculate the curvature of space, but I have yet to see a good source detailing their methods in an easy to test and reproduce way. If the entire universe expanded at the speed of light for 13.7 billion years, it's radius is exactly 13.7 billion years and it's diameter is 27.4 billion years. Things change if we assume the spatial expansion is in 4 dimensions and we can only see 3 of them - the surface. Like a comic hero painted on the surface of a balloon can only see and move in 2 dimensions. That would make the apparent (3D) diameter of the universe equal the circumference of it, similar to the comic hero seeing itself in the center of a plate larger than the radius of the balloon. So we get a 'diameter' of 84 billion ly. More if there are more dimensions or if hyperinflation is true and such. If we move at such a fast speed, only the light of nearby galaxies becomes visible to us, after a time which corresponds to the distance. That's the visible universe. It's not clear how much of a percentage of the universe is actually in the view - that depends on our rate of expansion. I personally believe it might be considerably slower than light. That would allow the light we see to travel around the universe multiple times before reaching us. So the universe might have a radius of 10 billion ly or less and we see 3 billion of that as mirror images. I don't think we could tell by just looking at the galaxies, like above mentioned scientists say they can. But there are a few indicators, like a 5 billion light year ring of gamma ray bursts, which is not possible in a flat universe with inflation, among other mega structures and anomalies. Your sources are not able to convince me otherwise, among others because of sloppy explanations, like assuming that objects from 13.7 billion light years away have moved more than the expexted 13.7 billion light years away from us, without real explanation (math formulas). In my model, it would be a maximum of 27.4 Gly, appearing as 43 Gly if we assume a 4D hypersphere.
Do I even have to say it at this point?
Did you just post this message 6 days ago? :P
Video uploaded minutes ago,
comment uploaded 6 days ago.
Yup, time is working just fine i guess.
Time is relative takes on a whole new meaning now.
What the hell
whaaaa
On November 1980, a bloke told me: "our universe could be cigar shaped!"
@Sarvesh LM yeah, let´s never think again, it´s just to futile.
In 1980 my mother wasn't even born yet lol
Not possible, god doesn't smoke
How will humanity learn if people would rather enjoy themselves than to be bothered to think? I dunno the shape of the universe, but I believe it's like that loaf of bread analogy...and yes that loaf of bread has a center.
Where exactly they told u ?
Honestly, time being a spacial dimension sounds terrifying to me.
Imagine some higher dimensional being accidentally stepping on you because it stepped "back" in time
Like time travel is just.. walking for them.
And the "expanding universe" is actually the entire universe falling.. towards something we can't see, because we can't see in time.
It may just be the pepperoni, falling towards a fourth dimensional hyperpizza.
I added this to a story I'm writing. Well, I haven't started really writing it down anywhere but it's more of a collection of ideas in a way.
Ignoring time, a 4th dimensional being could pick one of us up, rotate us in the fourth dimension, and place us back. This would eventually kill you. Most of the nutrients we take in are right-handed isomers, but your body would now be prepared for left-handed isomers. Hence you'd never absorb another nutrient again. (Simplified to keep the comment short.)
I'm just happy this many people enjoy topics like this.
We need these people.
even tough 98% of em are stoners sitting in their couch saying woooooow dud ?
ok then
@@ricksanchez694 Sure. We all start somewhere.
I am presumptuous then.
@John Barber you dont know that. be humble
@@anubis63000jd some crawl before they walk, other keeps crawling.
4:06 flat earthers: *u dare oppose me mortal?*
😂😂😂
I think the things you choose to focus on get everything to the point, and your descriptions are easy to visualize. You are quite amazing.
“The Big Bang happened everywhere at once”
Wow 😳
Less of a big bang and more of a big "!"
Me: What is my country of birth?
Parents: Yes
Also it never stopped happening
I love your vids and you helped me find what I want do to for my major thanks a lot.
Same here! What did you end up doing for your major?
@@faarisalam3900 youtuber
IF this theory was true we be laughing at the flatearthers but we are kinda like them in our perception of the universe
So... youre saying you're a flat earther basically
Nah. Because we are willing to accept to change our views through science and data... They refuse to listen.. we don't
bruh, I'm early af ngl
Cool man, I love your vids btw.
Bruh, I'm also early af ngl m8
@@benooft1355 Thx Ben
Bruh, f for the RUclips polls :”(
OYY! You're not allowed to watch any RUclipsr apart from Andrew Dotson!
You see? I told people I'm not getting fatter,
my body's just compensating for universal expansion.
So I was enjoying your clips and watching and YT was rewarding me by feeding them to me.
But now because I recently faced back into a Universe kick it fed me this from 2 years ago. I hope there is at least more content like this to find and then a grander hope is that you are continually putting this content out because it's good.
It seems like you could say everything is shrinking and space is constant.
Jesus, that actually makes sense.
Everything in the universe: "I WAS IN A POOL!!"
probably a better way to explain it. Einstein says, "You can't prove either. It's relative. And reference frames."
@@Jamie-Russell-CME yeah, i was about to write that it's basically the same thing if you don't have another universe to compare 😄
You will meet a problem with the not decreasing orbital period of electrons and such things...
It might work with the string theory. The elementary foundation of reality has to be fuzzy, without any constant.
So universe is a flat sphere... Yeah, enough internet for today
And yet you morons still don't get it, that earth is a level plane.
Just continue typing idiotic one liners and post brain-dead memes.
All the while oblivious to your enslavement and many preferring it,
and wanting to impose it on others.
Oh well... still a level plane.
@@Execrate200 hi darling
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia
@@todabsolute Bye sweetheart Kisses hugz
@@todabsolute www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive-dissonance.html
@@Execrate200 better get professional help than talk about it on internet
Thats how my dog feels when I talk to him
😂
How about: spacetime is a hypersphere, but time is the "radius" dimension while space is the other 3 polar coordinates?
The question is whether the math would be compatible with the Lorentz transformations in Special Relativity.
Elie The Prof : My thoughts exactly. The is expanding thru the 4th spatial dimension at “c”. Since we’re on the surface, far away galaxies will seem to move faster. For example, a galaxy on the “opposite side “ would be moving from us at twice that speed.(if measured through the “center “. Our movement along this 4th dimension would seem like what we call time. The past would be unreachable because it’s now inside the hyper sphere.
That sounds like it could make a lot of sense. Surface area increases as radius increases just like how the universe expands as time goes on.
This is just my intuition, but now that I think about it, it wouldn't make sense if radius was *not* the time dimension if all the other points were true.
As time goes on, the radius increases. Hence everything is expanding away from each other.
Nope, it's a TRIMOIUS(R), US Patent 4,138,744.A single sheet of a 3-ball in 7-space.
How about air is ancient unicorn farts? A theory is a hypothesis plus a mathematical model that agrees with current observations and makes predictions of what you will observe under differing conditions.
I had an interesting exchange about a flat or curved universe in a comment section just yesterday and had a hard time understanding the flatness in a universe that's obviously not 2d. Your video just cleared that up so easily! Thank you, you're a brilliant teacher and i'd love to see more content from you :)
visualise a bubble of space and u get the idea
ASMR Gaming nah it isn’t proven. The plane of our existence can either be a plane, a curved plane, or a sphere. We don’t know yet but research shows we are most likely in a curved plane I think.
It could also be a cylinder, a torus, or some more complicated surface, too.
@@amonGustavo07 Research shows we're most likely in a 3d flat plane
Donald Baird which is a curved plane I don’t remember the actual name
i've had this theory for years. thank you so much for presenting this on youtube.
6:01= Hands, that's Handling. The opposing team gets a free kick.
you mean a hand ball ??
thinking about stuff like this sometimes makes me wish I pursued Music instead of Physics lol
I'm gonna need some Tylenol now
School band practice is known to give worse headaches lol
Hahaha
@3:48 THANK YOU! I was always wondering if this was the case for the expanding universe and could never find a clear answer - maybe I didn't look hard enough, or maybe I wasn't sure I really understood the concept. But thank you for explaining gravity wins locally and atoms etc don't fly apart...
I had always wondered if, for example, I could compare my body now to my body from billions of years ago if the me now would be enormous and b.y.a. me would be relatively tiny or at least noticeably smaller (obviously this is a thought experiment and factors such as time travel capability for the comparison, mortality that would adversely interfere with the temporal specimens, and weight gain extrapolated over such a lifetime are ignored for convenience's sake).So they wouldn't be appreciably different sizes, right? What about galaxies (how local is locall?)? Galactic clusters would be "larger" (again, I hope the things I'm ignoring for the sake of clarity don't come off as completely ignorant of the development of things like galactic clusters, galaxies, stars themselves...so instead of just 12-14 billion years ago to now, maybe a comparison between a human body from 12bya, 8bya, 4bya, and now (hmm, and say 4billion years hence and so forth) - all other factors accounted for (species stays same size, nutrition, planet size/gravity the same - let's take homogenous to ridiculous levels and include all times as well-solely for the development of comparable specimens to compare which just goes to show nothing stays the same!).
So, living on the 3D ball will give you the option to travel in 2 orthogonal directions to come to your starting point again.
Living on the 4D ball with give us the option to travel in 3 orthogonal directions to come to our starting point again.
That means, traveling along the room-like 3d dimension will be seen as a 3rd line across the hyperspherical ball, without entering the 4D ball (or 4th dimension).
Interesting🤔
This sounds like how we used to think the earth was flat
With the major difference that when we use reason and experiment we find that the earth is a spheriod while the same principles indicate an overall flat universe. It's more of language thing I'd guess.
Some people still do think it’s flat
@@Neoplasie1900 Well we did use reason when we thought the earth was flat. We said it looked flat so it was. It wasn't great reasoning but it was all we have. It is the same thing here where we use all the reasoning we have now to say the universe is flat but we certainly still don't have the full picture not even close.
Nobody in history thought it was flat, flat earthing is actually a recent event.
@@Ludifant Really -_-? So you think that hunters and gatherers though they lived on a planet and that the planet was round
Thank you Zac for fulfilling my intellectual and humour centers simultaneously 😊 I watch both your channels .
I did the angle measurement experiment in my back yard i took 10 steps one way,
turned 90 degrees clockwise, took another 10 steps turned 90 degrees again and
finally took another 10 steps, i was not in the same place, therefore the earth is flat.
Q.E.D.
Were those ten steps standardized? How likely is it that you will always land your foot on the same distance for an n number of times around the perimeter of a square? Probably very low.
If you expected this to be an R/whoosh, nope! Here’s my UNO reverse card:
🔁
@@topsecret1837 You are right, I will play my skip card until i re-do the experiment, i will bring my yard stick and protractor and give you the new results soon.
I- 👁👄👁
@@spindoctor6385 your comment is going to end up in one of their videos lmao
Bruh, it only works if you travel a quarter of the distance around the sphere along each line lol
In my dream (and yes, I know it was a dream, but everything you are saying fits within it, the universe is like this), imagine a book and its pages. when you look at a book, it looks like a thick solid piece, but as you explore it closer, you see that it has individual pages. This is basically our universe, at least in terms of what I saw in my dream. Each page is a universe that is stacked on one another. I can't remember if the shape was a cylinder or a sphere, but it was one of these. Now when you looked at an individual universe (just like you would a page from a book), you would see that the shape was a circle, however, it had a hole in the middle, so it was more like a halo or doughnut shape. Now here is another interesting part of the whole thing. The closer you were to the middle, the smaller an object was or non existent it would become...I believe this was like 4d or 5d stuff going on that I couldn't really understand. As you moved farther out to the universe or the outer edge of the halo, you would see things come into existence and get bigger. Like I said, this was all from a dream I had a while ago, but it's interesting to see that some of this dream could hold some truths to it.
I like that idea especially looking at the curvatures of the model at 12:13 and how he said scientists measured the angle to be "just ABOUT 180 degrees". Well that might work if we measured only one of the squares of the grid in the model. As if our sample was wayyyy too small. The "just about" measurement could actually be all the room for error in the world for the universe to be a large continuous donut.
Angeldude101: I think there's a good chance that the universe is on a hypersphere, or rather is the hypersphere, not just the surface. You opted to ignore time and a dimension in the model, but I think it's very important. To determine your location in an n-dimensional ball, you need n numbers. One of those is the distance from the center, while the others all represent angles relative to some reference. Well our universe just so happens to have 1 dimension that behaves notably different from the other 3.
If you haven't picked up what I'm saying yet, I'm saying that time acts as the radius of the 4-ball, and space represents the angular dimensions. From this perspective, there is a center of the universe, but it's not where the Big Bang happened, but when. This would mean that light follows curved paths and travels 1 unit of angle for every one unit away from the center. Regardless of what direction you look, light eventually curves back towards the center, which would be the microwave background which appears to come from all directions. I haven't worked out the exact shape, but the observable universe could be some 3D manifold that intersects one's current position in spacetime and the Big Bang. It might be a hypersphere, or maybe a hyperellipsoid, but again, I'm not certain and it also probably depends on the speed of light.
What would the universe be expanding into in this model? The future!
Ashraile: You're a genius. I was 100% convinced that the universe is hypersphere, given that protons and electrons are all spherical, but I couldn't figure out what the 'inside' of the hypersphere could be.
Also it 100% fits with my model of the universe not actually expanding into anything, as the only 'things' that could exist outside the universe are higher dimensions. The 5th dimension being potentialities, or 'strings' of time encapsulating all potential superpositions of matter. Aka all potential futures!
Ah, I don't believe I explained what I was trying to describe well enough. Each "slice" or "page" of the sphere/cylinder (probably sphere) is its own universe. So each slice is a 3d flat disc, however the whole universe is in it and the universe is not expanding out of it at all. It is all contained. Time and Space are only relative to the Universes. I don't know how space/time works outside of the discs, but I'm sure it has it's own way of doing things. When I talk about objects being small coming from the middle, but getting bigger I would interpret that as another dimension being shown, however I'm not sure which one/ones. Time and Space is extremely important as that is how we have movement, at least in our reality. Perhaps, I was seeing time/space (future) happening, however I'm sure it was more that just that.
Oh! Well cool, sounds like you figured something out. Glad I could share my dream experience with you.
I love it when the explanation leaves you more confused than the question
Lets say hypothetically that there is an edge to the universe, whats beyond? Is there like an invidible wall in a video game? Is there anything that we could potentially compare it to?
Nah, probably incomparable.
Catgirl girlfriends for all.
alone, at the edge of a universe humming a tune
4:59
That's faulty logic since we don't know how far our universe goes. There for, it could still be a sphere but so far that we can't measure if the lines are slowly getting closer.
Exactly. I mean the alternative here is an infinite flat universe. If the flat universe needs to be infinite to exist, then you'll never really be able to be sure you're measuring far enough to verify there's no curve. Idk why it would be easier and more logical to assume an infinite flatness, rather than a finite 3 sphere that's just much larger than our current observable universe.
i thought it was faulty because shining two beams of light parallel to each other isnt the 4D version of verifying this. Shining two beams parallel to each other in a 3D space will result in a hypothetical 2D plane like the 3D sphere example. I think the 4D way of verifying that we live in a hypersphere is with parallel 2D planes separated through 3D space; If they make a 1D cross-section anywhere in space when they meet, then we do.
I guess our instrument sensitivity would have to be so low in comparison to viewable versus actual size that we can't see a change. Possible, but I don't know.
@@rouninpanda6318 I don't like the flat universe because to me it seems it must have edges if it's not closed.
“Looks the same everywhere”, -except the voids. The Bootes void is scary.
"Well the Universe is shaped exactly like the Earth, if you go straight long enough you'll end up where you were"
And you could be looking at the same thing but in opposite directions.
love this video, im only 6 minutes in but i just wanted to mention a couple things and then add onto the theory you discussed. first, parallel lines on a sphere do not eventually intersect on a spherical plane because if you were to flatten it (obviously this can't be done perfectly but for the sake of the mathematics it doesn't necessarily matter) you will see two elliptical outlines with varying curvature that intersect at two common points. the best way to visualize this i guess is by comparing it to the way we measure the planet we live on- e.g. longitude vs. latitude. Second, time has not been accepted as a viable candidate for fourth dimension in a long time but time is rather a construct of human perception that allows us to articulate the way energy interacts with physical matter. in the grand scheme of things, time doesn't actually exist. Now, what I wanted to add to the video is an analogy I came up with that helps me visualize what the fourth dimension means to us as three dimensional beings. Imagine a tree growing upwards, branches extending outwards in each direction. Now take a two dimensional plane and run it parallel to the ground straight through the trees canopy. To someone existing on the two dimensional plane, there would be these rounded cross sections scattered throughout their version of the universe that appear to be entirely separate, while to someone existing in three dimensions, these cross sections are all connected in a way that is far beyond what a two dimensional being is able to grasp; simply existing as a small part of something much bigger.
It’s actually super interesting how many things in physics would make total sense if all our confusion was that it’s all 4d physics and we’re just seeing the 3d bit.
“Sometimes we bump it up a dimension and use imaginary numbers and then back down and it works better than just trying it all with 3d real numbers not quite sure why” or maybe that was the trick all along
question: a 3d person percieving a hypersphere would see it as a sphere that grows and then eventually shrinks, so could our perception of the universe expanding be a property of our 3d nature, observing a grand cosmological hypersphere?
Good observation !
correction: perceiving a hypersphere moving through the fourth dimension
The universe does not expand. Matter just shrinks !
Ever heard of Dank Energy and Matter? The Cosmic Inflation?
@DankMemeKid - we have no direct observations of distances increasing. We have redshift of distant light. Cause could be an expanding universe. Could be a million other things as well.
@DankMemeKid - well, the problem is that if we shrink - then all things not shrinking should expand equally. Expanding universe model states that far away objects are expanding away faster than closer ones.
@@Mosern1977 The far away objects are shrinking much longer, which we perceive as "moving away faster". Also the photons that we receive from the far away galaxies may be 'shrinking' which influences their frequency (redshift).
@IdkGoodName Vilius Yeah,we know
Super video. I really like how it's explain without getting too complicated but still complex in a certain way. I have a question for you : how can we be sure than the universe is expanding rather than we (all the things inside the universe) are getting smaller?
both are actually the same thing, depending on your perspective.
Question about “expansion”. If all of space is expanding, and like any two raisins in the bread loaf, or any two points on the infinite plane, what would it matter? Yes, the universe “expanded” but so did the relative distance between my head and my feet (which constitute two points, or two “raisins”). How would one even observe such an expansion? ie, if from a to b was 1,000 units of my height before the expansion, would it not likewise be 1,000 units of my height after/during expansion? Or am I (matter) somehow “disconnected” from this expansion? Or expanding at a different rate?
Not a physicist but you can find evidence for expansion by looking at redshifting of light sources. Tl;dr it's a similar phenomenom as how the pitch of a ambulance siren deepens as it passes you by.
@@jeromeorji1057 seems like the only reason we can register expansion is the fact that we get information about different chunks of space from different timeframes. By the way, what will change if space will stay the same size, but the speed of light will decrese?
The distance between your head and your feet does not constitute two raisins, cause Gravity. It would rather be part of the raisin. Since Gravity cancels out the effect of the expansion, the raisin would be an equivalent to our Solar System, which stays constant in size. Just like the raisin does not increas, but merely the space in between.
The distance between your head and feet is not expanding because the forces holding you together are stronger than the expansion of space. This extends all the way up to structures like galaxies and such, which are gravitationally bound together. Imagine you had a rubber band with two ants drawn on it. The drawings would be stretched apart from each other, but the drawings themselves would be getting stretched wider and wider as well, because each ink particle is moving with the rubber. Now if you had two real ants on the same rubber band, they would be getting further from each other as the rubber stretched, but they wouldn't get stretched/ripped apart because they're not bound to the rubber itself - sure their legs touch the rubber itself, but it just gradually slips under their feet as it stretches. But they're still being carried away from each other because they're not tied together.
@@zerobyte802 how the forces keep everything togther if them acts within the space and space itself expands? Do we just can not measure expansion at scales like star systems or galaxies simply because it's too small for our instruments? Does calculations of stars trajectories orbiting gelaxy center consistent with expansion included or not, and how (may be Earth orbit is stable cause it's spiral but that cancels out with univerce expansion too)?
Can we just respect the camera man for giving us these shots...
Lmfao
You actually made a hypersphere understandable. This theory make a lot of sense to me. Well done, thank you
What confuses me is cosmologists will talk about how inflationary expansion is expected to make a universe that looks very flat even if it isn't, but then promptly forget about this when talking about direct measurements of the geometry.
@12:00 You seem to have missed this
www.nature.com/articles/s41550-019-0906-9
Oh also, while we're at it, and you're a mathematician, wouldn't it be possible to estimate the size of a hypersphere required to make our observable universe seem like a speck (i.e. what size is enough in order not to be able to detect local curvature)?
And what would happen if we'd then try and marry that estimate with the perceived expansion of the universe? In other words how fast is the hypersphere growing if that's the case?
And does it accelerate in growth or does it grow constantly? (it should be the 3-sphere area that is growing exponentially due to an obvious exponent.)
All fine questions imho.
I saw a similar article about positive curvature. I'm surprised it wasn't mentioned. As to the size question, I believe this calculation has been done. I remember watching a science video on YT like Spacetime or Arvin Ash where they mentioned someone did the math and if I remember right, the minimum size to see no curvature was huge. Like mind boggling larger than the observable universe.
@@norcal_faithful775 Well, if the size was that of the observable universe, we would quite easily be able to observe the curvature... So it's quite natural to expect the size to be humongous.
Just think about it: you can observe the curvature of Earth just by stand on a shore and watch a ship to disappear under the horizon. And the size of Earth is huge compared to what we can observe when standing still. Not completely analogous to observing curvature of space, but it gives some perspective.
Oh, and the article posted my Milan seems quite intereating, amd I've missed it. Cool to see some possible progress in this direction - I'm wondering how different models of multiverse we currently have could survive if the curvature indeed is globally positive (or do some of them actually predict it? I'm not familiar enough to know this x) )
This video taught me more about the Principle of Finite Induction than the 4 times I took Discrete Mathematics.
I quite like the idea of the universe being hypertoroidal. Flat, with no boundary. Like Asteroids™ but three dimensional.
so that if you travelled for long enough in one direction, you would eventually end up where you started, at the beginning? I dont really like that idea at all.. lol.. its seems so much like any living entity travelling withing this universe would just be chasing its tail..
Nope, it's a TRIMOIUS(R), US Patent 4,138,744.A single sheet of a 3-ball in 7-space.
You mentioned scientists tested the triangular "Walk straight, then two 90 degree turns" method and found it was "close" to 180 degrees, couldn't that point to our universe theoretically being in a hypersphere that's.. unthinkably enormous? so big that even our biggest possible measurements would seem to point to it being otherwise?
That is still a possibility. Neither proven nor disproven.
This is why scientists talk about the observable universe. They say the observable universe is flat, because the size of the observable universe is known, and measurements of flatness can be made within that context.
Olivia Kittridge : Exactly. The margin of error is 0.4%(or something like that). Anywho, it means the universe could be curved but it have be at least 250 times the diameter of the observable universe, and if we get more accurate, even bigger than that. It’s probably impossible to get 100% accuracy so I’m holding out for the curved universe. That way, we can have colliding bubble multiverses of different sizes and other cool stuff.🤗
The clue is in the answer Olivia.... 'found it was "close"... maybe, maybe not! What a surprise!
He is like that one professor who teaches really chill but you get what he is saying ahaha. Keep up good work. Also a suggestion, would love u to add formulas in the graphics
U know how if u get a 3D object and pass it through a 2D plane and u will see a circle expanding and shrinking because that it's cross section,
What if our 3D universes is just a cross section of a 4D hypersphere passing through a 3D plane,
This will give a reason for the universe's expansion but also means the universe will shrink at one point!
Wouldn't you see new things popping into existence constantly then? Imagine passing a 3D spherical universe through a 2d plane. To those on the 2d plane, there wouldn't be expansion, it would look different entirely
@@orik737 this might happen on such a large scale and plus our observable universe is limited by the expansion
Nice try tho
@@orik737 do we really understand higher dimensional objects tho
aman varshney perhaps not, you've got a point when it comes to things happening on such a large scale, but I'm inclined to believe that we would notice something so obviously unintuitive, on however large a scale, but obviously neither of us are going to have a compelling argument on the basis of evidence beyond a hunch and shaky logical reasoning.
As for understanding higher dimensions, we have no way to actually observe them so I suppose you're right, but id argue that they're likely to follow the same patterns as lower dimensions, which we can observe. Plus your initial proposition required assumptions regarding the nature of 4 dimensional objects. While we don't necessarily understand them, I think it's reasonable to hypothesize on the basis of what little understanding we do have.
@@orik737 u r a smart person mate
Should become a defense lawyer or something
However this could also explain y gravity is so weak since it already spreads in the 4th spacial dimension unlike the rest of the forces
I should just stop trying now Really 😂
i mean, i thought of something similar when i finished dishes last night.
so you know how when you drain water, its mostly flat except for where the drain is, and where that drain is, there is a whirlpool that things can get stuck in.
so imagine the surface as being a flat universe with multiple drains, 99.999% of which are inescapable. the flatlanders would be like "inescapable gravitational force beyond a certain point". sound familiar? its a 2D black hole. now imagine our universe is a 3D flat surface in a massive 4D sink. there are many drains, allowing for many black holes. these drains would be the cause of supermassive blackholes, where as star explosions would be small bubble blips on the 3D surface of the 4D water.
this is super crazy and probably extraordinarily scientifically inaccurate, but i had to put it out there in some form otherwise this stupid theory would bother me for the next few months or something
Funny but it's a thought🤷🏾♂️
Keep posting such thoughts, because at this point any of our inaccurate speculations could be true.
Fantastic video
Thank you for all the hard work putting this together
At 8:55 regarding the 2D “flat-mans” perspective on the surface of the sphere.
Let’s assume that the sphere is not expanding, and such the surface area isn’t either, and that the speed of light is the same. He would either (a) only be able perceive the point at which he is located on the sphere that is the tangent plane, or (b) be able to see the entirety of the spheres surface.
But let’s suppose that the sphere is expanding, thereby the surface area, and that the speed of light is the same. He would either (a) still only be able to see the point at which he is located because that is the tangent plane or (b) only be able to see a limited circle on the surface of the sphere like that depicted in the video.
So the only way he could see in a limited circle and not the entirety of the surface would be if the sphere itself was expanding. So to carry that over to us, the “4D” shape that we rest on the surface of must be expanding, because we can only see a limited part of the universe. And if the “4D” shape that we are resting on were to NOT be expanding, we would be able to see ourselves from behind ourselves on the opposite “end” of the universe. Just like the flat-man would be able to look at the back of his head if the sphere was not expanding.
Yes,
Live long and prosper!
actually, if the universe was like that but not expanding, the more likely idea is that the light from all the stars in the universe would loop back around, basically causing everything to fry and become the heat of infinity suns.
Let's say that the 3D-sphere-world is really on a 4D-sphere, and we keep continue and assume that the 4D-sphere is on a 5D-sphere which is on a 6D-sphere and so on to infinite. We have the infinite dimensions overlapping each other theory.
I swear somebody must have made that theory.
I have most definitely thought about it myself
actually I heard some other guy say that the minimum is 11 dimensions, but in string theory. In “M-theory,” (idk what that is either) there are 12 minimum. So, infinite dimensions is possible, but 11 dimensions is required, at least in string theory.
Sometimes I hate the limitations of being human. I want to know this stuff!
They did but it doesn't make it right...
@@swine13 It's just a theory
I’m not sure if you already have a video like this but if not you should make a video or even just post all of the journals and things you visit for information
REALLY IMPORTANT (12:10)
I'm sure scientific know what they are doing. But if a triangle is a shape you would use to test that a 2D is flat. WHY WOULD YOU use that shape to test if a 3D space if flat. It would be the equivalent of drawing a line in a 2D space and because it looks straight then the space is flat.
Shouldn't have they used a pyramid?
That's a good point
The geometry of the triangle works in both 2d and 3d. If the angles equall 180 the space is flat. Triangles are used to measure distance in 3d space as well as on paper (2d) in geometry class in school. Parallel lines also work on both but not good for finding distances. Hope this helps.
@@gsmarchand do you have any proof for this?
@@gsmarchand yeah the distance. But we are talking about the dimensions of space not the distance
It's because geometry changes on a curved surface. Normally the angles of a triangle add to 180 degrees but depending on the curve it can either be >180 degrees (e.g. spheres ) or
If the universe is “infinite” then any point you are observing the universe, becomes the center of the universe. (From your perspective anyway.)
Well there is no “center” in infinity, but I get your point
What does it mean?
@@davidarvingumazon5024 - it means…the universe is so vast the human brain is incapable of comprehending its scope and age.
@@wkanost pogchamp
Your videos are fantastic: both simple and sufficient in scope, while also comprehensive. This one answers many important, fairly basic questions I’ve had about cosmology from one time to another. Some of these I’ve answered but the explanations were slow in coming. Questions like: is there any edge to the universe, what do other galaxies see and where is the center?
I'm a proud flat universer, do your research instead of listening to the media
Nah, Universe is concave
@@realdragon It's obviously a donut ...
Knowledge > research.
We don't know if it's flat, well... It's not really, it's 3D with gravity being an additional dimension. If you look at it per slice, it appears flat.
Neh, just a brain in a vat, don't overcomplicate.
People we know nothing
2019: THE EARTH IS FLAT
3069: THE UNIVERSE IS FLAT
@fynes leigh I have a super smelly butt sexy penis and that's the truth, well it's at least my truth. Butt the thing is I farted too and that is truth too.
I have been saying the universe is round for years and spinning in the opposite direction at speeds higher than light while we are in the eye of its huge mass as it is rolling through space which is why everything seems to be moving away from us depending on if they are facing up or down or like a clock ticking clockwise until you see it from the other side it appears to be spinning counter clockwise as seeing and being on top of a galaxy looking down versus up.
0:52 how would scientist even know this is truly what the universe looks like😑
Because that's the observable universe and hence they can observe it and reach that conclusion.
If you add up: Dark Matter + Dark Energy + Not Isotropic + Not Homogenous
Then we basically know almost nothing about everything and we pretend 11 Dimensional String Theory isn't insane
I mean, the 4-ball explanations demonstrated here work for higher dimensions as well.
There is no need yet for such a hypothesis.
Explaining how the universe could be basically the surface of an ever expanding sphere was a very satisfying explanation that clicked well in my brain. That actually makes some sense to me even if we can’t fully verify that.
14:44 sounds like something an engineer would say.
Gravity tends to create spherical shapes at large scales, what makes us think the universe should behave differently?
Guys I figured it out. The universe isn’t expanding - all of the matter inside of it is just shrinking at the same rate, proportional to everything. And since our measurements of distance are relative to physical objects, nothing would appear to change on a small scale. But across the universe, stars and galaxies shrinking into their own midpoints would appear to be moving farther away.
I’m sure there’s a bunch of things wrong with that theory when the speed of light gets involved, but it’s fun to think about ok
So what if it's expanding into the future at the speed of light and has been since the big bang?
I'm mean technically yes, that's just called moving forward in time, but that doesn't account for the actual physical distances increasing between galaxies
@@nickwilson8119 What do you think about the following idea:
What if the 4th dimension of the 4d hypersphere is time?
The analogy with the 3d sphere would be the following.:Time is the radius of the sphere. And because we are beings which observe time, we are actually "moving" with time along the radius into the future.
This has some funny consequences:
The center of the 4d sphere would be "The Start" / Big Bang!
Moving back and forth in time would be the same as "moving" in space in a 4d sphere
@@Tirreg88 That does sound like quite an interesting idea and the fact the center is a point in time but 'everywhere' in space is really neat. I would love to see if anyone's taken this idea further.
@@nickwilson8119 thank you. calculating "speed" is then just somekind of ratio this 4d object has along the radius to its orthogonal movement
@@Tirreg88 I really like that model. A lot of things fit so nicely.
Though, if the universe is so big that it appears nearly perfectly flat, will it even matter? Only if we manage to move through that 4th spacial dimension
No universe is a Kline bottle
Great video. Also another thought experiment:
If you take a picture anywhere anytime in the universe that is 1920*1080 with 32 bit color, then you only can have ( 2 pow 32 ) pow (1920*1080) such picutre. After taking that +1 you gotta get one doulbe at least. And that resolution and color depth for us basically can describe anything for our eyes. So even if the universe an infinite space and time, or very large, we would see lots of recurrence in it with our limited perception.
You should be careful using the word "Flat". The Flat-earthers will use that against you. Just saying.
Just like they used their brains to work out their beliefs?
I think he'll be alright.
@@swine13 lul
Parallel lines never meet. Lines on a sphere that meet are axial, not parallel.
Transition from 3D to 4D needs to be applied.
@@BriggsDCory if they meet they weren't parallel in the first place.
@@Joe11Blue Depends on dimension. Flat 2D parallel would never meet, but as part of a 3D sphere they would.
@@BriggsDCory it's like you think I am stupid or something.
@@BriggsDCory Exactly.The mind boggling part is, I can wrap my head around the concept of higher spatial dimensions, but I can't picture what they would look like.
Kind of like how objects in fact move in a straight line (from their perspective), but the space itself is curved & makes the path of the object curve to an outside observer.
We are coming from the perspective of the object & can't perceive the curve & the outside observer is in the 4th dimension, therefore the lines we perceive as parallel in 3 dimensions will in fact intersect in 4 dimensions.
I love to sit around and create situations that are contrary to popular thought. One of my favorite things to think about is "What if you could explain the existence of stars without the need for a universe or galaxy." Most of my musings on this subject are nonsensical, but I have one that actually seems to have some promise to it. My thought is this, what if all the other stars we see out in space are actually just the sun, but at different points in time: Premise 1- If you pass a 3-dimensional object through a 2-dimensional plane, it will look as if the object is growing or shrinking. premise 2- if that three-dimensional shape is an odd shape, let's use for example a horseshoe shape, then at first, it would look as if there are two rectangles that move towards each other. then it would appear as if those two rectangles then merge to be one giant rectangle before disappearing. Premise 3- if there were flat landers living on one of these two small rectangles they would be able to see the second rectangle across an empty void. premise 4- what if time is indeed a spacial dimension rather than its own set of dimensions, that would mean your past present, and future are actually all just one object that is slowly being passed through a 3-dimensional space. Premise 5- what if the temporal shape of our sun is actually a complex shape, like a spiraling sin curve, then we could actually see the other parts of this fourth dimensional as it is being passed through our 3-dimensional plane of existence.
I decided to start looking through the internet to see if anyone else has come up with this alternative way of explaining stars, and so far this is the closest I have found.
scientists: the universe is a hypersphere
me: wait, so you're saying that warping is possible since you could just dig inside that hypersphere to get to another point?
The future is looking bright my friend.
if you dig inwards, is ot going back in time?
wait no
Just a suggestion on the space expansion animation. Scaling up the whole image makes the raisins bigger, too. Since the entire image is scaling up, there isn't anything going on inside the image to give the impression of expansion. It just looks like everything gets bigger and bigger. The distances still increase, but it's not as obvious because the proportions never change. I think it would make the concept of expansion easier to see and grasp if the raisins remained their original size throughout.
That's just my opinion and thoughts. I really enjoyed the video.
I felt that
Cool video Bud, good analogy of the universe. I like to think it's a little bit different.
Something in my gut, tells me this guy is just slightly off with his reasoning/explanation...
@Noah Shilling Ok Grandma. Go read your bible.