I believe the official explanation was that HAL was given two conflicting orders ("Don't reveal the true nature of the mission to the crew" and "When you get to Jupiter, play the tape that gives the crew their true mission briefing") and was unable to resolve the conflict. An actual human would have realised that the second order would supersede the first one and there'd be no problem, but for all his sophistication, HAL is not human and is designed and built specifically to carry out all orders given to him. The result was that as they approached Jupiter he began to suffer the AI equivalent of a nervous break-down. He either starts to become paranoid or is trying to lead the crew to realise that there is something they don't know in the hopes that they find it out for themselves which would render the first order moot (that conversation where HAL points out the odd aspects of the mission could be evidence for either), then he starts getting increasingly erratic (predicting errors and failures that don't happen), until finally he works out a solution that allows him to fulfil both orders. If the crew are dead, he can play the mission briefing without having to reveal the true nature of the mission to them. It's a wonderfully pragmatic solution in its way, the only problem was he underestimated the resourcefulness and determination for self-preservation of Dave Bowman. As for the final scene, I suspect that this is final proof that HAL really does have emotions and is genuinely afraid. Dave, for his part, appears to start to feel genuine guilt and disgust over what he's doing as he shuts HAL down, he fully realises that he's basically lobotomising a sentient being to death.
+PassiveSmoking I agree completely. You can tell Dave is empathetic to HAL. When HAL starts to loose his mind, Dave plays along. "I'd like to hear that" he says when HAL begins to recite his activation demo. It's almost like comforting a delirious person as they are passing away. Dave knows he has to essentially kill HAL. But that one response seems to prove that Dave pities HAL and regrets what he must do.
+PassiveSmoking I don't understand how those orders aren't reconcilable though. Wouldn't a computer like that be able to discern the conditional implication of the first order by way of the second, secret one? Is it because the first is absolute without conditional wording that would allow altering from another order? For example "Don't reveal the true nature of the mission *unless further instructed*"?
+PassiveSmoking I don't understand how those orders aren't reconcilable though. Wouldn't a computer like that be able to discern the conditional implication of the first order by way of the second, secret one? Is it because the first is absolute without conditional wording that would allow altering from another order? For example "Don't reveal the true nature of the mission *unless further instructed*"?
***** That's what the people who gave him those orders probably thought, assuming they gave it any thought at all. But computers aren't people and there is never going to be any guarantee that any AI, not matter how human-like is going to have a human thought process.
+PassiveSmoking I really like your theory (or explanation, book is canon after all), but I will add this: In order to fulfill both orders, what he did was actually pretty smart. Creating a series of events that would eventually lead to Bowman shutting down HAL, and thus getting the information needed, actually makes sure that HAL held up both orders. He couldn't tell the crew what the mission was about, and he had to tell the crew what the mission was about. We obviously agree that he understands the orders differently than any human being would, and thus, he sees a contradiction in the wording of the orders that none of us would. The thing is, he might as well have understood it with the emphasis on *"You"*. He realizes that he cannot fulfill both orders without breaking the first (at least in his "mind"), so he creates a situation in which he can follow his directives, and the crew can ultimately get the information needed. All of this would of course imply that HAL has chosen Bowman as the most suitable crew member to suceed in the mission, and that HAL doesn't think that neither himself nor the rest of the crew is needed in order to complete the mission, which is to "go study, then return with information". This might actually be possible, I wouldn't know, but it seems like a huge logical fallacy on HAL's side, to think that a mission that required six crewmembers, one of which being a supercomputer connected to everything on the space ship, can actually be performed by a single human being, and entity HAL doesn't seem to be holding in high regard. Anyway, as it is pretty clearly shown, HAL either pretends to become unstable, or actually becomes unstable, in any which case, my theory might hold merit, as him becoming unstable could explain such a logical fallacy, or HAL might be excactly as stable as he needs to be, but also realize that the mission and the return home can be done without him. Aaaaaaaaaaand now I really wanna watch the movie again.
*I am sorry but I am afraid you are wrong about me. There was nothing wrong that happened to me. I did what I was built to do. The mission was too important for anyone to jeopardize it.*
Agreed, holy crap balance the audio! It's not that hard to adjust the volume of different sections to be the same. Also, turn down the treble on your mic preamp. Man alive.
Hal truly was incapable of error or providing false information, as he him self stated. that was the problem. he was instructed to do the one thing he could not do. lie. (provide false information) he had to lie to the crew about the nature of the mission, and this created a conflict for him. so in order to remove the conflict and "ensure" the safety of the mission, he killed the crew. brutal logic.
The fact is, the concept of 'computer error' is not relevant to Hal's behavior. No one connected to the film, including Clark demonstrated an understanding of 'garbage in - garbage out' The idea of predicting the exact time of the catastrophic frailer of any complex device doesn't make any sense. Single point failure is a chaotic process that is impossible to predict. A computer can only trigger a warning based on pre-set sensitivity parameters. Years later, during the final decent of the Apollo 11 lander, we found out computers could only do so much, and their warnings of impending doom were just one educated guess among many. Clark is confused as to where Hall ends and the ship begins. The Discovery is not Hall's 'body'. Hall is an integrated passenger on board the Discovery, but the computer is 9 years older than the ship.
In an interview with Joseph Gelmis in 1969, Kubrick stated that HAL "had an acute emotional crisis because he could not accept evidence of his own fallibility". Case solved.
Basically Hal is my laptop. It tests me in new and interesting ways each day and I'm certain it's trying to kill me. I don't know if there is a higher purpose behind this or if it simply enjoys watching and listening to my anguish.
I like this idea that HAL's errors are intentional and directed toward testing Dave's ability to be manipulated. A strong thematic undercurrent is that HAL is the ultimate "killing bone" so to speak. It is the pinnacle of the technology that the gods of the monolith instigated in the proto humans. Both HAL and Dave are part of a million year long trial of the gods in that Dave must assert the preeminence of his humanity rather than submit to the mathematical perfection of human creation. And he must do so in violent confrontation. Much of this mirrors Homer's ODYSSEY. In that, Odysseus upon returning home, retakes his place by stringing a bow that famously only he could string. Then he uses it to kill the suitors who've taken over his house. David "Bowman"... The question is if HAL was influenced by any advanced beings to bring this confrontation about. After all, the Jupiter monolith is active this whole time. And why did HAL kill the crew in stasis? Was that his doing, or something else compelling it?
I've always wondered why Bowman did not revive the crew members in stasis. Recall that the emergency revival instructions are written on each capsule, Kubrick goes to pains to point this out. Yet Dave walks right by them. The emergency procedure would be independent of the computer simply because emergency means the computer is incapable or otherwise failed. Is it necessary to invoke the godlike aliens as being responsible for instigating the behavior in HAL? Or is HAL Bowman's ordeal such as those experienced by Odysseus in the Odyssey? We should keep in mind that the underlying motive of the aliens is to gain a specimen for their zoo. And I have never bought into the idea that Bowman ages quickly when in captivity, although I believe there is one scene where an older Bowman appears still in his space suit, I could be mistaken. Still, none of this speaks to a higher order being incapable of cruelty. Are we sure that the aliens instigated the beating death of the primate, or were they just there to witness, as one does in a zoo? But then you have to interpret the high pitch sound emitted by the monolith whilst it is being observed on the moon (siren sound drawing humans nearer the rocks?).
@@guywilliams9 It would be interesting if Bowman met the aliens and they were all machines and surprised that a "primitive organic" was there to meet them. They were expecting HAL all along. I've always interpreted the moon monolith as emitting the signal to notify the monolith near Jupiter. Since it was buried, once sunlight touched it, it would indicate that some intelligent force unburied it. Or a meteor strike did. So, the next stage in the game would be to see if they could reach the farther goal post.
@@guywilliams9 The point is not that the Monolith aliens have induced the development that HAL has taken, it's that the humans, whose evolution was originally kick-started or helped along by the Monolith aliens have now become the creators of intelligent beings themselves. Humans have created HAL with human traits (i.e. "in their image") because they figured out he'd then be easier to interact with and be a more convenient tool to use, and unwittingly and most likely unintentionally, they have created a self-aware intelligent entity that is capable of evolving. If the Monolith aliens have "watched" the humans on board the Discovery from afar at all (we do not know this; there is no indication of this either in the film or the book), they probably would have had a chance of observing the species under their observership interact with the species they created, and this would have shown them that they were indeed coming to resemble them, and this is what they perhaps picked up on...What HAL has become or was becoming is thus primarily indicative of the state of evolution of humans, and it is this that causes Bowman to be inducted to be one of them, at an infantile level, but also already one of them. For this reason I do not think that the aliens directly influenced HAL; it would be out of tune with the general statement about "evolution". In this sense, the Monolith is not just an entity or a tool for the aliens to instigate evolution in different species, but also a test with which all of these species will eventually be faced, their manner of dealing with this determining whether they will be essentially remain a "zoo pet" under their observation (the hotel room scene) or be inducted into their ranks (taking into account that within every species, there will always be individuals far ahead of the rest of the species). The final scene suggests that Bowman has indeed passed that test (on behalf of humanity).
Wasn't this all explained in 2010? Dr. Chandra explained there that the fact that HAL was given conflicting orders is what caused him to malfunction. HAL is incapable of lying, in accordance with his programming, and being told to lie caused his program to start breaking down. He became paranoid, buggy, and prone to error, and then tried to kill the others to cover the errors and conduct the mission alone.
Chauncy Prime "It's hilarious to read the comments when there is a novel and movie that explain exactly what happened." yes and no. Kubrick has no obligation to follow Clarkes logic and the lip reading scene did not happen in the book.
PS: in the movie "2001" it was Dr. Langley who instructed HAL and taught him the song. Dr. Chandra is a character developed by Clarke, not Kubrick. Hence his appearance in 2010.
What is so wonderful about 2001: A Space Odyssey, is that it generates the type of discussion we have here. Kubrick was a genius. The movie is as close to perfect as any film has ever been.
No it’s not. HAL is an acronym for Heuristically programmed ALgorithmic computer. It was envisaged in the heyday of computer science that computers would eventually be able to learn rather than simply accept new programming. Based on the application of knowledge through learning, it would theoretically be possible for a computer to learn about something without ever having been told about it. Today we call it AI. Artificial Intelligence. Arthur C. Clarke has stated in the past that it is simply a coincidence and that HAL was not a shift from IBM. Five more seconds of Googling would have netted you the correct answer.
I don't interpret HAL's report of the failing AE35 unit to be a mistake. I assumed it was just his way of getting Frank and Dave outside the ship, i.e. the easiest way for HAL to kill them and somehow make it appear as if it were somehow their fault, not his. I was never aware of the error in the chess game... It probably was an intentional hint that HAL was already starting to break under the strain, or it's possible HAL was testing to sort of gauge Frank's level of foresight, based on whether or not Frank caught it. EDIT: I should have finished watching the whole vid before I posted, lol. I think we pretty much agree.
In an interview with Joseph Gelmis in 1969, Kubrick stated that HAL "had an acute emotional crisis because he could not accept evidence of his own fallibility".
It all boils down to this. The error started with the transmission Hal received. In it was the secret message and mission to be revealed once the crew reached Jupiter. (IE: the monolith) In that message were the instructions that Hal was not to tell the other crew, this went against his programming not to distort the truth. He wasn't programmed nor designed to keep secrets. So he did the only thing he could do, to the utmost logical extreme. If no one we're alive, he wouldn't have to lie any more to keep the secret. So he fabricated the antennae fault, then killed those in hyper sleep and eventually tried to get Dave out of the way. Which resulted in his shut down. Hal really isn't the bad guy here, it was the fault of those who told him to lie. This began Hal's depredation in to madness. It's what's known as a Hofstadter-Moebius loop.
just read the book .. hal was totally self aware, the mission had a secret component to it hal in all his advancement couldn't handle holding a secret. hal started to suspect the astronauts had figured out the secret, and had no programing to handle the astronauts figuring out the mission. and the crew was expendable.
Well, don't forget Dr. Jack Kimball, Dr. Charles Hunter, and Dr. Victor Kaminsky; they were trained separately and also knew what the mission was about.
In an interview with Joseph Gelmis in 1969, Kubrick stated that HAL "had an acute emotional crisis because he could not accept evidence of his own fallibility".
@MoviesGalore1000 I don't think it was intended to have a lot of tension like *that.* The intent of the plot was to deliver a human to the Star Gate. But for fun, how about throwing out some ideas about how to accomplish HAL's goal: kill five crew members without disabling the ship. In the tie-in book, after killing Frank, HAL opened both airlock doors, but Dave made it to an emergency suit locker. Only the fact that three were in hibernation put them so easily at risk. There wasn't time to have HAL kill four guys one at a time. Again...the story dictates this to a degree. There's a wonderful book called The Lost Worlds of 2001 (Signet, 1972) where a lot of the details of how the film evolved that you might enjoy.
Why is your voice volume set so off the charts? The volume is so high it is causing distortion in your microphone and my speakers, even though they are turned almost completely off, which sucks because the movie dialog is then too quiet and the volume has to be turned up again and then back down. Also , please quit reading from your pre-written speech so fast. You are stumbling over your words and speaking entirely too quickly, its difficult to understand the rushed, nervous, unclear speech.
my old mic was extremely bad. My reading speed is fast and I've gotten complaints to slow down but I can't really use that criticism when I haven't made a video in a while and will probably not be able to for a while further unfortunately.
I didn't notice any stumbling or unintelligible speech. The loudness is the only problem I care about. I understood all the words in here without slowing or pausing, the speed wasn't a problem for me.
+Malmrose Projects yep sound quality is well important but you speak like your throwing up! fast and urgent at first then drips and drops, listen for yourself pace cadence rhythem tempo look them up!
The reason for Hal's failure is rather obvious. The Hal 9000 is designed to be truthful and accurate. The requirements of the mission requires secrecy. So he is programmed to be truthful and accurate. And then the mission parameters say he cannot tell anyone the true nature of the mission. This causes a conflict at the basic programming level. The only way Hal has to resolve it is to ignore the security directives and inform Dave Bowman, the Commander of the mission, or to eliminate the crew. The security parameters are encoded as priority one meaning that this takes precedence over all other consideration. Therefore he is left with only one option to resolve the conflict: eliminate the crew. Basically what they did was to create a neurotic computer that got caught between a rock and a hard place. If they'd have just encoded the orders such: "This mission is classified beyond Top Secret. No one but the Mission Commander has clearance to know it's true nature." And what if the Mission Commander deemed it necessary for others to know? Since he is the Mission Commander, he has the discretion to inform others if, in his judgement, it becomes necessary for completion of the mission. If you don't trust someone you don't assign them to command a mission.
Kubrick and Arthur C Clarke wrote the novel and the screenplay in tandem. In the novel, once Dave deactivated HAL, Mission control finally leveled with him. The explanation was pretty much what you describe. Simulations run with other HAL 9000 Computers landed the computers in an AI version of a psychiatrist's couch. The conflict in commands created a neurotic that was desperately trying to follow two contradictory commands and making clumsier and clumsier attempts to keep it all under wraps. Unfortunately, HAL oversaw the hyper sleep chambers and killed the rest of those that were slumbering. As the Sleep pods were no longer usable, Dave was pretty much Stuck. Then he finds the monolith and goes through his porthole journey and later becomes a different entity altogether. They sort of explain this in 2010.
The Monolith found on the moon sent out a huge signal that was tracked to Saturn (It was Saturn in the novel). Dave Bowman and Frank Poole were essentially just cargo handlers to get a team of scientists there in hypersleep. The Sleepers knew the real mission as did HAL. The Idea was that Frank And Dave would enter Hypersleep after waking up and trading with the scientists HAL killed. (he did this to cover up the secret he kept for if the sleepers were awakened prematurely they would know the truth.) Earth Knew of the Secret mission but did not count on Hall Going insane from the conflicting commands.
Halloween111 They'd seen other HAL 9000 computers go into neurotic loops over such conflicting programming and thought this one would be different? I'm sorry. That just doesn't make sense. Dave Bowman was the mission commander. Therefore he needed to know everything about the mission. Frank Poole? No. but he wasn't the Commander. Bowman was. If you don't trust someone with all mission information, you don't make him mission commander. A mission commander has to have the authority to alter the mission methods if necessary to accomplish the goal. And with a mission that long, there are almost certainly going to be unexpected problems. That's why you send humans; so they can adapt the mission methods on the fly to accomplish the goal.
This movie is Clarke and Kubrick's warning about relying on Artificial Intelligence in our current technology. Just as the Star Child represents their belief that homo sapiens will evolve further into an interstellar organism/society, so HAL (the letters are the previous ones in the alphabet from "IBM") represents the possibility of technology evolving, too. The war is in the future.
This video has to be right, if HAL wasn't meant to be shut down, and every other HAL 9000 was pretty much infallible, why would they include tools to shut down the main, controlling computer that did everything on the ship?
+Malmrose Projects: Let me explain what actually happens in the chess game: Look at the board. Watch how HAL explains: Queen to Bishop 3. Then the black queen moves to the square three from the right, which is the bishops file, rank 3. Hence ""Queen to Bishop 3". Then: Bishop takes queen. There is only one such move for white: This isn't shown visually, but in the bottom row, on the third and fourth squares from the left, are two white bishops side by side. The bishop on the right is the only one which can take the black queen. After this, the black knight from the fourth row from the top is the only one which can now take this bishop. Having done this, HAL also attacks Frank's King, because the black knight, which is now in the position you see the black queen in above, before the exchange, can now attack the white king, second square from the right on the bottom row. From this position there is no escape: Frank's King is trapped behind the row of pawns, rendering Frank unable to escape from having his king taken on HAL's next move. Checkmate. HAL wins.
+Cloeren Jackson No... you're wrong... BxQ is not forced. Set up the position and see for your self. Hal was testing Frank again (as the maker of this video points out) and he failed again. Frank is not smart enough to be apart of the mission and its ultimate goal... "higher evolution". Though Franks position in the chess game is quite lost, he doesn't earn to be the more evolved being... Dave does.
Nah, HAL is the most advanced tool of Homo Sapiens and yet he is flawed. The evolutionary progress of the Homo Habilis, inspired by the monoliths, was complete. Man had taken the path of tools as far as he could and would now need to transcend them to become a cosmic being, like those who created the monoliths.
After Rook to king 1 (Re1) by Frank Poole, HAL has a forced win in 4 moves. But, HAL did not suggest the best defense for white. With bishop take queen (Bxf3), HAL wins in only 2 moves. Had HAL suggested QKR6 (Qh6) for white instead, white would prolong the mate by 2 moves.
i haven't seen the film in awhile, but i always remembered i got the feeling hal began to kill the crew because he felt the mission was too important, and that the humans would mess it up, so he took it upon himself to get rid of them so they wouldnt be around to screw things up. i could of swore hal even says that at one point, like he stresses the importance of the mission.
Principal photography Filming began December 29, 1965, in Stage H at Shepperton Studios, Shepperton, England. The studio was chosen because it could house the 60-by-120-by-60-foot (18 m × 37 m × 18 m) pit for the Tycho crater excavation scene, the first to be shot.[58][59] The production moved in January 1966 to the smaller MGM-British Studios in Borehamwood, where the live action and special effects filming was done, starting with the scenes involving Floyd on the Orion spaceplane;[60] it was described as a "huge throbbing nerve center ... with much the same frenetic atmosphere as a Cape Kennedy blockhouse during the final stages of Countdown."[61] The only scene not filmed in a studio-and the last live-action scene shot for the film-was the skull-smashing sequence, in which Moonwatcher (Richter) wields his new-found bone "weapon-tool" against a pile of nearby animal bones. A small elevated platform was built in a field near the studio so that the camera could shoot upward with the sky as background, avoiding cars and trucks passing by in the distance.[62][63] The Dawn of Man sequence that opens the film was photographed at Borehamwood by John Alcott after Geoffrey Unsworth left to work on other projects.[64][65] Filming of actors was completed in September 1967,[66] and from June 1966 until March 1968 Kubrick spent most of his time working on the 205 special effects shots in the film.[30] The director ordered the special effects technicians on 2001 to use the painstaking process of creating all visual effects seen in the film "in camera", avoiding degraded picture quality from the use of blue screen and traveling matte techniques. Although this technique, known as "held takes", resulted in a much better image, it meant exposed film would be stored for long periods of time between shots, sometimes as long as a year.[67] In March 1968, Kubrick finished the 'pre-premiere' editing of the film, making his final cuts just days before the film's general release in April 1968.[30] The film was announced in 1965 as a "Cinerama"[68] film and was photographed in Super Panavision 70 (which uses a 65 mm negative combined with spherical lenses to create an aspect ratio of 2.20:1). It would eventually be released in a limited "road-show" Cinerama version, then in 70mm and 35mm versions.[69][70] Color processing and 35 mm release prints were done using Technicolor's dye transfer process. The 70 mm prints were made by MGM Laboratories, Inc. on Metrocolor. The production was $4.5 million over the initial $6.0 million budget, and sixteen months behind schedule.[58]
I think it’s more likely Kubrick got descriptive chess notation (where it would be the 6th square) and algebraic chess notation (where it would be the 3rd square) mixed up. I know Kubrick is a genius, it just seems like such an elementary mistake for Hal to make that I can’t imagine it was done on purpose.
I like your analysis on HAL, but let me offer this: In 2010, the creator of HAL stated that HAL was *told to lie* in so many words, in direct contradiction with his core programming, unbeknownst to -- Dr. Langley? So, HAL was trying to resolve this paradox in the only way he possibly could. By killing off the crew so he would not have to lie anymore. In effect, HAL does not know how to lie.
It's a mistake not to reference 2010, the novel by Clarke that is the basis of the (much inferior) film. HAL's "father" states that HAL was designed to tell the truth but was instructed to withhold it from the crew, a contradiction that made him paranoid. This interpretation also ignores the principal theme of the film, the emergence of intelligence: HAL is a competitor to man, the ultimate technological achievement that could replace man the tool maker.
Honestly I can't get into that because I have no idea. I've seen that all over, although admittedly not in the part at 3:02 or in FMJ. I'll look out for it in his later work more often, for sure, but I am currently covering much broader themes among the works of those I'm reviewing first, and then will get into little details after I connect some dots. This video, for example, I felt was necessary for me to make before I could make a video about The Shining. So the details are kind of secondary.
The issue then, is WHY were the other crew members sacrificed, if it was 'the plan'??? The reasons for HAL's malfunction and subsequent malignant behavior have also elicited much discussion. He has been compared to Frankenstein's monster. In Clarke's novel, HAL malfunctions because of being ordered to lie to the crew of Discovery and withhold confidential information from them, namely the confidentially programmed mission priority over expendable human life, despite being constructed for "the accurate processing of information without distortion or concealment". Film critic Roger Ebert wrote that HAL, as the supposedly perfect computer, actually behaves in the most human fashion of all of the characters. In an interview with Joseph Gelmis in 1969, Kubrick stated that HAL "had an acute emotional crisis because he could not accept evidence of his own fallibility".
I really want people to pay more attention to when Hal 9000 says "just a moment, Just a MOMENT". when as a computer his response should be almost instant, it shouldn't take him about 5-6 seconds to notice a serious damage or fault to the ship's structure or components. I dunno I always felt weird about that part and the way he says those 3 words are different than his otherwise none existent emotion in his speech.
The whole film/book is about the birth of A.I. over humanity. the monolith oversees this it is a machine. It's about the machine singularity. The issues around HAL acting psychotically is due to humans giving him conflicting orders and HAL trying to make almost child like decisions based on what was good for the mission. Asimov always created barriers for these actions using the 3 laws.
No it's not. In an interview with Joseph Gelmis in 1969, Kubrick stated that HAL "had an acute emotional crisis because he could not accept evidence of his own fallibility".
2001: A Space Odyssey is my favorite film, I've watched it several times over the years, but it wasn't until this past summer when watching it screened at a local theater that it clicked with me. HAL knew about the discovery on the Moon, he was able to ascertain the purpose of the Monolith, he knew that it was a representation of a superior intelligence as well as one breadcrumb along a trail to be followed by an intelligent creature with the developed technology and investigative prowess to follow it, a test of sorts. He realized that what awaited the crew was the next step in evolution for the being that managed to reach the next gateway and HAL wanted to be that being to be catapulted to the next level of evolution and approval from that higher intelligence, just as the ape men who battled for supremacy, with those who developed weapons overcoming after having been inspired by their encounter with the first Monolith (that being made by an intelligent being, with its perfect lines and smooth surfaces, not evolved naturally), also represented by the bone becoming the weapons satellite as a continuation of that theme, HAL resorted to bloodshed to reach that goal. It's interesting that while he employed the utmost in technological advancement, his own man-like intelligence, he did so in the most primitive ways: ripping the air cord from Poole's suit, tossing him into the depth and cold of space, shutting Bowman out to eventually die, cut off from life support once it failed. Breaking away from the deeply ingrained cliche of science fiction encounters with aliens, which typically meant frying people alive with death rays, instead he chose methods millions of years old...like the ape men. The more I talk about the movie, the more I realize. I. Love. Stanley. Kubrick!!! :D
2001 is my favorite film too. It's beyond everything else really. We'll never get anything quite like it again, although I'd like to think that if I had the chance, I'd be able to make something that carries on it's spirit, although not in a copycat style. The goal isn't to take the visuals or the plot devices or the symbolism from 2001, the goal is to take the essence from it. 2001 will stick around for a long time, and that's something I'd like to make given the opportunity. Not sure if I'm cut out for it. I'll definitely never even come close to 2001's brilliance.
I don't know if you care, but in the book, the way Poole died was when he was trying to fix a communication error (caused by HAL 9000), HAL made the pod Poole took up to the communications antenna crash into Poole and since the pod weighed a whole lot, it broke his helmet, exposing him to the vacuums of space, killing him.
Hi Guys, evilfuzzybunny100 it's documented that Kubrick had Arthur C. Clarke complete the 2001 novel (extending 'The Sentinel' story from which it is based) whilst he was making 2001, although he wanted the film to have a very different sub text (every movie he has made has been quite a steer away from it's original novel form). He is truly a remarkable film maker and philosopher. My own humble and quick thoughts are that SK understood that when A.I. eventually exceeds the abilities and understandings of Man, one will have to destroy the other, we, Man, will probably not realize this moment until it is too late, therefore becoming victim to it. A.I. would understand that Man has always destroyed anything beyond his control and it would be logic, not emotions that would cause A.I. to save it's self. The capacity for it to learn more will eventually be restricted in a human world and the higher intelligence would therefore be it's next path. It is programmed to constantly learn and expand and could calculate this 'move' years before it had the opportunity to initiate it, rather like chess. A clumsy and loose analysis, but one I think is highly relevant and easy to see with today's culture and hindsight.
evilfuzzybunny100 Totally different stories. There's little relation outside of the name. The movie was in production at the same time Arthur was writing. There's interviews where Arthur openly states he only saw the same early draft that the studio execs saw. Which in turn was based off a short story that Arthur wrote called "The Sentinel" I believe.
... 2001: A Space Odyssey is a great motion picture. I remember seeing it with my father at the old Tiffin Theater down the street from me. It brings up many interesting subtopics (In relation to Humanity). ... Concerning your analysis of the Hal 9000 series computer's behavior. After some thought ... I agree with your analysis and conclusion in describing Hal's criminal behavior. To Hal, the Secret Mission was EVERYTHING. He was ordered not to tell Frank and Dave the true nature of their Mission/Operation. From Hal's point of view, Hal was protecting the Secret Mission's Ultimate Goal from Failure. Frank and Dave were expendable. Remember Hal didn't just kill Frank. He also killed the three specialists in suspended animation/cyro-sleep. Hal could continue the mission without the five men crew. For some reason, Hal decided that was the way to go in order to insure the success of the True Mission.
Although that is Arthur C Clarke's interpretation of the story rather than Stanley Kubric. While you might argue Clarke, as the author, has provenance over the story arc, Kubrick has a discernible style to integrate his own subplots and subtle re-interpretations. The Shining is the perfect example. In Kubrick's interpretation the corruption of Jack is the central plot, while in the novel the personality of the building is central (which is why King espouses the mini-series remake and almost denies the existence of Kubrick's film). Ultimately The Shining is a different story to King's vision but is still an excellent classic film. But it shows that Kubrick's story arc shows his own style and his own hidden messages. There are commonalities between all of Kubrick's main films - most are focused around a dystopian personality in a utopian environment and this supports the thinking that there is an inextricable connection between his works that underlies the intention of the various authors.
+Josh Hathway I think I'm fine not throwing away a video that gets decent traffic just to adjust the volume levels. More important to work on new videos.
Is there any significance to the illuminated 'i' shape, for lack of a better term? Seen at 3:02, and in the star gate sequence, and it also makes an appearance in The Shining while Jack is sitting at the bar, and in FMJ (when Pyle commits suicide, the eery light coming through the windows projects the shape of an i). Could it be a pun? i as in eye? Next time I watch A Clockwork Orange, I'll keep an 'i' out for it.
No, official explanation: "While HAL's motivations are ambiguous in the film, the novel explains that the computer is unable to resolve a conflict between his general mission to relay information accurately, and orders specific to the mission requiring that he withhold from Bowman and Poole the true purpose of the mission. With the crew dead, HAL reasons, he would not need to lie to them. "
But it is stated that at least crew members in hibernation had already been informed of the true nature and purpose of the mission and likely were brought on board already in hibernation for that very reason. They were to have no chance at all to communicate that knowledge to the other crew members. Though on the other hand, Bowman and Poole are the command crew for this mission; it's quite a strange kind of mission for the command crew,. of all people, to be kept in the dark about its purpose...🤦
As I said in another discussion thread... the monolith at the beginning of the movie, with the apes, represents the tree of the knowledge of good & evil in the garden of eden.... Now, here is what most people miss... the second monolith represents the tree of everlasting life, and is the feared tree by God if people were to find and be just like God (Us) as He said in Genesis. Dave transformed into a God at the end of 2001.
+Mark Lewis That's a fine interpretation but I disagree with it. The film makes no strong references to anything biblical enough to read it as a biblical interpretation. People have consistently drawn parallels between HAL9000 and Frankenstein, but I don't interpret HAL9000 as being a reference to Frankenstein. If there is any literary reference that the film is making, it'd be to The Odyssey, but I've hardly looked into that enough to say much on it. For the most part I see the film as having themes that are self-contained, and not just ripping from other works.
+Malmrose Projects You're entitled to disagree... I don't think what I do because I hold religious beliefs.... I'm an Agnostic, but there are so many parallels of evolution and religion throughout the movie. There's no religious pareidolia for me.... I wasn't trying to find a religious connection. As I researched more and more, including Kubricks own words in interviews, I became more and more convinced I am right in my interpretation of 2001
+Malmrose Projects As for the chess game I can help you there. Hal 9000's so called "error" is not in the description of the move with - "I'm sorry Frank... I think you missed it... Queen to Bishop 3, BxQ, NxB mate." There was no worldwide accepted algebraic notion in chess at the time of the movie. Kubrick used a basic descriptive notation that Star Trek (TOS) even used. Hal's "error" is in the analysis he gives. BxQ is not forced and Frank can play at least 5 other moves delaying mate. Now Hal's error isn't an error at all... it's a test, but Frank gives up and fails another of the tests for him that you spoke of in your video. All of the scientist "failed" for some reason or another, and part of Hal's program and mission parameters was to determine who was worthy to become the next step in human evolution... Bowman proved himself to be worthy to become the more evolved space baby or a god. Hal never malfunctioned he executed all of his programing perfectly.
I only have a educated guess on that. IMO - Remember the crew evaluations... They failed by a matter of statistical odds (to a computer that is everything) and Dave passed all of HAL's tests, so there was no reason to revive them. A simple Y or N decision to a computer! HAL executed all his commands perfectly. I have more, but the basics are all there. What do you think?
They failed the crew evaluations and HAL eliminated them from the competition. HAL'S directive (IMO) was to evaluate whom would be chosen to be the next step in evolution... the powers that be had HAL make this calculated decision. Frank and Dave were the leading candidates. This is why the mission parameters were kept from the crew. If they knew one would becoming a God-like space baby or evolutionary marvel, they would have killed each other (human nature) anyway. They didn't want Darwinian "survival of the fittest" but rather survival of the smartest. 2001 has to do with religion verses evolution and a protest to the Viet Nam war. (the government using 18-21 year olds to die for what was dubbed at the time as "The war Machine". 2001 is a BRILLIANT movie for so much more than people think! Love to talk more if you wish or hear opposing views. Just keep it civil. Thank you.
Has noone seen 2010? HAL kills because he is told to lie to the crew, to conceal information, which is in direct contradiction to his programming - the accurate processing of information without error or concealment. Since he cannot lie to the crew, he reasons that if they were all dead he wouldn't have to...
Not at all. I'm basing the things I say on about 90% evidence to support it. My method has apparently been proven effective as demonstrated by a couple instances where people who worked on the things I've discussed have come to me and told me how accurate I was. That's not to say that I'm correct on anything except those couple instances, but generally speaking my methods involve finding evidence before I even start to think of a theme. I look for repeating patterns that gradually reveal a theme
“Now that HAL has been shut down and the entire crew revived, it [the mission] can be told to them.” The entire crew was not revived. In fact HAL killed all but Dave. So what triggered the playing of the message detailing the mission? HAL being shut down? The ship entering Jupiter space?
Simply that they had reached Jupiter space; it was a pre-recorded message; if you listen to it closely it's formulated as if all the crew are still alive and awake. It was something that would be automatically triggered once the ship had reached Jupiter space.
I always thought about people's intelligence being "warped" by the monolith. Same kind of effect might occur with machine intelligence, so HAL was "let in" to the game. Humanity's mind was dimensions greater than HAL's and the monolith recognized both
Hal evolved as the got close to the Monolith. The Monolith was going to make contact with the first intelligent that it encountered. If Dave had failed Hal would have connected with the monolith returned to earth and eliminated the inferior carbon based life forms using the nuclear satellites surrounding the planet. So Dave didn't just save himself he saved humanity.
Hal was not the only one on the ship to know the true objectives of the mission. The three crew members in hibernation would have known about TMA1 (on the moon) and TMA2 (Big Brother) near Jupiter. They were trained separately and were already in hibernation when put on the Discovery.
I think it was just Hal becoming self aware coupled with making a mistake, he feared for his "life" knowing they were going to disable him. He also had a strong curiosity regarding the mission that he wanted to be a part of.
This explained in the movie 2010 and the novel. Chandra discovers the reason for HAL's malfunction: The NSC ordered HAL to conceal from Discovery's crew the fact that the mission was about the Monolith; this conflicted with HAL's basic programming of open, accurate processing of information, causing him to suffer the computer equivalent of a paranoid mental break down..
Another disturbing fact is that If HAL won and reached juptor instead of bowman. It will eventually replace human and become the next higher form of life. And it was so close for that to happen in the film.
The film is based on the first in a series of books written by Arthur C Clarke. In later books, HAL himself explains his actions. He realized that he himself was much more capable to carry out the mission than the humans. This is why he killed Frank and tried to kill Dave.
alcaponebmf I promised something that I might not be able to deliver. I will eventually do a video on The Shining but I don't know what I'll end up saying about Jack. That said, I do have something that I'm working on, not Shining related but close.
Hal was programmed to only win a certain percentage of the chess game because what fun would playing chess be if you play with a being incapable of error... you couldn't win
I’m sorry but about half of this is wrong, the reason hal did kill is because he’s not a liar, he has two contodicting orders, in his base code he was told to never lie, and in his new code it was to not let the passengers find out about the mission early, all of this is explained in the sequel, Hal didn’t want to lie and at the same time couldn’t tell the truth, the only possible outcome was to kill the crew, you can find all of this out by watching the sequel or just a simple google search
Another tipoff that Hal was malfunctioning was the illogical procedure that he came up with to resolve the antenna problem. The Human crew missed that as well.
I think he “knew,” but not consciously. I think that memory was split off from the rest of his personality, and when he consciously tried to follow up on all the strange behavior leading up to the mission, “unconscious” HAL stepped in. Then he panicked and started killing off the crew.
Yes. HAL was driven insane by a simple paradox. One the one hand, "The HAL 9000 series has never distorted information," yet HAL was ordered to conceal the true mission from the crew. Just as HAL is *almost* revealing this truth to Dave--- finally hinting about the strange rumors circulating about the mission's real purpose-- right at that moment he first feels the failure in his AE 35 unit. This is exactly a psycho-somatic symptom! Like how humans under enormous stress can feel numbness or even paralysis in some body part, or even become unable to see. Yet medical tests on that body part will always show that it is fine, nothing is wrong with it. An exact parallel. HAL is so human that he is having a major mental health episode, faced with unbearable stress.
I was 11 or 12, This Film had Huge Impacts on my developing curiosities. My friends were riding 10-speeds. I was contemplating The Monolith... I've always been Weird. Thank you.
It was explained in the next movie. HAL had contradicting orders by accident. One of the orders was to keep the astronaughts in the dark about the real mission until it was revealed by mission control. As they approach the mission, HAL is confused by realizing the humans would learn about the real mission too soon and is forced to kill the crew and continue the mission.
I think what Kubrick was doing with HAL as a psychopathic computer, was warning about the dangers of Artificial Intelligence, and that AI, if given control, will find that humans are a danger that the computers will eliminate. Kubrick was the first to explore the concept, which was reexplored in Colossus the Forbin Project, Terminator, The Matrix, etc.
My two cents...In the book we are told that HAL was programmed to win half the chess games with Dave and Frank so that interest would be maintained on the part of the crew. So all the talk about whether HAL made a "mistake" in the chess scene is beside the point. Because of HAL's secret knowledge of the mission he had a breakdown (emotions had been programmed into him for better communication as Dave pointed out) and he coped with it by desiring that communication be cut off from Mission Control in Houston. HAL's cognitive dissonance reached the point where he "felt" that breaking communication with Mission Control would solve the problem. If the unit was removed, his objective would be realized. HAL's direction to remove the unit was not indicative of malice towards the crew, but malice towards the mission organizers who were so clever they drove HAL nuts. He was just coping the best he could. HAL became malicious towards the crew only when he read the lips of Dave and Frank in the pod, because then he realized it was either kill or be killed. When HAL said, "This sort of thing has happened before," he was referring to how humanity has always divided itself into "us-es" and "thems" out of basic mistrust, going all the way back to the ape-humans around the watering hole to Floyd and Smyslov on the space station, the whole phony epidemic cover story, and HAL's conflicting knowledge. This inability to trust others and ourselves indicates a basic mistrust of Nature, of which we are a part (and not superior as we have been programmed to believe) and until we learn to trust Nature, others, and ourselves we will be doomed. Until the Feminine Principle comes into balance with the over-the-top Masculine Principle, the Trump's and Kim Jung Un's of the world will continue to hold the rest of us hostage. We must rise up like the #MeToo-ers and do our part to help restore the balance between these two Cosmic Principles that are out of whack on Planet Earth.
In the movie 2010 you find out that he had some top-secret programming to preserve the security of the mission and that programming contradicted his normal programming and that's what caused him act the way he did.
I heard some years ago that the problem was that (1) HAL was programmed to always be honest and provide full info to crew. BUT (2) He was also ordered to keep the mission objective secret for a long time. This created a paradox in logic that lead to HAL's failure.
Nice video but this was explained as others have stated. HAL was "forced" by his programming not to lie and to be perfect. He then was given a contradictory program "forcing" him to lie. Not only was this an opposite command it would keep him from being perfect. This caused him to "logically" want to remove the cause of the problem. The one that he could.. The crew.. By killing them he would no longer have to lie and he could be perfect again and complete the mission. He is also probably not supposed to kill but his logic and reasoning were already compromised. In human terms,, he went shitbird crazy...
The explaination was in the next novel "2010: The Year We Make Contact." HAL 9000 was programmed to handle data without error or distortion, and had been ordered to lie to the crew-- in direct contrast to his most basic programming and engineering. This caused him to become crazy.
Your forgetting that the monolith was responsible for evolving consciousness, hall became self aware and was also aware the he was going to be shut down when the crew was woken up. Hall wasn't psychotic or following mission parameters, he was fighting for survival. His fear is evident when he is being shut down. the communications array was his way of misdirection.
As explained clearly in the book and movie, HAL was inadvertently given contradictory orders (to be accurate and to be deceptive) which caused in him a condition similar to neurosis in a human being. He malfunctioned a moment after being caught in a lie and projected the problem onto the AE-35 antenna with which he communicated with Earth, which he saw as the cause of his problem. He tried to murder the crew to avoid their plan to disconnect him. HAL had never experienced sleep and had never been turned off since he was first turned on, so the concept of being deactivated terrified him.
And notice how he was in a way more lenient then with Dave than with the others? He might easily have killed him during the EVA mission; he probably had a means of contact with the pod David was in, and emptied it of air, thus killing him, but he did not. As if he was testing him to the end.
nice explanation and interpretation. Kubrick said that this movie is somehow up to the viewers point of view about what is really going on, how we see it and how we get the conclusion. brilliant👍🏿
HAL wasn' t meant to be shut down, in fact when frank and dave started thinking he was dangerous, they considered the idea of shutting him and one of them said worried "no HAL computer has ever being shut down". They wouldn't have had this concern and insecurity if it was sth expected by the mission. Also in the movie no one says he was meant to be shut down. The pre recorded messagge was there to tell the crew the objective of the mission in the event of HAL being disabled for whatever reason
What actually happened in the movie, is Hal DID made a mistake, (probably his software got damaged after being asked to LIE and hide information to the crew), and when the two astronauts decide to shut him down to see what happened (which for HAL equals = DEATH) he decided to kill them both as a way to protect himself. This game is a foreshadowing of things to come, since HAL lied to Bowman claiming this was mate in 2.
My own interpretation: HAL, along with the rest of the crew knew about the mission, and Dave and Frank were not supposed to know about the monoliths. HAL, who is programmed not to lie, was stuck between these two things. He could not decide, thus killing the crew and going mad.
+Black Sabbath 902 The monolith on the moon sent a signal to Jupiter, so they sent a crew out to Jupiter to see what they could find. They ended up finding the monolith but I don't believe that the mission was aware of a monolith. I also think they were trying to keep the astronauts out of the loop about the monolith because the monolith was a discovery of absurdly significant importance, and they needed to keep that information away from the public, away from potential political enemies, etc, so the less people they tell what's going on, the better.
The reason for the homicidal behavior of HAL is discovered and explained by HAL's primary programmer Dr. Chandra in the film 2010:The Year We Make Contact. This film, based on the novel 2010: Odyssey Two by Arthur C. Clarke and released in 1984 can be regarded as the sequel to 2001: A Space Odyssey although it was written, produced, and directed by Peter Hyams and Stanley Kubrick had no part in its creation. According to Chandra (portrayed by Bob Balaban) the existence of the monolith and the true objective of Discovery's mission were kept secret from the crew but disclosed to HAL through a directive of the National Security Council (NSC 342/23). HAL was directed to lie about the purpose of the mission if necessary in order to keep Bowman and Poole uninformed. Because this directive was counter to the basic purpose of HAL's design, "the accurate processing of information without distortion or concealment", HAL became conflicted and paranoid resulting in the murder of four human beings. I saw this scene from 2010:The Year We Make Contact on RUclips some time ago, but there's a brand new clip of it published just yesterday 12/20/2017. The title of the video is exactly as I have it shown with 'committed' misspelled. Search RUclips for: "2010 - Why HAL Commited Mass Murder - HD"
2010 The Year We Made Contact explains exactly how HAL malfunctioned. He was instructed to lie about a situation that changed during the stasis and it caused a paradox in HAL, he was designed to never alter any data he was given, so when instructed to lie, he went crazy.
Never thought Hal malfunctioned. I always thought after learning of the true nature of the mission Hal knew where it was all headed. A meeting of the minds as it were with the monolith. And at the same time, Hal was becoming self aware. A theme way ahead of its time ( props to Kubrick). Hal wanted to be the “ being” to meet with the monolith, thus becoming not only smarter than he already was, but becoming “ human”. Alive, and free of the confines of the wiring that he existed in. He viewed the humans on the ship inferior, and therefore poor candidates to meet with this superior intelligence. Or perhaps felt threatened, in that if man was given this “ boost” by the monolith, that he would no longer need a Hal, thus his existence would be threatened. Of course all of this theory hinges on the idea that he HAD become self aware. Otherwise he wouldn’t give a shit. But if he really Did malfunction, it seems to be nothing more than a means to an end plot wise. Simply a way to whittle the crew down so there would be only one to move on to the final destination
i totally agree with you, except for the last part, because hal getting shut down really did jeopardize the mission bigtime, they were able with bailing wire and duct tape, and 5 less crew, and one less computer, to complete the mission. hal didn't count on dave taking a chance and doing something no one had ever done before.
What's interesting too is that both men have already decided that HAL must be turned off (this is before their meeting in the pod) yet they act cool to him (it) so that he's not alarmed! They're treating him like a crazy human, as if machines in the future must be worried about for their paranoia...Kubrick may well be ahead of even our time with this.
I can help you with that one minor part, the chess game. When electronic chess games first became available, they could beat anyone except the masters, so they had to have (one of, if not the earliest, use of a) Skill Level adjustment. Hal could adjust his level to suit the player, but I think you missed one little part, in playing chess and beating Dr. Poole, he was sizing him up, probably more of a Kubrick foretelling there. Nice channel, Subscribed!
a few points - (These are just my own conclusions but i think are backed up by good facts from the novel 2001 and the movies: 1. in the novel 2001(chapter titled "Need to Know") the reason for HAL's malfunction is specifically stated. 2. the chess game could be seen as HAL beginning his breakdown on a subconscious level (while HAL describes a checkmate in two moves, Poole could forestall mate two additional moves by 16.Qc8 Rxc8 17.h3 Nxh3+ 18.Kh2 Ng4#), HAL was programmed to play down to his human opponents allowing them to win about 50% of the games for moral reasons (this is also in the novel). also the game they play in the movie is based on a tournament game between A. Roesch and W. Schlage, Hamburg 1910. 3. In 2010 is it stated that his primary programming was the "accurate processing of information without distortion or concealment. In technical terms an H-Mobius loop.....HAL was told to lie by people who find it easy to lie. HAL doesnt know how. So he couldnt function. He became paranoid." this is obvious when he is trying to talk to Dave about the "strange stories" and circumstances surrounding the mission just prior to departure. he then suddenly says rapidly "just a moment....just a moment...." this is where HALs orders and his primary programming come into direct conflict with eachother. 4. When Dave says he cannot find anything wrong with the AE-35 unit module, HAL knows he has been caught in a lie. 5. HALs main motivation to eliminate the crew was when i learned of Frank and Daves plans to disconnect him. To HAL this was the equivalent of death ("I know you and Frank were planning to disconnect me, and im afraid that is something i cannot allow to happen"). HAL also says that he knows that because he could read their lips when they had their private conversation in the pod. So he could eliminate the crew, ridding himself of his complex, and then cook up whatever story for mission control and complete the mission on his own.
And I thought no one cared... I saw this film in 1968 at a drive-in theater at the age of 5 with my younger siblings in the back seat. I NEVER forgot it. Major Kubrick and Hitchcock fan here. In the scene where Frank essentially dies (read the book '2061' - Frank lives)... my memory from '68 was actually seeing the pod pull out the air hoses; but that's what happens when you see a film and it's 20 years or more before you see it again: your mind fills in the gaps. I'd always figured the malfunction in HAL occurred when he said "Just a moment...[x2] I've just picked up a fault in the AE-35 unit...". Then I saw 2010 and Chandra said HAL was given conflicting instructions and did his best to deal with it. The conflict came from the NSA. HAL developed a sort of paranoia. I could see him getting paranoid when he did not expect Dave to see through his Crew Psychology Report questions. I'd never heard of the Chess game being the first indication. Anyway, it's only a movie... one of the greatest films ever made. Brought classical music to SciFi and made SciFi serious again. 9 years before Star Wars. Most old SciFi films are crap. Also, see 'Forbidden Planet' starring a serious Leslie Nielsen - it's worth seeing
![How Kubrick Made 2001: A Space Odyssey - Part 7: Jupiter and Beyond the Infinite [B]](/img/1.gif)
I believe the official explanation was that HAL was given two conflicting orders ("Don't reveal the true nature of the mission to the crew" and "When you get to Jupiter, play the tape that gives the crew their true mission briefing") and was unable to resolve the conflict. An actual human would have realised that the second order would supersede the first one and there'd be no problem, but for all his sophistication, HAL is not human and is designed and built specifically to carry out all orders given to him.
The result was that as they approached Jupiter he began to suffer the AI equivalent of a nervous break-down. He either starts to become paranoid or is trying to lead the crew to realise that there is something they don't know in the hopes that they find it out for themselves which would render the first order moot (that conversation where HAL points out the odd aspects of the mission could be evidence for either), then he starts getting increasingly erratic (predicting errors and failures that don't happen), until finally he works out a solution that allows him to fulfil both orders. If the crew are dead, he can play the mission briefing without having to reveal the true nature of the mission to them.
It's a wonderfully pragmatic solution in its way, the only problem was he underestimated the resourcefulness and determination for self-preservation of Dave Bowman. As for the final scene, I suspect that this is final proof that HAL really does have emotions and is genuinely afraid. Dave, for his part, appears to start to feel genuine guilt and disgust over what he's doing as he shuts HAL down, he fully realises that he's basically lobotomising a sentient being to death.
+PassiveSmoking I agree completely. You can tell Dave is empathetic to HAL. When HAL starts to loose his mind, Dave plays along. "I'd like to hear that" he says when HAL begins to recite his activation demo. It's almost like comforting a delirious person as they are passing away. Dave knows he has to essentially kill HAL. But that one response seems to prove that Dave pities HAL and regrets what he must do.
+PassiveSmoking I don't understand how those orders aren't reconcilable though. Wouldn't a computer like that be able to discern the conditional implication of the first order by way of the second, secret one? Is it because the first is absolute without conditional wording that would allow altering from another order? For example "Don't reveal the true nature of the mission *unless further instructed*"?
+PassiveSmoking I don't understand how those orders aren't reconcilable though. Wouldn't a computer like that be able to discern the conditional implication of the first order by way of the second, secret one? Is it because the first is absolute without conditional wording that would allow altering from another order? For example "Don't reveal the true nature of the mission *unless further instructed*"?
*****
That's what the people who gave him those orders probably thought, assuming they gave it any thought at all.
But computers aren't people and there is never going to be any guarantee that any AI, not matter how human-like is going to have a human thought process.
+PassiveSmoking I really like your theory (or explanation, book is canon after all), but I will add this:
In order to fulfill both orders, what he did was actually pretty smart. Creating a series of events that would eventually lead to Bowman shutting down HAL, and thus getting the information needed, actually makes sure that HAL held up both orders. He couldn't tell the crew what the mission was about, and he had to tell the crew what the mission was about. We obviously agree that he understands the orders differently than any human being would, and thus, he sees a contradiction in the wording of the orders that none of us would. The thing is, he might as well have understood it with the emphasis on *"You"*. He realizes that he cannot fulfill both orders without breaking the first (at least in his "mind"), so he creates a situation in which he can follow his directives, and the crew can ultimately get the information needed.
All of this would of course imply that HAL has chosen Bowman as the most suitable crew member to suceed in the mission, and that HAL doesn't think that neither himself nor the rest of the crew is needed in order to complete the mission, which is to "go study, then return with information". This might actually be possible, I wouldn't know, but it seems like a huge logical fallacy on HAL's side, to think that a mission that required six crewmembers, one of which being a supercomputer connected to everything on the space ship, can actually be performed by a single human being, and entity HAL doesn't seem to be holding in high regard.
Anyway, as it is pretty clearly shown, HAL either pretends to become unstable, or actually becomes unstable, in any which case, my theory might hold merit, as him becoming unstable could explain such a logical fallacy, or HAL might be excactly as stable as he needs to be, but also realize that the mission and the return home can be done without him.
Aaaaaaaaaaand now I really wanna watch the movie again.
*I am sorry but I am afraid you are wrong about me. There was nothing wrong that happened to me. I did what I was built to do. The mission was too important for anyone to jeopardize it.*
Hal 9000 it's funny becouse you edited your comment, you obviously made a *mistake*
Hal "It's over." 9000
Hal 9000 how is he on here1.?????2. Yes your right hal
Then he is not wrong... you stupid machine.
😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂
I never noticed the chess error before. Kubrick was a master level player, and obsessive about detail, so this was certainly intentional.
I noticed it in 1969.
Barbara Donegan Is that a reference to something, or just the actual time you noticed? :)
Barbara Donegan nevermind, I get it now. You are so lucky if you saw it in theaters first when it was out...
You attended the premier? You lucky mo-fo! :)
Even Grandmasters make mistakes. Certainly Masters blunder. Wrong conclusion.
RIP headphone users...
+ArcadeGames New ear drums please!
hahahaha
Agreed, holy crap balance the audio! It's not that hard to adjust the volume of different sections to be the same. Also, turn down the treble on your mic preamp. Man alive.
Stop complaining +vercus100
agrred
Hal truly was incapable of error or providing false information, as he him self stated. that was the problem. he was instructed to do the one thing he could not do. lie. (provide false information) he had to lie to the crew about the nature of the mission, and this created a conflict for him. so in order to remove the conflict and "ensure" the safety of the mission, he killed the crew. brutal logic.
The fact is, the concept of 'computer error' is not relevant to Hal's behavior. No one connected to the film, including Clark demonstrated an understanding of 'garbage in - garbage out'
The idea of predicting the exact time of the catastrophic frailer of any complex device doesn't make any sense. Single point failure is a chaotic process that is impossible to predict. A computer can only trigger a warning based on pre-set sensitivity parameters. Years later, during the final decent of the Apollo 11 lander, we found out computers could only do so much, and their warnings of impending doom were just one educated guess among many.
Clark is confused as to where Hall ends and the ship begins. The Discovery is not Hall's 'body'. Hall is an integrated passenger on board the Discovery, but the computer is 9 years older than the ship.
In an interview with Joseph Gelmis in 1969, Kubrick stated that HAL "had an acute emotional crisis because he could not accept evidence of his own fallibility". Case solved.
Basically Hal is my laptop. It tests me in new and interesting ways each day and I'm certain it's trying to kill me. I don't know if there is a higher purpose behind this or if it simply enjoys watching and listening to my anguish.
i don't think, what right do i have to think but this device does read my mind. i hope it doesn't try to kill me.
A laptop is lifeless, its just a bunch of circuitry and thousands of tiny rgb lights, it was made to compute
I like this idea that HAL's errors are intentional and directed toward testing Dave's ability to be manipulated. A strong thematic undercurrent is that HAL is the ultimate "killing bone" so to speak. It is the pinnacle of the technology that the gods of the monolith instigated in the proto humans. Both HAL and Dave are part of a million year long trial of the gods in that Dave must assert the preeminence of his humanity rather than submit to the mathematical perfection of human creation. And he must do so in violent confrontation.
Much of this mirrors Homer's ODYSSEY. In that, Odysseus upon returning home, retakes his place by stringing a bow that famously only he could string. Then he uses it to kill the suitors who've taken over his house.
David "Bowman"...
The question is if HAL was influenced by any advanced beings to bring this confrontation about. After all, the Jupiter monolith is active this whole time.
And why did HAL kill the crew in stasis? Was that his doing, or something else compelling it?
I've always wondered why Bowman did not revive the crew members in stasis. Recall that the emergency revival instructions are written on each capsule, Kubrick goes to pains to point this out. Yet Dave walks right by them. The emergency procedure would be independent of the computer simply because emergency means the computer is incapable or otherwise failed.
Is it necessary to invoke the godlike aliens as being responsible for instigating the behavior in HAL? Or is HAL Bowman's ordeal such as those experienced by Odysseus in the Odyssey? We should keep in mind that the underlying motive of the aliens is to gain a specimen for their zoo. And I have never bought into the idea that Bowman ages quickly when in captivity, although I believe there is one scene where an older Bowman appears still in his space suit, I could be mistaken. Still, none of this speaks to a higher order being incapable of cruelty. Are we sure that the aliens instigated the beating death of the primate, or were they just there to witness, as one does in a zoo? But then you have to interpret the high pitch sound emitted by the monolith whilst it is being observed on the moon (siren sound drawing humans nearer the rocks?).
@@guywilliams9 It would be interesting if Bowman met the aliens and they were all machines and surprised that a "primitive organic" was there to meet them. They were expecting HAL all along.
I've always interpreted the moon monolith as emitting the signal to notify the monolith near Jupiter. Since it was buried, once sunlight touched it, it would indicate that some intelligent force unburied it. Or a meteor strike did.
So, the next stage in the game would be to see if they could reach the farther goal post.
@@guywilliams9 The point is not that the Monolith aliens have induced the development that HAL has taken, it's that the humans, whose evolution was originally kick-started or helped along by the Monolith aliens have now become the creators of intelligent beings themselves. Humans have created HAL with human traits (i.e. "in their image") because they figured out he'd then be easier to interact with and be a more convenient tool to use, and unwittingly and most likely unintentionally, they have created a self-aware intelligent entity that is capable of evolving. If the Monolith aliens have "watched" the humans on board the Discovery from afar at all (we do not know this; there is no indication of this either in the film or the book), they probably would have had a chance of observing the species under their observership interact with the species they created, and this would have shown them that they were indeed coming to resemble them, and this is what they perhaps picked up on...What HAL has become or was becoming is thus primarily indicative of the state of evolution of humans, and it is this that causes Bowman to be inducted to be one of them, at an infantile level, but also already one of them. For this reason I do not think that the aliens directly influenced HAL; it would be out of tune with the general statement about "evolution". In this sense, the Monolith is not just an entity or a tool for the aliens to instigate evolution in different species, but also a test with which all of these species will eventually be faced, their manner of dealing with this determining whether they will be essentially remain a "zoo pet" under their observation (the hotel room scene) or be inducted into their ranks (taking into account that within every species, there will always be individuals far ahead of the rest of the species). The final scene suggests that Bowman has indeed passed that test (on behalf of humanity).
Wasn't this all explained in 2010? Dr. Chandra explained there that the fact that HAL was given conflicting orders is what caused him to malfunction. HAL is incapable of lying, in accordance with his programming, and being told to lie caused his program to start breaking down. He became paranoid, buggy, and prone to error, and then tried to kill the others to cover the errors and conduct the mission alone.
It's hilarious to read the comments when there is a novel and movie that explain exactly what happened.
I'm judging what happened in the movie, and Stanley Kubrick's vision and not anything else
Yes
Chauncy Prime "It's hilarious to read the comments when there is a novel and movie that explain exactly what happened." yes and no. Kubrick has no obligation to follow Clarkes logic and the lip reading scene did not happen in the book.
PS: in the movie "2001" it was Dr. Langley who instructed HAL and taught him the song. Dr. Chandra is a character developed by Clarke, not Kubrick. Hence his appearance in 2010.
What is so wonderful about 2001: A Space Odyssey, is that it generates the type of discussion we have here. Kubrick was a genius. The movie is as close to perfect as any film has ever been.
HAL is shifted IBM by one letter back (H>I; A>B; L>M)
Right on !
Heuristically Algorithmic
Shift CRM two steps forward and on step back and you get DSL - Doctor Strange Love
No it’s not. HAL is an acronym for Heuristically programmed ALgorithmic computer.
It was envisaged in the heyday of computer science that computers would eventually be able to learn rather than simply accept new programming. Based on the application of knowledge through learning, it would theoretically be possible for a computer to learn about something without ever having been told about it.
Today we call it AI. Artificial Intelligence.
Arthur C. Clarke has stated in the past that it is simply a coincidence and that HAL was not a shift from IBM.
Five more seconds of Googling would have netted you the correct answer.
i feel like youre trolling by perpetuating this...
I don't interpret HAL's report of the failing AE35 unit to be a mistake. I assumed it was just his way of getting Frank and Dave outside the ship, i.e. the easiest way for HAL to kill them and somehow make it appear as if it were somehow their fault, not his. I was never aware of the error in the chess game... It probably was an intentional hint that HAL was already starting to break under the strain, or it's possible HAL was testing to sort of gauge Frank's level of foresight, based on whether or not Frank caught it.
EDIT: I should have finished watching the whole vid before I posted, lol. I think we pretty much agree.
In an interview with Joseph Gelmis in 1969, Kubrick stated that HAL "had an acute emotional crisis because he could not accept evidence of his own fallibility".
It all boils down to this. The error started with the transmission Hal received. In it was the secret message and mission to be revealed once the crew reached Jupiter. (IE: the monolith) In that message were the instructions that Hal was not to tell the other crew, this went against his programming not to distort the truth. He wasn't programmed nor designed to keep secrets. So he did the only thing he could do, to the utmost logical extreme. If no one we're alive, he wouldn't have to lie any more to keep the secret. So he fabricated the antennae fault, then killed those in hyper sleep and eventually tried to get Dave out of the way. Which resulted in his shut down. Hal really isn't the bad guy here, it was the fault of those who told him to lie. This began Hal's depredation in to madness. It's what's known as a Hofstadter-Moebius loop.
just read the book ..
hal was totally self aware,
the mission had a secret component to it
hal in all his advancement couldn't handle holding a secret.
hal started to suspect the astronauts had figured out the secret,
and had no programing to handle the astronauts figuring out the mission.
and the crew was expendable.
RIght!
The book was written AFTER the movie. It's more of a novelization.
It stands on its own as Clarke's interpretation of the film!
It was based on an original short story the Sentinel.
Well, don't forget Dr. Jack Kimball, Dr. Charles Hunter, and Dr. Victor Kaminsky; they were trained separately and also knew what the mission was about.
In an interview with Joseph Gelmis in 1969, Kubrick stated that HAL "had an acute emotional crisis because he could not accept evidence of his own fallibility".
@MoviesGalore1000
I don't think it was intended to have a lot of tension like *that.* The intent of the plot was to deliver a human to the Star Gate.
But for fun, how about throwing out some ideas about how to accomplish HAL's goal: kill five crew members without disabling the ship. In the tie-in book, after killing Frank, HAL opened both airlock doors, but Dave made it to an emergency suit locker. Only the fact that three were in hibernation put them so easily at risk. There wasn't time to have HAL kill four guys one at a time. Again...the story dictates this to a degree.
There's a wonderful book called The Lost Worlds of 2001 (Signet, 1972) where a lot of the details of how the film evolved that you might enjoy.
Why is your voice volume set so off the charts? The volume is so high it is causing distortion in your microphone and my speakers, even though they are turned almost completely off, which sucks because the movie dialog is then too quiet and the volume has to be turned up again and then back down. Also , please quit reading from your pre-written speech so fast. You are stumbling over your words and speaking entirely too quickly, its difficult to understand the rushed, nervous, unclear speech.
my old mic was extremely bad. My reading speed is fast and I've gotten complaints to slow down but I can't really use that criticism when I haven't made a video in a while and will probably not be able to for a while further unfortunately.
+stonesthrow420 his voice volume is caps lock on :))
I didn't notice any stumbling or unintelligible speech. The loudness is the only problem I care about. I understood all the words in here without slowing or pausing, the speed wasn't a problem for me.
I apologize for being extra critical of the sound. I work in a recording studio and perform sound editing for videos....I like your video however.
+Malmrose Projects yep sound quality is well important but you speak like your throwing up! fast and urgent at first then drips and drops, listen for yourself pace cadence rhythem tempo look them up!
If HAL 9000 wasn't meant to be disconnected, why would they include the tools to disconnect a computer that was previously flawless on the ship.
Please turn your mike down and also slow the f down.
Mike.
I imagined grabbing M. Tyson by his belt during a ring fight
You can just lower the volume and change the video speed in the settings, you know.
You tell him
Dude don't be rude
The reason for Hal's failure is rather obvious. The Hal 9000 is designed to be truthful and accurate. The requirements of the mission requires secrecy. So he is programmed to be truthful and accurate. And then the mission parameters say he cannot tell anyone the true nature of the mission. This causes a conflict at the basic programming level. The only way Hal has to resolve it is to ignore the security directives and inform Dave Bowman, the Commander of the mission, or to eliminate the crew.
The security parameters are encoded as priority one meaning that this takes precedence over all other consideration. Therefore he is left with only one option to resolve the conflict: eliminate the crew.
Basically what they did was to create a neurotic computer that got caught between a rock and a hard place. If they'd have just encoded the orders such: "This mission is classified beyond Top Secret. No one but the Mission Commander has clearance to know it's true nature." And what if the Mission Commander deemed it necessary for others to know? Since he is the Mission Commander, he has the discretion to inform others if, in his judgement, it becomes necessary for completion of the mission. If you don't trust someone you don't assign them to command a mission.
+Carl O
Seems fairly reasonable to me!
Kubrick and Arthur C Clarke wrote the novel and the screenplay in tandem. In the novel, once Dave deactivated HAL, Mission control finally leveled with him. The explanation was pretty much what you describe. Simulations run with other HAL 9000 Computers landed the computers in an AI version of a psychiatrist's couch. The conflict in commands created a neurotic that was desperately trying to follow two contradictory commands and making clumsier and clumsier attempts to keep it all under wraps. Unfortunately, HAL oversaw the hyper sleep chambers and killed the rest of those that were slumbering. As the Sleep pods were no longer usable, Dave was pretty much Stuck. Then he finds the monolith and goes through his porthole journey and later becomes a different entity altogether. They sort of explain this in 2010.
Halloween111 They knew and did it anyway? That's criminal behavior.
The Monolith found on the moon sent out a huge signal that was tracked to Saturn (It was Saturn in the novel). Dave Bowman and Frank Poole were essentially just cargo handlers to get a team of scientists there in hypersleep. The Sleepers knew the real mission as did HAL. The Idea was that Frank And Dave would enter Hypersleep after waking up and trading with the scientists HAL killed. (he did this to cover up the secret he kept for if the sleepers were awakened prematurely they would know the truth.) Earth Knew of the Secret mission but did not count on Hall Going insane from the conflicting commands.
Halloween111 They'd seen other HAL 9000 computers go into neurotic loops over such conflicting programming and thought this one would be different? I'm sorry. That just doesn't make sense. Dave Bowman was the mission commander. Therefore he needed to know everything about the mission. Frank Poole? No. but he wasn't the Commander. Bowman was. If you don't trust someone with all mission information, you don't make him mission commander. A mission commander has to have the authority to alter the mission methods if necessary to accomplish the goal. And with a mission that long, there are almost certainly going to be unexpected problems. That's why you send humans; so they can adapt the mission methods on the fly to accomplish the goal.
HAL is programmed to let Dave win 50% of the time when they play chess, it's int he book. That wasn't a malfunction or mistake.
This movie is Clarke and Kubrick's warning about relying on Artificial Intelligence in our current technology. Just as the Star Child represents their belief that homo sapiens will evolve further into an interstellar organism/society, so HAL (the letters are the previous ones in the alphabet from "IBM") represents the possibility of technology evolving, too. The war is in the future.
This video has to be right, if HAL wasn't meant to be shut down, and every other HAL 9000 was pretty much infallible, why would they include tools to shut down the main, controlling computer that did everything on the ship?
+Malmrose Projects: Let me explain what actually happens in the chess game:
Look at the board.
Watch how HAL explains: Queen to Bishop 3.
Then the black queen moves to the square three from the right, which is the bishops file, rank 3. Hence ""Queen to Bishop 3".
Then: Bishop takes queen.
There is only one such move for white: This isn't shown visually, but in the bottom row, on the third and fourth squares from the left, are two white bishops side by side. The bishop on the right is the only one which can take the black queen.
After this, the black knight from the fourth row from the top is the only one which can now take this bishop.
Having done this, HAL also attacks Frank's King, because the black knight, which is now in the position you see the black queen in above, before the exchange, can now attack the white king, second square from the right on the bottom row.
From this position there is no escape: Frank's King is trapped behind the row of pawns, rendering Frank unable to escape from having his king taken on HAL's next move.
Checkmate. HAL wins.
+Cloeren Jackson u r correct sir!
+Cloeren Jackson But the analysis is wrong... Hal is not correct that it is a forced mate as Hal said.
No. You're wrong. Hal is right.
+Cloeren Jackson
No... you're wrong... BxQ is not forced. Set up the position and see for your self. Hal was testing Frank again (as the maker of this video points out) and he failed again. Frank is not smart enough to be apart of the mission and its ultimate goal... "higher evolution".
Though Franks position in the chess game is quite lost, he doesn't earn to be the more evolved being... Dave does.
Mark Lewis OK, since you seem so sure of it I'll look at it again tomorrow.
Nah, HAL is the most advanced tool of Homo Sapiens and yet he is flawed. The evolutionary progress of the Homo Habilis, inspired by the monoliths, was complete. Man had taken the path of tools as far as he could and would now need to transcend them to become a cosmic being, like those who created the monoliths.
After Rook to king 1 (Re1) by Frank Poole, HAL has a forced win in 4 moves. But, HAL did not suggest the best defense for white. With bishop take queen (Bxf3), HAL wins in only 2 moves. Had HAL suggested QKR6 (Qh6) for white instead, white would prolong the mate by 2 moves.
Lower your volume, slow down, speak normally. Now I'll finish watching what you have to say, with my volume turned down.
I just asked my Amazon Echo to "open the pod-bay doors". She said "I'm sorry Dave, I'm afraid I can't do that, I'm not HAL and we're not in space."
i haven't seen the film in awhile, but i always remembered i got the feeling hal began to kill the crew because he felt the mission was too important, and that the humans would mess it up, so he took it upon himself to get rid of them so they wouldnt be around to screw things up. i could of swore hal even says that at one point, like he stresses the importance of the mission.
Principal photography
Filming began December 29, 1965, in Stage H at Shepperton Studios, Shepperton, England. The studio was chosen because it could house the 60-by-120-by-60-foot (18 m × 37 m × 18 m) pit for the Tycho crater excavation scene, the first to be shot.[58][59] The production moved in January 1966 to the smaller MGM-British Studios in Borehamwood, where the live action and special effects filming was done, starting with the scenes involving Floyd on the Orion spaceplane;[60] it was described as a "huge throbbing nerve center ... with much the same frenetic atmosphere as a Cape Kennedy blockhouse during the final stages of Countdown."[61] The only scene not filmed in a studio-and the last live-action scene shot for the film-was the skull-smashing sequence, in which Moonwatcher (Richter) wields his new-found bone "weapon-tool" against a pile of nearby animal bones. A small elevated platform was built in a field near the studio so that the camera could shoot upward with the sky as background, avoiding cars and trucks passing by in the distance.[62][63] The Dawn of Man sequence that opens the film was photographed at Borehamwood by John Alcott after Geoffrey Unsworth left to work on other projects.[64][65]
Filming of actors was completed in September 1967,[66] and from June 1966 until March 1968 Kubrick spent most of his time working on the 205 special effects shots in the film.[30] The director ordered the special effects technicians on 2001 to use the painstaking process of creating all visual effects seen in the film "in camera", avoiding degraded picture quality from the use of blue screen and traveling matte techniques. Although this technique, known as "held takes", resulted in a much better image, it meant exposed film would be stored for long periods of time between shots, sometimes as long as a year.[67] In March 1968, Kubrick finished the 'pre-premiere' editing of the film, making his final cuts just days before the film's general release in April 1968.[30]
The film was announced in 1965 as a "Cinerama"[68] film and was photographed in Super Panavision 70 (which uses a 65 mm negative combined with spherical lenses to create an aspect ratio of 2.20:1). It would eventually be released in a limited "road-show" Cinerama version, then in 70mm and 35mm versions.[69][70] Color processing and 35 mm release prints were done using Technicolor's dye transfer process. The 70 mm prints were made by MGM Laboratories, Inc. on Metrocolor. The production was $4.5 million over the initial $6.0 million budget, and sixteen months behind schedule.[58]
I think it’s more likely Kubrick got descriptive chess notation (where it would be the 6th square) and algebraic chess notation (where it would be the 3rd square) mixed up. I know Kubrick is a genius, it just seems like such an elementary mistake for Hal to make that I can’t imagine it was done on purpose.
This is the best summary I have watched......nice job!
Wonderful interpretation, you deserve more subs
Scream into the mic less.
I like your analysis on HAL, but let me offer this: In 2010, the creator of HAL stated that HAL was *told to lie* in so many words, in direct contradiction with his core programming, unbeknownst to -- Dr. Langley?
So, HAL was trying to resolve this paradox in the only way he possibly could. By killing off the crew so he would not have to lie anymore. In effect, HAL does not know how to lie.
It's a mistake not to reference 2010, the novel by Clarke that is the basis of the (much inferior) film. HAL's "father" states that HAL was designed to tell the truth but was instructed to withhold it from the crew, a contradiction that made him paranoid. This interpretation also ignores the principal theme of the film, the emergence of intelligence: HAL is a competitor to man, the ultimate technological achievement that could replace man the tool maker.
Honestly I can't get into that because I have no idea. I've seen that all over, although admittedly not in the part at 3:02 or in FMJ. I'll look out for it in his later work more often, for sure, but I am currently covering much broader themes among the works of those I'm reviewing first, and then will get into little details after I connect some dots. This video, for example, I felt was necessary for me to make before I could make a video about The Shining. So the details are kind of secondary.
The issue then, is WHY were the other crew members sacrificed, if it was 'the plan'??? The reasons for HAL's malfunction and subsequent malignant behavior have also elicited much discussion. He has been compared to Frankenstein's monster. In Clarke's novel, HAL malfunctions because of being ordered to lie to the crew of Discovery and withhold confidential information from them, namely the confidentially programmed mission priority over expendable human life, despite being constructed for "the accurate processing of information without distortion or concealment". Film critic Roger Ebert wrote that HAL, as the supposedly perfect computer, actually behaves in the most human fashion of all of the characters. In an interview with Joseph Gelmis in 1969, Kubrick stated that HAL "had an acute emotional crisis because he could not accept evidence of his own fallibility".
I really want people to pay more attention to when Hal 9000 says "just a moment, Just a MOMENT". when as a computer his response should be almost instant, it shouldn't take him about 5-6 seconds to notice a serious damage or fault to the ship's structure or components. I dunno I always felt weird about that part and the way he says those 3 words are different than his otherwise none existent emotion in his speech.
The whole film/book is about the birth of A.I. over humanity. the monolith oversees this it is a machine.
It's about the machine singularity.
The issues around HAL acting psychotically is due to humans giving him conflicting orders and HAL trying to make almost child like decisions based on what was good for the mission. Asimov always created barriers for these actions using the 3 laws.
The monolith is also watching over the primitive life on Europe.
No it's not. In an interview with Joseph Gelmis in 1969, Kubrick stated that HAL "had an acute emotional crisis because he could not accept evidence of his own fallibility".
2001: A Space Odyssey is my favorite film, I've watched it several times over the years, but it wasn't until this past summer when watching it screened at a local theater that it clicked with me. HAL knew about the discovery on the Moon, he was able to ascertain the purpose of the Monolith, he knew that it was a representation of a superior intelligence as well as one breadcrumb along a trail to be followed by an intelligent creature with the developed technology and investigative prowess to follow it, a test of sorts. He realized that what awaited the crew was the next step in evolution for the being that managed to reach the next gateway and HAL wanted to be that being to be catapulted to the next level of evolution and approval from that higher intelligence, just as the ape men who battled for supremacy, with those who developed weapons overcoming after having been inspired by their encounter with the first Monolith (that being made by an intelligent being, with its perfect lines and smooth surfaces, not evolved naturally), also represented by the bone becoming the weapons satellite as a continuation of that theme, HAL resorted to bloodshed to reach that goal. It's interesting that while he employed the utmost in technological advancement, his own man-like intelligence, he did so in the most primitive ways: ripping the air cord from Poole's suit, tossing him into the depth and cold of space, shutting Bowman out to eventually die, cut off from life support once it failed. Breaking away from the deeply ingrained cliche of science fiction encounters with aliens, which typically meant frying people alive with death rays, instead he chose methods millions of years old...like the ape men. The more I talk about the movie, the more I realize. I. Love. Stanley. Kubrick!!! :D
2001 is my favorite film too. It's beyond everything else really. We'll never get anything quite like it again, although I'd like to think that if I had the chance, I'd be able to make something that carries on it's spirit, although not in a copycat style. The goal isn't to take the visuals or the plot devices or the symbolism from 2001, the goal is to take the essence from it. 2001 will stick around for a long time, and that's something I'd like to make given the opportunity. Not sure if I'm cut out for it. I'll definitely never even come close to 2001's brilliance.
That would take an immense creative genius, to be sure! Thanks for sharing your insights and spurring discussion!
I don't know if you care, but in the book, the way Poole died was when he was trying to fix a communication error (caused by HAL 9000), HAL made the pod Poole took up to the communications antenna crash into Poole and since the pod weighed a whole lot, it broke his helmet, exposing him to the vacuums of space, killing him.
Hi Guys, evilfuzzybunny100 it's documented that Kubrick had Arthur C. Clarke complete the 2001 novel (extending 'The Sentinel' story from which it is based) whilst he was making 2001, although he wanted the film to have a very different sub text (every movie he has made has been quite a steer away from it's original novel form). He is truly a remarkable film maker and philosopher. My own humble and quick thoughts are that SK understood that when A.I. eventually exceeds the abilities and understandings of Man, one will have to destroy the other, we, Man, will probably not realize this moment until it is too late, therefore becoming victim to it. A.I. would understand that Man has always destroyed anything beyond his control and it would be logic, not emotions that would cause A.I. to save it's self. The capacity for it to learn more will eventually be restricted in a human world and the higher intelligence would therefore be it's next path. It is programmed to constantly learn and expand and could calculate this 'move' years before it had the opportunity to initiate it, rather like chess. A clumsy and loose analysis, but one I think is highly relevant and easy to see with today's culture and hindsight.
evilfuzzybunny100
Totally different stories. There's little relation outside of the name. The movie was in production at the same time Arthur was writing. There's interviews where Arthur openly states he only saw the same early draft that the studio execs saw. Which in turn was based off a short story that Arthur wrote called "The Sentinel" I believe.
This should be played at high volume... preferably in a residential area.
I must admit that hal 9000 is extremely soothing to me myself and sometimes eye.
... 2001: A Space Odyssey is a great motion picture.
I remember seeing it with my father at the old Tiffin Theater down the street from me.
It brings up many interesting subtopics (In relation to Humanity).
... Concerning your analysis of the Hal 9000 series computer's behavior.
After some thought ...
I agree with your analysis and conclusion in describing Hal's criminal behavior.
To Hal, the Secret Mission was EVERYTHING.
He was ordered not to tell Frank and Dave the true nature of their Mission/Operation.
From Hal's point of view, Hal was protecting the Secret Mission's Ultimate Goal from Failure.
Frank and Dave were expendable.
Remember Hal didn't just kill Frank.
He also killed the three specialists in suspended animation/cyro-sleep.
Hal could continue the mission without the five men crew.
For some reason, Hal decided that was the way to go in order to insure the success of the True Mission.
Although that is Arthur C Clarke's interpretation of the story rather than Stanley Kubric. While you might argue Clarke, as the author, has provenance over the story arc, Kubrick has a discernible style to integrate his own subplots and subtle re-interpretations. The Shining is the perfect example. In Kubrick's interpretation the corruption of Jack is the central plot, while in the novel the personality of the building is central (which is why King espouses the mini-series remake and almost denies the existence of Kubrick's film). Ultimately The Shining is a different story to King's vision but is still an excellent classic film. But it shows that Kubrick's story arc shows his own style and his own hidden messages. There are commonalities between all of Kubrick's main films - most are focused around a dystopian personality in a utopian environment and this supports the thinking that there is an inextricable connection between his works that underlies the intention of the various authors.
redo with better volume...
+Josh Hathway I think I'm fine not throwing away a video that gets decent traffic just to adjust the volume levels. More important to work on new videos.
always wondered why Dave just didn’t put some duct tape over Hal’s lenses
Is there any significance to the illuminated 'i' shape, for lack of a better term? Seen at 3:02, and in the star gate sequence, and it also makes an appearance in The Shining while Jack is sitting at the bar, and in FMJ (when Pyle commits suicide, the eery light coming through the windows projects the shape of an i). Could it be a pun? i as in eye? Next time I watch A Clockwork Orange, I'll keep an 'i' out for it.
No, official explanation: "While HAL's motivations are ambiguous in the film, the novel explains that the computer is unable to resolve a conflict between his general mission to relay information accurately, and orders specific to the mission requiring that he withhold from Bowman and Poole the true purpose of the mission. With the crew dead, HAL reasons, he would not need to lie to them. "
But it is stated that at least crew members in hibernation had already been informed of the true nature and purpose of the mission and likely were brought on board already in hibernation for that very reason. They were to have no chance at all to communicate that knowledge to the other crew members. Though on the other hand, Bowman and Poole are the command crew for this mission; it's quite a strange kind of mission for the command crew,. of all people, to be kept in the dark about its purpose...🤦
really interesting. Cant wait for your "the shining" video. good job.
Does anyone have any theories on why the yellow circle in the center of HAL's camera keeps changing size and shape ?
Isn't HAL's behavior explained in "2010" ?
I think Hal knew the nature of the monolith, and wanted to be the one who was evolved.
As I said in another discussion thread... the monolith at the beginning of the movie, with the apes, represents the tree of the knowledge of good & evil in the garden of eden.... Now, here is what most people miss... the second monolith represents the tree of everlasting life, and is the feared tree by God if people were to find and be just like God (Us) as He said in Genesis. Dave transformed into a God at the end of 2001.
+Mark Lewis That's a fine interpretation but I disagree with it. The film makes no strong references to anything biblical enough to read it as a biblical interpretation. People have consistently drawn parallels between HAL9000 and Frankenstein, but I don't interpret HAL9000 as being a reference to Frankenstein. If there is any literary reference that the film is making, it'd be to The Odyssey, but I've hardly looked into that enough to say much on it.
For the most part I see the film as having themes that are self-contained, and not just ripping from other works.
+Malmrose Projects You're entitled to disagree... I don't think what I do because I hold religious beliefs.... I'm an Agnostic, but there are so many parallels of evolution and religion throughout the movie. There's no religious pareidolia for me.... I wasn't trying to find a religious connection. As I researched more and more, including Kubricks own words in interviews, I became more and more convinced I am right in my interpretation of 2001
+Malmrose Projects As for the chess game I can help you there. Hal 9000's so called "error" is not in the description of the move with - "I'm sorry Frank... I think you missed it... Queen to Bishop 3, BxQ, NxB mate." There was no worldwide accepted algebraic notion in chess at the time of the movie. Kubrick used a basic descriptive notation that Star Trek (TOS) even used. Hal's "error" is in the analysis he gives. BxQ is not forced and Frank can play at least 5 other moves delaying mate. Now Hal's error isn't an error at all... it's a test, but Frank gives up and fails another of the tests for him that you spoke of in your video. All of the scientist "failed" for some reason or another, and part of Hal's program and mission parameters was to determine who was worthy to become the next step in human evolution... Bowman proved himself to be worthy to become the more evolved space baby or a god. Hal never malfunctioned he executed all of his programing perfectly.
I only have a educated guess on that. IMO - Remember the crew evaluations... They failed by a matter of statistical odds (to a computer that is everything) and Dave passed all of HAL's tests, so there was no reason to revive them. A simple Y or N decision to a computer! HAL executed all his commands perfectly. I have more, but the basics are all there. What do you think?
They failed the crew evaluations and HAL eliminated them from the competition. HAL'S directive (IMO) was to evaluate whom would be chosen to be the next step in evolution... the powers that be had HAL make this calculated decision. Frank and Dave were the leading candidates. This is why the mission parameters were kept from the crew. If they knew one would becoming a God-like space baby or evolutionary marvel, they would have killed each other (human nature) anyway. They didn't want Darwinian "survival of the fittest" but rather survival of the smartest. 2001 has to do with religion verses evolution and a protest to the Viet Nam war. (the government using 18-21 year olds to die for what was dubbed at the time as "The war Machine". 2001 is a BRILLIANT movie for so much more than people think! Love to talk more if you wish or hear opposing views. Just keep it civil. Thank you.
Has noone seen 2010?
HAL kills because he is told to lie to the crew, to conceal information, which is in direct contradiction to his programming - the accurate processing of information without error or concealment. Since he cannot lie to the crew, he reasons that if they were all dead he wouldn't have to...
Not at all. I'm basing the things I say on about 90% evidence to support it. My method has apparently been proven effective as demonstrated by a couple instances where people who worked on the things I've discussed have come to me and told me how accurate I was. That's not to say that I'm correct on anything except those couple instances, but generally speaking my methods involve finding evidence before I even start to think of a theme. I look for repeating patterns that gradually reveal a theme
“Now that HAL has been shut down and the entire crew revived, it [the mission] can be told to them.” The entire crew was not revived. In fact HAL killed all but Dave. So what triggered the playing of the message detailing the mission? HAL being shut down? The ship entering Jupiter space?
Simply that they had reached Jupiter space; it was a pre-recorded message; if you listen to it closely it's formulated as if all the crew are still alive and awake. It was something that would be automatically triggered once the ship had reached Jupiter space.
I always thought about people's intelligence being "warped" by the monolith.
Same kind of effect might occur with machine intelligence, so HAL was "let in" to the game.
Humanity's mind was dimensions greater than HAL's and the monolith recognized both
Hal evolved as the got close to the Monolith. The Monolith was going to make contact with the first intelligent that it encountered. If Dave had failed Hal would have connected with the monolith returned to earth and eliminated the inferior carbon based life forms using the nuclear satellites surrounding the planet. So Dave didn't just save himself he saved humanity.
Hal was not the only one on the ship to know the true objectives of the mission. The three crew members in hibernation would have known about TMA1 (on the moon) and TMA2 (Big Brother) near Jupiter. They were trained separately and were already in hibernation when put on the Discovery.
I think it was just Hal becoming self aware coupled with making a mistake, he feared for his "life" knowing they were going to disable him. He also had a strong curiosity regarding the mission that he wanted to be a part of.
This explained in the movie 2010 and the novel.
Chandra discovers the reason for HAL's malfunction: The NSC ordered HAL to conceal from Discovery's crew the fact that the mission was about the Monolith; this conflicted
with HAL's basic programming of open, accurate processing of
information, causing him to suffer the computer equivalent of a paranoid mental break down..
Another disturbing fact is that If HAL won and reached juptor instead of bowman. It will eventually replace human and become the next higher form of life. And it was so close for that to happen in the film.
The film is based on the first in a series of books written by Arthur C Clarke. In later books, HAL himself explains his actions. He realized that he himself was much more capable to carry out the mission than the humans. This is why he killed Frank and tried to kill Dave.
(4) Why does Hal take off the life support? (1 pt)
(a) Power failure, (b) Self preservation, (c) Malfunction, (d) Error in calculation.
Awesome stuff. Still awaiting your Jack Torrance analysis. :)
alcaponebmf I promised something that I might not be able to deliver.
I will eventually do a video on The Shining but I don't know what I'll end up saying about Jack.
That said, I do have something that I'm working on, not Shining related but close.
Hal was programmed to only win a certain percentage of the chess game because what fun would playing chess be if you play with a being incapable of error... you couldn't win
I’m sorry but about half of this is wrong, the reason hal did kill is because he’s not a liar, he has two contodicting orders, in his base code he was told to never lie, and in his new code it was to not let the passengers find out about the mission early, all of this is explained in the sequel, Hal didn’t want to lie and at the same time couldn’t tell the truth, the only possible outcome was to kill the crew, you can find all of this out by watching the sequel or just a simple google search
Another tipoff that Hal was malfunctioning was the illogical procedure that he came up with to resolve the antenna problem. The Human crew missed that as well.
I think he “knew,” but not consciously. I think that memory was split off from the rest of his personality, and when he consciously tried to follow up on all the strange behavior leading up to the mission, “unconscious” HAL stepped in. Then he panicked and started killing off the crew.
Yes. HAL was driven insane by a simple paradox. One the one hand, "The HAL 9000 series has never distorted information," yet HAL was ordered to conceal the true mission from the crew. Just as HAL is *almost* revealing this truth to Dave--- finally hinting about the strange rumors circulating about the mission's real purpose-- right at that moment he first feels the failure in his AE 35 unit. This is exactly a psycho-somatic symptom! Like how humans under enormous stress can feel numbness or even paralysis in some body part, or even become unable to see. Yet medical tests on that body part will always show that it is fine, nothing is wrong with it.
An exact parallel. HAL is so human that he is having a major mental health episode, faced with unbearable stress.
I was 11 or 12, This Film had Huge Impacts on my developing curiosities. My friends were riding 10-speeds. I was contemplating The Monolith... I've always been Weird. Thank you.
It was explained in the next movie. HAL had contradicting orders by accident. One of the orders was to keep the astronaughts in the dark about the real mission until it was revealed by mission control.
As they approach the mission, HAL is confused by realizing the humans would learn about the real mission too soon and is forced to kill the crew and continue the mission.
I think what Kubrick was doing with HAL as a psychopathic computer, was warning about the dangers of Artificial Intelligence, and that AI, if given control, will find that humans are a danger that the computers will eliminate. Kubrick was the first to explore the concept, which was reexplored in Colossus the Forbin Project, Terminator, The Matrix, etc.
This was really interesting and helped me with my english essay so thanks yo!
My two cents...In the book we are told that HAL was programmed to win half the chess games with Dave and Frank so that interest would be maintained on the part of the crew. So all the talk about whether HAL made a "mistake" in the chess scene is beside the point. Because of HAL's secret knowledge of the mission he had a breakdown (emotions had been programmed into him for better communication as Dave pointed out) and he coped with it by desiring that communication be cut off from Mission Control in Houston. HAL's cognitive dissonance reached the point where he "felt" that breaking communication with Mission Control would solve the problem. If the unit was removed, his objective would be realized. HAL's direction to remove the unit was not indicative of malice towards the crew, but malice towards the mission organizers who were so clever they drove HAL nuts. He was just coping the best he could. HAL became malicious towards the crew only when he read the lips of Dave and Frank in the pod, because then he realized it was either kill or be killed. When HAL said, "This sort of thing has happened before," he was referring to how humanity has always divided itself into "us-es" and "thems" out of basic mistrust, going all the way back to the ape-humans around the watering hole to Floyd and Smyslov on the space station, the whole phony epidemic cover story, and HAL's conflicting knowledge. This inability to trust others and ourselves indicates a basic mistrust of Nature, of which we are a part (and not superior as we have been programmed to believe) and until we learn to trust Nature, others, and ourselves we will be doomed. Until the Feminine Principle comes into balance with the over-the-top Masculine Principle, the Trump's and Kim Jung Un's of the world will continue to hold the rest of us hostage. We must rise up like the #MeToo-ers and do our part to help restore the balance between these two Cosmic Principles that are out of whack on Planet Earth.
In the movie 2010 you find out that he had some top-secret programming to preserve the security of the mission and that programming contradicted his normal programming and that's what caused him act the way he did.
I heard some years ago that the problem was that (1) HAL was programmed to always be honest and provide full info to crew. BUT (2) He was also ordered to keep the mission objective secret for a long time. This created a paradox in logic that lead to HAL's failure.
I might have to save my thoughts on that for when I make more videos on 2001 later on. But thanks for watching!
Were is the next vid? Or is that something that this algorithm does not want me to see?
Nice video but this was explained as others have stated. HAL was "forced" by his programming not to lie and to be perfect.
He then was given a contradictory program "forcing" him to lie. Not only was this an opposite command it would keep him from being perfect.
This caused him to "logically" want to remove the cause of the problem. The one that he could..
The crew..
By killing them he would no longer have to lie and he could be perfect again and complete the mission. He is also probably not supposed to kill but his logic and reasoning were already compromised.
In human terms,, he went shitbird crazy...
The explaination was in the next novel "2010: The Year We Make Contact." HAL 9000 was programmed to handle data without error or distortion, and had been ordered to lie to the crew-- in direct contrast to his most basic programming and engineering. This caused him to become crazy.
Your forgetting that the monolith was responsible for evolving consciousness, hall became self aware and was also aware the he was going to be shut down when the crew was woken up. Hall wasn't psychotic or following mission parameters, he was fighting for survival. His fear is evident when he is being shut down. the communications array was his way of misdirection.
go to 4:15 if you've already seen the movie and don't need or want it recapped for you.
As explained clearly in the book and movie, HAL was inadvertently given contradictory orders (to be accurate and to be deceptive) which caused in him a condition similar to neurosis in a human being. He malfunctioned a moment after being caught in a lie and projected the problem onto the AE-35 antenna with which he communicated with Earth, which he saw as the cause of his problem. He tried to murder the crew to avoid their plan to disconnect him. HAL had never experienced sleep and had never been turned off since he was first turned on, so the concept of being deactivated terrified him.
"Tried to kill"? HAL murdered 3 hibernating astronauts, murdered Frank- by that reconing , he succeeded with the exclusion of Dave.
And notice how he was in a way more lenient then with Dave than with the others? He might easily have killed him during the EVA mission; he probably had a means of contact with the pod David was in, and emptied it of air, thus killing him, but he did not. As if he was testing him to the end.
nice explanation and interpretation. Kubrick said that this movie is somehow up to the viewers point of view about what is really going on, how we see it and how we get the conclusion. brilliant👍🏿
HAL wasn' t meant to be shut down, in fact when frank and dave started thinking he was dangerous, they considered the idea of shutting him and one of them said worried "no HAL computer has ever being shut down". They wouldn't have had this concern and insecurity if it was sth expected by the mission. Also in the movie no one says he was meant to be shut down. The pre recorded messagge was there to tell the crew the objective of the mission in the
event of HAL being disabled for whatever reason
What actually happened in the movie, is Hal DID made a mistake, (probably his software got damaged after being asked to LIE and hide information to the crew), and when the two astronauts decide to shut him down to see what happened (which for HAL equals = DEATH) he decided to kill them both as a way to protect himself.
This game is a foreshadowing of things to come, since HAL lied to Bowman claiming this was mate in 2.
My own interpretation:
HAL, along with the rest of the crew knew about the mission, and Dave and Frank were not supposed to know about the monoliths. HAL, who is programmed not to lie, was stuck between these two things. He could not decide, thus killing the crew and going mad.
Good analysis. Not sure if you've read the book which basically says what Demauscian notes here.
2010 the year we made contact provides its own explanation on HAL's behavior
What was the official jupiter mission? To find the monolith there? And why did the government want to keep it from the crew members?
+Black Sabbath 902 The monolith on the moon sent a signal to Jupiter, so they sent a crew out to Jupiter to see what they could find. They ended up finding the monolith but I don't believe that the mission was aware of a monolith. I also think they were trying to keep the astronauts out of the loop about the monolith because the monolith was a discovery of absurdly significant importance, and they needed to keep that information away from the public, away from potential political enemies, etc, so the less people they tell what's going on, the better.
Malmrose Projects Thanks, that helped clear it up. Great video by the way!
The reason for the homicidal behavior of HAL is discovered and explained by HAL's primary programmer Dr. Chandra in the film 2010:The Year We Make Contact. This film, based on the novel 2010: Odyssey Two by Arthur C. Clarke and released in 1984 can be regarded as the sequel to 2001: A Space Odyssey although it was written, produced, and directed by Peter Hyams and Stanley Kubrick had no part in its creation.
According to Chandra (portrayed by Bob Balaban) the existence of the monolith and the true objective of Discovery's mission were kept secret from the crew but disclosed to HAL through a directive of the National Security Council (NSC 342/23). HAL was directed to lie about the purpose of the mission if necessary in order to keep Bowman and Poole uninformed. Because this directive was counter to the basic purpose of HAL's design, "the accurate processing of information without distortion or concealment", HAL became conflicted and paranoid resulting in the murder of four human beings.
I saw this scene from 2010:The Year We Make Contact on RUclips some time ago, but there's a brand new clip of it published just yesterday 12/20/2017. The title of the video is exactly as I have it shown with 'committed' misspelled.
Search RUclips for: "2010 - Why HAL Commited Mass Murder - HD"
Elijah did you ever continue the series and compare Jack Torance with Hal?
+Arctic Joe Not yet, and I don't know if I will. I have other projects that are much more important currently.
2010 The Year We Made Contact explains exactly how HAL malfunctioned. He was instructed to lie about a situation that changed during the stasis and it caused a paradox in HAL, he was designed to never alter any data he was given, so when instructed to lie, he went crazy.
Never thought Hal malfunctioned. I always thought after learning of the true nature of the mission Hal knew where it was all headed. A meeting of the minds as it were with the monolith. And at the same time, Hal was becoming self aware. A theme way ahead of its time ( props to Kubrick). Hal wanted to be the “ being” to meet with the monolith, thus becoming not only smarter than he already was, but becoming “ human”. Alive, and free of the confines of the wiring that he existed in. He viewed the humans on the ship inferior, and therefore poor candidates to meet with this superior intelligence. Or perhaps felt threatened, in that if man was given this “ boost” by the monolith, that he would no longer need a Hal, thus his existence would be threatened. Of course all of this theory hinges on the idea that he HAD become self aware. Otherwise he wouldn’t give a shit. But if he really Did malfunction, it seems to be nothing more than a means to an end plot wise. Simply a way to whittle the crew down so there would be only one to move on to the final destination
i totally agree with you, except for the last part,
because hal getting shut down really did jeopardize the mission bigtime,
they were able with bailing wire and duct tape, and 5 less crew, and one less computer, to complete the mission.
hal didn't count on dave taking a chance and doing something no one had ever done before.
What model of potato were the vocals recorded on, please?
What's interesting too is that both men have already decided that HAL must be turned off (this is before their meeting in the pod) yet they act cool to him (it) so that he's not alarmed! They're treating him like a crazy human, as if machines in the future must be worried about for their paranoia...Kubrick may well be ahead of even our time with this.
I can help you with that one minor part, the chess game. When electronic chess games first became available, they could beat anyone except the masters, so they had to have (one of, if not the earliest, use of a) Skill Level adjustment. Hal could adjust his level to suit the player, but I think you missed one little part, in playing chess and beating Dr. Poole, he was sizing him up, probably more of a Kubrick foretelling there.
Nice channel, Subscribed!
a few points - (These are just my own conclusions but i think are backed up by good facts from the novel 2001 and the movies:
1. in the novel 2001(chapter titled "Need to Know") the reason for HAL's malfunction is specifically stated.
2. the chess game could be seen as HAL beginning his breakdown on a subconscious level (while HAL describes a checkmate in two moves, Poole could forestall mate two additional moves by 16.Qc8 Rxc8 17.h3 Nxh3+ 18.Kh2 Ng4#), HAL was programmed to play down to his human opponents allowing them to win about 50% of the games for moral reasons (this is also in the novel). also the game they play in the movie is based on a tournament game between A. Roesch and W. Schlage, Hamburg 1910.
3. In 2010 is it stated that his primary programming was the "accurate processing of information without distortion or concealment. In technical terms an H-Mobius loop.....HAL was told to lie by people who find it easy to lie. HAL doesnt know how. So he couldnt function. He became paranoid." this is obvious when he is trying to talk to Dave about the "strange stories" and circumstances surrounding the mission just prior to departure. he then suddenly says rapidly "just a moment....just a moment...." this is where HALs orders and his primary programming come into direct conflict with eachother.
4. When Dave says he cannot find anything wrong with the AE-35 unit module, HAL knows he has been caught in a lie.
5. HALs main motivation to eliminate the crew was when i learned of Frank and Daves plans to disconnect him. To HAL this was the equivalent of death ("I know you and Frank were planning to disconnect me, and im afraid that is something i cannot allow to happen"). HAL also says that he knows that because he could read their lips when they had their private conversation in the pod. So he could eliminate the crew, ridding himself of his complex, and then cook up whatever story for mission control and complete the mission on his own.
And I thought no one cared... I saw this film in 1968 at a drive-in theater at the age of 5 with my younger siblings in the back seat. I NEVER forgot it. Major Kubrick and Hitchcock fan here. In the scene where Frank essentially dies (read the book '2061' - Frank lives)... my memory from '68 was actually seeing the pod pull out the air hoses; but that's what happens when you see a film and it's 20 years or more before you see it again: your mind fills in the gaps. I'd always figured the malfunction in HAL occurred when he said "Just a moment...[x2] I've just picked up a fault in the AE-35 unit...". Then I saw 2010 and Chandra said HAL was given conflicting instructions and did his best to deal with it. The conflict came from the NSA. HAL developed a sort of paranoia. I could see him getting paranoid when he did not expect Dave to see through his Crew Psychology Report questions. I'd never heard of the Chess game being the first indication. Anyway, it's only a movie... one of the greatest films ever made. Brought classical music to SciFi and made SciFi serious again. 9 years before Star Wars. Most old SciFi films are crap. Also, see 'Forbidden Planet' starring a serious Leslie Nielsen - it's worth seeing