Indian National Congress FAQ: 1. What were the key factors leading to the establishment of the Indian National Congress (INC)? The INC's formation was influenced by various factors and remains a subject of debate among historians. Several theories attempt to explain its origins: Safety Valve Theory: This theory suggests that A.O. Hume, a retired British civil servant, founded the INC to provide a controlled platform for Indian grievances, thus preventing potential uprisings. Conspiracy Theory: This view, proposed by Rajani Palme Dutt, argues that the INC was a deliberate attempt by the British and Indian elites to suppress a popular revolution. Lightning Conductor Theory: Proposed by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, this theory posits that the INC was a natural outcome of growing Indian nationalism and a desire for self-governance. Modern historians believe early Congress leaders may have used Hume's involvement as a shield while actively working towards uniting nationalist forces. 2. What were the initial aims and objectives of the INC? W.C. Bonnerjee, the first President of the INC, outlined the following objectives: Fostering unity: Promote friendship and understanding among Indians from different backgrounds, transcending prejudices based on race, religion, or region. Building national consciousness: Consolidate feelings of national unity and a shared Indian identity. Channeling educated opinions: Provide a platform for educated Indians to express their views on pressing issues and influence policy. Guiding future actions: Determine a course of action for the betterment of India and its people. 3. Who were the key participants in the early INC, and were there any notable exclusions? The early INC was primarily dominated by lawyers and educated professionals. Notably absent were: Traditional elites: Rajas, Maharajas, Zamindars, and wealthy merchants were largely absent, possibly viewing the INC's liberal ideas as a threat to their existing power. Peasants and artisans: The Congress did not initially attract significant participation from the vast majority of India's population engaged in agriculture and crafts. 4. What was the significance of the 1907 Surat INC session? The 1907 Surat session marked a critical turning point in the INC's history. It witnessed a major split between the "Moderates" and "Extremists" within the Congress: Extremists: Led by figures like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal, they advocated for complete independence (Swaraj), boycotts of British goods, and national education. Moderates: Led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Surendranath Banerjea, they favored a more gradual approach and sought reforms within the existing British framework. The Surat session disintegrated due to the irreconcilable differences between these factions, leading to the suspension of the session and a temporary division within the INC. 5. How did the INC evolve its stance on Indian independence over time? The INC's stance on independence evolved significantly over the decades: Early Years: Initially, the INC focused on advocating for greater Indian representation within the British administration and reforms to address specific grievances. Rise of Extremism: The early 20th century saw a surge in the demand for complete independence (Swaraj) led by the Extremist faction within the INC. Non-Cooperation Movement: Under Mahatma Gandhi's leadership, the INC launched the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920, aiming to achieve Swaraj through peaceful resistance and civil disobedience. Purna Swaraj: In 1929, the INC, under Jawaharlal Nehru's presidency, adopted the "Purna Swaraj" resolution, declaring complete independence as its ultimate goal. 6. What were some of the crucial INC sessions that shaped the course of the Indian independence movement? 1885 (Bombay): The first session marked the formal establishment of the INC. 1906 (Calcutta): Swaraj was officially declared as the goal of the INC. 1916 (Lucknow): The Moderates and Extremists reunited, and an agreement was reached with the Muslim League for joint efforts towards self-rule. 1920 (Calcutta & Nagpur): The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched. 1929 (Lahore): The Purna Swaraj resolution for complete independence was passed. 7. What role did women play in the INC? While the early INC was male-dominated, women gradually became more involved: Annie Besant: Became the first woman president of the INC in 1917. Sarojini Naidu: Became the first Indian woman president of the INC in 1925. Other prominent women: Many other women participated in the freedom struggle through the INC, including Vijayalakshmi Pandit and Aruna Asaf Ali. 8. How did the INC contribute to the formation of an independent India? The INC played a pivotal role in India's path to independence: Uniting diverse groups: The INC brought together Indians from different regions, religions, and backgrounds under a shared national identity. Articulating demands: The INC provided a platform to voice Indian aspirations for self-rule and challenge British policies. Leading mass movements: The INC led major movements like the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Quit India Movement, mobilizing millions of Indians in the struggle for independence. Negotiating with the British: The INC engaged in negotiations with the British government, eventually leading to the transfer of power in 1947.
Discuss Indian National Congress. The Indian National Congress (INC) is a pivotal political party in India. The sources provide information about its foundation, objectives, significant sessions, and theories surrounding its establishment. Foundation and Objectives of the INC The INC was founded in 1885, marking a crucial point in India's struggle for independence. While many Indians contemplated a national organization, A.O. Hume, a retired English civil servant, played a key role in realizing this idea. He worked with prominent Indian leaders and organized the first INC session in Bombay in December 1885. Although Poona was initially chosen for the first conference, a cholera outbreak caused the venue to shift to Bombay. The inaugural meeting took place at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College on December 28, 1885. W.C. Bonnerjee, the first INC president, clearly defined the organization's objectives, which included: ●Fostering personal connections and friendship among countrymen ●Eliminating prejudices based on race, creed, or province ●Strengthening national unity ●Documenting educated opinions on pressing issues ●Planning future actions for public interest Participation and Theories Lawyers dominated the INC's membership, while the old aristocracy, like Rajas and wealthy merchants, were absent, possibly due to perceived threats from liberal and nationalist ideas. Peasants and artisans also lacked significant representation. Several theories attempt to explain the INC's foundation: ●Safety Valve Theory: This theory, supported by extremist leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai, suggests Hume created the INC to channel and control the rising discontent among Indians. ●Conspiracy Theory: Originating from the "safety valve" concept, Rajani Palme Dutt proposed that the INC was a conspiracy to suppress a potential uprising, involving both British officials and Indian bourgeois leaders. ●Lightning Conductor Theory: Gopal Krishna Gokhale suggested the INC arose from the desire of politically aware Indians to form a national body representing their political and economic demands. Modern historians believe that early INC leaders used Hume as a unifying figurehead, even if it maintained the appearance of a "safety valve". Important INC Sessions The early INC lacked strong structure, regular membership, or a central office, and held moderate views. However, it eventually led India to achieve freedom, sovereignty, and self-reliance within approximately sixty years. The podcast provide a timeline of important INC sessions, their presidents, and key outcomes: ●1885, Bombay: Formation of the INC, drawing 72 delegates from across India, including 54 Hindus, 2 Muslims, and other members representing Jain and Parsi communities. Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee served as the first president. ●1886, Calcutta: Decision to establish Provincial Congress Committees across the country. Dadabhai Naoroji was president. ●1887, Madras: Badruddin Tyabji became the first Muslim president. ●1888, Allahabad: George Yule became the first English president. ●1889: Sir William Wedderburn presided over the session where key resolutions were passed, including the adoption of the Congress creed and resolutions on education and agriculture. ●1901, Calcutta: Mahatma Gandhi's first appearance at an INC session, with resolutions passed on the drain of wealth and famine. Dinshaw Eduljee Wacha was president. ●1905, Banaras: Expression of resentment against the partition of Bengal and proclamation of the Swadeshi movement. Gopal Krishna Gokhale was president. ●1906, Calcutta: Adoption of Swaraj as a goal and condemnation of Bengal's partition. Dadabhai Naoroji presided. ●1907, Surat: The session ended in confusion and suspension due to disagreements between extremist leaders (Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal) pushing for radical resolutions and moderate leaders (Surendranath Banerjea, Gopal Krishna Gokhale) advocating a more cautious approach. However, Swaraj was declared as the Congress's aim. Rash Behari Ghosh was president. ●1916, Lucknow: Unification of moderates and extremists within the Congress, along with closer ties between the Congress and the All India Muslim League. Ambica Charan Mazumdar was president. ●1917, Calcutta: Annie Besant became the first woman president of the Congress. ●1920, Calcutta (special session): Discussion on the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and Khilafat Movement, leading to the resolution for launching the Non-Cooperation Movement. Lala Lajpat Rai was president. ●1920, Nagpur: Intensification of the Non-Cooperation Movement, urging boycotts of foreign trade and support from government servants. C. Vijayaraghavachariar was president. ●1923, Delhi (special session): Reaffirmation of non-violent non-cooperation principles and permission for Congress members to participate in upcoming elections. Maulana Mohammad Ali, the youngest president, presided. ●1924, Belgaum: The only INC session chaired by M.K. Gandhi. ●1925, Kanpur: Sarojini Naidu became the first Indian woman to lead the Congress. ●1929, Lahore: Passage of the historic "Purna Swaraj" (total independence) resolution. Jawaharlal Nehru was president. ●1931, Karachi: Resolution outlining fundamental rights, including socio-economic principles, and approval of the Irwin-Gandhi Pact. The session also acknowledged the sacrifices of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru while disapproving of political violence. Vallabbhai J. Patel was president. ●1936, Lucknow: Focus on economic and social upliftment and a resolution demanding complete independence from British rule. Jawaharlal Nehru was president. ●1937, Faizpur: The 50th session, held in a rural setting, reiterated the rejection of the Government of India Act 1935, called for a Constituent Assembly elected by adult suffrage, and showcased the influence of the Kisan Manifesto on the INC's agrarian program. Jawaharlal Nehru was president. ●1938, Haripura (Gujarat): Establishment of the National Planning Committee under Jawaharlal Nehru and reaffirmation of commitment to Poorna Swaraj and a responsible government. Subhas Chandra Bose was president. ●1939: Subhas Chandra Bose's re-election as president, his subsequent disagreements with a faction of the Working Committee, and his resignation. ●1946, Meerut: Resolutions passed for acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan, participation in the Constituent Assembly, and the formation of the National Planning Committee. J.B. Kripalani was president. ●1948, Jaipur: Resolutions passed to pay homage to Mahatma Gandhi, adopt the Objectives Resolution, and hold general elections. B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya was president.
Discuss INC Sessions. The Importance and Evolution of INC Sessions: The Indian National Congress (INC) held numerous sessions, both annually and on special occasions, from its founding in 1885 until India achieved independence in 1947. These sessions provided a platform for leaders and members to discuss the political situation, pass resolutions on key issues, and shape the course of India's struggle for freedom. Initially, the INC lacked strong organization and its views were moderate. Over time, however, the INC sessions became increasingly important as a forum for shaping the direction of the nationalist movement. The sessions attracted diverse participants, with the notable exceptions of the old aristocracy, peasants, and artisans. The following are some key insights about INC sessions: ●Early Sessions (1885-1905): The first session in 1885 in Bombay marked the formal establishment of the INC. Subsequent sessions focused on issues like education, agriculture, and the drain of wealth from India. Notably, Dadabhai Naoroji became the first Indian president of the INC in 1886, and the organization began establishing Provincial Congress Committees across the country during this session. ●Rise of Extremism and the Surat Split (1906-1916): As the nationalist movement gained momentum, divisions emerged within the INC between moderates and extremists. The 1906 Calcutta session saw the adoption of 'Swaraj' (self-rule) as a key goal. However, the 1907 Surat session witnessed a split between the two factions, with extremists like Bal Gangadhar Tilak advocating for a more assertive approach. ●Unity, Gandhi, and the Non-Cooperation Movement (1917-1929): The 1916 Lucknow session marked a reunification of moderates and extremists, and also saw closer ties between the INC and the All India Muslim League. Annie Besant became the first woman president in 1917. The 1920s saw the rise of Mahatma Gandhi and the launch of the Non-Cooperation Movement, a significant turning point in India's struggle for freedom. The special Calcutta session in 1920 passed a resolution initiating the Non-Cooperation Movement, which was further intensified in the Nagpur session later that year. ●The Push for 'Purna Swaraj' and the Karachi Resolution (1930-1939): The Lahore session in 1929 marked a decisive shift towards complete independence ('Purna Swaraj'). The 1931 Karachi session, presided over by Vallabhbhai Patel, is particularly noteworthy for its resolution outlining fundamental rights and socio-economic principles for an independent Indian state. ●Towards Independence (1940-1948): The INC sessions in the 1940s focused on navigating the challenges of World War II, negotiating with the British government, and preparing for independence. The 1946 Meerut session accepted the Cabinet Mission Plan and decided to participate in the Constituent Assembly. The final session in Jaipur in 1948 paid homage to Mahatma Gandhi and adopted the Objectives Resolution, laying the foundation for independent India. The INC sessions played a critical role in the evolution of India's nationalist movement, serving as a platform for debate, decision-making, and mobilization. The resolutions passed in these sessions, the leadership that emerged, and the strategies formulated profoundly impacted India's path to independence.
Discuss Independence movement. Here is a discussion about the Indian Independence movement, : The Indian Independence Movement and the Indian National Congress ●The Indian National Congress (INC), founded in 1885, played a crucial role in India's independence movement. Before the INC formed, various socio-political movements helped pave the way for its creation. The INC held numerous annual and special sessions to discuss India's political situation and to create resolutions addressing critical issues. These sessions helped shape the country's fight for freedom through collective, inclusive decision-making. ●While many Indians had considered the formation of an all-India organization for nationalist political activists, A.O. Hume, a retired English Civil Servant, was instrumental in making this idea a reality. Hume worked with important Indian leaders to organize the first INC session in Bombay in December of 1885. Hume's motivation for establishing this association was likely to provide a controlled outlet for the increasing discontent among educated Indians. ●The first INC meeting, originally planned for Poona under the name Indian National Union, was moved to Bombay due to a cholera outbreak. It was held on December 28, 1885 at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay. ●The INC's aims, as described by its first president, W.C. Bonnerjee, were: ○To foster personal intimacy and friendship among countrymen. ○To eliminate prejudices related to race, creed, or provinces. ○To solidify sentiments of national unity. ○To document the opinions of educated classes on pressing issues. ○To establish future courses of action in the public interest. ●The early INC membership mainly consisted of lawyers and lacked representation from certain groups: ○The old aristocracy, including Rajas, Maharajas, prominent Zamindars, and wealthy merchants, generally did not participate, as they saw the emerging liberal and nationalist ideas as a threat. ○Peasants and artisans did not join in large numbers either. ●Various theories attempt to explain the INC's foundation: ○Safety Valve Theory: This theory, supported by extremist leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai, suggests that Hume established the Congress to act as a "safety valve" for the growing discontent among Indians. ○Conspiracy Theory: Developed by Rajani Palme Dutt, this theory expands upon the "safety valve" concept and posits that the INC was created as part of a conspiracy to suppress a popular uprising in India. Dutt believed that India's middle-class leaders were also involved in this scheme. ○Lightning Conductor Theory: Gopal Krishna Gokhale put forward this theory, suggesting that the INC represented the desire of politically aware Indians to form a national entity that could voice their political and economic demands. Modern Indian historians believe that early Congress leaders used Hume to unite nationalist forces, even while maintaining the facade of a "safety valve". ●Important INC Sessions and Outcomes: ○1885, Mumbai: Led by President Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee, this session marked the formation of the Indian National Congress. Attended by 72 delegates from all Indian provinces, the session saw representation from various religious groups, including Hindus, Muslims, Jains, and Parsis. ○1886, Calcutta: This session, presided over by Dadabhai Naoroji, resulted in the decision to establish Provincial Congress Committees throughout the country. ○1887, Madras: Badruddin Tyabji became the first Muslim president of the INC. ○1888, Allahabad: George Yule became the first English president of the INC. ○1889: Under President Sir William Wedderburn, this session passed resolutions on the Congress creed, education, and agriculture. ○1901, Calcutta: This session marked Mahatma Gandhi's first appearance on the Congress platform. Resolutions on the drain of wealth and famine relief were also passed. ○1905, Banaras: With Gopal Krishna Gokhale as President, this session expressed resentment against the partition of Bengal and declared the Swadeshi movement. ○1906, Calcutta: Presided over by Dadabhai Naoroji, this session saw the adoption of Swaraj as a goal and condemned the Partition of Bengal. ○1907, Surat: This session, led by President Rash Behari Ghosh, witnessed a clash between extremist and moderate leaders, leading to its suspension. The Congress declared Swaraj as its objective. ○1916, Lucknow: Under President Ambica Charan Mazumdar, this session saw the unification of moderates and extremists within the Congress and a closing of ranks between the Congress and the All India Muslim League. ○1917, Calcutta: Annie Besant became the first woman president of the Congress. ○1920, Calcutta (special session): This session, with Lala Lajpat Rai as President, focused on the situation in India after the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the Khilafat Movement, ultimately launching the Non-Cooperation Movement. ○1920, Nagpur: Led by President C. Vijayaraghavachariar, this session sought to intensify the Non-Cooperation Movement, urging boycotts of foreign trade and encouraging government servants to support the national cause. ○1923, Delhi (special session): With Maulana Mohammad Ali, the youngest person to become president, presiding, this session reaffirmed commitment to non-violent non-cooperation and allowed Congress members to participate in upcoming elections. ○1924, Belgaum: This session marked the only one chaired by M.K. Gandhi. ○1925, Kanpur: Sarojini Naidu became the first Indian woman to lead the Congress. ○1929, Lahore: Under Jawaharlal Nehru's leadership, this session passed the "Purna Swaraj" (total independence) resolution. ○1931, Karachi: This session, with Vallabbhai J. Patel as President, approved the Irwin-Gandhi Pact and outlined socio-economic principles for the Indian state while condemning political violence. ○1936, Lucknow: This session, led by Jawaharlal Nehru, focused on economic and social upliftment and demanded full independence from British rule. ○1937, Faizpur: Jawaharlal Nehru presided over the 50th INC session, held in a rural setting for the first time. This session called for a Constituent Assembly elected by adult suffrage and emphasized agrarian reform. ○1938, Haripura (Gujarat): Subhas Chandra Bose, the president, oversaw the establishment of the National Planning Committee under Jawaharlal Nehru and reinforced the commitment to achieving "Poorna Swaraj" and a responsible government. ○1939: Subhas Chandra Bose was re-elected as president, defeating Gandhi's supported candidate. Disagreements between Bose and a faction of the Working Committee led to his resignation. ○1946, Meerut: J.B. Kripalani, the president, oversaw resolutions that included accepting the Cabinet Mission Plan, participating in the Constituent Assembly, and forming the National Planning Committee. ○1948, Jaipur: B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya led this session, which saw resolutions passed paying homage to Mahatma Gandhi, adopting the Objectives Resolution, and holding general elections. These events and sessions illustrate the INC's crucial role in India's journey toward independence.
Discuss Congress theories. Theories on the Foundation of the Indian National Congress: There are multiple theories surrounding the foundation of the Indian National Congress (INC). ●Safety Valve Theory: This theory suggests that A.O. Hume, a retired English Civil Servant, founded the Congress as a "safety valve" to manage growing discontent among educated Indians. This view was supported by extremist leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai. ●Conspiracy Theory: Building upon the safety valve theory, Rajani Palme Dutt proposed that the INC's establishment was a conspiracy to suppress a potential uprising in India, involving both British officials and Indian bourgeois leaders. ●Lightning Conductor Theory: Gopal Krishna Gokhale put forward the "lightning conductor theory," positing that the INC emerged from politically aware Indians' desire to create a national entity to voice their political and economic demands. Modern Indian historians suggest that early Congress leaders might have used Hume as a "lightning conductor" to unite nationalist forces while maintaining the appearance of a "safety valve." These theories provide different perspectives on the motivations behind the INC's formation and its role in the Indian independence movement.
Discuss Key resolutions. Here are some of the key resolutions passed at the Indian National Congress (INC) sessions: ●Formation of Indian National Congress (1885): The first session of the INC, held in Bombay, resulted in the formation of the organization itself. The Congress's objectives were outlined, including promoting friendship among countrymen, eliminating prejudices, consolidating national unity, recording educated opinions on pressing issues, and determining future courses of action. ●Establishment of Provincial Congress Committees (1886): During the Calcutta session, the INC decided to establish Provincial Congress Committees across India to extend its reach and influence. ●Adoption of the Congress Creed and Resolutions on Education and Agriculture (1889): The Allahabad session saw the adoption of the Congress creed and the passage of resolutions on education and agriculture, indicating the organization's focus on key societal issues. ●Resolutions on the Drain of Wealth and Famine (1901): The Calcutta session, which marked Mahatma Gandhi's first appearance at the Congress platform, witnessed resolutions addressing the economic drain of wealth from India and the issue of famine. ●Swadeshi Movement and Opposition to Bengal Partition (1905): The Banaras session saw the INC expressing resentment against the partition of Bengal and proclaiming the Swadeshi movement, advocating for the use of Indian-made goods. ●Swaraj as the Goal and Condemnation of Bengal Partition (1906): At the Calcutta session, the INC adopted Swaraj (self-rule) as its goal and continued its condemnation of the Bengal partition. ●Declaration of Swaraj (1907): Despite a split between extremist and moderate leaders, the Surat session ultimately saw the Congress formally declaring Swaraj as its aim. ●Unification of Moderates and Extremists and Alliance with the Muslim League (1916): The Lucknow session marked a significant moment with the unification of the moderates and extremists within the Congress. It also saw the strengthening of ties between the Congress and the All India Muslim League. ●Launching the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920): The special session in Calcutta, called to address the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the Khilafat Movement, saw the resolution to launch the Non-Cooperation Movement against British rule. ●Intensification of Non-Cooperation (1920): The Nagpur session focused on intensifying the Non-Cooperation Movement, urging boycotts of foreign trade and encouraging government servants to support the national cause. ●Reaffirmation of Non-Cooperation and Council Entry (1923): The Delhi special session saw the Congress reaffirming its commitment to non-violent non-cooperation while deciding to allow members to participate in upcoming elections. ●Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence) Resolution (1929): The Lahore session witnessed the passage of the historic 'Purna Swaraj' resolution, demanding complete independence from British rule. ●Fundamental Rights and Socio-Economic Principles (1931): The Karachi session was notable for its resolution outlining fundamental rights and socio-economic principles for the Indian state to adhere to. This session also expressed appreciation for the sacrifices of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru while disapproving of political violence. ●Demand for Full Independence and Focus on Social Upliftment (1936): The Lucknow session saw the INC passing a resolution demanding full independence and emphasizing the economic and social upliftment of Indians. ●Rejection of the Government of India Act and Call for a Constituent Assembly (1937): The Faizpur session, the first held in a rural setting, reiterated the rejection of the Government of India Act 1935 and called for a Constituent Assembly elected through adult suffrage. ●National Planning Committee (1938): The Haripura session saw the establishment of the National Planning Committee under Jawaharlal Nehru, highlighting the Congress's focus on economic planning. ●Acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan and Participation in the Constituent Assembly (1946): The Meerut session marked a crucial step towards independence, with the Congress accepting the Cabinet Mission Plan and deciding to participate in the Constituent Assembly. ●Homage to Mahatma Gandhi and Adoption of the Objectives Resolution (1948): The Jaipur session, held after India's independence, paid homage to Mahatma Gandhi and adopted the Objectives Resolution, laying the groundwork for the Indian Constitution. These resolutions demonstrate the evolving goals and strategies of the INC throughout its history, from initial moderate demands to the eventual call for complete independence and the establishment of a sovereign Indian nation. They also showcase the organization's focus on social, economic, and political reforms aimed at uplifting the Indian people.
Indian National Congress FAQ:
1. What were the key factors leading to the establishment of the Indian National Congress (INC)?
The INC's formation was influenced by various factors and remains a subject of debate among historians. Several theories attempt to explain its origins:
Safety Valve Theory: This theory suggests that A.O. Hume, a retired British civil servant, founded the INC to provide a controlled platform for Indian grievances, thus preventing potential uprisings.
Conspiracy Theory: This view, proposed by Rajani Palme Dutt, argues that the INC was a deliberate attempt by the British and Indian elites to suppress a popular revolution.
Lightning Conductor Theory: Proposed by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, this theory posits that the INC was a natural outcome of growing Indian nationalism and a desire for self-governance.
Modern historians believe early Congress leaders may have used Hume's involvement as a shield while actively working towards uniting nationalist forces.
2. What were the initial aims and objectives of the INC?
W.C. Bonnerjee, the first President of the INC, outlined the following objectives:
Fostering unity: Promote friendship and understanding among Indians from different backgrounds, transcending prejudices based on race, religion, or region.
Building national consciousness: Consolidate feelings of national unity and a shared Indian identity.
Channeling educated opinions: Provide a platform for educated Indians to express their views on pressing issues and influence policy.
Guiding future actions: Determine a course of action for the betterment of India and its people.
3. Who were the key participants in the early INC, and were there any notable exclusions?
The early INC was primarily dominated by lawyers and educated professionals. Notably absent were:
Traditional elites: Rajas, Maharajas, Zamindars, and wealthy merchants were largely absent, possibly viewing the INC's liberal ideas as a threat to their existing power.
Peasants and artisans: The Congress did not initially attract significant participation from the vast majority of India's population engaged in agriculture and crafts.
4. What was the significance of the 1907 Surat INC session?
The 1907 Surat session marked a critical turning point in the INC's history. It witnessed a major split between the "Moderates" and "Extremists" within the Congress:
Extremists: Led by figures like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal, they advocated for complete independence (Swaraj), boycotts of British goods, and national education.
Moderates: Led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Surendranath Banerjea, they favored a more gradual approach and sought reforms within the existing British framework.
The Surat session disintegrated due to the irreconcilable differences between these factions, leading to the suspension of the session and a temporary division within the INC.
5. How did the INC evolve its stance on Indian independence over time?
The INC's stance on independence evolved significantly over the decades:
Early Years: Initially, the INC focused on advocating for greater Indian representation within the British administration and reforms to address specific grievances.
Rise of Extremism: The early 20th century saw a surge in the demand for complete independence (Swaraj) led by the Extremist faction within the INC.
Non-Cooperation Movement: Under Mahatma Gandhi's leadership, the INC launched the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920, aiming to achieve Swaraj through peaceful resistance and civil disobedience.
Purna Swaraj: In 1929, the INC, under Jawaharlal Nehru's presidency, adopted the "Purna Swaraj" resolution, declaring complete independence as its ultimate goal.
6. What were some of the crucial INC sessions that shaped the course of the Indian independence movement?
1885 (Bombay): The first session marked the formal establishment of the INC.
1906 (Calcutta): Swaraj was officially declared as the goal of the INC.
1916 (Lucknow): The Moderates and Extremists reunited, and an agreement was reached with the Muslim League for joint efforts towards self-rule.
1920 (Calcutta & Nagpur): The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched.
1929 (Lahore): The Purna Swaraj resolution for complete independence was passed.
7. What role did women play in the INC?
While the early INC was male-dominated, women gradually became more involved:
Annie Besant: Became the first woman president of the INC in 1917.
Sarojini Naidu: Became the first Indian woman president of the INC in 1925.
Other prominent women: Many other women participated in the freedom struggle through the INC, including Vijayalakshmi Pandit and Aruna Asaf Ali.
8. How did the INC contribute to the formation of an independent India?
The INC played a pivotal role in India's path to independence:
Uniting diverse groups: The INC brought together Indians from different regions, religions, and backgrounds under a shared national identity.
Articulating demands: The INC provided a platform to voice Indian aspirations for self-rule and challenge British policies.
Leading mass movements: The INC led major movements like the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Quit India Movement, mobilizing millions of Indians in the struggle for independence.
Negotiating with the British: The INC engaged in negotiations with the British government, eventually leading to the transfer of power in 1947.
Discuss Indian National Congress.
The Indian National Congress (INC) is a pivotal political party in India. The sources provide information about its foundation, objectives, significant sessions, and theories surrounding its establishment.
Foundation and Objectives of the INC
The INC was founded in 1885, marking a crucial point in India's struggle for independence. While many Indians contemplated a national organization, A.O. Hume, a retired English civil servant, played a key role in realizing this idea. He worked with prominent Indian leaders and organized the first INC session in Bombay in December 1885.
Although Poona was initially chosen for the first conference, a cholera outbreak caused the venue to shift to Bombay. The inaugural meeting took place at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College on December 28, 1885.
W.C. Bonnerjee, the first INC president, clearly defined the organization's objectives, which included:
●Fostering personal connections and friendship among countrymen
●Eliminating prejudices based on race, creed, or province
●Strengthening national unity
●Documenting educated opinions on pressing issues
●Planning future actions for public interest
Participation and Theories
Lawyers dominated the INC's membership, while the old aristocracy, like Rajas and wealthy merchants, were absent, possibly due to perceived threats from liberal and nationalist ideas. Peasants and artisans also lacked significant representation.
Several theories attempt to explain the INC's foundation:
●Safety Valve Theory: This theory, supported by extremist leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai, suggests Hume created the INC to channel and control the rising discontent among Indians.
●Conspiracy Theory: Originating from the "safety valve" concept, Rajani Palme Dutt proposed that the INC was a conspiracy to suppress a potential uprising, involving both British officials and Indian bourgeois leaders.
●Lightning Conductor Theory: Gopal Krishna Gokhale suggested the INC arose from the desire of politically aware Indians to form a national body representing their political and economic demands. Modern historians believe that early INC leaders used Hume as a unifying figurehead, even if it maintained the appearance of a "safety valve".
Important INC Sessions
The early INC lacked strong structure, regular membership, or a central office, and held moderate views. However, it eventually led India to achieve freedom, sovereignty, and self-reliance within approximately sixty years.
The podcast provide a timeline of important INC sessions, their presidents, and key outcomes:
●1885, Bombay: Formation of the INC, drawing 72 delegates from across India, including 54 Hindus, 2 Muslims, and other members representing Jain and Parsi communities. Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee served as the first president.
●1886, Calcutta: Decision to establish Provincial Congress Committees across the country. Dadabhai Naoroji was president.
●1887, Madras: Badruddin Tyabji became the first Muslim president.
●1888, Allahabad: George Yule became the first English president.
●1889: Sir William Wedderburn presided over the session where key resolutions were passed, including the adoption of the Congress creed and resolutions on education and agriculture.
●1901, Calcutta: Mahatma Gandhi's first appearance at an INC session, with resolutions passed on the drain of wealth and famine. Dinshaw Eduljee Wacha was president.
●1905, Banaras: Expression of resentment against the partition of Bengal and proclamation of the Swadeshi movement. Gopal Krishna Gokhale was president.
●1906, Calcutta: Adoption of Swaraj as a goal and condemnation of Bengal's partition. Dadabhai Naoroji presided.
●1907, Surat: The session ended in confusion and suspension due to disagreements between extremist leaders (Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal) pushing for radical resolutions and moderate leaders (Surendranath Banerjea, Gopal Krishna Gokhale) advocating a more cautious approach. However, Swaraj was declared as the Congress's aim. Rash Behari Ghosh was president.
●1916, Lucknow: Unification of moderates and extremists within the Congress, along with closer ties between the Congress and the All India Muslim League. Ambica Charan Mazumdar was president.
●1917, Calcutta: Annie Besant became the first woman president of the Congress.
●1920, Calcutta (special session): Discussion on the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and Khilafat Movement, leading to the resolution for launching the Non-Cooperation Movement. Lala Lajpat Rai was president.
●1920, Nagpur: Intensification of the Non-Cooperation Movement, urging boycotts of foreign trade and support from government servants. C. Vijayaraghavachariar was president.
●1923, Delhi (special session): Reaffirmation of non-violent non-cooperation principles and permission for Congress members to participate in upcoming elections. Maulana Mohammad Ali, the youngest president, presided.
●1924, Belgaum: The only INC session chaired by M.K. Gandhi.
●1925, Kanpur: Sarojini Naidu became the first Indian woman to lead the Congress.
●1929, Lahore: Passage of the historic "Purna Swaraj" (total independence) resolution. Jawaharlal Nehru was president.
●1931, Karachi: Resolution outlining fundamental rights, including socio-economic principles, and approval of the Irwin-Gandhi Pact. The session also acknowledged the sacrifices of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru while disapproving of political violence. Vallabbhai J. Patel was president.
●1936, Lucknow: Focus on economic and social upliftment and a resolution demanding complete independence from British rule. Jawaharlal Nehru was president.
●1937, Faizpur: The 50th session, held in a rural setting, reiterated the rejection of the Government of India Act 1935, called for a Constituent Assembly elected by adult suffrage, and showcased the influence of the Kisan Manifesto on the INC's agrarian program. Jawaharlal Nehru was president.
●1938, Haripura (Gujarat): Establishment of the National Planning Committee under Jawaharlal Nehru and reaffirmation of commitment to Poorna Swaraj and a responsible government. Subhas Chandra Bose was president.
●1939: Subhas Chandra Bose's re-election as president, his subsequent disagreements with a faction of the Working Committee, and his resignation.
●1946, Meerut: Resolutions passed for acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan, participation in the Constituent Assembly, and the formation of the National Planning Committee. J.B. Kripalani was president.
●1948, Jaipur: Resolutions passed to pay homage to Mahatma Gandhi, adopt the Objectives Resolution, and hold general elections. B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya was president.
Discuss INC Sessions.
The Importance and Evolution of INC Sessions:
The Indian National Congress (INC) held numerous sessions, both annually and on special occasions, from its founding in 1885 until India achieved independence in 1947. These sessions provided a platform for leaders and members to discuss the political situation, pass resolutions on key issues, and shape the course of India's struggle for freedom.
Initially, the INC lacked strong organization and its views were moderate. Over time, however, the INC sessions became increasingly important as a forum for shaping the direction of the nationalist movement. The sessions attracted diverse participants, with the notable exceptions of the old aristocracy, peasants, and artisans. The following are some key insights about INC sessions:
●Early Sessions (1885-1905): The first session in 1885 in Bombay marked the formal establishment of the INC. Subsequent sessions focused on issues like education, agriculture, and the drain of wealth from India. Notably, Dadabhai Naoroji became the first Indian president of the INC in 1886, and the organization began establishing Provincial Congress Committees across the country during this session.
●Rise of Extremism and the Surat Split (1906-1916): As the nationalist movement gained momentum, divisions emerged within the INC between moderates and extremists. The 1906 Calcutta session saw the adoption of 'Swaraj' (self-rule) as a key goal. However, the 1907 Surat session witnessed a split between the two factions, with extremists like Bal Gangadhar Tilak advocating for a more assertive approach.
●Unity, Gandhi, and the Non-Cooperation Movement (1917-1929): The 1916 Lucknow session marked a reunification of moderates and extremists, and also saw closer ties between the INC and the All India Muslim League. Annie Besant became the first woman president in 1917. The 1920s saw the rise of Mahatma Gandhi and the launch of the Non-Cooperation Movement, a significant turning point in India's struggle for freedom. The special Calcutta session in 1920 passed a resolution initiating the Non-Cooperation Movement, which was further intensified in the Nagpur session later that year.
●The Push for 'Purna Swaraj' and the Karachi Resolution (1930-1939): The Lahore session in 1929 marked a decisive shift towards complete independence ('Purna Swaraj'). The 1931 Karachi session, presided over by Vallabhbhai Patel, is particularly noteworthy for its resolution outlining fundamental rights and socio-economic principles for an independent Indian state.
●Towards Independence (1940-1948): The INC sessions in the 1940s focused on navigating the challenges of World War II, negotiating with the British government, and preparing for independence. The 1946 Meerut session accepted the Cabinet Mission Plan and decided to participate in the Constituent Assembly. The final session in Jaipur in 1948 paid homage to Mahatma Gandhi and adopted the Objectives Resolution, laying the foundation for independent India.
The INC sessions played a critical role in the evolution of India's nationalist movement, serving as a platform for debate, decision-making, and mobilization. The resolutions passed in these sessions, the leadership that emerged, and the strategies formulated profoundly impacted India's path to independence.
Discuss Independence movement.
Here is a discussion about the Indian Independence movement, :
The Indian Independence Movement and the Indian National Congress
●The Indian National Congress (INC), founded in 1885, played a crucial role in India's independence movement. Before the INC formed, various socio-political movements helped pave the way for its creation. The INC held numerous annual and special sessions to discuss India's political situation and to create resolutions addressing critical issues. These sessions helped shape the country's fight for freedom through collective, inclusive decision-making.
●While many Indians had considered the formation of an all-India organization for nationalist political activists, A.O. Hume, a retired English Civil Servant, was instrumental in making this idea a reality. Hume worked with important Indian leaders to organize the first INC session in Bombay in December of 1885. Hume's motivation for establishing this association was likely to provide a controlled outlet for the increasing discontent among educated Indians.
●The first INC meeting, originally planned for Poona under the name Indian National Union, was moved to Bombay due to a cholera outbreak. It was held on December 28, 1885 at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay.
●The INC's aims, as described by its first president, W.C. Bonnerjee, were:
○To foster personal intimacy and friendship among countrymen.
○To eliminate prejudices related to race, creed, or provinces.
○To solidify sentiments of national unity.
○To document the opinions of educated classes on pressing issues.
○To establish future courses of action in the public interest.
●The early INC membership mainly consisted of lawyers and lacked representation from certain groups:
○The old aristocracy, including Rajas, Maharajas, prominent Zamindars, and wealthy merchants, generally did not participate, as they saw the emerging liberal and nationalist ideas as a threat.
○Peasants and artisans did not join in large numbers either.
●Various theories attempt to explain the INC's foundation:
○Safety Valve Theory: This theory, supported by extremist leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai, suggests that Hume established the Congress to act as a "safety valve" for the growing discontent among Indians.
○Conspiracy Theory: Developed by Rajani Palme Dutt, this theory expands upon the "safety valve" concept and posits that the INC was created as part of a conspiracy to suppress a popular uprising in India. Dutt believed that India's middle-class leaders were also involved in this scheme.
○Lightning Conductor Theory: Gopal Krishna Gokhale put forward this theory, suggesting that the INC represented the desire of politically aware Indians to form a national entity that could voice their political and economic demands. Modern Indian historians believe that early Congress leaders used Hume to unite nationalist forces, even while maintaining the facade of a "safety valve".
●Important INC Sessions and Outcomes:
○1885, Mumbai: Led by President Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee, this session marked the formation of the Indian National Congress. Attended by 72 delegates from all Indian provinces, the session saw representation from various religious groups, including Hindus, Muslims, Jains, and Parsis.
○1886, Calcutta: This session, presided over by Dadabhai Naoroji, resulted in the decision to establish Provincial Congress Committees throughout the country.
○1887, Madras: Badruddin Tyabji became the first Muslim president of the INC.
○1888, Allahabad: George Yule became the first English president of the INC.
○1889: Under President Sir William Wedderburn, this session passed resolutions on the Congress creed, education, and agriculture.
○1901, Calcutta: This session marked Mahatma Gandhi's first appearance on the Congress platform. Resolutions on the drain of wealth and famine relief were also passed.
○1905, Banaras: With Gopal Krishna Gokhale as President, this session expressed resentment against the partition of Bengal and declared the Swadeshi movement.
○1906, Calcutta: Presided over by Dadabhai Naoroji, this session saw the adoption of Swaraj as a goal and condemned the Partition of Bengal.
○1907, Surat: This session, led by President Rash Behari Ghosh, witnessed a clash between extremist and moderate leaders, leading to its suspension. The Congress declared Swaraj as its objective.
○1916, Lucknow: Under President Ambica Charan Mazumdar, this session saw the unification of moderates and extremists within the Congress and a closing of ranks between the Congress and the All India Muslim League.
○1917, Calcutta: Annie Besant became the first woman president of the Congress.
○1920, Calcutta (special session): This session, with Lala Lajpat Rai as President, focused on the situation in India after the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the Khilafat Movement, ultimately launching the Non-Cooperation Movement.
○1920, Nagpur: Led by President C. Vijayaraghavachariar, this session sought to intensify the Non-Cooperation Movement, urging boycotts of foreign trade and encouraging government servants to support the national cause.
○1923, Delhi (special session): With Maulana Mohammad Ali, the youngest person to become president, presiding, this session reaffirmed commitment to non-violent non-cooperation and allowed Congress members to participate in upcoming elections.
○1924, Belgaum: This session marked the only one chaired by M.K. Gandhi.
○1925, Kanpur: Sarojini Naidu became the first Indian woman to lead the Congress.
○1929, Lahore: Under Jawaharlal Nehru's leadership, this session passed the "Purna Swaraj" (total independence) resolution.
○1931, Karachi: This session, with Vallabbhai J. Patel as President, approved the Irwin-Gandhi Pact and outlined socio-economic principles for the Indian state while condemning political violence.
○1936, Lucknow: This session, led by Jawaharlal Nehru, focused on economic and social upliftment and demanded full independence from British rule.
○1937, Faizpur: Jawaharlal Nehru presided over the 50th INC session, held in a rural setting for the first time. This session called for a Constituent Assembly elected by adult suffrage and emphasized agrarian reform.
○1938, Haripura (Gujarat): Subhas Chandra Bose, the president, oversaw the establishment of the National Planning Committee under Jawaharlal Nehru and reinforced the commitment to achieving "Poorna Swaraj" and a responsible government.
○1939: Subhas Chandra Bose was re-elected as president, defeating Gandhi's supported candidate. Disagreements between Bose and a faction of the Working Committee led to his resignation.
○1946, Meerut: J.B. Kripalani, the president, oversaw resolutions that included accepting the Cabinet Mission Plan, participating in the Constituent Assembly, and forming the National Planning Committee.
○1948, Jaipur: B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya led this session, which saw resolutions passed paying homage to Mahatma Gandhi, adopting the Objectives Resolution, and holding general elections.
These events and sessions illustrate the INC's crucial role in India's journey toward independence.
Discuss Congress theories.
Theories on the Foundation of the Indian National Congress:
There are multiple theories surrounding the foundation of the Indian National Congress (INC).
●Safety Valve Theory: This theory suggests that A.O. Hume, a retired English Civil Servant, founded the Congress as a "safety valve" to manage growing discontent among educated Indians. This view was supported by extremist leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai.
●Conspiracy Theory: Building upon the safety valve theory, Rajani Palme Dutt proposed that the INC's establishment was a conspiracy to suppress a potential uprising in India, involving both British officials and Indian bourgeois leaders.
●Lightning Conductor Theory: Gopal Krishna Gokhale put forward the "lightning conductor theory," positing that the INC emerged from politically aware Indians' desire to create a national entity to voice their political and economic demands. Modern Indian historians suggest that early Congress leaders might have used Hume as a "lightning conductor" to unite nationalist forces while maintaining the appearance of a "safety valve."
These theories provide different perspectives on the motivations behind the INC's formation and its role in the Indian independence movement.
Discuss Key resolutions.
Here are some of the key resolutions passed at the Indian National Congress (INC) sessions:
●Formation of Indian National Congress (1885): The first session of the INC, held in Bombay, resulted in the formation of the organization itself. The Congress's objectives were outlined, including promoting friendship among countrymen, eliminating prejudices, consolidating national unity, recording educated opinions on pressing issues, and determining future courses of action.
●Establishment of Provincial Congress Committees (1886): During the Calcutta session, the INC decided to establish Provincial Congress Committees across India to extend its reach and influence.
●Adoption of the Congress Creed and Resolutions on Education and Agriculture (1889): The Allahabad session saw the adoption of the Congress creed and the passage of resolutions on education and agriculture, indicating the organization's focus on key societal issues.
●Resolutions on the Drain of Wealth and Famine (1901): The Calcutta session, which marked Mahatma Gandhi's first appearance at the Congress platform, witnessed resolutions addressing the economic drain of wealth from India and the issue of famine.
●Swadeshi Movement and Opposition to Bengal Partition (1905): The Banaras session saw the INC expressing resentment against the partition of Bengal and proclaiming the Swadeshi movement, advocating for the use of Indian-made goods.
●Swaraj as the Goal and Condemnation of Bengal Partition (1906): At the Calcutta session, the INC adopted Swaraj (self-rule) as its goal and continued its condemnation of the Bengal partition.
●Declaration of Swaraj (1907): Despite a split between extremist and moderate leaders, the Surat session ultimately saw the Congress formally declaring Swaraj as its aim.
●Unification of Moderates and Extremists and Alliance with the Muslim League (1916): The Lucknow session marked a significant moment with the unification of the moderates and extremists within the Congress. It also saw the strengthening of ties between the Congress and the All India Muslim League.
●Launching the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920): The special session in Calcutta, called to address the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the Khilafat Movement, saw the resolution to launch the Non-Cooperation Movement against British rule.
●Intensification of Non-Cooperation (1920): The Nagpur session focused on intensifying the Non-Cooperation Movement, urging boycotts of foreign trade and encouraging government servants to support the national cause.
●Reaffirmation of Non-Cooperation and Council Entry (1923): The Delhi special session saw the Congress reaffirming its commitment to non-violent non-cooperation while deciding to allow members to participate in upcoming elections.
●Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence) Resolution (1929): The Lahore session witnessed the passage of the historic 'Purna Swaraj' resolution, demanding complete independence from British rule.
●Fundamental Rights and Socio-Economic Principles (1931): The Karachi session was notable for its resolution outlining fundamental rights and socio-economic principles for the Indian state to adhere to. This session also expressed appreciation for the sacrifices of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru while disapproving of political violence.
●Demand for Full Independence and Focus on Social Upliftment (1936): The Lucknow session saw the INC passing a resolution demanding full independence and emphasizing the economic and social upliftment of Indians.
●Rejection of the Government of India Act and Call for a Constituent Assembly (1937): The Faizpur session, the first held in a rural setting, reiterated the rejection of the Government of India Act 1935 and called for a Constituent Assembly elected through adult suffrage.
●National Planning Committee (1938): The Haripura session saw the establishment of the National Planning Committee under Jawaharlal Nehru, highlighting the Congress's focus on economic planning.
●Acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan and Participation in the Constituent Assembly (1946): The Meerut session marked a crucial step towards independence, with the Congress accepting the Cabinet Mission Plan and deciding to participate in the Constituent Assembly.
●Homage to Mahatma Gandhi and Adoption of the Objectives Resolution (1948): The Jaipur session, held after India's independence, paid homage to Mahatma Gandhi and adopted the Objectives Resolution, laying the groundwork for the Indian Constitution.
These resolutions demonstrate the evolving goals and strategies of the INC throughout its history, from initial moderate demands to the eventual call for complete independence and the establishment of a sovereign Indian nation. They also showcase the organization's focus on social, economic, and political reforms aimed at uplifting the Indian people.