mRNA Translation (Advanced)
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- Опубликовано: 21 мар 2010
- The job of the mRNA is to carry the gene's message from the DNA out of the nucleus to a ribosome for production of the particular protein that this gene codes for.
Originally created for DNA Interactive ( www.dnai.org ).
TRANSCRIPT: The job of this mRNA is to carry the genes message from the DNA out of the nuceus to a ribosome for production of the particular protein that this gene codes for. There can be several million ribosomes in a typical eukaryotic cell these complex catalytic machines use the mrna copy of the genetic information to assemble amino acid building blokes into the three dimensional proteins that are essential for life. Lets see how it works. The ribosome is composed of one large and one small sub-unit that assemble around the messenger RNA, which then passes through the ribosome like a computer tape. The amino acid building blocks (that's the small glowing red molecules) are carried into the ribosome attached to specific transfer RNAs. That's the larger green molecules also referred to as tRNA. The small sub-unit of the ribosome positions the mRNA so that it can be read in groups of three letters known as a codon. Each codon on the mRNA matches a corresponding anti-codon on the base of a transfer RNA molecule.The larger sub-unit of the ribosome removes each amino acid and join it onto the growing protein chain. As the mRNA is ratcheted through the ribosome, the mRNA sequence is translated into an amino acid sequence. There are three locations inside the ribosome, designated the A-site, the P-site and the E-site. The addition of each amino acid is a three step cycle: First, the tRNA enters the ribosome at the A-site and is tested for a codon/anti-codon match with the mRNA. Next, provided there is a correct match, the tRNA is shifted to the P-site and the amino acid it carries is added to the end of the amino acid chain. The mRNA is also ratcheted on three nucleotides or one codon. Thirdly, the spent tRNA is moved to the E-site and then ejected from the ribosome to be recycled. As the protein synthesis proceeds, the finished chain emerges from the ribosome. It folds up into a precise shape, determined by the exact order of amino acids. Thus the Central Dogma explains how the four letter DNA code is - quite literally - turned into flesh and blood.
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"Like a computer tape" Oh ok
Right? Computer tape was already 50 years old in the early 2000s, when this video was produced. It *is* a decent analogy, but it doesn't really work if nobody in the audience understands the comparison. Then again, nobody really knows what a "powerhouse" is anymore and that hasn't stopped biology teachers keen on spreading the news about mitochondria.
Sounds like we are very high tech robots
DAT is still used for archives
Hahahaha
Omg I 😂 so hard to this comment! Thank you !
This video has caused me to go into an existential crisis. How tf are my teeny tiny cells SO MUCH SMARTER THAN ME.
Space Lizards: Wow signal just detected from Alpha Centauri
Covid-19 is only a distraction for the PCR Tent Clowns
*0.0004 is not a Pandemic it is Panning for gold*
Aliens........
Ask Billy Goats
One explanation: God
@@lynb4043 Whatever floats your boat.
"For we are fearfully and wonderfully made"
In a word, yes. There is also a helper molecule called EF-Tu that makes sure that the wrong matches bounce away when they happen to come to the A site, and makes sure the right matches stay in and don't just bounce out. The principle behind this is thermodynamics: everything is happening randomly, but only one road leads to Rome.
WOW!!! I wish I had these videos 25 years ago when I was studying! we studied from black and white text books with not so great diagrams.
Thanks for the info!!! Helped me understand how translation works!!!
WOAH It's ChrisFix! *Never* would have thought to see you here! That's quite awesome really. Thanks for being so helpful with car information by the way.
Interesting comment. Translated. I was always curious why the Bible story said ENOCH WAS TRANSLATED. also, God said Enoch was the " great artificer" who surprised God w his intellect. ( just talking about the book),
It finally dawned on me that perhaps Enoch invented artificial intelligence way back when and that was what impressed God in this book and that was what he meant when he said he said Enoch was the great artificer. ai may be ancient, would explain simulations. Of
Course we also have stories in the fifteen hundreds of Simon Magus who made an automobot. Or Android and Thomas Aquinas destroyed it. Your translated comment triggered this, lol
ayee chris
@Mgbraixen 0
Based chris
I thought this was supposed to be advanced...
No discussion on initiation or elongation factors, nothing about release factors, nothing about wobble, aninoacyl-trna synthetase, the polarity of the tRNA, 30s 50s ribosomes subunits...
FlashGamer1Fable !!!
Chill out, it's only three minutes long. They go in to that in other videos.
+FlashGamer1Fable In a 3 minute video, are you trolling?
+nygeek64 It's a RUclips comment.
I'm pretty sure this was ripped from PBS secret life of DNA. Animation is almost the same and the script is almost the same
This is actually a good visual representation of the whole thing to help you digest the topic. This is not to spoon feed you with everything. If you want detailed info, read a book.
Thank you. And indeed, this is as advanced as it gets (without getting into the molecular nitty-gritty)...worth noting is that the translation begins at the 5' side of the mRNA...just to be complete :)
Was not prepared for the snarkiness of people saying "not advanced enough" lmao
Were AP Students....
@@spectroxis6418 if so, why have you used were instead of we're
@@realixt872 I thought he meant "they were AP students" lol
@@marinarosabarbosa *Were*
Until they got the bill for 400 page texts
Where is the *B117* → That is the Russian Ducks invade Nederland's
Minks are history already ~ this animation is slowed about 1 Million-x for humans ~ Badges? We ain't got no badges! We don't need no badges! I don't have to show you any stinking badges!
Stores are packed, people are traveling all over the country coming to visit..... Downtown Nashville ! - 0.0004 ain't no Pandemic
@@ChiDraconis What the fuck?
This is really just good for sparking interest in genetics, I'm sure if this was truly 'advanced' I'd be leaving this video with a completely blown mind. I have no idea what these students are talking about below me, about the subunits and release factors, as the only videos that would probably explain those things are painfully dull 2 hour long lectures in 240p resolution.
It may spark an interest in genetics, but there would be no need to label the video as "advanced" if that is the intent. I'd bet it would be far better at grabbing the audience you describe if it had a title something like "basics" or "digging a little deeper" or something like that.
I thought “advanced” meant we would see all the factors in the same process. The factors functions aren’t complicated, most of them just provide energy to help the molecules move. Having them named helps me retain them better while studying but it’s not super complex stuff
This video is as advanced as 10th grade biology goes
It's grade 12 / first year uni level bio i think. First year uni goes into a little more depth of course. This is kind of a brief overview.
This is very scary experiment on mankind
@@Ankit42aa it's human experimentation
Great vids. Would be helpful if there was some kind of numbering attached to help new viewers sort out which to view first and in which sequence.
I’m here because this was uploaded 10 years ago and today we in a pandemic COVID-19
Vaccine using this technology. Not sure what to think of about this.
Quantum Lewis dot notation then come back to this
@@ChiDraconis where focus flows energy goes
@@microska2656
To speak for others there must be a Conspiracy
Conspiracy Theories are often negative;
- More than 1 in 3 Americans believe that the Chinese Bat Lady engineered the coronavirus as a weapon yet if I try to look into that Baseball Bats are the only bat that I am likely to find ~ As a painter you may be interested in Quantum chromodynamics
If the concern is about engaging with DNA, then don't be worried; It works without the such engagement. It simply does what the weakened virus versions would do, but without the infector as a whole, but with a part of it, responsible for creating virus spikes and/or triggering the immune system to create antibodies, without the immune system having to fight in a COVID-19. Don't take my word for it though, I'm not very qualified in this area. I just have read the topic a bit.
LOL "this technology", its anatomy, its the basic function of life. Ribosomes just makes things, they're little machines. Every virus ever uses them to make more viruses. The covid vaccine is just a small portion of the virial DNA, and only encodes for the proteins that coalesce and form the outer spike of the virus. Which then causes an immune system reaction and anti-bodies to generate. Its not rocket appliances
Thank you so so SOSOSOSOSO much for having a transcript.
first trna actually attaches to the P site, then after that they all correspond and connect to the A site, going along the chain from A to P to E
The DNA learning center that this channel is representing is for middle and high school students. It's listed as advanced because it's geared towards the more advanced of the students that attend classes there, not in general.
this is additional material in my university entrance course
10 years later and I am still waiting for the advanced bit.
Thank you for the teaching of mRNA translation.
Bless you.
Most people don't know that, originally, RNA was the preferred form of genetic material. Evolution switched to DNA because it was less prone to base mutations and hydrolysis; RNA already existed as the "go-between" between DNA and polypeptides. The process is ridiculously unfathomable, but all the more wonderful for it :)
Shellie Archibald that's so cool! Thanks for sharing :)
You are assuming RNA first. Where's your hard evidence?
Thank you. This has been very helpful
Really helpful. It helps me in my higher studies.
Absolutly: Inteligent Design !!!
What a lesson. This was so helpful.!
This process right here is hard af to describe with words and this is just the "basics of basics" holy shit lol
Holy kittens, I can't believe I have this going on in my cells basically all the time. It looks like a perfectly choreographed ballet. I've been searching for this because I want to be able to explain how the mRNA vaccines work to people who still don't understand why I'm so enthusiastic about this new development in the history of vaccines, but now I'm so fascinated that I need to dig deeper.
this is crazy this going on right now INSIDE me!
this is perfect! thank you
This is absolutely brilliant! Perfect for my AP Bio class! Thank you!
You remember that when you get sick, and your CD8 stops working. Remember when you wanna silence those who disagree with the jabs.
A request for a technical issue: use of occasional slow motion images. Too hectic activity is to pay attention to. It'd be very nice if those processes were shown at slower speed for a short while to have a clearer look at each elements. Anything else, perfect!
i need to know how deep did they do to the realism on this animations.
pick any episode of the Simpsons to find out...
Is every component in a cell or body created through this process? Im just now beginning to understand what DNA really is. I had know it was "the genetci code" but until I saw transcription and translation I didnt understand how it was used. So now my question is does this process make everything? For example mitochondria, golgi apparatus etc - do all the parts needed to make those components need to be "3d printed" with this translation process?
Thank You for this excellent video.
Sounds complicated. Does anyone know how the ribosome, trna and mrna evolved - what were the intermediate steps or missing links until we got to the modern ribosome? Which of the 20 aminoacids and tRNAs got added first to this system?
I got a question 🙋
Where the mRNA goes after the translation process?
Is it recycled like the tRNA somehow?
Is it eliminated by the lysosomes?
Anyone?
This is a more basic version, definitely. The Large prokaryotic subunit is 50S (Svedberg Units, or sedimentation rate). It has 5SRNA (120 nucleotides) 23S RNA (2900 nucleotides) and 34 proteins. Small subunit is 30S with 16SRNA -1540 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S is the site of antibiotic action. Eurkaryotic is 60S and 40S.
The steps are initiation, propagation and elongation, and wow I just realized that this video missed so much information.
What builds the proteins that make up the ribosomes? And why are ribosomes different in the three domains of life?
Good video but not "advanced" enough. Didn't mention Elongation factors or proof reading CCA arm, editing site, active site etc. If the latter isn't a part of the translation itself, EF's are. The EF's that bring the tRNA to the ribosome for instance. Or am I wrong?
Initiation factors bind to the 5' cap of the mRNA and guide it into the small ribosomal subunit. And they hold it in place while the small subunit scans for the start 5'AUG3' codon. Then a tRNA carrying an elongation factor with an anti codon 3'UAC5' carrying a methionine comes and binds to the mRNA, the large subunit then joins the complex and begins the process
This is a marketing video intended to sell this misguided intellectualism to the general self despising public.
You're right. For eukaryotes, eEF1A brings charged tRNA to A/T site. If base pairing is successful, eEF1A would hydrolyze its GTP, dissociate, and leave the A/T tRNA in the A site. Then after peptide bond formation and 40S head rotation, eEF2 would come and help with translocation. The overall process is similar for prokaryotes, but instead of having eEF1A and eEF2 they use EF-TU and EF-G. On top of that there are initiation factors, most importantly eIF2, eIF3, eIF4E and eIF4G and release factors (eRF1 and eRF3), as well as other proteins that either promote ribosome re-initiation, recycling or hibernation.
Very informative animation, thanks🙏🌹
what about the chaperones? Shouldn t they be there to prevent incorrect folding ?
wow, I wish I knew how cool bio is, I would have been way more interested in school!
that was very nice and useful . thank you very much .
This video is so relevant today.
@eliastop It is called ribosomal RNA and contains structures and enzymes necessary for the synthesis of proteins. I hope that helps a little :)
I watched this video to learn this for my microbiology class. Now 2 years later, this is happening right now inside my body after my vaccine :)
Good luck see how you are in a couple years
@@wouldntyouwantotoknow2602 the fact that you say this is, already thinking negative and bad things for someone is sad. Hope you make it :)
U fell for the trap :( this is sad
@@chris_maejor Which trap?
@@victorriverieulx2297 taking the shot...
Now I know how the vaccine works
Superb animation.
im working now with 5S rRNA the small RNA in the Large subunit in Leishmania major :) I used this video to show te ribosome to my friends. So they can got and idea about my work :D.
What causes the Mrna to leave the nucleus. Why does it even move? Same goes for all components.
Wow, this helps. Thanks
Una explicación muy interesante. Pero ¿Qué energía hace mover al ADN y al ARN y a las cadenas de aminoácido.? Where does the energy that makes de DNA ande RNA move comes from?
Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is used in protein synthesis, both transcription and translation.
During initiation of translation, the GTP is associated with an initiation factor 2 (IF2) and is hydrolyzed upon the assembly of the initiation ribosomal complex. During elongation, GTP facilitates the binding of a new aminoacyl tRNA to the A site of a ribosome.
I got a 100%!!! I couldn't believe it. I thought there was a typo haha :D This video helped me.
great video, but it would have been nice if you talked more about the P,A,E sites as well as the different enzymes used in translation. also Translation first starts on the P site when Trna transfers the metiyonin aminoacid over to the AUG codon located on the P site to start translation. overall Great video thank you
Does dna only code for protein? Is everything that makes us work just because dna coded for a specicfic protein?
How do ribosomes know what to do?
@@Kal-EL_Volta Yes, most of our bodies vital functions occur due to proteins, which make structures and molecular machines, or enzymes, which catalyze reactions. None of these parts really "know" what to do, but basically, the ribosome forms around a "start" sequence on the mRNA, and then waits for a tRNA molecule with the proper matching sequence on it to click into place. Whenever matching sets of RNA letters come together, A-U, and G-C, a small amount of energy is released and this energy drives forward the ribosome's action. Then another tRNA comes into place on the next available site, and the matching of 3 base pairs again provides enough energy to drive to the next step, which is fusing the two amino acids, after which the first tRNA is ejected. Basically, the video isn't showing all the wrong tRNA pieces coming in and going out, unable to provide the necessary energy, and only shows the correct pieces going in and driving the reaction
Very good English! Im addicted!
Thank you
I can understand now why ribosomes are granular
mRNA is basically RFID chip that's why you need four doses of nanotechnology
Exactly, how do we know if mRNA in vaccines will not produce protein RFID ?
@@danieljust295 'protein RFID'? wtf is a 'protein RFID'? do you know what RFID is?
Douglis Do you know what is self-assembly nanotechnology ? Do you understand that you can power up any circuit remotely via radio waves if a circuit comprises of an antenna ?
Now think, our body contain iron molecules and these molecules can be assembled using proteins into electric circuits. I’m not saying this is how it is but rather that such technology exists already.
“Turned into flesh and blood” god that’s chilling to think about, but really cool too
this youtube channel is gonna be useful...i hope
Anyone knows a video that is more advanced that this explanation? Thanks :)
Okay how does the ribosome know which amino acid to take for?
How do those little amino acids know what order to go in? It is chaos and the ones that don't fit just bounce away?
Do you have a more advanced video than this (maybe one that includes elongation factors and initiation factors?). I'm having trouble visualizing EF-Tu-GTP hydrolysis..
they forgot to mention precursor RNA is made first... which then changes to functional RNA by cutting out the intrones (RNA-splicing)
anyway, this video is wicked :D
It really is a remarkable creation
Does this imply that mRNA translation is a Turing complete process?
@LughGarrick The thing is that on such small scales like this we're talking about, molecules move relatively very fast. This animation being showed is slowed way down so you can see what is going on. In reality ribosomes can make hundreds of proteins a second.
Does the mRNA strand get destroyed after?
Amazing!
The animation was very good, compared to the usual 2d circles and squares.
Amazing design
so what exactly gives this molecule its dynamic and complex behavior?
The codons (on the template- such as AGCT) tell which anti-codon is required (anticodon is present on the tRNA, and is reverse of the codon- in this case it would be TCGA). As the template moves along in the RNA, different tRNA's enter into the ribososme through the A site, when the tRNA has the required anti-codon, it moves into the P site where the (protein is being made) and releases its amino acid to join the chain (that is the protein). After releasing the amino acid, the tRNA exits...
U mean AGCU? T is not present in mRNA or tRNA
Love the speaker’s voice lol
I kept thinking it was Kathleen Turner don't know if your familiar with her she's an actress
doesnt the ribosome move thru the mRNA, not vice versa s they mentioned here?
Anyone have a link to actual footage of this happening instead of cgi
This is a very basic animation over translation. It only simply mentions eukaryotic cells. It does not show how the Translation begins with EIF's which is attracted to the cap at the 5 prime end. This then attracts a methianine tRNA which will attract a 40s SSU ribosome bottom followed by the 60s LSU top of the ribosome. This is just the initiation of translation of eukaryotic cells.
Wow! Our bodies really are technological.
Why is the deinterlacing so bad?
I wanted to know about promoters, and the Shine-Delgarno sequence :(
multumesc mult ..
EXACTLY! -___- or go read the textbook. This actually helps with the basic understanding. You can fill in the rest by READING.
I like this video...
this can be said about any chemical reaction which doesn't explain a specific interaction between specific protein molecules.
@DrStasso These are not simulations, these are animations, incorrect I may add. Both electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography allow one to see at least some of the events at a sufficient scale of details.
@DrStasso but I think it does happen after all, right?
@cbernier3 Thanks for your verbose reply sir. I love science and how the world works; it is a passion/hobby of mine. You were pretty close in assuming ed level aside from non-grad college-level Chemistry. The only things in the physical world I question are the laws of attraction and repulsion; if weak forces and all of the other energy fields react by a set chemical formula or a kinetic one, that still doesn't explain the cause and effect purpose or intended (or random) result.
Your thoughts?
It's funny how a majority of the comments are from college students... yet in my high school honors anatomy class we've gone into more detail lol..
how do they know about this process in such a detail?
What is the methodology of gathering motion data of such a small units?
they use a tiny camera placed into a cell and record it all.
They were observed using x-ray crystallography. A neat way to tell the shape of really small objects.
@@shinji906 a microscopic Go-Pro? Bodycam? Lol
No, they use reverse engineering of area 57 technology and shrink a submarine filled with biologists and a film crew and get injected Into the mRNA Vaccine jab site.
Exit is usually by circumnavigation of the blood supply to be filtered into the kidneys where upon extraction - they are all reanimated with a reverse particle beam.
@@rickknight3823 hmmm🤔I like that
It's not about being humble or not, it's a misleading title for a college student seeking extra info like me. I was expecting visual representation of say, EF mechanisms or IF1,2,3. So yeah, sorry but this should not be labelled as advanced.
So fascinating..
So, was the product of all that (the red "sequence of amino acids") that flew off at the end, a strand of DNA heading back to the nucleus?
It was a protein. Many kinds of proteins do many different things. Some are hormones, and even ribosomes, which manufacture proteins, are complex proteins. The duplication of DNA occurs in the nucleus, similar to how RNA is created.
The green tRNA has small red dots on them, in the video. The red dots are amino acids. There are different types of amino acids, all of which only connects to a certain spot in the mRNA (the yellow copy of a piece of the DNA). This is what happens inside the ribosomes.
So the yellow mRNA is a sort of reversed template of how the aminoacids should hook up and once they do, they form a protein, just like John said.
Your DNA never leaves your nucleus, but small parts of it are replicated inside the nucleus. It is this replica that is the yellow mRNA.
this is perfect for IB HL Biology :) its basically grade 11-grade 12 bio i was scared thinking it was going to be university level!
This is just amazing/mind-blowing/genius! aghh life is so complex... the biological processes that occur in living systems are highly complex and ordered. However these reactions are characterized on the basis of simple laws and principles. Whether divinely orchestrated, determined via evolution or both (which i believe)! there is no argument that this is genius.
Differential equations cause all this. And no, I do NOT believe in sentient gods.
And evolution is a confirmed fact.
reading this after having learnt programming is mind blowing.
Please explain
@@jungle1776 the DNA acting like code/parameter string and the ribosome acting like a interpreter. So many parallels to how programming works.
@@thexxmaster so you are saying they are trying to program is? I'm just trying to understand. I don't know coding.
@@jungle1776 yeah. So programming is the process of creating code which creates an output, which is a computer program. The DNA acts like the code, with it defining the output: a protein.
Software code is just a text. That text must be 'read' by something like an interpreter, that reads the text like a recipe and builds the software program. DNA follows the same process: the amenio acids are like words in the recipe, and the recipe is read to build a protein. The interpreter here is the ribosome.
A wikipedia search on computer compilers might be nice further reading.
Now I need to find a comparison vid between the two
Aamino acid ka Kya Kam hota hai
subscribed.
@norman191000 These are simulations, there has never been motion capture of something so small (not to my knowledge at least). By sequencing the various subunits and studying the crystal structures of the transitions states of the reactions we can imply the mechanisms and the chemistry behind them.
what will happen to mRNA after translation? reuse? or degraded?
degraded and ribonucleotids are being reused
Our bodies are amazing.
OMG. That is crazy!
Did genetics many many years ago but wanted to remind myself how these new mRNA vaccines will work. What a machine!
When man acts like God or Nature it tends to mess it up Big time
@@freedomthrufaith agreed. Man can't even create a simple cell from scratch . What dose that tell us?
The only real medicine is holistic natural medicine..
@@freedomthrufaith on
On official Moderna site they claim that it's not a vaccine but operational system like on your computer.
@@denisviklov4596 oh really?! I heard this but thought it was another curve ball distraction. I'll check it out. 👍