Thank you Jason for the opportunity to further my education. I'm 66 and have not attended college since the 70's. Since I've retired i have too much free time and was wondering what to do. Then i discovered your channel and thought i ought to give it a shot. I've always been interested in astronomy and cosmology , and the fact that we are just a small tiny planet amongst a trillion trillion trillion planets in the observable universe makes me feel humble. I want to know more about how this universe works. Respectfully , A big fan.
I can't express enough how grateful I am for your channel. Your videos have helped me understand complex scientific concepts in an easily digestible way
I'm so sad I watched all the videos... I watched them all while I sleep, then rewatched them while awake to see all the pictures) And now I don't know what to do)) Thanks a lot for such a content!!!
Well, I'd like to invite you to become a Patreon Supporter. It's where I do early announcements of upcoming content: www.patreon.com/JasonKendallAstronomer
08:15 🤖 Kepler's Law and Newton's Version 11:12 📊 Data Analysis and Orbital Parameters 14:01 📊 Mass Calculation and Dynamic Value 16:47 🚀 Measuring the Size of a White Dwarf 19:03 💡 Determining the Mass of a White Dwarf 21:34 🌟 The Density of a White Dwarf 22:02 🌠 The Size of a White Dwarf Compared to the Earth 34:39 💡 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and Pauli Exclusion Principle 37:35 🏰 One-Dimensional Example: Confined Electrons 40:06 🔥 Energy Exchange in a Normal Gas 01:00:21 💡 Relativistic Degenerate Gas and Chandrasekhar Limit 01:03:19 🚀 Chandrasekhar's Derivation of the Limit 01:04:42 🔍 Properties of White Dwarfs 01:09:07 💡 White Dwarfs and the Chandrasekhar Limit 01:12:08 🌟 White Dwarfs and Novae 01:16:20 🔥 Semi-Detached Binary Systems and White Dwarf Novae 01:17:41 💡 Stellar Corpses: White Dwarfs, Novae, Neutron Stars, and Pulsars 01:24:20 ⭐ Supernovae: Type 1a and Core Collapse 02:18:41 🤖 Nuclear Pasta and the Structure of Neutron Stars 02:24:02 💼 The Discovery of Pulsars 02:35:41 💡 Energy Loss and Dynamo Effect 02:41:03 🌌 Isolated Neutron Stars and the Milky Way 02:41:30 🔭 Supernovae and Neutron Stars 02:44:16 🌠 Crab Nebula and its Structure 02:49:06 🌠 Pulsar and its Magnetic Field 02:51:23 🌠 Other Supernovae Remnants 02:52:48 🌠 The Connection between Ancient Civilizations and Pulsars 02:54:09 💡 The Vela Pulsar and its X-ray Emission 02:56:00 🔥 Binary Neutron Stars and X-ray Bursts 02:57:37 💥 Millisecond Pulsars and X-ray Emission
Your videos are easily understandable and engaging. Its like I'm back in the lecture hall. Thank you for doing this and I hope you make enough to keep going. Greetings from Turkey.
we need a lot more of this, college lectures are one time cost productions, but are invaluable for the education of people, one lecture whose science isn't disproven or at least not for a long time can be very useful in educating people, not only should pretty much all {especially up to date} lectures be free [after it's initial cost of creation is paid off] but even it's not paid off, it should be by the greater community so that it can be free at the point of use. but probably or at least in a few years/decades ai programs could break up and clarify college into smaller, easier to understand parts so that people not in college are more likely to engage with it. and people in college who have a harder time understanding can understand it easier and get better grades because of it. education is the most important part of a society, without it, no society can exist.
Gaining a personal intuition and deep understanding is immeasurably more valuable to society as a whole, and why i think myself and other teachers teach.. not to help students get better grades, per-se. Pound for pound, Intelligence will carry us forward twice as far as artificial intelligence. AI will soon be everywhere and a part of society, but it will be learning from people like this who spend years honing their teaching skills, and months organizing these 'free' videos, days recording them, and of course countless hours of fact checking and citing everything, recording and editing it all down until it's as error free and beneficial as can be. You can have an AI teach you right now if you really want. You can even tell it to teach you astrophysics as if you only had the vocabulary of a 5 year old. Seriously. But, ultimately, hard working teachers are going to be a source that you won't have to worry about in terms of the info you're getting is accurate, or a hallucination of a nascent neutral network. If you can, give this man a couple of dollars for paving the road for you to get a true college level understanding, distilled into a few hours, available at any hour you could want it, in the comfort of your basement.
the *surface* of a neutron star having *100 million times* the pressure of the *center* of a white dwarf is just incredible. well maybe not incredible - me biting a piece of coal hard enough to turn it to diamond would be incredible and *still* this 100 times less ridiculous!
Excellent stuff. I took a couple of course units in Astrophysics & Cosmology 35 years ago as part of my physics degree at Kings College London and it was a wonderful kickstart to what I call ‘The knowledge of Gods’. We’re the first generation to be able to answer the question “where do we come from and how did we get here”. It’s hard won knowledge, it’s pursuit is a worthy struggle for laymen (I had forgotten so much), but this has been a great refresher. Many thanks!
10:20 while formula that relates the masses of the two stars is useful about all I can tell you for certain is the ratio between the two. If you want an actual mess you'll need to figure out one way or another to measure the mass of one of the components. I believe they did that with Sirius B because they could observe directly the blue shift resulting from the Stars Mass on emitted light quanta
Question: 1:22 white dwarf supernova. As the star reaches the chandrasakhar mass, you mentioned the star increases density but the temperature does not increase. Im confused, wouldnt increased density increase the temp of the core to eventually commence carbon-oxygen reaction? I'm thinking this is because the electron degeneracy is overrun so surpasses the electron movement that would normally generate heat? So this would be like a 'freefall' to proton level and only then heat is created at the core for carbon-oxygen fusion? Am i on the right track? Awesome channel, I'm just a novice astronomer, massive thanks for the content.
Question about 15:17 In that telescope image, are both stars contained inside a single pixel? Are they far away enough for the true diameter to below the spatial resolution of the instrument (are they point sources to this image)? Is the big blob big because it is bright and generating lots of diffraction artifacts (from the telescope etc.)? I’d love to imagine looking at that picture and seeing two single dots but one much brighter than it could ever actually be displayed. Just some of my thoughts :)
Actually what you’re seeing is the arrow pointed at the white dwarf. The big blob in the image is the actual star Sirius that we see in the sky. In an amateur class telescope the white dwarf is visible, but the star Sirius is much much much much brighter. That’s why the bright star is washed out and huge in the image but the little bitty white dwarf is tiny and a little dot.
@@JasonKendallAstronomer thanks for the clarification! Follow up question; does the total rate of radiance decrease when a star becomes a white dwarf or does it remain constant? From the outside, does the thermodynamic behavior look like the ideal gas law; ‘compress matter and it get’s really hot’. Is Sirius is brighter in the visible spectrum than the white dwarf but only because it’s making up the rate of energy loss in gamma rays etc?
I really enjoy this series but I feel a few of these should be redone due to some distracting background noise. I don't know which one it was but the entire time he was either clicking his mouse consistently or clicking a pen and I couldn't focus lol
@JasonKendallAstronomer amazing, please don't take this as a negative...your content is beyond amazing and can only improve from here from a RUclips perspective. Would love to sit in on a real life lecture from you for sure.
I'm not. When I first made these, it was strictly for the classes to use. But, they turned out to be pretty popular. I have lamented the poor sound for a while. Some of these were recorded in far less than ideal conditions. Not sure if I'll be giving any public lectures soon. But if I do, it'll show up here...
Mr. Kendall, The composition of the Earth's Core seem consistent with that of Supernova to me. Or other Stars that create those elements. Wondering if it would make a good Thesis. I don't suppose we yet know if there are other planets with a similar core composition to that of Earth. Is it possible that the Earth was once a star that blew it's outter layers off ? The rents paid for life if necessary and I seem to have time to do this now. Wait we could tell by the planets magnetic field around it couldn't we ? Somewhat ?
Interesting thought, but no. The core of the Sun, or any star, is far more dense than the core of any planet. The way planets form is well-known, and is observed happening around other stars, with particular interest in proto-planetary disks seen in the Great Nebula in Orion. Keep it up!
12:12 Maybe im reading the figure wrong, but wouldn't the lack of data points be due to how close Sirius B is to Sirius A? Being out shone? Unless its orbit is exactly one earth year.
my theory is that the current 40 year orbit has seen a boom in (cheaper) telescope, there are simply much more and better camera;s available both professionally and amature than 30 years ago, where that gap is.
A question about white dwarf's collapse. You said earlier that the 'temperature' of the electrons and nuclei are somewhat independent; the electrons are experiencing degeneracy while the nuclei are't. The nuclei can cool, presumably to 0 kelvin given enough time while the electrons are forced to maintain high energy. You then say that close to the limit the nuclei can get hot enough to initiate fusion. Does this mean that if the dwarf has cooled enough, this won't occur? Could this happen to a black dwarf? Or is there some interaction between the electrons and the nuclei that guarantees runaway fusion? I know that in massive white dwarfs certain nuclei can absorb electrons, disrupting the hydrostatic balance and causing a supernova. Given that electrons would tend toward infinite energy near the limit I'm assuming that at some point electrons and protons would just merge and the result would be a neutron star. This evidently doesn't happen, but surely this can't jsut be due to the baryon content of the star just happening to be at fusion temperature?
Love your stuff Charlie but can you film with 2 cameras or something mate so people watching on tv, pc with bad eyes lol can watch full screen on youtube and such and read equations, diagrams better. Pleaseeee :)
Its hard to see how can we tell the difference between neutron stars and blackholes. They are both extremely tiny and can affect light through gravity. How can we falsify any of these predictions? If a neutron star diidnt collapse into a balckhole but if affected light and time how would we know the difference. After watching this video, what I get is that we do not really know, the boundary between neutron stars and blackhole. Yes, we have prediction but how can these predictitions be falsified?
I feel asleep to youtube and woke up to this playing about 20 minutes before I woke up I was having a dream I went to college with my friend and my class didn't start for a couple hours so I sat in on their class about this lol
I don’t take any offense. My wife says my voice soothes her. I’ve also read books for recording, and I like poetry reading too. (Pina coladas, getting caught in the rain, etc)
No two particles with mass can occupy the same state. It's not even a little unusual. You simply cannot stand exactly where I'm standing at the same time.
![The Insane Science of Neutron Stars [4K]](/img/1.gif)
Thank you Jason for the opportunity to further my education. I'm 66 and have not attended college since the 70's. Since I've retired i have too much free time and was wondering what to do. Then i discovered your channel and thought i ought to give it a shot.
I've always been interested in astronomy and cosmology , and the fact that we are just a small tiny planet amongst a trillion trillion trillion planets in the observable universe makes me feel humble. I want to know more about how this universe works.
Respectfully ,
A big fan.
Thanks for you kind words! Keep on it!
@JasonKendallAstronomer
This is the kind of in-depth yet still not overly arcane explanation I've always wanted to listen to. Thank you very much.
Thank you for this free, priceless education. You’re doing more good for the world than any politician I can think of.
NOT ROB FORD
A wet rag in my washing machine waiting for spin cycle is doing more for this world than any politician I can think of LOL
I’m glad I’m at least a wet rag
@@JasonKendallAstronomer i don't think it was meant quite that way 😅
This is literally just a whole ass astronomy college class for free
I can't express enough how grateful I am for your channel. Your videos have helped me understand complex scientific concepts in an easily digestible way
Great to hear!
This man is treasure, giving for free this kind of in-depth knowledge
I'm so sad I watched all the videos... I watched them all while I sleep, then rewatched them while awake to see all the pictures) And now I don't know what to do)) Thanks a lot for such a content!!!
Well, I'd like to invite you to become a Patreon Supporter. It's where I do early announcements of upcoming content:
www.patreon.com/JasonKendallAstronomer
I did the same thing. I love long form content at night that I can listen and learn ❤
My kids and I have enjoyed listening to this lecture on the morning drive to school.
Education and learning is so wonderful. Thank you so much for this amazing presentation.
08:15 🤖 Kepler's Law and Newton's Version
11:12 📊 Data Analysis and Orbital Parameters
14:01 📊 Mass Calculation and Dynamic Value
16:47 🚀 Measuring the Size of a White Dwarf
19:03 💡 Determining the Mass of a White Dwarf
21:34 🌟 The Density of a White Dwarf
22:02 🌠 The Size of a White Dwarf Compared to the Earth
34:39 💡 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and Pauli Exclusion Principle
37:35 🏰 One-Dimensional Example: Confined Electrons
40:06 🔥 Energy Exchange in a Normal Gas
01:00:21 💡 Relativistic Degenerate Gas and Chandrasekhar Limit
01:03:19 🚀 Chandrasekhar's Derivation of the Limit
01:04:42 🔍 Properties of White Dwarfs
01:09:07 💡 White Dwarfs and the Chandrasekhar Limit
01:12:08 🌟 White Dwarfs and Novae
01:16:20 🔥 Semi-Detached Binary Systems and White Dwarf Novae
01:17:41 💡 Stellar Corpses: White Dwarfs, Novae, Neutron Stars, and Pulsars
01:24:20 ⭐ Supernovae: Type 1a and Core Collapse
02:18:41 🤖 Nuclear Pasta and the Structure of Neutron Stars
02:24:02 💼 The Discovery of Pulsars
02:35:41 💡 Energy Loss and Dynamo Effect
02:41:03 🌌 Isolated Neutron Stars and the Milky Way
02:41:30 🔭 Supernovae and Neutron Stars
02:44:16 🌠 Crab Nebula and its Structure
02:49:06 🌠 Pulsar and its Magnetic Field
02:51:23 🌠 Other Supernovae Remnants
02:52:48 🌠 The Connection between Ancient Civilizations and Pulsars
02:54:09 💡 The Vela Pulsar and its X-ray Emission
02:56:00 🔥 Binary Neutron Stars and X-ray Bursts
02:57:37 💥 Millisecond Pulsars and X-ray Emission
Your videos are easily understandable and engaging. Its like I'm back in the lecture hall. Thank you for doing this and I hope you make enough to keep going. Greetings from Turkey.
Thanks, and I'm happy you're one of the First Two Members!
I have a pretty good understanding of what " we" "think" is going on in the universe....But i really like the way you lecture...EXCELLLENT VIDEOS
Glad you like them!
we need a lot more of this, college lectures are one time cost productions, but are invaluable for the education of people, one lecture whose science isn't disproven or at least not for a long time can be very useful in educating people,
not only should pretty much all {especially up to date} lectures be free [after it's initial cost of creation is paid off] but even it's not paid off, it should be by the greater community so that it can be free at the point of use.
but probably or at least in a few years/decades ai programs could break up and clarify college into smaller, easier to understand parts so that people not in college are more likely to engage with it.
and people in college who have a harder time understanding can understand it easier and get better grades because of it.
education is the most important part of a society, without it, no society can exist.
Gaining a personal intuition and deep understanding is immeasurably more valuable to society as a whole, and why i think myself and other teachers teach.. not to help students get better grades, per-se.
Pound for pound, Intelligence will carry us forward twice as far as artificial intelligence. AI will soon be everywhere and a part of society, but it will be learning from people like this who spend years honing their teaching skills, and months organizing these 'free' videos, days recording them, and of course countless hours of fact checking and citing everything, recording and editing it all down until it's as error free and beneficial as can be.
You can have an AI teach you right now if you really want. You can even tell it to teach you astrophysics as if you only had the vocabulary of a 5 year old. Seriously. But, ultimately, hard working teachers are going to be a source that you won't have to worry about in terms of the info you're getting is accurate, or a hallucination of a nascent neutral network.
If you can, give this man a couple of dollars for paving the road for you to get a true college level understanding, distilled into a few hours, available at any hour you could want it, in the comfort of your basement.
Thanks to you both
This is a labor of love started from my childhood time with Bart Bok
Very well-prepared lecture, thank you
You are welcome!
the *surface* of a neutron star having *100 million times* the pressure of the *center* of a white dwarf is just incredible.
well maybe not incredible - me biting a piece of coal hard enough to turn it to diamond would be incredible and *still* this 100 times less ridiculous!
Excellent stuff. I took a couple of course units in Astrophysics & Cosmology 35 years ago as part of my physics degree at Kings College London and it was a wonderful kickstart to what I call ‘The knowledge of Gods’. We’re the first generation to be able to answer the question “where do we come from and how did we get here”. It’s hard won knowledge, it’s pursuit is a worthy struggle for laymen (I had forgotten so much), but this has been a great refresher. Many thanks!
Nice analogy between the A train and the degenerate gas...lol
10:20 while formula that relates the masses of the two stars is useful about all I can tell you for certain is the ratio between the two. If you want an actual mess you'll need to figure out one way or another to measure the mass of one of the components. I believe they did that with Sirius B because they could observe directly the blue shift resulting from the Stars Mass on emitted light quanta
Yes, that's correct!
Question: 1:22 white dwarf supernova. As the star reaches the chandrasakhar mass, you mentioned the star increases density but the temperature does not increase. Im confused, wouldnt increased density increase the temp of the core to eventually commence carbon-oxygen reaction? I'm thinking this is because the electron degeneracy is overrun so surpasses the electron movement that would normally generate heat? So this would be like a 'freefall' to proton level and only then heat is created at the core for carbon-oxygen fusion? Am i on the right track? Awesome channel, I'm just a novice astronomer, massive thanks for the content.
I LOVE YOU JASON 💕
A question, as the light from Sirius B descends to the Earth's surface wouldn't it experience a gravitational blueshift? Not a redshift?
The blue shift due the earths gravity over the distance in which earths gravity has an effect is extremely weak
Question about 15:17
In that telescope image, are both stars contained inside a single pixel? Are they far away enough for the true diameter to below the spatial resolution of the instrument (are they point sources to this image)?
Is the big blob big because it is bright and generating lots of diffraction artifacts (from the telescope etc.)?
I’d love to imagine looking at that picture and seeing two single dots but one much brighter than it could ever actually be displayed.
Just some of my thoughts :)
Actually what you’re seeing is the arrow pointed at the white dwarf. The big blob in the image is the actual star Sirius that we see in the sky. In an amateur class telescope the white dwarf is visible, but the star Sirius is much much much much brighter. That’s why the bright star is washed out and huge in the image but the little bitty white dwarf is tiny and a little dot.
@@JasonKendallAstronomer thanks for the clarification!
Follow up question; does the total rate of radiance decrease when a star becomes a white dwarf or does it remain constant? From the outside, does the thermodynamic behavior look like the ideal gas law; ‘compress matter and it get’s really hot’.
Is Sirius is brighter in the visible spectrum than the white dwarf but only because it’s making up the rate of energy loss in gamma rays etc?
I did not realize B-type stars could have as little as 5 solar masses.
I don't know if the owner knows that this is an insomnia therapy channel.
Too funny, but they really are great lectures. I also have a sleeping documentary playlist, and it's in there as well.
i find vsauce is also a great insomnia therapy channel. something about his voice and what he talks about is so soothing to me
2:42 in the morning and trying to sleep. Here we are
I feel called out. I like to fall asleep to astronomic academia....so yes. 😂
SEA for the win
I really enjoy this series but I feel a few of these should be redone due to some distracting background noise. I don't know which one it was but the entire time he was either clicking his mouse consistently or clicking a pen and I couldn't focus lol
Yeah, I know. I'm going through the entire stack of videos. This is on the list...
@JasonKendallAstronomer amazing, please don't take this as a negative...your content is beyond amazing and can only improve from here from a RUclips perspective. Would love to sit in on a real life lecture from you for sure.
I'm not. When I first made these, it was strictly for the classes to use. But, they turned out to be pretty popular. I have lamented the poor sound for a while. Some of these were recorded in far less than ideal conditions.
Not sure if I'll be giving any public lectures soon. But if I do, it'll show up here...
Mr. Kendall,
The composition of the Earth's Core seem consistent with that of Supernova to me. Or other Stars that create those elements.
Wondering if it would make a good Thesis.
I don't suppose we yet know if there are other planets with a similar core composition to that of Earth.
Is it possible that the Earth was once a star that blew it's outter layers off ?
The rents paid for life if necessary and I seem to have time to do this now.
Wait we could tell by the planets magnetic field around it couldn't we ? Somewhat ?
Interesting thought, but no. The core of the Sun, or any star, is far more dense than the core of any planet. The way planets form is well-known, and is observed happening around other stars, with particular interest in proto-planetary disks seen in the Great Nebula in Orion.
Keep it up!
12:12 Maybe im reading the figure wrong, but wouldn't the lack of data points be due to how close Sirius B is to Sirius A? Being out shone? Unless its orbit is exactly one earth year.
my theory is that the current 40 year orbit has seen a boom in (cheaper) telescope, there are simply much more and better camera;s available both professionally and amature than 30 years ago, where that gap is.
We need to get some good cameras out there to see what they look like now.
If protons and electrons merge to form neutrons in a neutron star, then where does the magnetic field come from?
A question about white dwarf's collapse. You said earlier that the 'temperature' of the electrons and nuclei are somewhat independent; the electrons are experiencing degeneracy while the nuclei are't. The nuclei can cool, presumably to 0 kelvin given enough time while the electrons are forced to maintain high energy.
You then say that close to the limit the nuclei can get hot enough to initiate fusion. Does this mean that if the dwarf has cooled enough, this won't occur? Could this happen to a black dwarf? Or is there some interaction between the electrons and the nuclei that guarantees runaway fusion?
I know that in massive white dwarfs certain nuclei can absorb electrons, disrupting the hydrostatic balance and causing a supernova. Given that electrons would tend toward infinite energy near the limit I'm assuming that at some point electrons and protons would just merge and the result would be a neutron star. This evidently doesn't happen, but surely this can't jsut be due to the baryon content of the star just happening to be at fusion temperature?
Well done
In a Nova, how does a White Dwarf create enough pressure on its surface to fuse hydrogen?
2:03:53 - When in doubt, a Wizard did it. ^.^
Love your stuff Charlie but can you film with 2 cameras or something mate so people watching on tv, pc with bad eyes lol can watch full screen on youtube and such and read equations, diagrams better. Pleaseeee :)
Your subway train analogy shows why "mourning becomes electrons."
I’m relatively certain you are the smartest man on earth. How do you do this so easily?
Strong Force: Nyah nyah, nyah nyah nyah, I’m stronger than yooooouuu…
Gravity: Yeah, you hold that thought.
Thank you so much 💖
You are so welcome
This video is the answer to "How do you eat an elephant?" … "One spoonful at a time."
I had fun putting this together!
Its hard to see how can we tell the difference between neutron stars and blackholes. They are both extremely tiny and can affect light through gravity. How can we falsify any of these predictions? If a neutron star diidnt collapse into a balckhole but if affected light and time how would we know the difference.
After watching this video, what I get is that we do not really know, the boundary between neutron stars and blackhole. Yes, we have prediction but how can these predictitions be falsified?
I feel asleep to youtube and woke up to this playing about 20 minutes before I woke up I was having a dream I went to college with my friend and my class didn't start for a couple hours so I sat in on their class about this lol
😳 same here
I don’t take any offense. My wife says my voice soothes her. I’ve also read books for recording, and I like poetry reading too. (Pina coladas, getting caught in the rain, etc)
You get used to it
You too? That's about what happened to me.
I woke up in the middle of the night a little smarter!
That's all could ask for. I do get a lot of hits from late night "I fall asleep to youtube playing in the background."
Interesting video.
Font of equations is not clear enough, FYI...Some of us are struggling to see, especially when looking at the sub notations.
No two particles with mass can occupy the same state. It's not even a little unusual. You simply cannot stand exactly where I'm standing at the same time.
I’d love to see an actual neutron star up close
No, no you wouldn't. 💥😵
It would be tough to see. Get too close and the magnetic field would shred you.
@@JasonKendallAstronomerThat has to be the way the next generation Terminator will come to an end. Did Hollywood write you yet?
👍👌✌🏼
Yes mate yes mate yes mate yes mate
⭐️🌟💥🌑
Nuclear waffles! :D