Nuclear Fallout Accidentally Discovered at a Montana Trail

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  • Опубликовано: 11 дек 2024

Комментарии • 742

  • @PMPCMining
    @PMPCMining 2 года назад +276

    That radiation that you are detecting is most likely from Arco Idaho. The nuclear lab in Arco had an accident back some time in the 50's or 60's. The test reactor had a meltdown and breached containment. The map you showed for the fall out starts at and around arco. Just an fyi. I live in Idaho as well.

    • @christinearmington
      @christinearmington 2 года назад +4

      👍

    • @LonC1966
      @LonC1966 2 года назад +12

      I was wondering about Hanford in Washington state. I believe they had an accident at some point as well.

    • @RogueSmithersCouple
      @RogueSmithersCouple 2 года назад +14

      @@LonC1966 Hanford is where the Manhattan Project took place and is where they store all the nuclear waste and I do believe you're correct that it's the location of what's called the nuclear elephant's foot that was created during an accident there that was enclosed once and they had to construct a larger containment around it to dismantle the previous failing containment...
      And they wonder why cancer is such a huge issue in our society, the government exposed us all over generations now to the repercussions of their weapon curiosity

    • @mudlakemicrobes
      @mudlakemicrobes 2 года назад +46

      @@RogueSmithersCouple you're mixing up Hanford and Chernobyl two very different places.

    • @gregorymckoy3179
      @gregorymckoy3179 2 года назад +15

      @@RogueSmithersCouple Hanford is one of the locations that the Manhattan Project took place. There were about 30 sites spread out between the US, Canada and the UK that played a part in research, development and testing. Oak Ridge Tennessee being one and the Army Garrison headquarters at that time. I work with a lot of Rad Tech's and Engineers that worked a lot of those sites. The elephant's foot is underneath Chernobyl's original core location. The fuel melted and fused with the sand underneath the reactor core building forming the elephant's foot. It was actually a good thing it formed or the contamination spread would have been much worse.

  • @tonydagostino6158
    @tonydagostino6158 2 года назад +96

    In the late '80's early '90's I did a lot of outcrop logging with a gamma-ray scintillometer to produce synthetic GR logs to accompany lithologic descriptions. Our instrument of choice was about the size of shoe box, weighed ~12lbs and ate batteries like crazy. Now I see you with a pocket tool. I'm so jealous.

    • @stopredless8447
      @stopredless8447 2 года назад +2

      I uhhhh, English? I don’t speak smart people 😅

    • @bueb8674
      @bueb8674 2 года назад +2

      @@stopredless8447 30 year ago tech vs current tech

    • @SolarSeeker45
      @SolarSeeker45 2 года назад +3

      @@stopredless8447 In layman's terms: That little pocket size machine can do what a backpack size machine did 40 years ago.

    • @stopredless8447
      @stopredless8447 2 года назад +1

      @@bueb8674 ok this helps!

    • @BillBird2111
      @BillBird2111 Год назад

      @@stopredless8447 Although I am not at all up on nuclear science, I can give you another example that was given to me. A fact that is rather mind-blowing, again to me. There is far more computer memory, punch and power in your smartphone than in the computers NASA astronauts used to fly to the moon and back.

  • @Bohr2um
    @Bohr2um 2 года назад +133

    Im still waiting for your channel to blow up. You will get there some day, keep up the hard work! This content is worthy of a lot more subscribers!

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад +21

      Thanks for the encouragement and I’m glad you are enjoying the videos.

    • @jwhoward182
      @jwhoward182 2 года назад +16

      Given this video was about Nuclear Fallout I would have avoided the term, “blow up”, but otherwise agree with you.

    • @zacharymcintosh918
      @zacharymcintosh918 2 года назад +8

      Just a matter of time. Good stuff

    • @robinwells8879
      @robinwells8879 2 года назад +2

      I am determined to try to set up a collaboration between Drew and Gly from lost and forgotten places. They both have great personalities and they share a love of wonderful production quality. This content deserves to go viral. There was a time when legacy TV would air quality media like this but it seems to be passed now in favour of celebrity reality mogadon for the masses. 😳

    • @johnshackelford6965
      @johnshackelford6965 2 года назад +2

      Do you know Prince George Utah? The uranium mine waste was taken to Hollywood studio used to fill and grade. People did become sick 😫 first bomb.

  • @thirteeno
    @thirteeno 2 года назад +35

    For those who don't know, The "Baby tooth study" is a super interesting study into the fallout, and where it settled after the first rounds of nuclear testing

    • @indahooddererste
      @indahooddererste 2 года назад +1

      The Chernobyl fallout settled around the alps. Its still forbidden to eat mushrooms from these forrests because radiation has concentrated in there. If a hunter shoots wild boars he has to dispose it as nuclear waste because they love to eat mushrooms.

    • @behindtheglamour
      @behindtheglamour 2 года назад +1

      @@indahooddererste They probably aren't trying to give away a lot of information for those of us who genuinely want to check it out.. i.e.; avoiding spoilers..

  • @jk-76
    @jk-76 2 года назад +7

    The more thumbs up the more the system recommends the channel. This guy needs more exposure so click the up thumb on as many comments as you can.

  • @georgerocheleau
    @georgerocheleau 2 года назад +24

    I lived in Montana in the early 60s. I remember being warned about radioactive snow.

  • @chris-hayes
    @chris-hayes 2 года назад +21

    I love that a lot of the narration was done outdoors at the trail. Not many youtubers do that, instead favoring a studio setup. While studio setups sound great, they feel more sterile.

  • @anhedonianepiphany5588
    @anhedonianepiphany5588 2 года назад +15

    I live in a small region in Australia which is known to have been specifically impacted by fallout from a British nuclear test conducted quite distantly (in the late ‘50s) and brought down by heavy rain. It’s not _widely_ known due to secrecy, and the local dairy industry was particularly affected with limited and insufficient quarantining of milk (also very hushed). If spectrographic tools like this are affordable now, I’d be fascinated to do some surveying myself. Some evidence of residual contamination would be helpful in revealing the truth of this awful event to those who were never aware or have forgotten.
    Thanks for this short but enlightening presentation.

    • @IndyMiraaga
      @IndyMiraaga Год назад +1

      Just checking in to make sure you haven't been silenced, lol

    • @Djeseret
      @Djeseret 10 месяцев назад

      The Montebello Islands, I learned about it in Biggles who mentions it in "Biggles in Australia"...

  • @davebrunker3399
    @davebrunker3399 2 года назад +87

    Almost all of the nuclear weapons tests conducted in the contentental US were in southern Nevada. If you look at your fallout map you can see a path that starts in eastern Idaho. You're probably detecting fallout from the Idaho National Labratory between Arco, Idaho and Idaho Falls. Lots of blown up, melded down reactors out there.
    Thank you, for your channel. I've always said these are criminally underrated videos.

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад +41

      There has been meltdowns out at the INL but the contamination from those incidents were extremely localized. So the likelihood of it being from there is extremely low. There have been 16 fallout clouds that have passed over the area I tested. So the likelihood of it being from those Nevada nuclear tests is pretty good.
      Thanks for being such a fan of the channel.

    • @jackbailey7037
      @jackbailey7037 2 года назад +19

      @@RadioactiveDrew The actor John Wayne was making a movie, I believe 'The Conqueror' in 1955, in I believe southern Utah, during a Nevada test. He later contracted cancer and swore that the atomic test was the cause of it.

    • @wingracer1614
      @wingracer1614 2 года назад +7

      @@RadioactiveDrew In addition, fallout from Fukushima did make it to Montana so some of it could be from that.

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад +38

      The fallout from Fukushima didn’t make it to Montana. The explosion wasn’t nearly powerful enough for that.

    • @MrShobar
      @MrShobar 2 года назад +18

      @@jackbailey7037 "He later contracted cancer and swore that the atomic test was the cause of it..." Swore, as in a sworn affidavit? And how would he know? He was a life-long chain smoker and developed lung cancer. There are alternative explanations.

  • @BillBird2111
    @BillBird2111 Год назад +4

    These videos are helping me out a great deal. You have a gift. You communicate with your audience in a way the average person can understand, follow and find interesting. This may seem somewhat simplistic to you, and you may not even realize you are doing this. But, you are. A lot of people cannot do this.

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  Год назад +2

      Thanks. I think it comes from talking to lots of people about this subject.

  • @kenuber4014
    @kenuber4014 Год назад +1

    I've lived all over that country and never knew this. Thanks for the video.

  • @bobyouh
    @bobyouh Год назад +7

    Can you please consider doing an episode on gamma spectroscopy, using your RadiaCode 101 using some of the items that you have in your collection, such as the radium and uranium sources to see how well it works in identifying these known isotopes?

  • @pyroglyphics
    @pyroglyphics 2 года назад +2

    Just stumbled across this video, have been greatly intetested in anything and everything radiation related, so ofcourse i was very happy indeed to find your channel!

  • @jimmccaffery410
    @jimmccaffery410 2 года назад +13

    Hi, I don’t know if you have heard this, I grew up in St. Louis, MO. I was in 3rd grade in 1959. The school collected our ‘baby teeth’. It turned out they were doing an ‘autopsy’ on us to determine our Cesium 137 exposure. Chemically it looks like calcium, so it ended up in teeth and bones. Kennedy signed a treaty that stopped open air testing in the early’60s. I’m sure that fallout 1,500-2,000 miles down win changed a lot of minds. They didn’t have anything near as nice as your gamma wave detector back then. Back then they didn’t even know that they needed it. (So the story goes)

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад +3

      Usually strontium-90 is the fallout isotope that gets into the bones.

    • @josephkanowitz6875
      @josephkanowitz6875 2 года назад +1

      ב''ה, and the "Tooth Fairy" was born.

    • @Rockhunter329
      @Rockhunter329 Год назад +1

      Cs is more like Na and K as far as mimicking other elements. Those 3 are all in same group in periodic chart.

  • @playgroundchooser
    @playgroundchooser 2 года назад +21

    To your point, lots of thyroid cancer in folks from Central Montana that grew up in the 70s. My mom and dad lost friends to it.

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад +6

      This is something I would like to investigate further.

    • @playgroundchooser
      @playgroundchooser 2 года назад +4

      @@RadioactiveDrew could be really interesting. The half life of Iodine 131 is only like, 8 days; so that means it only had a couple of weeks to float from the test sites, accumulate, and cause damage. That is of course if the thyroid issues were primarily from I-131. I honestly don't know, just a theory. 👍

  • @hannesk19
    @hannesk19 2 года назад +12

    Really nice and interesting video. Amazing quality as always. Wouldn't have thought that fallout from such a distance and long time ago.

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад +2

      Same here. But it makes sense based on the half-life of Cs137 and the fallout patterns from that time period.

  • @stevenmoratz7333
    @stevenmoratz7333 2 года назад +6

    I did a paper in the 90's about the continental contamination from above ground nuclear testing. People would be surprised what we did to ourselves!

    • @sigsin1
      @sigsin1 Год назад +1

      Oh yeah, they nuked the crap out of Utah.

  • @shanelilman3780
    @shanelilman3780 2 года назад +3

    There's quite a bit of mines, tailings and old possibly government sites back on the "Navajo reservation" Arizona from 1920' - 1970's ish. Where abandoned equipment, waste, and uranium deposits can still be found. If that's interest you.

  • @PsRohrbaugh
    @PsRohrbaugh 2 года назад +5

    So glad I found your channel yesterday. Great video!

  • @johnraynor5095
    @johnraynor5095 2 года назад +2

    78yr old American veteran, living at White Bird, Idaho. Thanks for the information.

  • @skeggjoldgunnr3167
    @skeggjoldgunnr3167 2 года назад +18

    My coffee mug once sent a geiger counter nutter. It was earthenware, made by my great grandmother from West Virginia mountain clay. We suspect one of the glazes used was the culprit, as that same clay made all the old moonshine jugs. More radioactive than my 17 jewel Gruen gold watch radium hands and dial markers.

    • @Sniperboy5551
      @Sniperboy5551 2 года назад +3

      I’d love me some radioactive moonshine…

    • @jwalster9412
      @jwalster9412 2 года назад +4

      That should be a concern to your health.

    • @isettech
      @isettech Год назад +1

      My parents have a couple of old moonshine earthernware jugs. I'll have to test them next time I'm in the area. They keep them outside as part of the garden decor.

    • @MrRedeyedJedi
      @MrRedeyedJedi Год назад +4

      Uranium oxide glaze was a thing bsck in the day, orange in colour. Over here it's quite collectable

    • @skeggjoldgunnr3167
      @skeggjoldgunnr3167 Год назад +2

      ​@@MrRedeyedJedi The Hatfields still run some stills and they do collect and love her moonshine jugs.
      The coffee mug has red and orange bands of color around it. It emits mostly Gamma radiation I guess. I've had it 'since 1969 when she passed away at 103 years old - only because she fell off her roof. I tried yelling at her "What were you doing up on your roof you silly bat?!! She was spicy. "It was leaking and YOU sure weren't nowhere around offerin' to fix it!" So I think I'll keep using her coffee mug with love in honor of her spiciness. radioactivity and all.

  • @HectorDiabolucus
    @HectorDiabolucus 2 года назад +18

    Wouldn’t have expected this high after more than 6 decades. That map explains some things I experienced in Idaho. The wildlife would set off detectors when they came close to the facility. Then they’d have to be collected (with a 30-06).

    • @celtglen
      @celtglen 2 года назад +1

      No one does, we weren't taught to believe anything other than that.

    • @PetraKann
      @PetraKann Год назад +2

      Cs-137 for example has a half life of about 30 years and it takes about 10 half lifes for a radioactive source to decay back to background levels. That's 3 centuries.
      In any case, after 3 or 4 half lifes we are still looking at high levels. So 1 century is still an health issue - and that is just for Cs137.
      Plutonium has a half life of 24,000 years. Good luck with that radioactive contaminant in the environment.

  • @FiveStringCommando
    @FiveStringCommando 2 года назад

    RUclips suggested your channel today, and I’m glad that it did. Fascinating video that captured my attention. Keep it up!!!

  • @cdalton3169
    @cdalton3169 2 года назад +3

    Your channel contains awesome content! Love this! Keep it coming!

  • @usmc88fan
    @usmc88fan 2 года назад +21

    Born and raised in Bozeman. Never heard of anything up there being affected. Thank you for sharing this.

    • @SCARFACE69247
      @SCARFACE69247 2 года назад +2

      You didn't even get a superpower? That's unfortunate!

    • @usmc88fan
      @usmc88fan 2 года назад +2

      @@SCARFACE69247 highly disappointing

    • @SCARFACE69247
      @SCARFACE69247 2 года назад

      @@usmc88fan Lol

    • @Sniperboy5551
      @Sniperboy5551 2 года назад +1

      “Affected” is being generous, it’s not like the levels are remotely dangerous. Plus all around the Rockies have higher than normal levels of radiation from natural uranium deposits anyway!

    • @branchcovidian2001
      @branchcovidian2001 2 года назад

      @@Sniperboy5551 Exactly.

  • @ape7773
    @ape7773 2 года назад +10

    I love your videos they are so inspiring and i did a school presentation with stuff you teached me. Keep going man!😄

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад +2

      That’s so awesome. Hopefully all my info was correct.

    • @robinwells8879
      @robinwells8879 2 года назад +3

      I’m nearly sixty and I still love learning! I sense that you will go far my young friend. Never stop learning!

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад +3

      @@robinwells8879 there is so much to learn and explore with the subject of radiation I feel like I will never stop learning.

  • @marcump
    @marcump Год назад +2

    fascinating, Montana.. like all the western states are great places to to hike and explore.. I would love to explore some of the locations in your videos when I retire in 2024 though climbing and hiking is my main interest.. this only adds another interesting detail to think about.

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  Год назад +2

      I hope you get to explore Montana one of these days. Just keep an eye out for our Grizzlies.

  • @travisgoff99
    @travisgoff99 Год назад +1

    I'm from Billings, Montana! I like your videos

    • @TomKappeln
      @TomKappeln Год назад

      Love the beartooth mountains.
      Greet's from Germany/Poland

  • @rs2143
    @rs2143 2 года назад +3

    The Kodak company new the first nuclear test was done half way across the country when there x ray film got spots on at the factory . Scary shit that they polluted the planet 🌏 back then .

  • @rayneelol
    @rayneelol 2 года назад +2

    Good stuff you deserve way more views than what the algorithm is giving you

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад +1

      Thanks. I’m pretty happy with the amount of views I’ve been getting over the last couple days.

  • @ritchieblackmore2711
    @ritchieblackmore2711 2 года назад +3

    Great location and very informative thankyou drew and regards from Scotland to you all on here....fallout is scary but I'm amazed that there's still signs of atomic tests wow bro...wow

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад +3

      I was very surprised to find it as well. I thought I was going to find isotopes of thorium and uranium out there.

  • @AdamosDad
    @AdamosDad 2 года назад +8

    In the early 60's I took a course in survival in a nuclear incident, and while in the service I actually witnessed a detonation. Your right it's not as risky out there just don't eat off the ground, lol.

  • @jasont659
    @jasont659 Год назад +3

    Been enjoying your outdoor exploring episodes for radioactive materials. Place might be interesting is Colorado near Rulison. Back in the late 60's they did tests with nuclear devices for gas extraction.

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  Год назад +1

      I think someone has suggested that location before.

  • @rtqii
    @rtqii 2 года назад +4

    Atmospheric ground testing of nuclear weapons in Nevada produced particulate clouds. These clouds of particulates seeded water clouds and produced localized precipitation events that contained high levels of radioactive materials. Particulates became the nuclei of water droplets, which fell as rain, and then sometimes the water portion evaporated before it hit the ground. These events produced particles that were collected and mixed by the water condensation, then as the water evaporated they were gathered together into dust sized particles which eventually settled to the ground.

  • @martyeich23
    @martyeich23 Год назад +1

    Have been really enjoying your content. I have been interested in radioactive things since my dad gave me a radium dial aircraft timer when I was about 4 years old. He had borrowed a Geiger counter from his physics lab to demonstrate. Looks like I will be upgrading my old Vic Tic pretty soon now that there are cool new data acquisition units like the Radeye

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  Год назад

      The Radeye is a pretty cool unit and I really like using mine. I wish there was a better option out there to be honest. Support from Thermo Fisher sucks and they make all the accessories so expensive. But having a detector that can do alpha, beta and gamma...dose rates...use energy compensated filters for dose rates and a bunch of other survey meter tasks is pretty handy.

  • @TMS5100
    @TMS5100 2 года назад +7

    As far as a gamma spectrometer goes, the radiacode 101 has pretty poor resolution. It will pick up the spectrum of a smoke detector pretty easily but it's really bad at picking out stuff from uranium ore. It's great as a general purpose meter you can take on trips and keep in your pocket for long term data collection to identify geographic hotspots.

    • @jonboz7585
      @jonboz7585 Год назад

      Would you be able to recommend any portable gamma spectrometers for field work? I’ve used energy dispersive x-Ray microanalyzers professionally, but they’re not very portable. Thanks for your consideration.

  • @ScottBalkum
    @ScottBalkum 2 года назад +8

    Another fascinating find….I enjoy these.

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад +3

      Thanks man. I always like making them as I feel like I get to learn something new in the process.

  • @sbonel3224
    @sbonel3224 2 года назад +2

    Really interesting find. And nicely shot video. Keep it up!

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад

      Thanks...I'm glad people like the way these are shot.

  • @badatpseudoscience
    @badatpseudoscience 2 года назад +3

    I worked in software development for nuclear detectors early in my career. It's stronger some places then others but you can pick it up anywhere in the world. It just takes a tiny trace amount to produce a signal.

    • @celtglen
      @celtglen 2 года назад +1

      And create a cancer

    • @badatpseudoscience
      @badatpseudoscience 2 года назад +1

      @@celtglen At those levels it would be one chance in many millions. If even that. If you have ever gone outside you have received far far more ionizing radiation from the UV.

  • @jpwilliams6926
    @jpwilliams6926 2 месяца назад +1

    Love your stuff Drew

  • @VHTim
    @VHTim 2 года назад +3

    Nicely done. That Radiacode is a lot cheaper than my home setup, and it travels, very cool.

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад

      I would like to get a home setup to run more exact tests. The Radiacode 101 is great for quick and dirty stuff.

    • @robinwells8879
      @robinwells8879 2 года назад

      Amazing package in such a small size. Truly remarkable.

  • @shaunhall960
    @shaunhall960 2 года назад +1

    I just discovered your channel. I'm hooked.

  • @t63a700
    @t63a700 2 года назад +2

    Come to Mississippi and inspect the Tatum Salt Dome. The only nuclear underground test East of the Mississippi River. This was a test conducted in a salt formation at roughly 1000' at depth. Some rich history with the test that also include a second test in the underground excavated salt dome.

  • @nimarus3118
    @nimarus3118 2 года назад +3

    It's crazy that A-Bomb tours used to be a thing back in the day. People would pay to sit in a spot designated safe and upwind from fallout and watch the bomb go off.

  • @BeardedGeezer
    @BeardedGeezer 2 года назад +11

    If you ever come to Colorado I'd love to see what you find at the site of the former Rocky Flatts nuclear site. They have opened up much of the site to a wildlife preserve, although I think some small parts of the site are off limits.

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад +14

      I’ve visited the site before and hiked around the perimeter fence. Had some black SUVs watching me off in the distance. I want to go back there and make a proper video about the place.

    • @WN_Byers
      @WN_Byers 2 года назад +2

      There is a large development near by: Candelas. Be careful

    • @roxieearly9484
      @roxieearly9484 2 года назад +2

      Probably full of weird creatures the rangers talk of

    • @BillLaBrie
      @BillLaBrie 2 года назад +1

      There’s a sign at the entrance to a hiking trail at Rock Flats explaining the risks (minimal) and reminding people they are going to die of something, someday. Maybe a mountain lion attack. It’s almost poetic.

    • @WN_Byers
      @WN_Byers 2 года назад

      @@BillLaBrie the risk is NOT minimal unless youre talking about greed

  • @wacojones8062
    @wacojones8062 2 года назад +3

    The detectors I trained with started reading at 1/rad per hour. We were trained to walk in find that reading and mark the line. Then walking the edge to mark a relatively safe path for following units. Seems your unit is much more sensitive.

    • @Sniperboy5551
      @Sniperboy5551 2 года назад

      Yeah, modern equipment is much, much more sensitive. A lot of the readings he’s getting wouldn’t have even been noticed back in the day, it’s hardly even something to be concerned about now.

    • @missano3856
      @missano3856 Год назад

      1 rad/hr is a fair amount of dose.

  • @ferebeefamily
    @ferebeefamily 2 года назад +2

    Thank you for the information.

  • @ArashiinStormdragon
    @ArashiinStormdragon 2 года назад +2

    I love my B20-ER, but that Radiascan looks awesome!

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад +1

      Yeah, I wish I initially got the B20-ER model but I’m super happy with the B20. It’s been a very solid detector for these last couple years.

  • @larscederberg8564
    @larscederberg8564 2 года назад +1

    This channel really radiates 😀

  • @Vickey71vlogs
    @Vickey71vlogs 2 года назад +1

    I live in the state of New Mexico. And from what I was told that the average background radiation is a lot higher here than most places I guess that’s because we went boom first with the atomic bomb and we continue to do it here for years on end

  • @daveys
    @daveys 2 года назад +5

    That cancer map you showed looks pretty similar to the fallout map that I saw on another channel, where it was said that the USA copped a huge amount of fallout from it’s own weapons testing. Think it was Veritasium talking about FFT’s or Tom Scott’s channel.

    • @chris-hayes
      @chris-hayes 2 года назад +2

      The FFT video gets into that? Now I have to watch it. It keeps showing up in my feed, but having watched Numberphile's long FFT video, didn't think Veritasium would have a whole lot of new info.

    • @daveys
      @daveys 2 года назад

      @@chris-hayes - this:
      ruclips.net/video/nmgFG7PUHfo/видео.html

  • @Atomshamradio
    @Atomshamradio 2 года назад +1

    Amazing stuff glad i found this channel 👍💯

  • @hooperjp1701
    @hooperjp1701 2 года назад

    Cyclotron Engineer here. Love the videos

  • @kostahanania5909
    @kostahanania5909 2 года назад +3

    Your videos are amazing!! I enjoy watching them!! Keep it up and hopefully your channel will blow!
    I really got into radiation testing during the COVID lockdown and since then I’ve been doing all sorts of testing and collecting. I actually bought the radiacode 101 a year ago and found out that the tiles in my house are slightly radioactive with thorium peaks, which is really interesting!!!

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад +1

      It’s always interesting finding something radioactive that you’ve been around a bunch not realizing it’s even a little radioactive. Glad you are enjoying the videos.

  • @ZooxMaze
    @ZooxMaze 2 года назад +1

    Dana Durnford (YT) has been reporting on the world's radioactivity for years. He "live" streams several times a week, with 24/7 phone-in, too... and, every show is packed with nuclear updates and knowledge - and, will defintely add to Radoactive Drew's investigations. Cheers

  • @utubejeffo
    @utubejeffo 2 года назад +1

    THERE'S THIS PLACE.....up near Dawsonville GA. Back in the 60's they would expose missile components and other electronic gear to giant doses of gamma radiation - presumably to see how the devices would perform in a nuclear environment, being bombed, etc. They used a source on an elevator that rose up and blasted the test articles for a specified time, then was lowered back into it's shielded enclosure. I'm not sure where it is, but it's sort-of off limits, but people have clambered all over the place..... might be worth a look if you ever get into north Georgia. Pretty good barbecue here, too. I'm a radioman and a junk collector and your video of the aircraft instruments inspired me to find and collect all my radium-bearing meters in my parts room and ....take them out of the house. They say they're "SEALED - DO NOT OPEN".... but they're in ammo cans on the porch now. (What does one do with such stuff anyhow without getting on some evil watch list?) Love your stuff. You may have raised my chances of living to old age, Drew. Thanks. Jeff

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад +1

      Thanks for the heads up on that location. I’ll have to look into it. Those radium gauges are usually pretty spicy and if they aren’t still sealed can leak radium dust, which is a pretty big problem. The ones I have I keep in an old safe away from everyone. They can be stored safely but I’m not a big fan of having stuff that hot and a gamma emitter in the house.

  • @Ferretil
    @Ferretil 2 года назад +4

    I just got interested in your channel and I love your videos. They’re super interesting and shed light on a lot of things. I’m just curious, what’s the highest amount of radiation you’ve ever detected in person?

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад +5

      The highest level I’ve ever detected was from a family member that got injected with Tc-99m for imaging. It was crazy how radioactive they were. About 1 mSv/hr of gamma radiation, which is a decent amount to sit next to.

    • @anhedonianepiphany5588
      @anhedonianepiphany5588 2 года назад +1

      @@RadioactiveDrew That seems terribly excessive for the purposes of biological imaging. Surely modern sensors can achieve perfectly adequate resolution with vastly smaller quantities of radio-tracers/contrasts.

  • @mrb-6118
    @mrb-6118 2 года назад +4

    Interesting to see how far detectors have come. Back in the day a group from Sandia and Lawrence Livermore visited my work site. They were part of DOEs NEST team. We provided different sources and completed items for them to train on detecting hidden items. Their equipment was in a small motor home which they would drive by the test area and get their readings. They actually detected each source and where they were manufactured.
    I visited the NTS too. That was a fascinating place. For me, the vacuum testing was the most interesting.

  • @rogerabn
    @rogerabn 2 года назад +3

    Could the radiation be from Eastern Washington's production of plutonium in the 40's, 50's and 60's. There was a huge downwind exposure to the population of Wasington and Idaho. My father died from cancer related to being a "downwinder".

  • @katiedid1851
    @katiedid1851 2 года назад +1

    My dad worked for Willow Run Radiation Lab WWll and after. These labs are everywhere. Sure, lots of contaminants and genetics affects health outcomes, but cancer profiles and data such as frequency of ALS diagnoses are higher in industrialization areas. Close in CWE has an EPA site a bit to the east and north that leaks into residential areas every time there is a heavy rain. Deserts are not the only environment in which our government has endangered its citizens.

  • @finn6988
    @finn6988 2 года назад +1

    You have to wonder if the source might be more specific than mere fallout. Satellite Iridium-33 debris from 09 onward could have landed in Montana, I personally saw one fireball as far south as Oregon.

  • @NathanaelNewton
    @NathanaelNewton 2 года назад +3

    I love my radiacode! Great to see more content with it, you did a great job explaining the risk levels 👍

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад

      Thanks. I'm really enjoying the Radiacode as well. Works great.

    • @chevychase3103
      @chevychase3103 2 года назад

      @@RadioactiveDrew how much does the radiacode cost?

  • @rubbertire6608
    @rubbertire6608 2 года назад +1

    This is awesome man

  • @zambonininja
    @zambonininja 2 года назад +9

    About 22 years ago several friends and I were traveling North through the canyon at around 4:30 am. We all witnessed a spectacular and very large ufo hovering over the Portal Creek area. I went up Portal Creek road recently and it is very obvious that a large circular area of the forest has encountered serious stunted growth!
    Not sure if it's related at all to your discovery but, it seems like a pretty interesting coincidence.

  • @seanmcculloch2256
    @seanmcculloch2256 Год назад +2

    Yeah I pass by this at least 3 times a week. I live in The Big Lie and have a few old timers talk about radiation warnings from back in the day. Now I'm gonna freak out all the tourists😂😂

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  Год назад +1

      That would be an interesting conversation with tourists.

  • @katiekane5247
    @katiekane5247 2 года назад +1

    I live near Dawson Forest in Georgia. Lockheed left some nasty stuff there. The firehouse closest has a map outlining the hot spots.

  • @michaelkirchner8379
    @michaelkirchner8379 2 года назад +4

    Ever hear of the story behind the shooting of the John Wayne movie 'The Conqueror' and how the crew and cast all had very high cancer rates. They shot the movie in a fallout zone. Maybe visit the shooting location and see what pops up.

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад

      That would be cool to check out.

    • @waynegnarlie1
      @waynegnarlie1 2 года назад

      One of the strongest Conqueror film locations is about 10 miles north and slightly west of St. George, Utah in an area now called Snow Canyon State Park

    • @dethray1000
      @dethray1000 2 года назад +1

      @@waynegnarlie1 southern utah had massive cancer rates from above ground testing--the usa goooooovermint fought against compendsation for years until everybody sueing died--i did work as a contractor in the Nevada test site when they went with underground testing--we always wore monitors--mine never went off

  • @zymmer4
    @zymmer4 2 года назад +1

    back in the 1960's, my dad, a chemical engineer with Union Carbide, spent lots of time around Bozeman, MT working with uranium mines and other stuff I didn't know about..I wonder if you are looking as some of the stuff he was playing with.

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад

      I know there are some uranium claims around here. But the isotope cesium-137 is manmade.

  • @breagharose1857
    @breagharose1857 2 года назад +2

    I'm Canadian, years ago we'd come down to that area to the Radiation mines for healing. Would that be the same?

  • @RicardoVanHouten
    @RicardoVanHouten 2 года назад +6

    Your videos amazes me every time, it also amazes me that America has een big area of elevated readings of radioactivity and probably caused people back in the days to have elevated risks of cancer, "but we are not sure so let us speculate ;)"
    Thank you for your amazing content videos i really learn a lot about radioactivity and elements its really interesting

    • @trains2057
      @trains2057 2 года назад

      U mentioned cancer...My passing comment is dont have sex with anyone who got the juice

    • @Whiskey11Gaming
      @Whiskey11Gaming 2 года назад

      It is unlikely, at best, to have caused any significant cancer increases. The average resident of Denver Colorado is exposed to more natural radiation than this at about 11.8 millisieverts a year. In fact, at this rate, if you were exposed to no other sources of radiation, you'd still be below the average for a US citizen (3 millisieverts a year) at 2.69 millisieverts. About half of that number for the average per year for a US resident is from natural sources, the other is from medical sources or man made sources (people living near coal and gas power plants are expired to a lot of radioactive material in the particulate discharge of said plants).
      So while this level is higher than the average background radiation level of 0.1 to 0.2 microsieverts an hour, it's not significantly higher.

  • @ricks.1318
    @ricks.1318 2 года назад +1

    New subscriber to your channel, .... and REALLY ENJOYING it's content ....

  • @weathercast521
    @weathercast521 2 года назад +1

    Great channel!! Solid find!!

  • @Cs137matt
    @Cs137matt 8 месяцев назад +1

    I would love to see you come to Colorado and see if you can detect any plutonium downwind and downstream from the Rocky flats munitions plant where they have plutonium go into the river and also have plutonium fires... I heard in the news a few years ago that they decided not to finish building the 470 freeway because of contamination in the Arvada and golden area.

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  8 месяцев назад +1

      I've been to the site before, some years ago before I was making videos. I'm planning on going back to investigate the area a bit more and make a video.

  • @vasaricorridor7989
    @vasaricorridor7989 2 года назад +1

    I-131 has an 8-day half-life. That means in a month It has reduced by 16x. Iodine typically comes from milk and seafood, reducing or eliminating your consumption of these items for 1 month after the accident will drastically lower your risk (and is also effective if you don't have KI around). This is what they should have done for the Chornobyl accident (which even though handled badly, still killed very few people, and few got thyroid cancer). Radiation is a hazard, but it is the dose that makes the poison - very high one-time doses or moderately high ones over a long time have a significant effect. Anything low dose has no statistical negative effect. There is no need to live in abject fear of radiation in our daily lives and nuclear plants release far less radiation than coal plants. Also, the Gy numbers quoted account for ALL the radiation released, not just I-131. The actual I-131 was far lower than the total release, and due to its short half-life, decayed quickly. Thyroid cancer has a 99% survival rate, particularly if addressed quickly, but it is easily prevented in a nuclear release from these tips. The bomb on the other hand is the real problem.

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад

      Nice to see people getting it right. You’re the only other person I’ve read in the comments say “the dose makes the poison”. Which is the same thing I tell people.

  • @dg0mg
    @dg0mg 2 года назад +3

    Did you collect some soil and take it with you to record a clearer spectrum at home? The Cs peak protrudes only very weakly from the spectrum. Try the difference between linear and logarithmic representation. You can save the spectrum in the library and export it from there as an XML file. Would you please provide this online?
    Maybe you are interested in tips etc. for the RadiaCode, then take a look at the geigerzaehlerforum (mostly in german). We have been supporting the device since it was launched in early 2021.

  • @frankxray
    @frankxray 6 месяцев назад +1

    Great video, Drew (as usual). Would love to see your take on the sources of fallout in the US. I see mentioned in the comments about accidents at various nuclear facilities and that tests were performed in southern Nevada. Are there other locations of interest/concern? And can you fingerprint the fallout down to the facility level (do they even have unique fingerprints?)? Thx!

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  5 месяцев назад

      That would be very difficult to do. But I would imagine there is a way to do it to some extent.

  • @carolinafrog4365
    @carolinafrog4365 2 года назад +1

    very curious to know about the Nuke Testing done in Mississippi in the Salt domes, i've read accounts of "green radioactive foam" as a result of bomb testing there back in the 40s/50s

    • @joshuamontgomery4992
      @joshuamontgomery4992 2 года назад +1

      Never heard of this, thank you
      On bob Lazar web site he sells sand turned green rock from the trinity test site if I remember right

  • @leonardmichaelwrinch446
    @leonardmichaelwrinch446 2 года назад +1

    Thanks another great video ‼️✌🏽

  • @cheetoburrito8104
    @cheetoburrito8104 2 года назад +2

    another great video

  • @walterrwrush
    @walterrwrush 2 года назад +1

    That would be a intresting thing to do in Australia we had a few atmospheric tests

  • @isettech
    @isettech Год назад +1

    I picked up a cheap Chinese GM tube counter as a first detector/dosimitier. Loved the fallout map you displayed. I'll try to see if I can find a good copy online. I live in Washington state, My background is detected at 0.12 usv/h which is lower than I expected as the map suggests the area is between 1 and 2. I was surprised to find my smoke detectors at contact, were only about double background. They are insignificant. On the other hand, do have some lantern mantles. Didn't have the Coleman brand, but do have the Aladdin brand for an Aladdin kerosene lamp. The mantle package in contact was about 12 usv/hr, so considerable, but not detectable at any real distance more than a foot away. Because I didn't know how strong the radiation was, I keep those in the cupboard over the fridge, so rarely get closer than 2 feet from them in the kitchen. Nice show. It will be unlikely for me to buy the detector you showed, even though a spectrum for isotope detection is quite cool.

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  Год назад

      The americium 241 in smoke detectors can be extremely active. You need to have the right detector to see it. If you have a detector that can see alpha radiation you will be surprised how active those little buttons can be. Also they give off very low energy gamma radiation.

    • @isettech
      @isettech Год назад +1

      @@RadioactiveDrew The $40 detector I bought has a glass GM tube and I didn't take the detector apart. Not sure the alpha sensitivity with a glass GM tube. Anyway, it was interisting to test anyway. It really detects the emission from those mantles.

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  Год назад

      The alpha radiation won’t be able to make it through that glass.

  • @wazza33racer
    @wazza33racer 2 года назад +1

    There is also a controversy about exotic,man made radio-isotopes found on mars...... Fallout on land would be also be worse without rainfall and the movement of material down the watershed and transported out by water movement, basically leaching process. Its how the oceans became salty.

  • @BrodieTheDog101
    @BrodieTheDog101 2 года назад +2

    First off I must say that I like the content of your channel. Thanks for the time and effort to bring us this content. I only have one little gripe that’s caught my attention. It’s the way you are mispronouncing the word nuclear. It’s pronounced “new clear” not “nukeuler”. I only am saying this with the best intentions and I’m not the language police trying to bust your balls. It’s just hard for me to take your channel seriously when that word is mispronounced considering the seriousness of your subject matter. All the best and I’m looking forward to more.

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад

      Glad you like the content. I talk the way I talk…so the way I say nuclear isn’t going to change.

  • @kmagnussen1052
    @kmagnussen1052 2 года назад +2

    So is there a map where and when the test(s) occurred that created the fallout?

  • @drrocketman7794
    @drrocketman7794 2 года назад

    Go to Marysvale, Utah where Pratt Seegmiller hit the mother lode in uranium in 1951. 300 East Center Street was the uranium annex. I used to live in that building way back when.

  • @stephenpartida4683
    @stephenpartida4683 Год назад +1

    You need to check out Santa Susana Field Laboratory just outside of Los Angeles CA. Famed nuclear reactor meltdown back in the 50/60’s…

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  Год назад +1

      I’ve hiked around the area and have done some preliminary filming for a video about the area. Lots of people have requested a video about the site.

    • @stephenpartida4683
      @stephenpartida4683 Год назад

      Might be worth a few more trips to the area. I could see a multi episode series on this one. The wildfires that recently ravaged the area actually pushed fallout into surrounding areas and neighborhoods. Water runnoff off the mountain has always been know to be “hot”. Lots of national coverage has sprung up on this facility over the last ten years. Lots of curios minds. If you find yourself back in LA, please reach out. I can show you some things.

  • @jeremyburton9038
    @jeremyburton9038 2 года назад +1

    It is in Alaska as well they found it up there too

  • @lyfandeth
    @lyfandeth 2 года назад +1

    FWIW you can usually set an Android to simply not turn off the display, or always to not turn off the display when a background app (even a mudic player) is running.

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад

      Seems like this cheaper model did have that. I looked for a while. But it seems there’s an app that can override that function.

  • @nunyaok
    @nunyaok 6 месяцев назад +1

    How often do you put the geiger counter down to check. I live near West Chicago, nicknamed the radioactive capitol of the midwest because they were one of the largest suppliers of thorium for the atomic bombs and decided they would put top soil with thorium dust in a bunch of homes. It seems they keep claiming to have cleaned it all up and then finding more every few years. I have been doing some of my own readings but not sure how to improve my method. Also curious about the forest preserve near Argon where they are making their own Corium if there is any contamination or not.

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  6 месяцев назад

      Pretty sure the contamination from something like that would be uranium and not thorium.

  • @karengayehammat4199
    @karengayehammat4199 2 года назад +1

    Tests were performed in Maralinga Australia indigenous communities saw it lived to speak about everybody dying of cancer and one child becoming blind in 3 weeks

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад

      Pretty horrible what governments do to their own people.

    • @karengayehammat4199
      @karengayehammat4199 2 года назад

      @@RadioactiveDrew there is footage of americans conducting faux agreements really just playing them for fools making them real live test dummies .

  • @sotiredoflies
    @sotiredoflies 2 года назад +1

    Any suggestions on places to purchase radiation detectors and working survey meters at a good price

  • @howardharris3009
    @howardharris3009 2 года назад +1

    Ft McClellan Aka is covered with C 137 and cobalt 60.

  • @TheSpizzaboy
    @TheSpizzaboy 2 года назад +4

    As a fellow Montanan I find this very intriguing. I wonder, when there are wildfires, does the isotope stay in the ground or does it vaporize up in to the air?

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад +4

      It stays in the ground. I was able to detect it because of those rocks were holding that soil. Everywhere else the fallout evidence is going to be down over a foot into the ground. You would have to dig to find it.

    • @kingboagart899
      @kingboagart899 2 года назад +2

      @@RadioactiveDrew so during a wildfire it stays on the ground in Montana but contaminates Agoura Hills, Thousand Oaks, Simi Valley, Moorpark, Calabasas, and environs with massively elevated radiation levels after burning through the old Santa Susana site? I believe that we have been deceived as to the actual exposures in Eastern Ventura County. It's past the time that authorities are compelled to be honest about the potential perils to communities so the inhabitants can make informed choices, and if you are minimizing the danger then you are part of the problem. Take your responsibility seriously.

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад +2

      I do take what I say and show seriously. I think these environments aren’t the same. I’ve hiked around the Santa Suzana area and know a bit about the history there with the partial meltdown. I also know how they use to dispose of chemicals in a very unsafe way. I think people need to worry about chemical exposure at that site, not radiation exposure. I also doubt very much that the area radiation by Santa Suzana increased with the fires there…unless a building holding a bunch of old waste went up. If it’s isotopes in the dirt then it’s very unlikely for them to end up in the air.

    • @TheSpizzaboy
      @TheSpizzaboy 2 года назад

      In the study titled "Cesium Emissions from Labaroatory Fires"... they did an experiment learn more about this specific problem. The study states "In the event of a wildfire in a radionuclide-contaminated forest, some radionuclides would be emitted in the air while the rest would remain in the ash. This paper reports on a laboratory simulation study that examines the partitioning of cesium-133 (a non-radioactive isotope of cesium) between airborne particulate matter and residual non-entrained ash when pine needles and peat are doped with cesium. Only 1-2.5 percent of the doped cesium in pine needles was emitted as particulate matter, and most of the cesium was concentrated in the particulate fraction greater than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter. For peat fires, virtually all of the cesium remained in the ash. The results from this study will be used for modeling efforts to assess potential exposure risks to firefighters and the surrounding public."
      It may not be perfect but perhaps it represents what MAY happen to fallout during a wildfire.

    • @kingboagart899
      @kingboagart899 2 года назад

      @@RadioactiveDrew I appreciate your response, but respectfully disagree with your conclusion. Insofar as the Montana environment is concerned, one would think that after this many years of rain, snow and more abundant Flora than that found in the semi-arid Santa Susana region, that any radiological elements should have been absorbed, dispersed, saturated or otherwise neutralized. Your investigation proves that this is not the case, that these elements still exist upon the surface, so consequently will be released into the atmosphere during drought or Wildfire events. Further, it takes little investigation to realize that radiological contamination in the Santa Susana area resulting from the 2019 wildfire was widespread. Unfortunately these results that have been made public have been collected by Weekend Warriors such as yourself who have no backing of government or corporate specialists, who so far have discounted and ignored layman's findings. Having witnessed first hand what I believe to be a number of the ill effects of chemical and radiological contamination as it affects especially children and newborns whose mothers have been in the vicinity of these accidents and disasters, we cannot run through the countryside exposing their continued existence and then fall in with government and or corporate Talking Heads that tell us don't worry about it everything is going to be okay. Everything is not okay. There are kids right this second playing in a park in a Hazmat site. Might I suggest that you continue to expose problems where you find them and not opine as a quasi expert as to what their affects may or may not be on the citizens nearby. Thanks

  • @Rumplestiltskin777
    @Rumplestiltskin777 2 года назад +2

    If this is the case the gov aught to be GIVING THOSE DETECTORS OUT

  • @laserus3333
    @laserus3333 2 года назад +1

    After about 2000 nuke tests in Nevada it shouldn't be a surprise.

  • @scottschenk5456
    @scottschenk5456 2 года назад +2

    I like your method of reporting without finger wagging. Were you able to locate the isotopes, isolate and remove it? Or was it over a widespread area?

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад +1

      I tried to remove some of the dirt in the crack of that rock to isolate the cesium 137. But I was unsuccessful in getting deep enough in that rock. I plan to go back with some different tools to help.

  • @CrawldaBeast
    @CrawldaBeast 2 года назад +1

    I wonder how Treasure Island is looking these days?
    We lived there back in the late 80s when everyone was at a slow cook while living over a radioactive landfill.
    I think the 89 earthquake fluffed the sheets.

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад +1

      I want to go back out there and check it…also Hunters Point.

  • @HighlanderNorth1
    @HighlanderNorth1 2 года назад +2

    This is all well and good, but the important question is, which of these radioactive isotopes will be most likely to _infuse_ a person with superpowers? Oh, and which superpower(s) can one expect to acquire?
    Seriously though, in your travels, have you come across any areas where radiation is so severe that it would be potentially dangerous to spend a few hours(or maybe a few days) there?

  • @AtomicElectronCo
    @AtomicElectronCo 2 года назад +3

    Andrew, can you do spectroscopy with the RadEye? I have a RadEye and I'm trying to figure out how to identify isotopes with it.
    Radiacode ought to sponsor you for this vid if they haven't already....there are some places here in AZ I'd love to show you with that, btw.

    • @AtomicElectronCo
      @AtomicElectronCo 2 года назад

      You mentioned $50? That's for the app, I'm assuming? The device seems to run around 400 USD if you order direct.

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  2 года назад +4

      Thermo Fisher does make an isotope identifier but it’s $20K or something like that. I know for sure the Radeye B20 doesn’t do gamma spectroscopy.
      The $50 I was talking about was for a cheap Samsung phone that can run that app. The app is free and they are working on one for iPhone.

    • @AtomicElectronCo
      @AtomicElectronCo 2 года назад +1

      @@RadioactiveDrew Gotcha.

  • @vorteco7692
    @vorteco7692 Год назад +2

    Can you recommend a detector for detecting radiation common from military activity? I fish around a base and there are warnings not to eat the fish. I have known people who worked out there that said am kinds of radioactive stuff was disposed of. Also loads of artillery is shot there. I just want to know areas you avoid plus i find it interesting.

    • @RadioactiveDrew
      @RadioactiveDrew  Год назад +1

      Something affordable would be something like a Ludlum Model 3 with a 44-9 probe or the Radiacode 101. There are plenty of options out there but it’s hard to know what exactly to suggest without knowing the bases history.