I like the way that you repeatedly use the terms, Loop of Henley, Ascending limb, etc. --even if might be obvious to some people. That makes it super. Also, hearing it repeatedly helps to process the info. It also makes it easy to listen to the video while I'm driving or doing errands (because I don't have to always look down at the screen to see what you're referring to.)
Every time I am amazed with the amount of information that the field of Medicine has to offer. It's like every video I enter to learn about a subject I understand even more how much I don't know.
You are just awesome. Concise, and stunningly simplified lecture. I wish I had this during my student days; I would have spent less time reading. Lol. Excellent job!
hey sir i just wanna say i cant explain how effective u are in the process of teaching and helping us to get familiar to these subjects, all i can do is to be thankfull of u and all of your efforts that u put in making these videos.thanx alot again
Thank you so much!!! You broke this down so well. Your videos are a life saver. Anytime I don't understand a concept I can count on you to help me understand.
Wow, am out of words, this guy's something else. This was my stumbling block in renal physiology before I saw this tutorial vid, guess what..? That's all changed because of this. Thank you so much.
Great video. You are amazing. You did in 16 minutes what my lecturer couldn't do in an hour. Just a quick question, what is the difference between hypertonic and hypotonic? Because some websites say hypertonic is a higher water concentration inside, but some say it is a higher water concentration outside? Thank You AK
These video was very much helpfull, but beside these can you please upload a lecture on countercurrent exchanger of vasa recta... That would be great...
Hi there, first of all excellent vid! I do have one question however, In the thick ascending limb is it Simple Cuboidal cells? Or is large squamous cells acceptable too? Thanks :)
Thank you so much for the videos they helped me out tremendously. I do have a question though. I thought the ascending loop of henle had cuboidal cells while the descending loop of henle was simple squamous?
Thanks for the video, since you started with the drawing talking about the vassa recta, I have a question. Is the vassa recta capillary network the structure that makes possible the exchange of ions between the interstitium and loop of Henle?, or the vassa recta just collects ions and water back to the body (reabsorption) and does not participate in the exchange between loops
Thank you so much for this video! Your explanation was so clear & logical. It really helped me to understand the physiology of the loop of henle. Great for vet students too. :-)
Sir, role of Vasa recta in maintaining the concentration gradient is not properly explained, however the diagram is appropriate. Otherwise a splendid presentation....
Hi, I have a question about the active transport Na in the thick ascending loop. So a K+ ion is apically co-transported into the epithelial cell with Na+ because there is an electrochemical Na+ gradient created by the basolateral active transport pump. But won't that co-transported K+ ion be moving against its own electrochemical K+ gradient because 2 extra K+ ions are being pumped in from the basolateral side? Furthermore once the potassium is inside the epithelial cell, why would it then diffuse into the hypertonic interstitium (i.e. why would it not diffuse back into the lumen where it is more hypotonic)?
It is by definition that cotransporters couple the favorable movement of one molecule with its concentration gradient and unfavorable movement of another molecule against its concentration gradient . Furthermore it is important to notice that K+ that enters the cell through the apical side , recycles back into the tubule via a potassium channel . Given the relatively lower concentration of K+ than Na+ in the tubular filtrate , having this K+ recycling is important to provide sufficient K+ ions for the cotransporter to continue functioning .
Question! So with the thin ascending limb, it is impermeable to water but allows passive transport of ions (Na2+ or Cl-) you say. If the interstitium is hypertonic, wouldn't ions choose to stay within the tubules rather than passively go out into the interstitium?
+Lala La This is due to the fact that the omsolarity of the interstitium increases as you go from top to bottom in the dryboard illustration. At the very bottom of the loop, the filtrate is isotonic to the interstitium. However, new filtrate is always coming in and moving the fluid inside the loop. As you enter the thin ascending loop, you push the filtrate from the very bottom of the loop (where it's as concentrated as it gets) upward, where the interstitium is increasingly of lower osmolarity. Since water cannot enter or exit the loop here, the filtrate in the thin ascending loop is now hypertonic with respect to the interstitium, and ions diffuse out.
how do Na ions return to the circulation although the countercurrent exchange is acting .... or it maintain the amount of Na that will maintain the osmolarity and return the rest to the circulation?
Hiya! Overall, loved the video. Your level of detail is perfect without being overwhelming. There is just one thing I am not clear on - the ascending limb secretes Na+ and Cl- so water follows though osmosis out the descending limb into the interstitial fluid, but there are capillaries in the area so wouldn't this also draw water out from them? How would the water which leaves the descending limb be picked up by the capillaries since the interstitial fluid is particularly hypertonic? I can't seem to find the answer anywhere so hoping someone knows? Thanks.
If you're still curious about this, peritubular capillaries around loop of Henle are special and they're specifically called vasa recta. They have the same U-shape as the loop of Henle so when blood is travelling down the "descending limb" of vasa recta water leaves the capillaries by osmosis because the surrounding interstitium is hypertonic. This then increases the osmolarity of blood because water is going out. When blood starts going up through "ascending limb" of vasa recta the blood is now more concentrated than the surrounding interstitium so water travels back in these capillaries via osmosis. This isn't the complete explanation because it's hard to completely describe it without using some pictures but I recommend that you look up some videos which describe "vasa recta counter current exchange"
By using ATP molecule...When we move sodium from inside to outside ....then concentration gradient develop and because of this concentration gradient we move sodium along with potassium and chloride to inside cell and then from inside to interstium ...but I am not getting the point that when we have already moved sodium to outside (interstium) by using ATP then what exactly is the point of moving it back to inside and then to outside....means I just wanna ask that whether we have moved sodium by using ATP to lumen and then from lumen to inside and from inside to interstium or whether we have already sent it to interstium by using ATP???....plz someone tell me
Although the explanation is awesome but i m still confused in absorption in thin ascending loop of henle.If inside is hypertonic then y ions move outside instead of inside cause i think ions move from low solute conc. to high solute conc.
American Digimon vasarecta are the blood capillaries along & around henles loop..whereas interstitium are the ground tissue in which the whole nephrons are embodied
I like the way that you repeatedly use the terms, Loop of Henley, Ascending limb, etc. --even if might be obvious to some people. That makes it super. Also, hearing it repeatedly helps to process the info. It also makes it easy to listen to the video while I'm driving or doing errands (because I don't have to always look down at the screen to see what you're referring to.)
Every time I am amazed with the amount of information that the field of Medicine has to offer. It's like every video I enter to learn about a subject I understand even more how much I don't know.
You are just awesome. Concise, and stunningly simplified lecture. I wish I had this during my student days; I would have spent less time reading. Lol.
Excellent job!
Ikenna Nwafor you should always read!!! :-) and thanks!
I watch many different channel lecture videos, always come back to yours. Thank you very much!
You are single handedly the best lecturer on youtube, or on this earth
Plus you have so much material thus reliable. Thanks Man!
Just spend an hour trying to understand this concept and stumbled upon your video. You hit the Mark! Thank you so much! AK Lectures ROCKS!
hey sir i just wanna say i cant explain how effective u are in the process of teaching and helping us to get familiar to these subjects, all i can do is to be thankfull of u and all of your efforts that u put in making these videos.thanx alot again
thank you AK, you saved me from renal (exam) failure
This is really helpful. Your videos are pure gold. I love how concise you are at explaining and never rushing your words. Thank you!
Thank you so much!!! You broke this down so well. Your videos are a life saver. Anytime I don't understand a concept I can count on you to help me understand.
Wow, am out of words, this guy's something else. This was my stumbling block in renal physiology before I saw this tutorial vid, guess what..? That's all changed because of this. Thank you so much.
Bro u smashed it ur a lyf saver en definitely DA best bois teacher I know🎉
Wow! After drowning in a thousand different notes and books, I finally understood. Thank you :)))
You have totally saved my butt. Thank you for this awesome and clear video.
Finally a good explanation of the countercurrent multiplication mechanism, thank you
Great video. You are amazing. You did in 16 minutes what my lecturer couldn't do in an hour. Just a quick question, what is the difference between hypertonic and hypotonic?
Because some websites say hypertonic is a higher water concentration inside, but some say it is a higher water concentration outside? Thank You AK
It's too good! Before this I was always confused but hats off to you
your videos are the best i have seen on the internet
thank so much!
Tony Moon Thanks for the kind words Tony! Glad to hear it :)
Thank you 😊, u are the only person who made me understood it
These video was very much helpfull, but beside these can you please upload a lecture on countercurrent exchanger of vasa recta... That would be great...
This guy is awesome. A real genius.
always watching your videos. well explained thanks
Hi there, first of all excellent vid! I do have one question however, In the thick ascending limb is it Simple Cuboidal cells? Or is large squamous cells acceptable too? Thanks :)
+Martin Laird: The thick ascending is just simple cuboidal cells I believe.
Caitlin Cammack Hi Caitlin, thanks for clearing that up! I doubled checked my histology textbook and it was definitely cuboidal.
Ascending loop of henle is cuboidal epithelium descending loop of henle squamous epithelium
i have appreciated the explanation about nephron given by AK LECTURS
Thorough explanation. Thank you
you are amazing I spent days trying to understand this
Very beautifully explained 👍🏻 helping me a lot. Gbu😇
Thank you so much for the videos they helped me out tremendously. I do have a question though. I thought the ascending loop of henle had cuboidal cells while the descending loop of henle was simple squamous?
yeah...me too...my text book says so too...
true
Thanks for the video, since you started with the drawing talking about the vassa recta, I have a question. Is the vassa recta capillary network the structure that makes possible the exchange of ions between the interstitium and loop of Henle?, or the vassa recta just collects ions and water back to the body (reabsorption) and does not participate in the exchange between loops
best lecture hands down!!!!!!!!!💖💖💖
Finally someone can explain the loop of henle !
lamingtond thanks! glad to hear that :)
Thank you so much for this video! Your explanation was so clear & logical. It really helped me to understand the physiology of the loop of henle. Great for vet students too. :-)
forthosewholove awesome! best of luck with your vet studies!
I love his lectures. But I think he meant to use hyperosmotic/hyposmotic/isosmotic instead of tonic.
I swear, you are the best men 🌸🌸🌸🌸
Sir, role of Vasa recta in maintaining the concentration gradient is not properly explained, however the diagram is appropriate. Otherwise a splendid presentation....
thank you very much ..this Lecture was very useful
This man is bloody awesome!
your explanation is awesome THANK YOU
Excellent video thanks 👍
Can you also please explain the counter current exchanger mechanism by vasa recta
Brilliantly Explained!
Hi, I have a question about the active transport Na in the thick ascending loop.
So a K+ ion is apically co-transported into the epithelial cell with Na+ because there is an electrochemical Na+ gradient created by the basolateral active transport pump. But won't that co-transported K+ ion be moving against its own electrochemical K+ gradient because 2 extra K+ ions are being pumped in from the basolateral side?
Furthermore once the potassium is inside the epithelial cell, why would it then diffuse into the hypertonic interstitium (i.e. why would it not diffuse back into the lumen where it is more hypotonic)?
It is by definition that cotransporters couple the favorable movement of one molecule with its concentration gradient and unfavorable movement of another molecule against its concentration gradient .
Furthermore it is important to notice that K+ that enters the cell through the apical side , recycles back into the tubule via a potassium channel . Given the relatively lower concentration of K+ than Na+ in the tubular filtrate , having this K+ recycling is important to provide sufficient K+ ions for the cotransporter to continue functioning .
Question!
So with the thin ascending limb, it is impermeable to water but allows passive transport of ions (Na2+ or Cl-) you say. If the interstitium is hypertonic, wouldn't ions choose to stay within the tubules rather than passively go out into the interstitium?
+Lala La This is due to the fact that the omsolarity of the interstitium increases as you go from top to bottom in the dryboard illustration. At the very bottom of the loop, the filtrate is isotonic to the interstitium. However, new filtrate is always coming in and moving the fluid inside the loop. As you enter the thin ascending loop, you push the filtrate from the very bottom of the loop (where it's as concentrated as it gets) upward, where the interstitium is increasingly of lower osmolarity. Since water cannot enter or exit the loop here, the filtrate in the thin ascending loop is now hypertonic with respect to the interstitium, and ions diffuse out.
+SeitanoShuuki thankss a lot! i understand now :)
how do Na ions return to the circulation although the countercurrent exchange is acting .... or it maintain the amount of Na that will maintain the osmolarity and return the rest to the circulation?
Hiya! Overall, loved the video. Your level of detail is perfect without being overwhelming. There is just one thing I am not clear on - the ascending limb secretes Na+ and Cl- so water follows though osmosis out the descending limb into the interstitial fluid, but there are capillaries in the area so wouldn't this also draw water out from them? How would the water which leaves the descending limb be picked up by the capillaries since the interstitial fluid is particularly hypertonic? I can't seem to find the answer anywhere so hoping someone knows? Thanks.
If you're still curious about this, peritubular capillaries around loop of Henle are special and they're specifically called vasa recta. They have the same U-shape as the loop of Henle so when blood is travelling down the "descending limb" of vasa recta water leaves the capillaries by osmosis because the surrounding interstitium is hypertonic. This then increases the osmolarity of blood because water is going out. When blood starts going up through "ascending limb" of vasa recta the blood is now more concentrated than the surrounding interstitium so water travels back in these capillaries via osmosis. This isn't the complete explanation because it's hard to completely describe it without using some pictures but I recommend that you look up some videos which describe "vasa recta counter current exchange"
thank you so much ! it's all understood now thanks to you ! your awesome
By using ATP molecule...When we move sodium from inside to outside ....then concentration gradient develop and because of this concentration gradient we move sodium along with potassium and chloride to inside cell and then from inside to interstium ...but I am not getting the point that when we have already moved sodium to outside (interstium) by using ATP then what exactly is the point of moving it back to inside and then to outside....means I just wanna ask that whether we have moved sodium by using ATP to lumen and then from lumen to inside and from inside to interstium or whether we have already sent it to interstium by using ATP???....plz someone tell me
Does he explain from Guyton? What are his sources.
Damn...this guy's excellent.
Lectures r too good
Thanks..Great lecture
great video as always
Hyyy...
Can u pls tell me why kidney is unable to concentrate urine above 1200mosmper litre
That was actually awesome.
Very helpful....Thumbs up👍🏻
Although the explanation is awesome but i m still confused in absorption in thin ascending loop of henle.If inside is hypertonic then y ions move outside instead of inside cause i think ions move from low solute conc. to high solute conc.
Awesome lecture!!! thank you.
Incredible video. Thank you so much!
excellent Ak
dude thank you...I could not understand this concept at all....
matt welch you're welcome :)
Thanks a lot Andrey !!
Sir so awsome job
thank u
now idont even hace to learn that
Superb explaination
shakthi thanks! :)
This is amazing! Thank you so much
Superb. Your videos have been a huge help to me in my studies. Keep up the good work my man.
God Bless you.
What a beast, thank you so much!!!!!!
Wow superb explanation! Thank you so much!
Aaron Medina You're welcome Aaron! Thanks for watching :)
Superb sir
really helpful....thanks a lot
You are my hero
thank you so much that was really helpful
sara mouhmmed you're welcome Sara!
just amazing
💙 from india
Thank You! :) It helped a lot!
finally u escape vasa recta...toughest to explain...
U r great ,,thanks alot
great video!
This is great, thanks!
Outstanding
Thank you!!
love the review!
I fucking love you. I could not find an italian version of this explanation, and your just worked fine.
thanks man, good video
very useful! Great!
my English is not perfect but I understand very well!!!! Thank You :) from Argentina :)
love you
Hello Noemi,
Awesome!
Thanks sir 😌
great explanation (Y)
Bledi Berisha thanks! :)
What is the difference between interstitium and vasa recta ??
American Digimon
vasarecta are the blood capillaries along & around henles loop..whereas interstitium are the ground tissue in which the whole nephrons are embodied
Vasa recta are if I am not mistakin only found around juxtamedullary nephrons - peritubular cap. around superficial nephrons
Wow ! Thanks so much
Thank you so much!
You're welcome! :-)
Can u pls explain RAAS??....😊
great!!
Love the Great Gatsby accent. Sorry, just had to say it.
Thanks so much,,,
محمود عطية you're welcome :)
AK LECTURES doek look i
Kriss Krass sure.
??? Did I pocket message you ??? I don't know who you are
Kriss Krass Yes, you left me a comment.
Counter current multiplication is clear now somebody please explain what's counter current exchange
Fucking love AK lectures
I love you
Great vid and definitely not affected by... but I just can't help but ask - why not use a pointer? Index finger is just so unprofessional.
Interesting, personally I prefer index finger and dislike pointer.