How the Fez Transformed the Ottoman Empire
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- Опубликовано: 16 май 2024
- One day the Ottomans decided to modernize their look with the fez cap, and it changed how the world saw them forever.
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00:00 - Intro
1:30 - Mahmud II and Reform
4:55 - Introducing the Fez
6:33 - From Modern to Old
7:12 - Orientalism and the Ottomans
8:44 - Ataturk and Banning the Fez
Music used:
"Ibn Al Noor" by Kevin MacLeod
found at www.incompetech.com
Sources:
- Paşa, Mahmud Şevket. L’Organisation et les uniformes de l’armee ottomanne (depuis sa creation jusqu’a nos jours): Premiere partie, depuis 1326 jusqu’a 1826. Istanbul: Mekteb-i Harbiye Matbaasi, 1909.
- Quataert, Donald. “Clothing Laws, State, and Society in the Ottoman Empire, 1720-1829.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 29, no. 3 (1997): 403-25. www.jstor.org/stable/164587.
- Said, Edward W.. Orientalism. United States: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 1979.
- Seal, Jeremy. A fez of the heart: travels around Turkey in search of a hat. San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1996.
- Stephanov, Darin. “Sultan Mahmud II (1808-1839) and the First Shift in Modern Ruler Visibility in the Ottoman Empire.” Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association 1, no. 1-2 (2014): 129-48. doi.org/10.2979/jottturstuass....
- Suciu, Peter. “The Military Fez.” Military Heritage 14, no. 4 (December 2012). warfarehistorynetwork.com/art....
Fez was picked to be the official headgear by Mahmud II to symbolize "Ottoman citizenry" regardless of religious and ethnic difference, since similar tasseled caps was used in Balkans, Greece and Anatolia, and particularly red ones with tassels used in Morocco regardless of religious affiliation. It is strange that an attempt to secularize the Ottoman Empire by the Sultan is nowadays falsely percceived to be a "muslim symbol" by particularly the westerners.
It seems I was lucky to somehow avoid that. I first saw a fez in Doctor Who, later learned it was worn in Turkey in the 1800’s and went “oh guess it must be an ottoman thing.”
I think the particular Fez the Ottomans wore, by at least the Young Turk generation WAS to show Islamic solidarity though. But yeah, the fez in general doesn't have to be Muslim.
@@joshfish2 Young Turks were mostly closet atheist/irreligious/ people clamouring for reform and mostly for a secular constitution tho.
@@HatredForMankind This is a common misnomer. The Young Turk society was a natural progression from the Young Ottoman movement, which was full of Muslim reformists rather than atheists and irreligious people. The Young Turks wanted to modernise, but not westernise. Enver Paşa, for example, opposed a language script swap from Arabic to Latin, considering that a form of denegrating Ottoman culture. The Young Turks were influenced by atheists in France, but they themselves were mostly Muslim. The Young Turks were even lead by some Muslim scholars who supported overthrowing the Ottoman Monarch.
This could be because of its banning by the Republic of Turkey, which also banned certain religious headwear, which is likely part of the confusion.
I never made the connection before that Fezes in American pop culture are used to symbolize a character being somewhat mystical and mysterious. Which I guess comes back to the Shriners, and their decision to co-opt Turkish symbolism. I guess Egyptian culture sort of functions in a similar way in our culture, with anything using the symbolism of pyramids or hieroglyphics carrying a similar air of exoticism and mysteriousness.
In Egyptian history we had Fezes, Pyramids and hieroglyphs, so mysterious
from Wikipedia "Shriners International, formally known as the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine"
There was definitely a time is US cultural history when we had a much higher opinion of our Muslim bros
My impression is that the Fez is a classy icon,because old american media has the stereotype of the man of the house reading by the fireplace wearing a nightgown ,a fez and smoking a pipe.
I've always wondered about it as a Bosniak.
"What does that hat have to do with magic?"
"Its a Fez. I wear a Fez now. Fezes are cool."
Aw dang! You beat me to it.
I was about to comment the same thing.
Only North African Barbary country not colonized by the Ottomans.
It's also very stylish.
Also you forgot my favourite fun fact about these Reforms: The way some people silently rebelled against them by wearing the traditional turban UNDER the Fez cap technically following the law in the letter but not in the spirit.
i love how the fez:originated in Morocco, was exported to the Ottomans, then adopted by Egypt, then some British officers in the Khedivate wore it
Cringe pfp, also source
How do you fit a turban under a fez
@@goldenfiberwheat238 I think there are pictures and where the turban is worn over the fez, not under it. They wrap the turban around the fez and you can still see the top of the fez.
You don't, if you look at some paintings of the era they basically just wear the turban and have the fez kinda stuck on top in the little nook in the middle@@goldenfiberwheat238
Fascinating example of cyclic change in history, how any symbol of revolution or reform becomes one of tradition or conservatism given enough time. Reminds me of Tevye in Fiddler on the Roof, "Our old ways were once new."
We used to have a Farmers' Market in Lansing next to the Convention Center. One of my favorite vendors was an old Lebanese woman, Mama Seif, who made great soups and pastries. She was always very happy and friendly and fun to talk to.
One day, there was a Shriners' convention in town. A number of them went to the Farmers' Market for lunch; I arrived in the middle of it. I found the normally garrulous Mama Seif sitting very quietly, arms folded, looking wary, even a bit angry. When I went to her table, she leaned over and whispered, "Who are all these men wearing fezzes?"
I looked around and said, oh, they must be Shriners. "Why are they here?" I shrugged and said they must be having a convention. "But what do they want?" she asked, watching them from the corner of her eye.
She seemed to be getting nervous, and I realized she wasn't familiar with the Shriners. So I explained they are a benevolent society that puts on events to raise money for children's hospitals. She leaned back, still a bit wary but also now confused. "But why are they wearing fezzes?"
I'm not an expert, but I told her my understanding is that the Shriners were formed in the 1920s. That was the same time as the discovery of King Tut's tomb, which led to a big fad for Egyptian imagery in fashion, jewelry, architecture, etc. The Shriners picked up the fez simply because it was popular at the time.
At this, she relaxed a bit. She explained that when she was a little girl in Lebanon -- probably the 1940s -- the people wearing fezzes were the bad guys, the trouble-makers. She didn't get more specific than that, but clearly the fez had a negative, dangerous connotation for her.
The fez cap also know as tarboosh may have been made famous by the Ottomans but it's origins are from Morocco which the Turks call Fas/Fez--- Fez being the historic capital of Morocco.
The origins of this cap go back to the moors who were expulsed from Iberia following the reconquista and who migrated mainly to the kingdom of Morocco but also to the Ottoman empire. They wore this hat to symbolize their mourning for the loss of Al-Andalus.
Their are brothers of the black fez and brothers of red/ wine fez.
I traveled around Greece and Turkey last year and it was interesting that despite the fez being associated with Turks the only people I saw wearing fezes in all my time there was on the heads of the guards of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Greece, not Turkey.
That's because when Greece fought for its independence from the Ottoman Empire fezes were the standard head wear among Greeks, while Turks wore turbans. In the course of the 19th century use of the fez waned in Greece, as it was replaced by more western hats while coming to be increasingly associated with the Ottomans. But it was part of the light infantry (Evzones) uniform, even as all other soldiers wore hats like those worn in western European armies, all the way up to WWII (the field fez was dyed olive green by then). The last Evzones are now a ceremonial unit guarding the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.
Fez is Greek, look Britannica online. Many Byzantines wore it, see Demetrios Chalkondyles for example.
@@aokiaoki4238 Fez hat is Moroccan from the old capital of Morocco Fez
@@moroccomorocco6556 No it's not. It's called Pylos. Britannica:
"The tarboosh, which is of ancient Greek origin, is similar to the modern fez. "
@@aokiaoki4238 the international name of this hat is Fez
Fez is the old capital of Morocco
In Morocco we have coins from the era of Mauretania with Fez hat
In the book of the African lyon he described the citizens of the city of fezy wearing a red hat called Fez
Fez hat is very famous of Morocco and it's the official clothes with the white jelaba
Moroccan king is always wearing a Fez hat
2:38 Greek lithograph celebrating the Young Turk revolt in 1908 and the re-introduction of a constitutional regime in the Ottoman Empire. The angel holds a calico bearing the words "freedom, equality, brotherhood".
I love the symbolism of the change in Ottoman and later Turkish headwear always being about seeming more modern
In the 15-1600s the massive turbans were a representation of their power and culture.
But like you say as the years went on they became to appear outdated and the Fez became the head wear of the modern man
Until Attaturks reforms that saw all old or religious head dresses banned and replaced with western style top hats or just none at all.
"your never gonna do it without your fez on."
Steely Dan
Don't make me do it without the Fez on! Oh, no!
3:30 Selim III wasn't Mahmud II father,he was his cousin
hats are like the best part of a culture, there are so many hats of culture i like, i even like making hats for fun
When I was in primary school, the walls of the building were full of paintings of Greece's revolutionary heroes. Most of them, including Botsaris, Miaoulis, Karaiskakis etc. are depicted wearing a fez.
In Egypt we kept wearing the Fez(we call it Tarboush in Arabic) till the 1950s when the Monarchy, Feudalism and the concept of nobility and noble families was abolished by the socalist leader Gamal abdel Nasser, in his view the Fez was a symbol of hierarchical rich social classes and a reminder of a period in which Egypt was under British occupation
Edit: A funny story that happened was that Atatürk was once visited by an Egyptian official and the Egyptian was naturally wearing a Fez, which made Atatürk angry and told him to take that thing off
I hope the Egyptian told that drunkard to eff off.
I think the use of Fezzes to show wacky characters who dealt with mysticism might've been at least in part inspired by Welsh stage magician Tommy Cooper,
I think Cooper came at the end of a tradition, not the the start.
Fezcinating stuff! 😉
Stop it
Interestingly Austria was the biggest manufacturer of the fez. When Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia in 1908, a boycott started in the Ottomans against Austrian products, including the fez. This boycott was supported by the new CUP government, joining the internal political struggles of the time. And it also led to the discussions about developing a national industry (which as you might know the new republic of Turkey was very keen on.) So when the new Hat Law was put in place in the new republic of Turkey, the reputation of the fez was already in decline. While Atatürk's reforms were no doubt revolutionary, most of them carried precedence and weren't the decisions of "a dictator destroying his own culture" as some might think.
(if this came off as very pseudo-academical and pretentious, bear in mind that i don't know anything about anything.)
I wear a fez now. Fezzes are cool.
Damn you beat me to it
so this is a doctor who reference, but why didnt the doctor keep the fez? He could just make a new one
@@yrobtsvt He ordered one but it didn't come until 2 regenerations later.
I never really knew that much about the history of the fez in the first place, but in my mind I always sorta associated it more with Moroccan culture than with the Ottomans. Interesting
@@KawtarEnniya-yz9vd more like they didn’t want to, because the Ottoman Algerian forces entered the capital of Morocco twice (1554 and 1574) to place (more friendly) kings rather than occupy a distant land with weak strategic value for the Ottoman as the Barbary corsairs were enough trouble for Europe.
The battle you mentioned was not really important as the Ottoman Algerian forces won a decisive victory against the Spanish three months later only, this was enough to convince the petty Moroccan king not to freak beyond his eastern borders. So framing it like it was the ottomans that wanted to colonise your country even though all your wars were offensive is rather misleading.
@@nourerrahmanebrahmia4035
1. The turks could not conquer Morocco...they were at war with the spanish Habsburgs in the 16th century...they would have loved having Morocco under their domination...but they werent successful, simple as that.
2. There was nothing called ottoman-algerian...what you call algeria was under full domination from the turks...the turks controlled the state of algiers, its army and its administration...algerians were considered an inferior race...even the ruler of algiers was appointed directly by Istanbul in the 16th and 17th century.
I know fezzes purely from Matt Smith wearing them during his time playing as the 11th Doctor in Doctor Who. He'd always say "fezzes are cool."
Word "Fez" is the name of the main town of Morocco.
So The fez originated in the city of Fez, Morocco, in the early 19th century. It was constructed of felt, which was dyed red with the juice from berries that grew outside of the city. The hat’s tassel was usually made of silk or wool.
In Morocco, leaders such as Moulay Sharif ibn Ali were recorded sporting the more structured Tarbush with an ‘amamahwrapped around the Tarbush as early as the 1600s. This would become a popular way of wearing the Tarbush as it helped stabilize the ‘Amamah. To this day, The King of Morocco, the princes of Morocco, and even the Moroccan people still wear this hat, and it is considered among the cultural legacies that they cherish. If you enter museums in Morocco, you will find pictures of all the sultans of Morocco, the princes of Morocco, and the judges of Morocco throughout the ages in pictures wearing this hat, as it is called. In Fez, because it was made for the first time in the Moroccan city of Fez. For reference, the Ottomans did not enter Morocco and were not able to colonize it because they lost the war with the Moroccans in several battles, the last and most famous of which was the Battle of Oued El-Laban, so Morocco remained the only country that was not colonized by the Ottomans.
@@KawtarEnniya-yz9vd man shut up you didn't need to reply to every other comment with this
Countryballs must be countryhats after this
Ottoman icons definitely are an interesting subject. Even their bayonets can be seen marked with numerous mystical and unique symbols
Yeah, that's the orientalist approach the video was talking about, lol. Whay you call "mystical symbols" is actually just casual Turkish words, written in Arabic script.
@@dorylaionsRed Apple for Ottoman icons example
"We gonna take to red apple"
Unless you are a former ottoman Christian Which in that case you'll probably see them as symbols of tyranny and oppression
The fez was also a part of French and even US Civil War-era zouave uniforms.
Exactly. Their costumes were inspired by the costumes of Ottoman troops of the city of Algiers.
I really appreciate the historical and cultural context of this. Came for the fez talk, stayed for the history! Will be subscribing.
Actually the fez cap is that the ottoman adapted is a Moroccan invention (it clearly in the name, ottoman used to call morocco by the name of the old capital Fez). The ottoman merchants that used to visit Essaouira were the ones that introduced to the ottoman.
In Turkey we still call Morocco Fas from the city of Fez, the headgear is called Fes though
No, that's not true
@@hakanbaybars4435 so what is the thrut.
in turkish it is still fas not used to
Cool stuff, do more of those!
Not gonna lie, this was truly fascinating.
and no symbol on the fez in the thumbnail good job
Such an important piece of culture
I found this to be quite an informative video! I never thought much of the fez cap, but now, I know about the great irony of the fez: it was adopted by the Ottoman Empire as a symbol of modernity, yet in just a century, both the Europeans and Ataturk saw it as old-fashioned... and now, it's relegated to secret societies and cartoon characters.
Thanks for the information!
So glad you put the perry in there
British people: Matt Smith 11th Doctor!
This is what the 11th Doctor was trying to get at
You should do one on how the Fez transformed the go-kart industry.
I am a long-time fez-o-phile. Please explain more about the connection with go-karts!
Love this topic
I've always been in awe of the Ottoman Empire. I mean, who would have thought that you could build an empire on the sale of foot rests?
You should try doing every week of the Theriso Revolt (1905), I think you'll find it challenging!
Please make a video on explaining relationship between Mughals and Ottomans.
Hardly any other than common hatred for Safavids.
Thanks for getting the Shriners in there at the end. My father was a Shriner, and as a child I remember going to the annual Shriner picnic and seeing all these fancy Fez caps, many way fancier than my father's.
Hey! Noticed you bringing up the topic of orientalism. While orientalism was applied in the way you stated it was, it should be noted that the attitude present in orientalism was not strictly about the Middle East, but about Asia on the whole. Broadly speaking, there is still a lot of orientalism to go around today- though perhaps with a bit more nuance (which doesn't make it less racist) than there was in the 1800s and 1900s.
3:30 Loved this video but I have to point out two corrections: The image you used is not the auspicious event of 1826 but of the siege and conquest of Zigetvar in 1566. Sultan Selim III was Sultan Mahmud II's cousin, not father, Mahmud and Selim's grandfather was Sultan Ahmed III, who fathered Sultan Mustafa III and his brother/successor Sultan Abdülhamid I, the former was the father of Selim III and the latter was the father of Mahmud II.
Incidentally I just just pondering the fez yesterday
The fez is a lot like the dunce cap. First a sign of enlightenment, and later a sign of old fashioned and backwards.
Excellent.
0:47 omg Generator Rex mentioned!!!!!
Thank you.
Turban that fez replaced, is the cloth that will be used to wrap the wearers body when he dies. The sultan wears his to remind him he is just a mortal
"Fezzes are cool!" - Doctor Who
I've always found it funny that staunch conservative traditionalist ottomanists in Turkey latch on to the fez, the original rejection of the traditional ottoman identity. The fez was so European that the Ottoman Empire imported most of it from Austria. And when the Austrians annexed Bosnia the population of the empire in important rage tried to boycott the fez, beat up people wearing fez on the streets etc.
I always thought it was interesting that Shriners wore fez’s.
Its still seen in many traditional/official ceremonies in the Islamic world, for example at weddings including in my home country of Tunisia.
As a baby faced time traveler once said "Fezzes are cool"
3:36 - Selim III. actually wasn't Mahmut's father, but a cousin. Ottoman dynasty in the 18th century practiced the seniorate succession - i.e. before you could ascend the throne, all of your father's brothers have to take their turn sitting on it. As a result, Mahmut's actual father Abdülhamit was almost 50 when he took the throne.
You can clearly see Orientalism in the Dodecanese under Italian rule. Especially towards Muslims and Jews that lived there.
That is the main reason why Rhodes become a major vacation hotspot for Europe. And it remained so to this day.
7.38 , that is demonstrably true through
A good and interesting video. Just one mistake is that Selim III was not Mahmud II's father, should be his uncle. Mahmud II's father was Abdulhamid I
What is about Mussolini's fez cap?
3:39 Selim III is Mahmud's uncle. Not father.
"The Ottoman was no longer at the grand height it had been before" a phrase to be heard many times in the region's history.
Very interesting. Just how many of these little stories of historical influence do i stumble past everyday?
I have a photograph of my grandfather wearing a Fez cap during his military service in Africa. He was sent to Sidi Ifni which was one of spanish possesions in what is nowadays Morroco.
The fex cap is a direct descendant of the Phrygian cap, the only difference really being the blocking of the felt and the addition of the tassel, though I suppose one could suggest that the French floret from the Revolution is a logical substitution.
It was not the fez cap that transformed the Ottoman Empire, It was the go karts and little motorcycles that came with it.
Sorry but Word "Fez" is the name of the main town of Morocco.
So The fez originated in the city of Fez, Morocco, in the early 19th century. It was constructed of felt, which was dyed red with the juice from berries that grew outside of the city. The hat’s tassel was usually made of silk or wool.
In Morocco, leaders such as Moulay Sharif ibn Ali were recorded sporting the more structured Tarbush with an ‘amamahwrapped around the Tarbush as early as the 1600s. This would become a popular way of wearing the Tarbush as it helped stabilize the ‘Amamah. To this day, The King of Morocco, the princes of Morocco, and even the Moroccan people still wear this hat, and it is considered among the cultural legacies that they cherish. If you enter museums in Morocco, you will find pictures of all the sultans of Morocco, the princes of Morocco, and the judges of Morocco throughout the ages in pictures wearing this hat, as it is called. In Fez, because it was made for the first time in the Moroccan city of Fez. For reference, the Ottomans did not enter Morocco and were not able to colonize it because they lost the war with the Moroccans in several battles, the last and most famous of which was the Battle of Oued El-Laban, so Morocco remained the only country that was not colonized by the Ottomans.
So the Ottoman Turkish Empire popularized a headgear using the name of a city that came from a country that the Empire failed to conquer.😊😊
During the Crimean War (1853-1856) the Kingdom of Sardinia sent a contingent of around 15.000 men, including the Bersaglieri, a historic unit of the Italian Army, they were a light-assault infantry (today they shifted to Mechanized Heavy and Medium Infantry). During the time in Crimea, they came into contact with the Ottoman soldiers wearing Fez, and they loved them so much that they adopted them as fatigue caps and they still use them today.
And Fez was also used by the fascists.
I actually own a fez that my grandma gave to me. Very stylish cap
"...one of the most common forms of orientalism is this idea developed by imperialist Europe where they believed that the West was modern, flexible, able to progress and the Middle East on the other hand was this exotic land, lost in time, holding on to these mysterious traditions, backwards ways of life unable to change". 7:42
Objectively, is this not how Arabs of the time began more and more to see themselves? Of course, not as "exotic" but, having been a force the world over for centuries before their crushing defeat by Napoleon, the invasion absolutely caused a shift in their worldview and a self-image. Before that the Arabs under the Ottoman sultanate saw themselves as the pinnacle of enlightenment during the Islamic Golden Age while Europe was still the backwards neighbor as that coincided with their dark age. Their institutions were more advanced, their bureaucracy more effective than what they had seen of Europe until Napoleon showed them that Europe had bypassed them while the Middle East had a stagnated. Once they realized that they were so ossified under the Ottomans and behind the times, they are quick catch-up game in the form of al-Nahda which did wonders for the modernization of their arts and institutions and outlook modeled on what they saw of Europe at the time.
The Muslim world had a swift realization of its military inferiority when Napoleon was able to crush their cavalry in Egypt on the merit of its innovative and flexible tactics plus their integration of artillery (which is ironically the same factor that secured ottoman military dominance two centuries prior), their civil institutions were modernized when Napoleon instituted equal rights for their religious minorities, Egyptians didn't study their past until Napoleon brought scholars and academics who founded the Institut d'Egypt and excavated the Rosetta Stone for example. Modernization brought to them, if not forced upon them was clear for each literate citizen when Napoleon brought the most advanced printing presses to exist in the Arabic-speaking world, increasing the viability of the local and national administration. This was so successful that it was the basis of the standardized form of the modern Arabic script still used today.
East and West had reason to see the Arab polity as inflexible and antiquated.
3:39 small correction
Mahmud II father was Abdulhamid I
In Strakonice Fezzes are produced until today (since about 1807).
And the Shriners!
So it seems that orientalism had a pretty solid grasp on the sitrep.
In Egypt we call it Tarbush
Major Hoople in the American comic strip, "Our Boarding House," often wore a fez.
Good! If you did not mention Major Hoople, then I would have. Yaz...
In the UK we had a very popular comedian who played a 'magician' whose tricks always, always, went wrong, Tommy Cooper, who always wore a fez.
Aint gonna do it without the fez on
The Fez is my favorite Steely Dan song
I love the fez because in _Indiana Jones and The Fate of Atlantis_ if you chose the "think" path, you had to chase a fez capped guy across Algiers.
The fez was surely a response to the top hat.
I am waiting for someone to relate the Fez Cap to the Tartarians! It's bound to happen!
0:45 You did not put Morocco from Secret Squirrel.
Ironically, the most Turkish headwear is worn in celebration in the West every Christmas. It's the Phyrgian hat aka the Santa hat. Phyrgia referring to the Kingdom that used to be in the Anatolian highlands.
The Phrygians would have lost their cultural identity centuries, if not a millennium, before Turkic peoples moved into Anatolia.
I for one am glad to live in the 'Carlin Era'. 'Hats: Optional!'
selim iii wasnt the father of mahmud the 2. btw
Fez is Greek, look Britannica online. Many Byzantines wore it, see Demetrios Chalkondyles for example.
Could the Fez hat be from... Fez, Morocco?
Fezzes are cool 👍
3:30 Selim III wasn't Mahmud's father, he was his uncle.
It disappeared with the loss of the op Saharan spy loadout bonus; a shame as its a really stylish hat
interesting
When I wear my Ottoman Fez my Turkish language skills mystically improve!!
"Ain't never gonna do it without ma fez on...." Mahmud II
actually its way more simple than that
fez was the cheapest headgear available for poor auxiliary soldiers and this why it was common before the 19th century
and this is why it was chosen by the french military missions to turky and egypt in 1820s not by the sultan as it is commonly believed
Imagine if there were any culture around the world that couldn't stop criticizing themselves for the way they treat other people, while at the same time excusing the way everyone else behaves...
Don’t make me do it without the fez on
Man a foreign exchange student did so much
ataturk might have banned it in turkey, but it was still used in most of the middle east.
it stayed in use well into the 60s and 70s....even today you might find old men wearing it , specially in villages
Muslims in Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia & South Philippines) adapted their own version of the fez called peci/songkok. Normally black, oblong in shape, and without a tassel. It's still prominently worn today, especially by government officials.
Sorry, left out Brunei too.
The giant onion they wore is not a turban. It's either a sarık or a kavuk. The difference between these three is hard to tell from a westerner point of view, but ottoman officials never wore a turban. Before sarık, governence was old school gazi system, basically a warrior caste, and they wore börk, puşt, kalpak or other traditional Turkish caps. Later institutions adopted sarık but by the time of Mahmut II kavuk was the way to go and its third iteration if I'm not mistaken.
I once ordered a brimless rain cap to fold away and put in my shoulder bag. I discarded it when I got all sorts of comments on my assumed religion and people even started offering me rides in the rain who apparently were of that religion. I'm just trying to keep my head dry people, honestly.