How is Stainless Steel Made?
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- Опубликовано: 12 сен 2024
- In this video, we explore the fascinating process of how stainless steel is made, from raw materials to the finished product. Discover the intricate steps involved in transforming iron ore into one of the most versatile and durable materials in the world. We delve into the science behind alloying, the role of chromium in corrosion resistance, and the precision techniques used in casting, rolling, and finishing stainless steel.
Whether you're interested in metallurgy, engineering, or simply curious about the materials that shape our modern world, this in-depth look at stainless steel production is sure to captivate you.
Don't forget to like, comment, and subscribe for more videos exploring the wonders of science and technology!
Timestamps:
00:16 - Introduction to Stainless Steel
01:07 - Raw Materials: Iron Ore and Pig Iron
01:57 - The Role of Chromium and Other Alloying Elements
03:39 - Argon Oxygen Decarburization (AOD) Process
04:25 - Continuous Casting: From Molten Steel to Solid Form
05:08 - Hot Rolling: Shaping the Steel
05:53 - Pickling: Cleaning and Smoothing the Surface
06:39 - Final Finishing: Cold Rolling, Annealing, and Surface Finishing
07:33 - Quality Control: Ensuring the Perfect Steel
08:47 - Conclusion: The Versatility and Importance of Stainless Steel
#StainlessSteel #Metallurgy #Manufacturing #Engineering #ScienceExplained
I have a 2009 Ford Crown victoria. Came with stainless steel dual exhaust. North of 170,000 miles and no signs of rust.
Check again in 170.000 days
😂🤣😂 Obviously Ford didn’t use the same grade stainless steel that was used on the Tesla Cyber urinal. 😂🤣😂
Fyi, 1992 to 96 buick roadmaster featured stainless steel dual exhaust. Plus other excellent designs.
I owned both the sedan and the estate wagon.
@davegoldspink5354 I think you mean the Cyberdumpster - "The Only $100,000 Car On Earth That People Are Embarrassed To Be Seen Driving!" This is literally how they are marketing it! That new $30,000 Cybertruck that comes in kit form except without motors, doors, batteries, suspension or wheels drops soon though.
@@russellhamner4898 😂🤣😂 Nope Cyber urinal but I do get where you’re coming from. Dumpsters here in Australia aren’t shaped like in the US they’re basically shaped like a box and as it stands fortunately we won’t be subjected to your Cyber dumpsters anytime soon if ever.
From spoons to rockets... Literally the gold of industry.
I was a furnace tender at a foundry after Nam and was very precise on the amounts of each part of the stainless steel process! Was a great learning experience 😎
As a one time fabricator, i HATE stainless steel with a fiery passion. Great for the finished product. But my god is it a royal pain in the ass to work with.
Welding on stainless is one of the worst things in the world
Who reads the comments while listening
duh.
Me
Me
Wow, a title that wasn't misleading at all. Very good, thank you.
"Stainless" is a misnomer as owners of DeLorean cars soon discovered. Stainless steel may be corrosion resistant but it is not "finger-print proof." The original "18Cr-8Ni" stainless
steel composition was discovered accidently in Sheffield, UK, by a man named Brierly. He'd been doing some work with steel samples of different compositions that he'd left exposed
to the UK's miserable climate. Some months later he found that all except one displayed surface corrosion. Quick analysis of the uncorroded sample and------- the first stainless steel.
I think Krupp in Germany may have had a big impact on stainless development, they were developing armor plate, and found nickel alloys had the toughness necessary for this service. This was around the turn of the last century.
That might be the modern story. But the Vikings made swords out of stainless steel.
@@whaleh8er991 There are sword blades in the Tokyo National Museum from the 12th century without a speck of rust on them. Evidently there are iron ores that contain chromium and nickel, naturally.
Pig iron doesn't corrode, straight out of the ground ?, blacksmiths favourite for wrought iron Gates.
So your saying that stainless steel came back from the future? Whoa dude so knarly🤟🤟🤟
that was very informative. I learned a LOT!
Thank you!
The chrome makes it hard to drill holes etc
There’s magnetic and non magnetic .kitchen bench tops are non magnetic
And fridges are magnetic , as scrap steel the the more chrome added the more it’s worth
Also stainless has grain direction (like wood ) so it has to be be folded a certain way .
It’s possible to weld stainless and mild steel together ,that is a little involved
309 rod
Only the non magnetic gets the higher price . Magnetic goes as steel scrap . They always put a magnet on it .
The stainless on my refrigerator isn’t magnetic
@@stevenmonson5149yep not involved at all really. I'm a weekend warrior basement TIG guy and got mild to stainless easy. 309 is great stuff when you aren't exactly sure of the alloy you're working on.
@@stevenmonson5149 Yes, the 309 rod has the right amount of nickle in it. This is what adhears to the carbon steel and the s/s.
After reading the comments I will say this - this is a good overview of the process. It will give anyone a good base to search out more in depth discussions on the process of creating SS and the different grades/types.
Stainless steel is not a simple thing.
What I kind of missed is any talk about the amount of carbon in the alloy, in so far as I know, carbon is an important element in this mixture with the alloy to become steel.
Stainless steel was invented in 1913, so it is only 111 years old.
When I saw the terracotta army in China , there is a case with a sword about two thousands years old, made of stainless steel.
@@harrygray1301 What makes you think so? Did you analyze it for chromium & nickel?
@@DavidFMayerPhDlol….this dude…🤦♂️
@@DavidFMayerPhD The sword is in a glass case ,with a card under saying about stainless steel being discovered in 19th century, yet the 2000 yr sword was made of it. Could have been accidentally made maybe?
@@harrygray1301 An error in labeling of the display. Chrome-nickel steel simply did not exist in that era.
Chromium was discovered by Gottlob Lehmann in 1766, so it would have been difficult to use it before it was discovered.
You missed 2 or 3 crucial points. What about the difference between Martensitic, austenitic & ferritic. Some further explanation would be appreciated.
Well that wouldn’t be simple, would it? 😅
At this video level it surely is NOT needed
I don’t get why certain people believe everything should be dumbed down. Surely adding a few details they might not understand wouldn’t ruin the whole thing for them, while for others it’s those details that add 80% of the value over what they already know. Have people forgotten the art of smiling and nodding?
Ole engineer I see
@@solvated_photonIt's the American way! Probably because of the advertisement requirement brainwashing and the 'don't want to scare off the customer culture' from their advertisers? Stupid I know.
Basically the economy S/S , grade 430 , has NO nickel and it's magnetic . The higher grades , grade 304 and 316 are non magnetic . The 304 is used in better grades of commercial kitchen equipment . The 430 is in the economy equipment . Some equipment is mixed with a 304 top and 430 under shelf and legs . Or a sink with 304 bowls and the rest 430 . A 316 grade would have more nickel and be used in a commercial kettle lining to resist food acids . There are several other grades . Again , if magnetic , it's economy and you will only get a lower price as " steel " as scrap . The magnet doesn't lie . But people " think " it doesn't rust . But if abused , it definitely WILL . Salts , acids and chlorides will corrode it .
Started watching this one and wondered what the hell i was thinking. Have a mixed history with stainless steel plate as I worked at the Port Kembla steelworks here in Australia in the mid ‘80s to mid ‘90s processing both magnetic and non magnetic stainless steel which tends to see you developing a hatred for it specially moving the stuff as was my job both as a crane driver and as a chaser. Anyway great video thanks for the share.
Thank you!
Comprehensive explanation in less than 10 minutes! Thanks. :)
I endeavored to make small passive solar tanks - for hw, using two ss deep dish rectangular pans (bought retail) welded together. I was in Thailand at the time. A regular welder couldn't do it, so I found a specialist. He welded it, but it was costly. I had planned to make them to sell, but the welding cost compelled me to abandon the project. A search online reveals nothing as simple as a black ss tank for passive solar pre-heat of water. I'm 72, but if I was younger, I might re-devote my energies toward reviving that project.
everyone loves our friend steel
Very informative but I wish he would have talked about differences in corrosion resistance of different grades, like 300 vs 4000 series. Not all "stainless steels" are corrosion resistant and that leads to confusion.
I've been thinking of this too 'cuz I knew at some point they still corrode.
Thank you for teaching us
FASCINATING!
This is the first of your videos that I have seen. It was awesome. Informative yet clear and easy to understand.
I subscribed. I am looking forward to watching many more of your videos.
I am going to forward this to a friend of mine who is an engineer in a different field, but he's interested in all types of engineering.
Thank you!
my favorite metal!
Titanium is my favorite. Stainless Steel is my number two.
@@onionhead5780#1 gold. #2 tungsten
@@John_Redcorn_I like your picks. 😉 💰
Thanks
How do they know when the correct amounts of added ingredients are achieved. That is, when adding nickel, even though they may drop in X pounds into a vat of liquid steel (Y pounds), how do they verify the exact correct ratio? Remember, the steel is 1900 degrees C. How is an analysis done at that hot temperature?
Same way as with any other steel: they take a sample (yes, this is possible. They use a small ladle with a very long handle.), poor it into a small mold, send it to the on-site lab, do a quick scan, and report back to the shop floor.
@@wtflmaa7842 When you say "do a quick scan" what is the machine that does it?
@@terry_willis State of the art is mass spectrometry.
"History lf Sinple ..."
Beautiful 🌎-Engineering ! 😮💪👍
Still burn everything to my stainless steel cookware.
I think you have to pre heat the pan before use
Google it for helpful info.
Dump it. Get a spring steel pan. Like debuyer
I never clean my frying pan with soap, and only rinse it with a light use of a sponge, once every 2 or 3 uses. That way, it forever has a clean black 'seasoned' coating. In my dish drying tray, there are 2 hard plastic bowls and 2 metal spoons. That's all.. Simple is better.
Why is it sometimes not magnetic?
austenite
Much harder to work with. You use it only when you really need it.
I once had to make 2400 ft.of 24 ga. Stainless gutter in the family run business many years ago. It was for a giant warehouse on the Port of Houston . Very brutal on the shear, and hard to bend in the brake. Gorgeous looking gutter though.
Drilling it is slow and hard to do, go fast and the bit goes to shit right away, but thr end result is great.
Great documentary. It is said that components are added to increase the steel's strength and hardness. Then how come that INOX screws are so much softer than normal screws? They are likely to snap when you don't drill a hole in advance. Just wondering.
Yeah but you're not mentioning the temperatures. Like chromium, that has a higher melting point; molybdenum even higher (2623°C). So, how do they not burn the lower melting point elements and there has to fluxes used, or catalysts? This is the how do they do it?
Don't forget Duplex
Not to be nitpicky but your video made it sound like Pig Iron was pure Iron, but it's actually an alloy of iron and carbon. By definition steel can't be steel without carbon so I was a bit confused the first time I watched the video.
He may have went on livin', but he made one fatal slip
When he tried to match The Ranger with the Pig Iron on his hip
Very basic on the subject but its good narration, video is not so much showing surface rusted cast iron parts in a stainless steel video 5 kudos if you find it
👍Thank you! May watch again, very informative for a 10 minute video.
... BTW - 435 👎🤔 If you don't like, just go away ------>
Now why was I thinking SS was made with HEXAVALENT Chromium?
HEXAVALENT Chromium is toxic and used in the chrome plating industry.
That’s a good question.
Great video, enjoyed watching. Thanks for sharing!
It is a challenge to weld, drill and cut.
I was a metal fabricator in the pharmaceutical industry for 36 years working with stainless steel exclusively. It's not too much of a challenge after you come to understand it's properties.
I endeavored to make small passive solar tanks - for hw, using two ss deep pans welded together. I was in Thailand at the time. A regular welder couldn't do it, so I found a specialist. He welded it, but it was costly. I had planned to make them to sell, but the welding cost compelled me to abandon the project. A search online reveals nothing as simple as a black ss tank for passive solar pre-heat of water. I'm 72, but if I was younger, I might re-devote my energies toward reviving that project.
It's not a challenge if you do it right, welding is awesome especially Tig, as for drilling make sure you have the right bits and slow it down and make sure you use cutting oil or coolant, and cutting it's not much different than other steel just go a bit slower and watch the cutting edge.
Those factories remind me of Freddie kruger or terminator 😅
Fantastic
Thank you so much 😀
In 1936 Ford Motor Company built six 1936 Ford automobile complete bodies in stainless steel, then in 1960 they built two 1960 Ford Thunderbird's with stainless steel bodies and lastly they built a 1966 Lincoln Continental four door convertible in stainless steel. GM got into the act in 1957 by adding stainless steel roofs on their Cadillac Eldorado four door cars.
Yes I love SS . Welding it, Fabricating it’s tube form. I have welded million inches and fabed tons of it
It's the same recipe as regular steel, minus stains.
It ain't that it is actually stainless. It is just that it actually stains less.
Very interesting.
Here's one for you: how is it certain ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians achieved construction wonders that have last through the ages to the point some give the credit to aliens, but only on rock but never got to discover steel?
Or the Japanese, who were known for their craftsmanship with metals couldn't come up with something as "simple" as stainless steel for building?
There is a magnetic SS. I think a 309. 304 is the most common
The more corrosion resistant SS is, the weaker it is. Stronger SS is less resistant to corrosion and is prone to rusting.
Thank Ya Much.
Merci thank
I think it’s 303 filler rods to weld SS to steel
Why can't you use "degrees F?"
When Boeing was building the Minuteman intercontinental ballistic missiles I’m pretty sure that’s the project. They were having problems with the storage tanks for the fuel having corrosion problems and there was this little steel male not so little but not as big as some in a little place called Butler Pennsylvania. It was arco steel they figured out the mix they needed to make tanks that wouldn’t corrode.
😊
Something above 97% of stainless steel production is remelt of scrap….usually in an arc furnace.
👍
How it is made? Exactly the same way as any other steel, just with different additives in different proportions.
Simple in our days😂👍
166 videos since feb 2024 that is in 172 days. how is this possible? must be AI generated.
Hi every videos are manually produced and edited by someone in our team. We just use research/AI tools for the content :)
@@historyofsimplethings Gotta be on the ball, this was really good.
One drawback to stainless steel is recycling; since the exact alloy composition varies, scrap stainless is not desireable...
I still get good money when I take it to the scrapyard.
@@bobdevries4028 a scrap metal dealer told me that since there are so many grades, with different alloys, which lowers the value. What he wants are large quantities of the same grade, for example mill scrap.
Their is a grade of stainless commercially coded 600. It is fairly inexpensive and used in applications where it is painted, street furniture being a good example. Unlike normal steel. it still has a fairly high resistance to corrosion when the paint is chipped. It can also be used in street lighting applications.
Not having the corrosion problems of normal steel, where rusting increases it's volume by 13, it can be used in reinforcement for concrete fence posts, window sills and prefabricated concrete garages. Normal steel in these application needs a minimum concrete cover of 2 inches.
These 600 grades an be made from scrap. They were considered for car manufacture, but they were too brittle to pass the crash tests.
When induction hobs were introduced, a normal steel plate had to be buried in the base of the pan. Unfortunately it's size and positioning can vary efficiently wildly. The early pans cost a fortune. During testing, Bosch tested a grade 600 enamelled Asda (Walmart in the US) pan that cost a fraction of the price. Having magnetic properties throughout it outperformed all the others and did not have the problem of hot spots. Unfortunately, the properties included the handles, which were reaching more than 300 degrees. So that was that. LOL
How come when carbon steel touches stainless steel, it contiminates it and causes rust and decay immediately?
How do you keep going from steel to iron in the commentary? Iron is not steel, its obviously carbon and iron. Its confusing for first readers!
It’s rustless steel ,not stainless steel . It will stain .
Just turn 180 and sum over there then.
chemical grade stainless is the longest lasting man-made substance with an expected lifespan of 15,000 years
I recall seeing a chart (in an old edition of Discover mag) of different types of plastic - comparing how long until they degrade. At top of the list was a type of commonly used clear plastic (for displaying toys/sundry items or for liter bottles, etc)...and the word next to it was 'forever.'
@@brahmburgers
depends, UV light destroys every plastic - buried it may last a very long time though
How stainless is steel made? (sorry, I couldn´t resit to ask)
The disclaimer in the beginning means a human being had absolutely zero to do with the production of this video.
The whole editing and research work are done by a person in our team. We just use research/AI tools for the content :)
The word nickel was misspelled, probably a human did that.
I prefer rostfrei steel seeing my local climate
Can you use pepsi instead of coke?
The use of pepsi has been well documented however,
research has shown that coke is the "real thing".
One can (partially??) sub hydrogen for carbon in the reduction process.
nope. pepsi will mess up your hair! :)
@@ThadGuardi If Mike were still here, he`d surely attest to that fact.
Carbon is not an impurity!
1:11 minutes to tell us that we are going to see how SS is made......Loves to hear his own voice, eh?
Engineers don't call it "Stainless Steel." They call it "Corrosion Resistant Steel", or CRES.
Learned that in a shipyard.
I already knew..thanks dwarf fortress 😂
As this is for entertainment purposes only, you really missed the mark.
I wonder if they could make me some stainless underpants.
Can only bend it in one direction once and hard to work with. But, does last like nothing else. 😊
Coke?
And you forgot to mention that stainless steel is:
- antimagnetic
- a very bad thermal conductor
compared to normal iron or aluminium.
410, 420, and 440 stainless steel are all magnetic 🧲
@@AndreeewP thanks, did not know that.
All types of stainless steel I bought were antimagnetic.
Why are some antimagnetic, some not? What do the material components differ?
Wow. I guess you can just add some coke, and you can do anything!
She died in that hill
From an environmental perspective, it's awful, particularly how it needs to be reheated numerous times. Yet, I know it's useful for many items / applications..
If stainless steel has iron in it, why doesn't a magnet stick to it?
Rust Resistant Steel. Your title is making people dumber.
Pretty toxic environment to work in.
Stainlessly obviously, hence the name! Duh!!
Don't forget about 4140 Chrome Moly Stainless Steel for gun barrels.
That's a simple alloy steel ,not stainless steel.
Stainless steel will rust if you use it for exhaust pipe,,its not heat resistant....
Umm, it depends what type. The fact that you say stainless steel like it's one thing tells everyone you have no fucking clue what you're talking about.
303? 304? 414c? Chromoly? There are thousands of stainless steels.
@TlD-dg6ug idk coz i bought it on the hardware store to be made as an exhaust pipe....
Depends on the alloy. My stainless exhaust on my Accord is then years old. My first car needed exhaust systems every two years.
@@danr1920 mine is on my motorcycle,...
Actually Chrome Moly isn't a type of stainless in any way so u could hold back on f bombs big guy. And ya it depends on the alloy if it's rust resistant or non rusting.
Will they teach me about the white male scientists who invented stainless steel, if I enroll in a bachelor's in gender studies?
It was Tim Stainless and Kevin Steel
They will tell you it was Lex Steel
Nice disclaimer, SMH. 🤦♀
If you live in California's 45th Congressional District, MAKE SURE you vote for Michelle Steel in November.
She used IVF to get pregnant and then sponsored the Life at Conception Act, which could make IVF illegal.
Typical Republican hypocrisy.
Simple get steel remove stains.............
If space aliens exist they would have to know metallurgy and how to make and roll steel, which would require them to necessarily look something like us, as opposed to a Giraffe. Physics would also require them to be governed by the same elements of the periodic table as us. They would also have to dwell within our 240 light-year diameter radio bubble, otherwise they would not know of our existence.
Made in Iraq
🤔
Has anyone noticed that a lot of videos are now starting to use the metric system, hmmm wondewr why?, so what is the temp in laymens terms.
starting to use metric? 95% of the world use it. 1700 degrees Celsius =
3092 degrees Fahrenheit
@@stridenbear Well we have not used it for many years why change now for.
Metric should have ben the standard to begin with.
@@mach1553 yeah but it wasn't, so why now?
@@MikeSmith-mt5zc It's the worldwide standard. The USA is the only country whose common people don't use metric; even then, our technology , medicine, and science are almost purely metric-based. It's pretty much only the end-users who don't use metric here.
who cares stainless steel sucks
If you want to know
What high quality stainless Steel is a magnet does not stick to it!
It depends on the grade. Some stainless steels are magnetic. 300 series, what most people in day to day use, isn't magnetic. 400 series is magnetic and is a high quality stainless steel.
There is a magnetic SS. I think a 309. 304 is the most common