The Mystery Eruption of the 15th Century: The Quest for an Elusive Harbinger of Doom
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- Опубликовано: 8 июн 2024
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Curiosity Stream is just The History Channel repackaged though.
How did you post this 4 days ago when the video was uploaded an hour ago?
Video begins at 1:25
Simon you forgot to look into the fact it that "It could be Ghosts!"
OGBB.
there's one realy large difference between most large volcanic eruptions and a massive bomb detonation
and that's duration
while a bomb releases it's energy allmost instantly . . most volcanoes spew ash for many hours . . with only a few powerful yet allmost instantaneous volcanic eruption being at the hunga tonga hunga hapaii volcano
“Civilization exists by geological consent, subject to change without notice. ”
― Will Durant
The ending was remarkable for me. Here in Brazil the city of Petrópolis is suffering because of landslides, and when you mentioned that quote about the dialogue between the Icelander and the Nature, i realized how true it is. And what you said is right. No matter how far we've come as a species since the 15th century, we're still just as vulnerable as those people.
True enough. We're not really doing anything to prepare for whatever might be next.
@@johnstevenson9956 And even those who prepare are thwarted by the incredible power of nature. I will never forget the images of the tsunami that hit Japan in 2011. The walls that were supposed to protect the Japanese were no match for the sheer power of the tsunami.
And if we one day perish altogether and leave this world to the ants and cockroaches to merrily mind their own business, the universe will not shed a single tear. We are but flakes of dust on a small spinning rock that revolves around a rather common star. The only importance we have, in the grand scheme of things, is that which we ascribe ourselves with due to our own consciousness.
@@andersjjensen The only part that makes me happy is that she doesn't care about any other species either. Gives me the warm fuzzies.
A city named for oil has geologic stability problems? Call me shocked.
That final quote says it all - Mother Nature just does not care. She will do what she does, & she always gets her way. An interesting point to note is the very probable CUMULATIVE affect of the decades-long activity of the Kuwae volcano. We tend to think of volcanic eruptions as short, sharp, isolated occurrences. In fact, many volcanoes around the world are almost continuously spewing gases & ash into the atmosphere. Consider Kilauea & Mt. Etna, just to name a couple, which have been emitting almost constant gases, ash & lava for decades. With the current uptick in volcanic activity the world over, literally 1000's of tons of SO2, CO2, & other gases are flooding the air of the planet. This is almost certainly contributing to climate change, along with all the noxious gases we humans pump out every day. I maintain it could take only ONE major catastrophe, such as a supervolcanic eruption or asteroid strike, to bring the planet to a tipping point. And we must remember - Mother Nature is VERY good at cleaning house.
100% contributing. Volcanoes have been a massive driver of climate change.
You're absolutely right again, she is!
And not a moment too soon, if you ask me. ;)
humans dump far more GHG's into the atmosphere. a volcano erupting or relatively quiescent, releases a cocktail of gasses, when erupting that includes fine ash that blocks sunlight. why major eruptions are always followed by cooling...not heating.
If humans leave it alone, the planet can and will heal itself
@@judethaddeus9856
Nothing will end life on earth. Life in earth ebbs and flows. The inclusion or exclusion of any category of life (man, beast, fish, bird, insect…) matters naught.
Humans: dang nature, are you trying to kill us?
Nature: oh, you're still here?
A series of eruptions from 1420 onwards, leading up to the Big One in 1464 could explain the sequence of events. A sufficiently violent final event might have put enough dust high enough to last for a couple of years. It's also possible that the tectonic changes leading up to it triggered a number of smaller events from other active volcanoes.
the empire state building is officially a unit of measure
Multiple eruptions of one volcano was one of two possibilities that came to mind for me, the other was that the Pacific rim is known as the ring of fire for a reason... Multiple eruptions in different areas is also possible, one tectonic shift causing the next. Very interesting from a past student of geology!
Exactly what I thought. There's no reason it couldn't be several eruptions from one volcano or several volcanoes.
Agreed. Just look at how many volcanoes have been popping off recently.
Then you should know that the ring of fire is not an actual connected tectonical feature.
@@puidwen not more than usual, which is around 40-50 volcanoes every day.
The final quote reminds me of the poem by Sara Teasdale there will come soft rains. The final line in that poem is, "and spring herself will get done with scarcely know that we were gone."
2:40 - Chapter 1 - Of signs & portents
5:00 - Chapter 2 - Looking for the smoking gun
8:10 - Chapter 3 - Climax & anticlimax
12:00 - Chapter 4 - The year the sun turned blue
17:40 - Chapter 5 - Case closed
I saw the title, and it immediately caught my attention. You really know how to make this stuff interesting.
Small correction. Volcanoes don't spew vast amounts of sulfuric acid, they emit sulfur dioxide which mixes with water in the atmosphere
Under water volcanos then, by induction, spew sulphuric acid :P
@@andersjjensen that's partially true
@@sandybarnes887 Something said partly in jest should always be partly true :P
This series of dramastic climatic events is also a possible cause of the fall of the Golden Horde what made possible to Moscow to rise to power.
Climate change
in eastern/central
Asia probably is what
precipitated the
movement westward
of the various steppe
people.
More storms, volcanoes, earthquakes. Do the El Reno Tornado from 2013 or something like that. God bless, Simon.
I live in Oklahoma and I endorse this comment
Agreed. Do the el reno or tuscaloosa one from 2011
If he’s going to do tornadoes he might as well start with the big one.… Joplin, MS, 2011.
Or the may 3rd, 99 bridgecreek-moore f5. Still the fastest windspeeds measured on earth i think.
There have been amazing deep dives by scientists who study tornados and those who chase tornados with them for research. Carly Anna WX has some of the best for El Reno, Joplin, Tuscaloosa, Phil Campbell, Bridgecreek-Moore, Jarrell TX aka “the dead man walking”, the super outbreak that spawned some of the only F6s like Xenia (before they were reclassified) she covers most historic tornados that people know of and the ones they don’t, Pecos Hank- his tornado footage is gorgeous and his personality is lovely, Alferia, Reed Timmer, Weatherbox covers events from a strictly meteorological perspective but his channel is also amazing and one of my faves. I’m probably forgetting some but if you watch some of those channels you’ll get great recommendations for tornado content. No disrespect to Simon but there’s way too much info and footage for a 20-30 min video to adequately cover it.
According to legend the last famine of one rabbit was in 1974 and the next one is in 2026
The "Dialogue" reminds us that not all historical figures were wrong about our place in nature
We don't have a place. But if we're adaptive and resourceful enough we can pretend we do. Until the next great reset. Then we'll have to prove again that we're worthy of natural selection. Or let someone else try....
We watched that WW1 Apocalypse show on Curiosity Stream and it was the most comprehensive thing ive seen on WW1. Including, how the war was a way for the rich autocrats, aristocrats and corporations hold the workers’ revolution down.
The worker's revolution, as you call it, was financed by the US in 1917, to the tune of $20 billion! That kinds blows your theory away. And that "worker's revolution" , aka Communism, went on to kill some 200 million people within the next 100 years alone - tortured, starved, disappeared, murdered! It caused more misery, suffering and senseless death to humans that any belief system before it, and more than all the religious wars of history put together!
I think that it is
simplistic to say
that these events
were to "hold the
workers' revolution
down" Why?
Germany had recognized
several craft and labor
unions before WW1.
Germany also had a
state-sponsored
pension (w-mandatory
retirement age) system
prior to WW1 (it was
created by Bismark)
ALSO:
It was international
bankers who sent
Lenin (in a sealed
railroad car) to
St. Petersburg at
the beginning of
the Bolshevik
revolution.
AND:
Trotsky was living
quite comfortably
in NYC before the
Bolshevik revolution.
(Who was supporting
him? Who paid for
him to go to Russia?)
If you havent already
done so; I urge you to
examine the videos
documenting Antony
Sutton's proof of
bankers supporting
Socialism.
It occurred to me that this possibly wasn't a single continuing event but a series of, perhaps at different places and times compounding eachother for years
This might explain the great storm of 1467 in Madeira Island, Portugal. Although there are few records of it, it was the first significant meteorological event record since the island was "discovered" in 1419.
I couldn't find anything on it in Portuguese, where can I read more?
@@riograndedosulball248 there is a scientific paper on climatologia events in Madeira that mentions briefly the 1467 storm. I found other information in books about my home island history. But as I mentioned before, there are very few records of it.
"Human civilisation rests on geological consent -subject to change without notice" -Will and Ariel Durant in their preface to the history of the world.
You should do a segment on the centralia coal fire. It’s a really intriguing story about a town that disappeared.
Pretty sure he has
@@freddie514 There is a Geographics video on the Darvaza gas crater, but the video about Centralia is on 'Today I Found Out', which is more short form. So would definitely be interesting to see a long-form, in-depth look at that place - I just spotted another RUclips video that focuses on the underground life forms of Centralia that looks fascinating.
That's the town in Pennsylvania yeah?
@@keithprice4711 Yup!
A video about volcanoes and weather?! 😃💙 I hit the play button so hard!!!
I read harbinger of doom as “hamburger of doom” and instantly clicked on the video. Not disappointed either way lol
That does sound a delicious challenge.
"I may be an old battered veteran who aught to have died in The Battle at the Plates, but I warn thee justly about the horrors that still haunt my dreams after all these years... No man who has eaten The Hamburger of Doom in it's entirety has yet lived to tell the tale... Their piercing screams still ring in my ears. The sound and sight of their bellies rupturing still makes me nauseous.
Now if you have any wits about you, you take my advice. Rather to drop knife and fork, and give hell to your reputation as a coward, than to painfully die a fool, not knowing his limitations, in the name of false glory in a war fuelled only by gluttony..."
Yeah, I'd totally watch that movie!
How about the Topeka, Kansas tornado of July 3, 1966? It's the first one with damage of more than $100 million. I moved there in 1967, and there were still plenty of signs of the tornado.
This was a great episode! Not only about geography, but also with a little mystery thrown in!
I'd love to see a video about Mount Etna in Italy! It has such a fascinating role in history, as well as recent events like the spectacular eruption last week with lightning storm!
Videos with a focus on weather anomalies and the theories behind them are interesting! There's been some very odd sudden climate shifts throughout the last few thousand years that are not all completely explained or necessarily ever will be! Any mysterious events based in reality are great! So no ghosts and whatnot. Only real mysteries, especially because being real makes them all that much better. :)
SuspiciousObservers on RUclips 👍
Actually we know what pretty much every single time. IE we can check ice cores for CO2 levels going back at least 300,000 years. Dendrochronology goes back around 14,000 years with a single year resolution. That pinpoints both the year and if it was a volcanic or not. There have been impacts more recently that are smaller then the Yukatan peninsula. Those are detected by one of three methods. If it's a metal asteroid then thinks like neodymium are detectable. if it's carbon then isotopes that are rare on earth spike. The same is true of Oxygen in water/ice impacts. That said the issue with knowing a volcano erupting caused something to happen in year abcd quite often leads to a mystery over which one and where. Was it a still active volcano that caused it? In that case with current science we have little chance as the evidence may be covered by hundreds of minor eruptions or just a few big ones or even both, If the volcano was underwater then it's a nightmare as we have accurately plotted so little of the sea floor. Radar mapping is reasonably accurate for shallow water but for water more than a few hundred feet deep the accuracy drops off to the point where it does not work at all.
@@gordonlawrence1448
Knowing that something happened and pinpointing exactly what did it aren't the same thing. That's why events such as the "Little Ice Age" have multiple theories that attempt to explain the evidence they have, such as what you're referencing. I don't believe that science as a whole functions this way, but I do believe historical climate shifts are a good example of how science can determine what's more likely as having had happened instead of what did 100% happen. I think we all are aware of scientists who were 100% positive they were correct, only for that to change dramatically later on. :)
@@gordonlawrence1448
Another good example is how carbon-14 or beryllium-10 isotopes from tree rings can help identify certain solar activity to explain the "Little Ice Age". Yet global sulfate loading >60 Tg is used to explain this same event, with the scientist directly saying changes of solar irradiance is not required to explain the same event. :)
@@gordonlawrence1448
I hope to hear back! I don't pretend to be a Climate Scientist and really enjoying being able to discuss these things with someone better informed. Perhaps I'm mistaken when reading research and am missing something that only someone specialized in this field would see. I don't mean to play contrarian. I just enjoy learning new things and need to probe the questions I have on any given topic to help understand it. I really enjoy thought provoking conversation and would love to hear your input!
I remember the sulphur smell and yellow haze given off by that Icelandic volcano, some years ago. Volcanoes are something we can't stop. It's fascinating what they can do to places, many miles away, from them. 🌋
I have experienced five volcanic eruptions: I lived in western Montana when St. Helens blew, and then later moved to Alaska and experienced Augustine, Iliamna, Spurr, and Redoubt. Most were mild except St. Helens and one of the ones in Alaska (I can’t remember which: I think it was Iliamna or Spurr). I just remember going for a mountain bike ride on the south end of Anchorage where I was going to ride south on the highway but noticed it suddenly got dark like it was night during day time and I realized what was happening. It was too far to get to my house farther north and ended up staying at my girlfriend’s house for several days as it was too dangerous to go anywhere. Volcanoes are fun! 🙄
I'm always amazed whenever I'm reminded of yet another apocalypse humanity has soldiered through.
Incredible nature. I particularly like the philosophy of that ending statement.
I really like that “I should not know it.” Excellent.
can you do an episode on the other mystery eruption of 1258? it was found recently to be from lombok and was bigger than tambora but nobody talks about it!
Great script, Arnaldo!! This was fascinating and super in-depth.
It's interesting to consider that disasters such as this are the rule not the exception. We have seen a spectacularly unusual run of good fortune over the last couple of centuries or so... normality will resume sooner or later. Which brings me to my point:
The foundations upon which our world is built have never been weaker as we stretch resources ever thinner over an enormous population. Any perturbation such as the one documented will have utterly disastrous consequences and yet as a society we do noting to prepare for the inevitable.
Funny thing: I was always interested in the subject of all kinds of epidemies and diseases in the history and I did a lot of digging of those of my country especially (Poland) and there was ZERO mention about things from this video anywhere... And we have a lot of those documented but only 1451 and something in the 1490s mentioned, nothing about that particular year supposedly bringing some disease in 1460s.
That was really interesting! Thanks for a great episode.
Really intriguing. Thank you!
This mad lad never stops putting out content
Do events in this area of the Pacific in the last year give further insight to the potential of volcanic eruptions in this area. The mechanics of the eruptions of volcanos in this area has a real 'Big Bang' potential.
Brilliant as always...thank you
I love that story at the end. Humans are nothing more than intelligent bugs. Our existence is no more important (in fact I'd argue less important) than an ant.
Damn, your misanthropic attitude is strong. Very Woke too.
Very interesting, I really like this video, keep up the great work
Good video! I like mysteries and drama involving natural disasters, like the tambora and krakatoa and vesuvius eruptions. But maybe this one was more than just this volcano? 1815 tambora eruption seems to have followed a mystery eruption around 1808 which was somewhat smaller but big enough so when tambora blew itself up there was still debris lingering in the atmosphere exacerbating tamboras effects. And the justinian plague era catastrophe seems to have been 2 eruptions around 535 and 540. So, maybe there was this one and another large one within a few years of each other?
Some scientists have
theorized that changes
in climate (temperature)
affects fleas and causes
them to be vectors of
plague (most of the time
the fleas, as parasites,
annoy ground dwelling
rodents without infecting
them with plague.
If this occurs, linking earth
temperature changes
to outbreaks of disease
would be a valuable
contribution to our
understaning.
We already know that the
climate, wild bird migrations
and agricultural practices
of southeastern Asia make
that area the "homeland"
of influenza. The situation
is the perfect storm for
the infection of the birds.
This bloke is addictive as his stories are. 1 without the other just wouldnt work. Historys teachers around the world take note. Make the class interesting enough the students hear what you say not just noise leading to chores
You would enjoy Lance, the History Guy
Wonderful. Thank you!💖
The concept of Nature being so powerful reminds me of what an old sailor told me once; "The Sea is not mean or evil, son. She is indifferent and that's much, much worse."
Hi Simon, have you done a video on the Taupo eruption in New Zealand, which formed Lake Taupo? That was apparently huge too.
Fascinating stories and pictures from before and after the blast in the 1880s(?) that destroyed those beautiful pink terraces (if that's the word). I loved staying in Taupo, waking up to a view over the lake to the snow-capped mountain-volcano.
@@VanillaMacaron551 That was Tarawera. Taupo was a lot earlier. Another good one formed the Mangakino Caldera. Have a nice day.
Thank you for this video, particularly the lack of what I believe are referred to as mememes, short videos segments that I as a cranky old man find disrupting. Best regards.
It also show the resilience of mankind. Every time we came back stronger than before.
This was very interesting. Good one Fact Boy!
You should cover the 2010 Merapi eruptions, one of Indonesia's largest volcanic eruptions in recent times. One of the notable events in this eruption was the outright refusal of the volcano's elderly "guardian" (yes, it's a thing, he leads traditional rituals related to the volcano) to leave the hamlet he lives in, which led to his death.
People memorize this event through this quote: Merapi tidak pernah ingkar janji (Merapi never breaks its promise), owing to its constant volcanic activity.
Like Harry Truman at Mt St Helen's in 1980.
@@VanillaMacaron551 Yep. Both men lived close to the volcano(es), both died after a pyroclastic flow that destroyed their respective dwelling places, both died at 83 years old, and both hailed as folk heroes.
In case you're wondering, the guardian's name was Mbah Maridjan ("Mbah" is a Javanese honorific that corresponds to "Grandpa").
Wow!
Thanks Simon!
Who needs anything else when we have you on you tube. Thanks xxx
535-536: i'm the first
1813: uff..ok boomer
1458: i introduce my self
Great episode!!
"something new something borrowed something blue..."
I literally thought that was just a quote from Doctor Who. It's a piece of history?!?! of course it's a piece of freaking history! 😆🤣♥️
It’s a reasonably well know phrase and tradition kept by some people.
I've heard that at every wedding I've ever attended.
Yo Simon ive got a few suggestions for disaster-related geographics
-Meteor Crater in Arizona, has a fascinating history including training Apollo astronauts
- the Chelyabinsk asteroid event
- The 2011 super outbreak of tornadoes
- Typhoon Tip, the strongest storm on earth
- Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai, the island studied by NASA before obliterating itself
- Moore, OK, a city hit by some of the strongest tornadoes in history
- Lituya Bay, Alaska, site of the highest tsunami ever
Excellent... great videos.
08:29 that's highly unlikely as the Empire State Building's own website states the volume of the ESB is 37 million ft^3. Multiply that by 37 million and convert to cubic kilometres, and that equals 38,766 km^3 which would be a VEI 9.5. An eruption output of 150 km^3 of uncompacted tephra or 143,200 ESBs is more likely
Simon, i am surprised that your support team depicted a comet rapidly streaking across the sky, when in fact its hard to discern any motion in one night, but only over several days.
A meteor lasts only a few minutes....
I've been waiting for the next geological geographics
"The Earth will shake us off like a bad case of fleas"---Carlin
Hi Simon! We love your videos, mostly the ones on the Krakatoa, Tambora, and Yellowstone Volcanoes! Amazing Job! You should do one on the Chalupas Supervolcano and the Cotopaxi Stratovolcano (currently active and one of the tallest in the world) in Ecuador ( its situated right in the middle of chalupas)! Let us know and we would be really happy to collab with you and send you original HD Video footage and historic data of this so you can use it in one of your magic clips! :)
This is a very good one
I love that final quote. ✌🏽
Simon is the best history teacher in the world!! 😃🌋
Simon Whistler is a rock star! Just saying! His videos are beyond interesting and he presents them with a voice and personality that makes even the driest topic interesting. ✌
Very confused here. THIS was the first "year without a summer"? I thought it was on one of your channels where the "worst year in history" was discussed: the year 536, which also featured a huge volcano with an ash plume circling the globe 7 times. No summer, no crops, loads of disease and more. That would be well before this event. 🤔
Not the "first" time this happened, and 536 doesn't carry the moniker of "the year without a summer".
Please allow a man with a beard that glorious a little bit of hyperbole.😂
Then there's the fact that it was cold from 536 to 547/548, not just one year. There were eruptions in 535 AND 541 that led to the extended cold snap.
That was more like the start of a.. decade.
Nice video as usual, I wonder if researchers have taken this any further forward since it was made, or if any of them have considered that by focusing on one event they may be missing something - could there have been several events in the Pacific that led to the ongoing issues - the ring of fire is very active, there are numerous large volcanoes we know of that are extremely active, and we also know that many have suffered flank collapse and sunk below the surface - there are also some very active and large volcanoes in South America straddling the equator - it is not difficult to imagine that over a period of 50-70 years we could see a number of very large eruptions that combined to have a global impact.
What a feel good episode!
I haven't found anything in Wikipedia about the epidemic of 1460s-70s, not even in the List of Epidemics. Strange. Someone should add it there.
It's under the article of the second occurance of black death
I'm polish, and I know history pretty well.
But I have never heard about such events.
Especially as the times were pretty ok.
Great work! You're a wonderful presenter.
..'torrential reigns'' love it..
That last comment was very profound. As if they really spoke to Mother Nature herself. Thanks, Simon
In 1783 two eruptions added each other: Laki in Iceland, a catastrophic basaltic effusion , and Mt Asamayama in Japan, the great Temmei catastrophe, explosive. Both together caused a climatic breakdown, which Benjamin Franklin remarked and thought related only with Laki for he did know nothing of Asamayama.
Good video 👍
You have so many channels now, I am constantly stumbling across a new one it seems. Do you ever sleep? Regardless, so happy to find another one!
That quote was super...Lovecraftian. LOL
I have Curiosity Stream, and I LOVE IT!!!
My goal is to conquer the world of big brain facts guy Simon. By watching every video he has made....by the end of 2022
Based on the eyewitness reports of 1565 there was a massive volcanic explosion somewhere and probably in a remote part of the world. One takeaway to me is how vulnerable anything solar powered would be to volcanic ash fall and no sunlight if that same event happened today. I also think it so interesting how researchers all came to different conclusions with their examination of the remains of the underwater volcano and evidence left in the ice. No doubt one day we will solve the mystery of this eruption.
Thank you
Rest in peace to those that passed away.
One species' pandemic or cataclysm is another ecosystem's immune response. When a species becomes a threat to the ecosystem, the ecosystem will react.
No. Ecosystems don't push the red launch button....
Smh
The missing volcano may have never been there, it could have been a type of Tunguska Event, perhaps over the sea.
I've been following OzGeographics. The south Pacific is a nightmare region of volcanic and meteoric devastation: massive volcanoes on land and exploding ones undersea and oceanic meteor impacts causing megatsunamis and resulting worldwide rain events.
Then there are volcanoes of Alaska, Iceland, Mediterranean, Korea/China, Yellowstone...
It's a wonder humanity is here at all.
you can quote me,
' The Only Thing Larger Than Nature, is Human Ego '
R. Duncan April,5, 2023
would love a video on the bande aceh tsunami and earthqauke or the little ice age
So much mystery I thought I was watching casual criminalist!
I think the one scientist that said there was evidence of multiple eruptions and lava flow had it right. It was likely one of those events that was sporadic over decades. Some years released more gases and others less.
The wonder of nature!
excellent
Ello Mr Whistler, can we get another video game stream? I vote for a horror game called Darkwood 💀
I think the multiple eruption theory holds a great deal of sway especially as we know that relatively young volcano's can often be very active over shorter periods of time that older ones that may go milenia between great eruptions. On top of that, volcano such as Mt St Helens, a few in the Philippines and eve Hawaii, have shown the ability to rebuild a dome or fill a new caderawith cooled lava pretty quickly, in a little as a year. Who is to say that this dark age volcano only erupted twice but instead had a very active and long term eruptive phase. It could have well had a huge explosion near the earliest dates proposed and then had rebuilding eruptions which filled the caldera back in or built a new dome in a few as a couple of decades, and during that time subsequent to the first suspected eruption in the late 1430's, has a few large enough to at least cause atmospheric effects that cause the sun and sky to change color, leading up to another massive eruption some 3 decades after the first that added to the changes cause by the first eruption that were only just starting to allow things to become more near the previous normal.
A caldera is not an underwater crater. its a giant crater shaped formation after the magma chamber of a volcano rapidly empties, and the above volcano sinks into the magma chamber, leaving a depression in the earth. This can happen on land or underwater.
RE END OF VIDEO: LIKE SMALL POEM BY STEPHEN CRANE : "A Man Said to the Universe": A man said to the universe: “Sir, I exist!” “However,” replied the universe, “The fact has not created in me A sense of obligation.” (Crane, 1899)
We could do for a whole video on that mysterious plague.
Today we have to look for the tephra,rained down. We must search the ice cores, count the year rings Then count the isotopes, being characteristic for every volcano.
I like the quote
God, the end of days and ghosts. Your welcome Simon! 😁