i have been watching you and your brother for years now and i have just realised how important you both are to you tube and the internet and learning just thought i would say
Though it wasn't necessarily intended for this, PCR has had applications in many different realms of biology, especially for small scale labs. In one lab I've been in where we study biosensors, we use PCR to amplify DNA, then run through a gel to check if the right strands of DNA annealed to each other to create a biosensor or aptamer. In another lab, I've used PCR to identify species of enterococcus bacteria, as certain species will have genes unique to them.
the Human Genome Project helped diagnose my rare syndrome! they funded a rare blood test that the Canadian government didn't cover, and in doing so got a sample to use for their research. that blood test cemented my diagnosis and was extremely important for me and the specialists treating me. my syndrome is caused by only one faulty gene, so my sample probably helped in verifying those findings and identifying that gene. i was only a toddler at the time, but the biology nerd in me loves that i was a tiny part in this huge project. and no, this is not an april fools joke. i would say what my syndrome is but it's so rare i fear it could actually identify me directly haha
Jean Grey really is a fascinating character, I haven't read the X-Men comics so I didn't realize that she actually coded all the proteins in our bodies.
Ikr? You see the first one and you're like "oh, you got me!" But after that you're expecting it and it just gets annoying -- especially if, like me, you watch a *lot* of RUclips.
Enjoyable, but slight correction around the 6 minute mark or so. Shotgun sequencing is described here as a wholly new technique, which isn't exactly accurate. It still uses the same sequencing technology, Sanger. The difference is in the pre-preparation and post-computational methods involved. Previous methods were things like "primer walking" - more or less reading out from a known location. Knowing where you started and where you read to, you decide where to restart and read further. You therefore also know how the pieces fit together. In shotgun, however, you randomly fragment the sequence and read them, then essentially puzzle (virtually "assemble") the data back together. Shotgun was significant in that it changed the way we thought about this kind of work, but was only made possible by simultaneous advancements in computers. You can imagine then how shotgun is potentially faster, provided you have enough money to buy equipment. You basically can read everything at once and are only limited by your equipment. In primer walking, you have to inch your way along, creeping up on the unknown data from the few known spots. Its like the difference between going from the East to West of the US via the Oregon Trail vs air travel.
Hah, what a coincidence! I'm currently studying to become a lab tech, and we're working on a small lab project at the moment, that involves amplifying a specific DNA sequence via PCR, and sequencing it via Sanger sequencing 😃
This is going to sound a little strange, given what you said, but I can't help but to feel like you've somehow understated the significance of the accomplishment. I would go so far as to say that the sequencing of the human genome is the first little beginning step to having a biological basis for understanding what we are.
Private industry won, and it wasn't close. The fact that industry eventually accepted a peace settlement from their defeated, humbled foes doesn't make it a stalemate.
Mapping the Human Genome? Is it possible? This episode summarized the story of the project that was able to map the human genome and DNA is the star in here....
The work of the Human Genome Project has allowed researchers to begin to understand the blueprint for building a person. As researchers learn more about the functions of genes and proteins, this knowledge will have a major impact in the fields of medicine, biotechnology, and the life sciences. So the origins of genetics lie in the development of theories of evolution. It was in 1858 that the origin of species and how species variability was developed after the research work of Charles Darwin and Wallace. They described how new species arose via evolution and how natural selection occurred to evolve new forms.
Evelyn Fox Keller, one of our most gifted historians and philosophers of science, provides a powerful, profound analysis of the achievements of genetics and molecular biology in the twentieth century, the century of the gene. Not just a chronicle of biology’s progress from gene to genome in one hundred years, The Century of the Gene also calls our attention to the surprising ways these advances challenge the familiar picture of the gene most of us still entertain.Keller shows us that the very successes that have stirred our imagination have also radically undermined the primacy of the gene-word and object-as the core explanatory concept of heredity and development. But more than a new vocabulary, a new awareness is absolutely crucial: that understanding the components of a system (be they individual genes, proteins, or even molecules) may tell us little about the interactions among these components. With the Human Genome Project nearing its first and most publicized goal, biologists are coming to realize that they have reached not the end of biology but the beginning of a new era. Indeed, Keller predicts that in the new century we will witness another Cambrian era, this time in new forms of biological thought rather than in new forms of biological life.
DNA has a wide information to study and its really hard to understand in just a single lesson. But i think with the help of this video we can now understand the DNA is easily and how the scientist did the mapping to the human genome. And that's what really amaze me on how they did the mapping to the humane genome. Also when they studying the cells and DNA of human to understand the diveristy of human or any kind of species.
Why is studying genetics important? In the future, doctors and scientists hope to use ourgenetic information to diagnose, treat, prevent and cure many illnesses. Genes are instructions, which tell your body how to make all the proteins it needs to survive and grow.
Our DNA really is complicated, it even took them a lot of years to complete the draft of a human genome (i was three at that time). But i think it was worth it for the people behind this project for it wil help humanity in the long run. And it's relieving to know that the people who work with genetic sequencing are increasing. Which means that discoveries to treatments of illnessess may be a lot faster in the future. It's actually surreal to know that these events happened after i was born. I can actually trace now the progress they've made in their works. Incredible people!
So this has nothing to do with the video (I love the video, I cannot believe this series is almost over); @youtube, why am I watching three ads for every video? Two before the video starts and one when the video is over?????? Is this happening to anyone else? I realize y'all are trying to push Premium but this is ridiculous. I can't afford premium and I feel like lately, I've been watching more ads than content.
@@jlupus8804 The explanation of Sanger sequencing is correct, but they should have said that the first method relied on Sanger sequencing with a genome walking approach, while Venter's method used Sanger sequencing with a shotgun approach.
It's is not correct. In Sanger the first step is not breaking the DNA is establishing a starting point with a primer. Then you add all the ingredients needed to make DNA in a dish including normal DNA bases and bases labeled with a fluorescent die (the method he invented was actually with radioactive dies and the reading was done manually). The fluorescent dies can get incorporated in the DNA but they block any new base from being added. You end up with many many copies of the piece of DNA of different length because they incorporated the fluorescent bases at different points in the copy making. Then you sort them out by length. For details see Wikipedia. Also 10000 bade pairs is a bit of a dream. Sanger becomes sloppy fast. With regular tools most people won't go past 1000
The breaking the DNA part was specific for genome analysis but is independent of Sanger method. I do Sanger in the lab to verify if I got the right mutation or the right gene inserted in a DNA vector, and there's no breaking of DNA involved. But the primer - that's vital
*_...they haven't done the really important science, sequences, such as the only located god, Unas of ca 2345 BCE Egypt, (the Egyptian Rebellion of 2011 hampered their opportunity but science marches-on)..._*
THERE IS NO RELATIONSHIP between the "genetic program" and quantum mechanics. DNA has long been characterized in term of organic chemistry, which is based on quantum physics. BUT that's it. Molecular biology (go check out the central dogma of molecular biology) didn't emerge from quantum physics in itself, except again through chemistry. DNA replication and expression are entirely explained by the action of enzymes. Besides chromosomes are at the scale of the micrometer, not nanometer. That gladdens me in a way, it is complex enough already!
@@agreencat3484 electrons and the likes are smaller than and are also inside the DNA, so at some point there maybe something that can explain the difference between life and non life from physics standpoint.
Napoleonic S yes I see what you mean. In the end everything can be reduced to electrons and nucleus, even planets, but that does not mean that they are govered by quantum physics at their scale. What i'm trying to say is that the expression of genes at a cellular level, tissue level, organ, system of organ and organism level isn't encoded in QM. Other than that you are absolutely right, of course there is a point where those molecules obey QM laws. I read somewhere that QM would give a better quantitative description and accuracy of molecular interaction, but that it is impractical because way to much computive intensive if you want to scale it at the level of a entire single cell for example. Even below that. Craig Venter has a project (something with minimal cell in it) trying to compute all the molecular interaction at atom resolution of the simplest cell we know, genitalium mycoplasma with only about 473 genes. In order to study "crowding" among other things. But the team have to make approximations to reduce computing ressources because we don't have near the required computing power. QM would be very useful to study confirmation dynamics of proteins though. I don't know much about it. I'm fairly sure that it is already used at least for some extent. Of course they put forces like ionic forces, hydrogen bridges and things like that, but do they track the variation in electron densities ? I'd also like to know
i never understood why DOE was interested in HGP. I'm very disappointed with this episode. It failed to mention contributions made my researchers outside the US.
Genes always begin by a specific sequence of nucleotides (ATG): it is called a start codon. They similarly end with a stop codon. From that you can easily deduce where genes start and stop in the long chain of DNA.
Some things previously called junk DNA are now known to be useful, yes... but the issue isn't all that clear cut. It depends on how you define junk, for one thing. Large parts of the genome consist of things like selfish genetic elements or old retroviruses, and certainly have no function in the sense that you could overwrite them with random text without affecting your body.
@@OlleLindestad you are correct, of course. I did overstate myself. He's just usually very quick to point out any previously held beliefs that turned out to be even partially incorrect.
11:47 Probably because the notion that race is a "social construct" is merely wishful thinking and holds no ground in reality or science. Sure lots of shitty things have been done based on racism, but it would be a fallacy to think that this uncomfortable history makes all racial differences untrue. I would even go as far as saying that it is our modern version heliocentrism or creationism, where even considering of researching for any objective and unfiltered truth is controversial and is likely to have dire personal consequenses for those involved. Not promoting treating people shitty for their race (my definition of racism), but just because there are some uncomfortable realities out there does not mean we get to choose our version of the truth.
Hank...what happened to you man? Saying race isn't science is like saying genders aren't real. So, it's colonial census taking to say equatorial people's have darker skin to protect from themselves from solar radiation and higher rates if sickle cell anemia as a response to more exposure to malaria? Also Europeans developed lighter skin to absorb more solar radiation to aid in vitamin D production
I hope this is a troll comment because anybody who follows this channel should know how fluid the way people have been categorized by race is. Tdlr many races today have probably been a bunch of other races in this country alone.
![Kodak Black - Versatile 4 [Official Video]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/VcP_1Ua__vY/mqdefault.jpg)
I've met Dr. Francis Collins when he and my senator came to my school. He was unbelievably nice and it was so great to meet him.
10:00 You don't want flying cats? No one tell him they already exist and are called owls.
ha ha ha! that was apt!
i have been watching you and your brother for years now and i have just realised how important you both are to you tube and the internet and learning just thought i would say
Though it wasn't necessarily intended for this, PCR has had applications in many different realms of biology, especially for small scale labs. In one lab I've been in where we study biosensors, we use PCR to amplify DNA, then run through a gel to check if the right strands of DNA annealed to each other to create a biosensor or aptamer. In another lab, I've used PCR to identify species of enterococcus bacteria, as certain species will have genes unique to them.
the Human Genome Project helped diagnose my rare syndrome! they funded a rare blood test that the Canadian government didn't cover, and in doing so got a sample to use for their research. that blood test cemented my diagnosis and was extremely important for me and the specialists treating me. my syndrome is caused by only one faulty gene, so my sample probably helped in verifying those findings and identifying that gene. i was only a toddler at the time, but the biology nerd in me loves that i was a tiny part in this huge project.
and no, this is not an april fools joke. i would say what my syndrome is but it's so rare i fear it could actually identify me directly haha
Congratulations!
The 42nd episode in honour of Douglas Noel Adams, also known as DNA
This is release on April 1 too... it's almost a damn joke :P
"He thought genetic sequencing would combat racism."
Oh you sweet summer child
Jean Grey really is a fascinating character, I haven't read the X-Men comics so I didn't realize that she actually coded all the proteins in our bodies.
Learning about genes and DNA in biology sophomore year rn. The way the Universe works is dope
#42 i keep thinking its ending then he says that he will talk about that more in two episodes gives me relief i dont want these to end
The quality of this information is astonishing!
With the #42 in the title I expected this to be an April Fools joke. I'm surprised it wasn't.
I was expecting this to be an April fool's joke episode
*Damnit*
Haha! Nope, gotta keep ourselves on schedule. :)
- Nick J.
Did you see the Douglas Adams comment? It's basically an unintentional (or is it) joke.
I learned about this in genetics and college. This is so cool
Finally a video today without inane April fools jokes!
Ikr? You see the first one and you're like "oh, you got me!" But after that you're expecting it and it just gets annoying -- especially if, like me, you watch a *lot* of RUclips.
Crash course is so helpful. It make learning fun.
I love this series!!
Enjoyable, but slight correction around the 6 minute mark or so. Shotgun sequencing is described here as a wholly new technique, which isn't exactly accurate. It still uses the same sequencing technology, Sanger. The difference is in the pre-preparation and post-computational methods involved. Previous methods were things like "primer walking" - more or less reading out from a known location. Knowing where you started and where you read to, you decide where to restart and read further. You therefore also know how the pieces fit together. In shotgun, however, you randomly fragment the sequence and read them, then essentially puzzle (virtually "assemble") the data back together. Shotgun was significant in that it changed the way we thought about this kind of work, but was only made possible by simultaneous advancements in computers. You can imagine then how shotgun is potentially faster, provided you have enough money to buy equipment. You basically can read everything at once and are only limited by your equipment. In primer walking, you have to inch your way along, creeping up on the unknown data from the few known spots. Its like the difference between going from the East to West of the US via the Oregon Trail vs air travel.
So next time I use my telescope to discover a new celestial body, I'll patent it and demand royalties from everyone who looks at it from then on.
and last November, two genetically engineered children were born. Amazing.
Come on, Crash Course, I think it's quite obvious that pigeons aren't a thing.
*Eye roll
Hah, what a coincidence! I'm currently studying to become a lab tech, and we're working on a small lab project at the moment, that involves amplifying a specific DNA sequence via PCR, and sequencing it via Sanger sequencing 😃
This is going to sound a little strange, given what you said, but I can't help but to feel like you've somehow understated the significance of the accomplishment. I would go so far as to say that the sequencing of the human genome is the first little beginning step to having a biological basis for understanding what we are.
please make arabic subtitle included in your videos
you are great
Oh c'mon, I thought you guys were gonna talk about how Mullis was high as a kite when he thought up the concept of PCR xD
?when will you do second series of physics
I've always suspected pigeons are a hoax
Good video
Private industry won, and it wasn't close. The fact that industry eventually accepted a peace settlement from their defeated, humbled foes doesn't make it a stalemate.
Have you seen "Century of the self" -Adam Curtis. Eye opening documentary about human nature
Mapping the Human Genome? Is it possible? This episode summarized the story of the project that was able to map the human genome and DNA is the star in here....
The work of the Human Genome Project has allowed researchers to begin to understand the blueprint for building a person. As researchers learn more about the functions of genes and proteins, this knowledge will have a major impact in the fields of medicine, biotechnology, and the life sciences. So the origins of genetics lie in the development of theories of evolution. It was in 1858 that the origin of species and how species variability was developed after the research work of Charles Darwin and Wallace. They described how new species arose via evolution and how natural selection occurred to evolve new forms.
Evelyn Fox Keller, one of our most gifted historians and philosophers of science, provides a powerful, profound analysis of the achievements of genetics and molecular biology in the twentieth century, the century of the gene. Not just a chronicle of biology’s progress from gene to genome in one hundred years, The Century of the Gene also calls our attention to the surprising ways these advances challenge the familiar picture of the gene most of us still entertain.Keller shows us that the very successes that have stirred our imagination have also radically undermined the primacy of the gene-word and object-as the core explanatory concept of heredity and development. But more than a new vocabulary, a new awareness is absolutely crucial: that understanding the components of a system (be they individual genes, proteins, or even molecules) may tell us little about the interactions among these components.
With the Human Genome Project nearing its first and most publicized goal, biologists are coming to realize that they have reached not the end of biology but the beginning of a new era. Indeed, Keller predicts that in the new century we will witness another Cambrian era, this time in new forms of biological thought rather than in new forms of biological life.
DNA has a wide information to study and its really hard to understand in just a single lesson. But i think with the help of this video we can now understand the DNA is easily and how the scientist did the mapping to the human genome. And that's what really amaze me on how they did the mapping to the humane genome. Also when they studying the cells and DNA of human to understand the diveristy of human or any kind of species.
Why is studying genetics important? In the future, doctors and scientists hope to use ourgenetic information to diagnose, treat, prevent and cure many illnesses. Genes are instructions, which tell your body how to make all the proteins it needs to survive and grow.
Our DNA really is complicated, it even took them a lot of years to complete the draft of a human genome (i was three at that time). But i think it was worth it for the people behind this project for it wil help humanity in the long run. And it's relieving to know that the people who work with genetic sequencing are increasing. Which means that discoveries to treatments of illnessess may be a lot faster in the future. It's actually surreal to know that these events happened after i was born. I can actually trace now the progress they've made in their works. Incredible people!
a flying cat is an owl.
hell yes i love genes
I'm.............. *Finally caught up!!!*
Damn Hank, there's so much science you're covering that by the time you get to the twenty first century, we'll have solved FRBs
Educational!
Recently a chinese scientific modified a dna of a baby to prevent him from diseases! Amazing Xx
Could you make CC mathematics?
Brian Hutzell yes yes!! The Organic Chemistry tutor is very good too :)
....... starts working on flying cats
Haebris Mass bird extinction
I can never hear “human genome project” without thinking about Metal Gear.
0:06, what is love?
baby dont hurt me
Denying pigeons😂😂
*I* Want Flying Cats!!!
I want flying cats...
BANANAS ARE CHOM CHOMS
So this has nothing to do with the video (I love the video, I cannot believe this series is almost over); @youtube, why am I watching three ads for every video? Two before the video starts and one when the video is over?????? Is this happening to anyone else? I realize y'all are trying to push Premium but this is ridiculous. I can't afford premium and I feel like lately, I've been watching more ads than content.
+
Please consider doing Crash Course Calculus...
The finale should be on Memes
"Dislike" for not wanting flying cats!!!
April fools! Turns out Genes don't even exist and it's just a conspiracy
But that’s just a theory
If genes did exist, wouldn't they just roll off the edge of the Earth? 😁
It must be Soros!
Becky Mason a gene theory
But that's just a theory
A game theory!
Great episode but the Sanger sequencing explanation was almost completely wrong.
What do you mean?
@@jlupus8804 The explanation of Sanger sequencing is correct, but they should have said that the first method relied on Sanger sequencing with a genome walking approach, while Venter's method used Sanger sequencing with a shotgun approach.
It's is not correct. In Sanger the first step is not breaking the DNA is establishing a starting point with a primer. Then you add all the ingredients needed to make DNA in a dish including normal DNA bases and bases labeled with a fluorescent die (the method he invented was actually with radioactive dies and the reading was done manually). The fluorescent dies can get incorporated in the DNA but they block any new base from being added. You end up with many many copies of the piece of DNA of different length because they incorporated the fluorescent bases at different points in the copy making. Then you sort them out by length. For details see Wikipedia. Also 10000 bade pairs is a bit of a dream. Sanger becomes sloppy fast. With regular tools most people won't go past 1000
The breaking the DNA part was specific for genome analysis but is independent of Sanger method. I do Sanger in the lab to verify if I got the right mutation or the right gene inserted in a DNA vector, and there's no breaking of DNA involved. But the primer - that's vital
Batcats!
I want flying cats
Are u sure ..this isnt a joke for April Fools 😅😂❤
*_...they haven't done the really important science, sequences, such as the only located god, Unas of ca 2345 BCE Egypt, (the Egyptian Rebellion of 2011 hampered their opportunity but science marches-on)..._*
Has any scientist even tried to understand and explain the quantum physics of DNA?
THERE IS NO RELATIONSHIP between the "genetic program" and quantum mechanics. DNA has long been characterized in term of organic chemistry, which is based on quantum physics. BUT that's it. Molecular biology (go check out the central dogma of molecular biology) didn't emerge from quantum physics in itself, except again through chemistry. DNA replication and expression are entirely explained by the action of enzymes. Besides chromosomes are at the scale of the micrometer, not nanometer. That gladdens me in a way, it is complex enough already!
@@agreencat3484
electrons and the likes are smaller than and are also inside the DNA, so at some point there maybe something that can explain the difference between life and non life from physics standpoint.
Napoleonic S yes I see what you mean. In the end everything can be reduced to electrons and nucleus, even planets, but that does not mean that they are govered by quantum physics at their scale. What i'm trying to say is that the expression of genes at a cellular level, tissue level, organ, system of organ and organism level isn't encoded in QM. Other than that you are absolutely right, of course there is a point where those molecules obey QM laws. I read somewhere that QM would give a better quantitative description and accuracy of molecular interaction, but that it is impractical because way to much computive intensive if you want to scale it at the level of a entire single cell for example. Even below that. Craig Venter has a project (something with minimal cell in it) trying to compute all the molecular interaction at atom resolution of the simplest cell we know, genitalium mycoplasma with only about 473 genes. In order to study "crowding" among other things. But the team have to make approximations to reduce computing ressources because we don't have near the required computing power. QM would be very useful to study confirmation dynamics of proteins though. I don't know much about it. I'm fairly sure that it is already used at least for some extent. Of course they put forces like ionic forces, hydrogen bridges and things like that, but do they track the variation in electron densities ? I'd also like to know
i never understood why DOE was interested in HGP. I'm very disappointed with this episode. It failed to mention contributions made my researchers outside the US.
This was a little bit difficult 😩
do you put Turkish subtitles Please!
no
Khan
Great video. It's just as amazing as your video on pee on SciShow.
crash course on music theory?
Sorry, basic question: how do ppl know what is one gene or another if they are part of a chain of DNA?
Genes always begin by a specific sequence of nucleotides (ATG): it is called a start codon. They similarly end with a stop codon. From that you can easily deduce where genes start and stop in the long chain of DNA.
@@sebm2767 Thank you so much 👍
thank you for April fool video.
hi
Pigeons actually don't exist, and neither do doves.
"lats" ?
Crash Course CRISPR
I feel sorry for that dude.
0:26
BUT PIGEONS AREN'T REAL!!1!
Epigentics Rules All & genetics is a dead-end!
Didn't mention Gene Hackman, Gene Wilder or Gene Kelly. 0/10
In every video, there’s always the first ten people that’ll say “First”
Second
Hank, did you honestly just use the term "junk DNA" without immediately explaining that there's no such thing? Shame on you!
Some things previously called junk DNA are now known to be useful, yes... but the issue isn't all that clear cut. It depends on how you define junk, for one thing. Large parts of the genome consist of things like selfish genetic elements or old retroviruses, and certainly have no function in the sense that you could overwrite them with random text without affecting your body.
@@OlleLindestad you are correct, of course. I did overstate myself. He's just usually very quick to point out any previously held beliefs that turned out to be even partially incorrect.
2037 who is watching this?
:)
April Fools!
11:47
Probably because the notion that race is a "social construct" is merely wishful thinking and holds no ground in reality or science.
Sure lots of shitty things have been done based on racism, but it would be a fallacy to think that this uncomfortable history makes all racial differences untrue.
I would even go as far as saying that it is our modern version heliocentrism or creationism, where even considering of researching for any objective and unfiltered truth is controversial and is likely to have dire personal consequenses for those involved.
Not promoting treating people shitty for their race (my definition of racism), but just because there are some uncomfortable realities out there does not mean we get to choose our version of the truth.
Eighth
First
First comment
First!!
Hank...what happened to you man? Saying race isn't science is like saying genders aren't real. So, it's colonial census taking to say equatorial people's have darker skin to protect from themselves from solar radiation and higher rates if sickle cell anemia as a response to more exposure to malaria? Also Europeans developed lighter skin to absorb more solar radiation to aid in vitamin D production
I hope this is a troll comment because anybody who follows this channel should know how fluid the way people have been categorized by race is. Tdlr many races today have probably been a bunch of other races in this country alone.
"It's like denying pigeons" bro, what does that even mean?? 😑😶👍🏽🕊🐥🐤🐦🐧🐔🦉🦅🦆
OMNOMNOMNOMNOM HAHAHHAHAHAAHAHAHAHAHA IM FIRSTTTTTT
Bald
first