My producer put neat cordial in the wine glasses. Which I think, on ballance, was a worse experience than wine would have been. The sponsor is KiwiCo: Click www.kiwico.com/stevemould to get 50% off your first monthly crate.
Hey Steve, we use cavitation bubbles during cardiac catheterization to crack calcium that blocks the coronary arteries. It's a device called a Shockwave. Would be awesome to see a video from you about them.
I use an uyltra sonic cleaner to clean micro electronics. Y'all were like, what if we make an ultra sonic cleaner smaller and put it inside of you. kinda kinky, ngl
So.... you repeatedly hit the patient with a rubber mallet? I guess while shouting "NO NO its not abuse, we're just trying to break up the calcium blockages!"
I wonder if my wife has heard of cardiac catheterization. She’s a sonographer (currently vascular certified, studying for cardiac) and they taught about cavitation from ultrasound machines in her classes.
Severe aortic regurgitation, leak of the valve leaving the heart, causes something called a collapsing pulse when you lift the patient’s arm. This is also known as a waterhammer pulse, after this toy. I saw someone else comment about intravascular lithotripsy too. Everything comes back to the heart.
@RQBtv But since it's you saying it and not him, doesn't that just mean you're diagnosing him? That's the weirdest counterintuitive accusation I've ever heard
That is a heck of an opening 😂 Editting to add a couple things: liquids in a vacuum are always neat to learn about, and I just learned how the British pronounce Xenon. Also, I know lights that use noble gasses have a coating to move more of the energy to the visible spectrum, so I am wondering what would happen if you gave a water hammer that coating.
And ending 😂 For the light a more modern way of doing that is with quantum dots. But they have to be tuned (in size) for the specific wanted frequency in and out.
@davidioanhedgeshey, I'm not about to judge someone's dialect. But I was raised that vowel-consonant-vowel meant you used the long pronunciation for the first vowel. Not that the rule is followed all the time, of course.
I kind of assumed liquid couldn't exist in vacuum at all, until I read Artemis by Andy Weir which talks about welding on the moon and how there was liquid metal droplets.
Simply dissolving a small quantity of highly UV florescent coumarin or rhodamine into the liquid is the way to go here. Someone attempting this should try for a fluorophore with an emission wavelength that matches the green peak photopsin molecule sensitivity of the eye. I have wanted to see something like this done as a portable demonstration of energy focusing phenomena for many years now.
Cavitation bubbles are a cause of boat propellor deterioration - gradually eating away at the edge of the propellor as the bubbles form and collapse violently.
That's pretty crazy! I've got close to 10,000 passes in our 2500 hp drag boat, and even our oldest props are less that 1/10,000 of an inch out of spec! I bet a container ships props are what yer talkin about though!
3:50 As a plumber, we know that water doesn't compress and when you turn a faucet off, there's a sudden shock of the moving water coming to a stop. This water hammer effect can have the same effect on copper water pipes as an actual hammer over time, causing the pipe to fatigue and eventually break, causing an expensive accident that can flood and destroy a house. To prevent this, when installing the pipes in the house, at a few locations such as a bathroom or kitchen get a little extra pipe. A T-junction is installed and a 1-foot (30cm) piece of capped pipe left sticking straight up. Since it's capped, air is trapped inside and gravity keeps the water below it, even when under pressure. This creates a kind of shock absorber, like on your car. When the water valve is suddenly closed, this little shock absorber gives the water someplace to go and since air does compress, it serves to slow the water down allowing it to come to a more gradual stop instead of coming to a sudden stop with no place to go, slamming into the fittings and pipe walls, eventually weakening and breaking them. The industry calls them Water Hammer Arresters and they can be purchased to screw into existing plumbing, but when building a new home, we simply install them using a normal piece of copper pipe the rest of the water supply pipes are made of. It's very important that if you hear that bang when you trun off a faicet in your home, you should consult a plumber to install one or two water hammer arresters to protect your pipes from costly damage.
Has anyone seen the "Obere Wasserschlosskammer" video ? It shows a giant chamber (the size of a cathedral) built to prevent catastrophic water hammer in large hydroelectric power plants by giving massive volumes of rushing water a safe place to surge upward and dissipate dangerous pressure spikes. In English, it's commonly called a surge chamber or surge tank. It´s absolutely terrifying.
Yes. Was probably shown to me as I watched some other videos from dams. The chamber, I was told, actually reduces the total water pressure, because the pipes back in the day where not strong enough for the full pressure. Kinda sounds weird...but if you think about it, it makes some sense, as they could only build dams in certain areas, and the pipes will have to become as long as the terrain needs them to be.
Yes. Mark Rober made a video on this years ago. Interestingly a bottle filled with carbonated liquids do not break, because the vacuum instantly gets filled with the CO2 gas from the liquid and slows down the water as it comes crashing. That gas then rises up through the drink, creating the foam.
@flyignpig I mean, take "will not break" with a pinch of salt, you can absolutely water hammer a carbonated drink to sploding. But they're harder to break anyway.
@rachelbrionesbriones8042 I can't tell if you're being light-hearted, but the same thought had crossed my mind when I posted my comment. In the end I decided that his (I presume) wife must have been happy to play the role, unless he forced her to do it. While yes, you could argue that this portrayal further feeds the misogynistic "dumb woman sidekick to successful man" trope, I highly doubt that they were intentionally doing it. So I just chalked it up as a happy couple having some fun while filming. I realize I'm not adding anything substantial to the discussion here, but I wanted to acknowledge the direction you're coming from.
My instinct as a glassblower of many years is that it isn't the weight of the atmosphere breaking out the beer bottle and not the vacuum sealed tube, but the shape. The bottle is very imperfectly blown with thick and thin sides -- and it comes to a fairly crisp corner at the bottom which can be a site for stress to exert itself and start a crack/fissure. Additionally, the bottom of the bottle is concave (or from the inside, convex) which means that all of that force is hitting an arch and the base of that arch isn't well supported (except for by the thin glass at the edge) so that dome further drives forces to and exploits the weak areas in the glass. Conversely, the tube is blown to have an almost perfect hemispherical tip and that part-sphere is very good at distributing forces evenly and not focusing stress at any point. If you're interested in exploring this further feel free to reach out and I might be able to make some test vessels. (or contact your freindly neighborhood glassblower).
Both seem like reasonable explanations (yours and his). However, I wonder if the tube shape is actually concentrating the energy into a point, rather than distributing it around the base. What would happen to a sealed beer or open test tube? Might either be used to amplify the sound and/or light?
The cavitation bubble's collapse is so powerful it is the cause of the bottle break. BYU Splash Lab filmed a bottle breaking cavitation in great detail in a video called "catastrophic cracking courtesy of quiescent cavitation" Cavitation bubbles are a fun rabbit hole.
It is the weight of the atmosphere pushing the water into the vacuum of the cavitation bubble. Obviously you could design the bottle in a way that it'd withstand a light mallet tap, but that'd just mean you need a bigger mallet.
@Mister_Brown you should try it anyway, they already got some improperly-stored eastmancolor 3 strip cinerama titles restored, so it might be possible
Never thought much of water hammer until a professor at my uni told me about when he worked on building a hydroelectic system. Apparently while testing the control system, his assistant caused the valve to slam shut and the controller stopped working. He said after the initial thump they could hear the pressure wave travelling back up the pipe to the reservoir. They realised they had mere moments to get the valve open before the wave returned for the second impact, which could have been enough to damage the valve or even blow it off much like the bottom of the bottle in the video ...only with an entire reservoir of water following it!
@tedarcher9120 Yes, as I understand it they had piped the water down to the town from the reservoir up in the mountains. Even so, he did say it was a matter of seconds to avert disaster
You also learn a lot about cavitation in the fire service. Cavitation is the natural enemy of a pump operator. Get too little inlet pressure while trying to maintain outlet pressure (aka trying to shoot out more water out the nozzle than the pump is getting from the water source), and your pump starts sounding like you poured a sack of gravel in there. Or a handful of bolts rattling around inside the pump housing. Very much not good for the pump when this happens over a period of time, as it damages the pump wheel. You get pitting on the outer edges that when it gets really bad (because you weren't paying attention) look like some metal eating rodent had a go at the pump wheel and helped itself to some chunks of it. Very expensive repair, requires at least a partial teardown and some people might not be terribly pleased with you because the entire fire engine is out of service because of that.
My crew once had our pump start going dry only to get hit with a flood. It cause our head to slam and jam up on us. We were running from an irrigation ditch and when they opened the gate upstream for us the water went from 3ft to almost 8ft almost immediately. The pressure surge sounded like the whole pump exploded.
12:10 - I'm an astrophotographer and nearly all commercially currently available astronomy cameras have this range too. Whilst their quantum efficiency peaks at differing wavelengths depending on the sensor, nearly all of them come without UV/IR block filters in place now. The reason being, these extra wavelengths are useful for IR pass imaging for capturing details on planets and lunar surface detail. UV imaging is superb on planets like Venus too. Unfortunately though, stars give off IR and UV light which nearly all telescopes cannot actually focus, which results in out of focus UV and IR light leading to 'bloated' stars that look out of focus. So when doing deep sky imaging, a UV/IR block filter (or window) is needed.
NGL, there's something extremely satisfying both visually and audibly between that slow-motion shot of the water slamming inside the hammer and the sound of it clapping.
10:56 if you look at the background of this illustration, you can see a bunch of the previous paths of previous particles. He’s fading the background by a certain percentage every frame, but because of rounding, the colors stop fading at a certain brightness. (At least that’s why I think it happens.)
Steve is now dabbling in comedy 😂😂 Edit: To everyone thinking I'm a recent viewer in the comments, I have been watching Steve for well over 3 years now, but he's always been nuanced about the comedy. Never have I seen him try to be comic this blatantly 😝
Yeah, this picture, from this video, well - it was disturbing. Terrible, terrible. They should set up a hotline you can call if you’ve been affected from this face from this video. It’s the right thing to do. (i came to the comments, hoping that some one remembered. Thank you!)
The footage in 3:18, how do you do that lighting setup where the water refracts nicely on darkness with none of the lights visible? two lights on each side?
i would guess a dark background, a bit away from the subject you want to film. The lights just illuminate the subject, and with the correct exposure, the background will be pitch black
I notice that the special camera picks up the particles I see by the naked eye for what looks like dancing atom particles, or the white and black static on a crt screen without channel signal.
this was a roller coaster of learning in this video... not only the water hammer but also learned about my mistake maker, full spectrum cameras.. love it
4:58 Why would atmospheric pressure explain the bottle breaking? The atmosphere is pushing up on the bottom of the bottle with the same pressure as down on the water.
It isn't how it's pushing on the bottle side. It's how it's pushing on the water side. The air pressure behind the water means it builds up more momentum before hitting the glass. The whole time the water is traversing, the air pressure is accelerating it, then all that energy is released in a short jolt at deceleration. So if the water is accelerating to the bottom of the bottle for 500uS, but then it decelerates at 50nS at collision, it would release the energy in 1/10,000th the time, so the additional effect of the air pressure would be roughly 10,000 times greater. The 1x air pressure on the other side of the glass is inconsequential by comparison. This is an additional meaning behind water "hammer", because that's how hammers work. You apply a small force over a longer time (swinging the hammer), and then all that energy is released at once when it rapidly decelerates (hitting the nail). So it multiplies the force greatly.
The air pressure pushes the two parts back together In an instant, all of that relative velocity is converted directly into energy, breaking the bottle Then the water and glass shards just fall down
1 atm is the pressure of 10 m of water so even if you have a factor for dynamic amplification (the water is stopping which requires more force) it's still a big contributor. another factor is that the vacuum tube is under compression from the atmosphere, so it can better resist the tensile effort of the liquid.
He must have said that wrong to solicit comments, right? Air pressure is applying compression to the sealed phial, since there is a vacuum inside, and not the bottle, which is open to the atmosphere.
the point is probably more that the phial _doesn't_ break precisely because it is supported by the atmosphere from below _without_ an equal amount of atmospheric pressure crashing down on it.
Kid: Dad, I want to do a kiwico project. Dad: We have kiwico projects at home. Kiwico projects at home: listening to a water pipe whistling in the attic.
You know what I'd be interested in seeing? The slomo shots, but through a polarizing filter. I bet you'd see some interesting gradients in the water, showing the density distribution. This might be done using a polarized light source - use a LCD monitor (no OLED) showing a white image as a polarized light source behind the shot. Then put a polarizing filter on the camera.
5:13 used to do that as a party trick.. didn't know thats why it worked. I thought it was the slight rappid air pressure increase from slapping the top.
@TheDeepDiveLLC It was a benign funny joke. Usually the joke is done the other way around, and done so often, it's a bit cliche and predictable. This is the same joke, but inverted, thus it's funny to people because it's unexpected, as humor is the unexpected, but relatable. _(In a crude simplification thereof)_ Just because you take offense doesn't mean it's not funny, infact, it makes it even more funny-er.
I remember my first time in a rather tall hotel (~40 stories). I was on the bottom floor, and the faucet had very sensitive controls and *very* good water pressure. The bathroom, being as echoic as it was, had horrible water hammer. At times, I could *feel* the sound wave produced, and it was next to impossible to use the sink without it cavitating
This questions are purely situational. It depends on what is beneath the acid and glass, or the current ph of my bare hand, how much there is, etc. I'm reminded of the researcher that dropped their rod in a uranium doughnut (not certain i remember the details well), pulled it out but already terminally irradiated but saved lives by doing it instantly. Sometimes reaching into a reactor bare handed is a sound decision. In most cases I don't catch glass usually recommend letting it fall. In some cases you can't use gloves for specific chemistry ingredients that ignite them.
@oldcowbbhe said sum about making a rocket with it but idk what rocket engines you know that are made of glass 😂😂😂 the objective is to be power efficient not see through (edit) like he said the weight of the atmosphere is over the neck of that bottle💀💀
I believe there's a reason for why the researcher friend used phosphoric instead of say sulfuric acid - it's almost as dense as sulfuric, it is way more viscous than sulfuric and way less acidic (pKa1 = 2.14 vs pKa = -2.8, that's over 10 000 times less acidic) and most importantly it is not so aggressively dehydrating like sulfuric.
I got a similar effect some years ago, when i fumbled with with jars and pressure cookers. I always liked to play a bit with thoose, before opening them.
They're VERY VERY easy to make with a plumbing torch, but you do need a vacuum pump. I was making these as xmas gifts, back around 1988. My boro tubing was only 7mm wide. But they work fine.
@wbeaty I wonder if (being careful) you could dodge the need for a vacuum pump by using boiling water. Displace the air with steam/water vapour, then seal the pipe and it makes its own vacuum as it cools down
@samuelmellars7855 You'd have to first roiling- boil the water for a few minutes. But even that doesn't drive off enough dissolved gas. In that case you won't see cavitation at zero force ...but it does happen if the top of the tube is gently whacked with one finger. If even a tiny bit of gas is present, the tube behaves quite differently. Instead, completely degas the water for over ten minutes with a vac pump (and plenty of shaking, to stir gassy water to the surface.) Then, in the completed ampuole the water falls back and forth, going "clank" each time. The longer you vac-degas the water, the better it works.
Technically it also has water in it with the air. The vacuum one doesn't also have water in it because it only has water. It's weird expression for sure, not wrong, just weird.
It does work exactly like that with the triple point cell, because it is just ultrapure water in vacuum. And if you crack the bottom of the thermometer well, the air rushes in, pushes water up, and as it slams into the top of the cell, it shatters the whole thing quite spectacularly -- with water and shards of glass raining from the ceiling. Not something that one necessarily expects from just some water in a simple glass contraption.
im glad you made such a good hook for this video so i would end up sticking around for the beautiful little shots of speakers with water vibrating in them
What if the inside of the tube with the Xenon got coated in phosphor like a fluorescent lamp? Then it would be visible by the naked eye (and probably amplified)
It's been a few decades so I had to look it up. A fluorescent dye might do the trick as fluorescence shifts the emission frequence towards lower frequencies (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes_shift).
My producer put neat cordial in the wine glasses. Which I think, on ballance, was a worse experience than wine would have been.
The sponsor is KiwiCo: Click www.kiwico.com/stevemould to get 50% off your first monthly crate.
Ok
@Nik0-1-n9i Ok
@The_Scugok
@Nik0-1-n9iok?
xD did u know that one day this demo will be techology of the future
“What if the glass was literally half empty?”
-Xkcd
Or is it? -Da booomdaaaa
Top half or bottom half?
They even made a great video about it. ruclips.net/video/0EytSWiKrFg/video.html
Which half?
YESSS
Never realised Steve had so much game
He didn't. It's acting 😂
@aaabbb-py5xdthe woman in the video is Steve’s wife. That’s why they said he has game.
yeah I dig the Brit rom-com vibes in parts, and added production value in general (lately?). Could be the next Bill Nye?
@aaabbb-py5xd the fact that he he already long pulled her and married means he is indeed has game
@timexyemerald6290this guy indeed has stroke amirite
Wouldn't it have just been easier to buy a mantis shrimp?
1:16
“Can I please have some water?”
“Strict or casual?”
I'd like fancy please
@imnoobnewtoyoutube vacuumed. hammered, not stirred.
@Appletank8how would one drink vacuumed water?
Srsly, how?
@imnoobnewtoyoutubeVery carefully
@imnoobnewtoyoutube just drink the vacuum first
Hey Steve, we use cavitation bubbles during cardiac catheterization to crack calcium that blocks the coronary arteries. It's a device called a Shockwave. Would be awesome to see a video from you about them.
I use an uyltra sonic cleaner to clean micro electronics. Y'all were like, what if we make an ultra sonic cleaner smaller and put it inside of you.
kinda kinky, ngl
Very clever. I think this is the first positive use of cavitation that I've heard of.
Ah the lithotripsy.
So.... you repeatedly hit the patient with a rubber mallet? I guess while shouting "NO NO its not abuse, we're just trying to break up the calcium blockages!"
I wonder if my wife has heard of cardiac catheterization. She’s a sonographer (currently vascular certified, studying for cardiac) and they taught about cavitation from ultrasound machines in her classes.
Severe aortic regurgitation, leak of the valve leaving the heart, causes something called a collapsing pulse when you lift the patient’s arm. This is also known as a waterhammer pulse, after this toy. I saw someone else comment about intravascular lithotripsy too. Everything comes back to the heart.
How do the epstein files relate to the heart?
Rohin's still in denial that stuff exists outside the cardiovascular system.
Don't you dare to change, ever.
solution?
cartwheel maneuver?
Wow look at the big brains on this guy. I bet i know more about digging holes with a shovel then you do. Not so smart now are ya?
@jlo7770 unless you can describe your digging in latin i'm not interested.
A full spectrum camera sounds like a camera I'd use to take a photo of my friend group
badumm-tss ❤
@fariesz6786 pa dam dishoom!
Adding "full spectrum" to the list of silly names for my friend group 🤣
@RQBtv diagnoses cost money and you need to actually suspect something to seek one out, genius
@RQBtv But since it's you saying it and not him, doesn't that just mean you're diagnosing him? That's the weirdest counterintuitive accusation I've ever heard
That is a heck of an opening 😂
Editting to add a couple things: liquids in a vacuum are always neat to learn about, and I just learned how the British pronounce Xenon.
Also, I know lights that use noble gasses have a coating to move more of the energy to the visible spectrum, so I am wondering what would happen if you gave a water hammer that coating.
And ending 😂
For the light a more modern way of doing that is with quantum dots. But they have to be tuned (in size) for the specific wanted frequency in and out.
You mean correctly.... 😉
@davidioanhedgeshey, I'm not about to judge someone's dialect. But I was raised that vowel-consonant-vowel meant you used the long pronunciation for the first vowel. Not that the rule is followed all the time, of course.
I kind of assumed liquid couldn't exist in vacuum at all, until I read Artemis by Andy Weir which talks about welding on the moon and how there was liquid metal droplets.
Simply dissolving a small quantity of highly UV florescent coumarin or rhodamine into the liquid is the way to go here. Someone attempting this should try for a fluorophore with an emission wavelength that matches the green peak photopsin molecule sensitivity of the eye.
I have wanted to see something like this done as a portable demonstration of energy focusing phenomena for many years now.
Cavitation bubbles are a cause of boat propellor deterioration - gradually eating away at the edge of the propellor as the bubbles form and collapse violently.
That's pretty crazy! I've got close to 10,000 passes in our 2500 hp drag boat, and even our oldest props are less that 1/10,000 of an inch out of spec! I bet a container ships props are what yer talkin about though!
@S.S.Deddriftyeah all depends on how low the pressure gets behind the propeller
3:50 As a plumber, we know that water doesn't compress and when you turn a faucet off, there's a sudden shock of the moving water coming to a stop. This water hammer effect can have the same effect on copper water pipes as an actual hammer over time, causing the pipe to fatigue and eventually break, causing an expensive accident that can flood and destroy a house. To prevent this, when installing the pipes in the house, at a few locations such as a bathroom or kitchen get a little extra pipe. A T-junction is installed and a 1-foot (30cm) piece of capped pipe left sticking straight up. Since it's capped, air is trapped inside and gravity keeps the water below it, even when under pressure. This creates a kind of shock absorber, like on your car. When the water valve is suddenly closed, this little shock absorber gives the water someplace to go and since air does compress, it serves to slow the water down allowing it to come to a more gradual stop instead of coming to a sudden stop with no place to go, slamming into the fittings and pipe walls, eventually weakening and breaking them. The industry calls them Water Hammer Arresters and they can be purchased to screw into existing plumbing, but when building a new home, we simply install them using a normal piece of copper pipe the rest of the water supply pipes are made of. It's very important that if you hear that bang when you trun off a faicet in your home, you should consult a plumber to install one or two water hammer arresters to protect your pipes from costly damage.
Thank-you.
Insert photo here of a shoeless water hammer wearing a wifebeater being arrested.
Ingenious
Yeah... "Accident" and not *By-design*.....
Sure....
@thewingedpotato6463 it’s a conspiracy by big pipe 😤
steve getting more unhinged while also getting more into the nitty gritty is the best evolution of this channel that i already loved
Vsaucesification
5:28 LOL
12:50 LMAO
I would give the casual water hammer to people and gaslight them into thinking their technique was bad while I shake the strict water
You get the water hammer, they get the troll hammer :D
Crazy it was a Steve Mould video that finally cracked the mystery of what was in Marcellus' briefcase.
Has anyone seen the "Obere Wasserschlosskammer" video ? It shows a giant chamber (the size of a cathedral) built to prevent catastrophic water hammer in large hydroelectric power plants by giving massive volumes of rushing water a safe place to surge upward and dissipate dangerous pressure spikes. In English, it's commonly called a surge chamber or surge tank. It´s absolutely terrifying.
Yes. Was probably shown to me as I watched some other videos from dams.
The chamber, I was told, actually reduces the total water pressure, because the pipes back in the day where not strong enough for the full pressure. Kinda sounds weird...but if you think about it, it makes some sense, as they could only build dams in certain areas, and the pipes will have to become as long as the terrain needs them to be.
4:38 so that’s why smacking your beer bottle on top of someone else’s can foam their beer, or break their bottle? Cavitation!
Yes. Mark Rober made a video on this years ago. Interestingly a bottle filled with carbonated liquids do not break, because the vacuum instantly gets filled with the CO2 gas from the liquid and slows down the water as it comes crashing. That gas then rises up through the drink, creating the foam.
@flyignpig ahh. Not a big mark Rober fan personally but he does seem like a sharp dude
I’ve never witnessed one break, but me and my buddies used to do that to each other all the time. You have to down the beer or it goes everywhere.
@flyignpig I mean, take "will not break" with a pinch of salt, you can absolutely water hammer a carbonated drink to sploding. But they're harder to break anyway.
Ah, flashbacks to my drinking days... lol (not an alcoholic, but I loved fizzing peoples beers when they were being jerks!)
Oh man, you're going to start my sonoluminescence obsession again.
Same. The last one lasted for dayssssss.
2:15 thanks for clapping I'd almost forgot how that sounded 😂
this was an INSANE start to the video, massive props steve this was literal gold
One might say he's done a Steve Gould
The things Steve does for science.
litterally insane, misoginally exposing his wife playing the fool , more than once
@rachelbrionesbriones8042 I can't tell if you're being light-hearted, but the same thought had crossed my mind when I posted my comment. In the end I decided that his (I presume) wife must have been happy to play the role, unless he forced her to do it. While yes, you could argue that this portrayal further feeds the misogynistic "dumb woman sidekick to successful man" trope, I highly doubt that they were intentionally doing it. So I just chalked it up as a happy couple having some fun while filming. I realize I'm not adding anything substantial to the discussion here, but I wanted to acknowledge the direction you're coming from.
@ogechiiiii not at all light hearted, and you said it with all the letters which I didn t dare
2:00 these shots are gorgeous
And if you look closely, you can see a resemblance to fire.
0:20 Saw this from Thunderf00t 9 years ago: "High speed camera reveals water-vacuum shockwave"
My instinct as a glassblower of many years is that it isn't the weight of the atmosphere breaking out the beer bottle and not the vacuum sealed tube, but the shape. The bottle is very imperfectly blown with thick and thin sides -- and it comes to a fairly crisp corner at the bottom which can be a site for stress to exert itself and start a crack/fissure. Additionally, the bottom of the bottle is concave (or from the inside, convex) which means that all of that force is hitting an arch and the base of that arch isn't well supported (except for by the thin glass at the edge) so that dome further drives forces to and exploits the weak areas in the glass.
Conversely, the tube is blown to have an almost perfect hemispherical tip and that part-sphere is very good at distributing forces evenly and not focusing stress at any point. If you're interested in exploring this further feel free to reach out and I might be able to make some test vessels. (or contact your freindly neighborhood glassblower).
Both seem like reasonable explanations (yours and his).
However, I wonder if the tube shape is actually concentrating the energy into a point, rather than distributing it around the base.
What would happen to a sealed beer or open test tube?
Might either be used to amplify the sound and/or light?
Nowadays I think a "friendly neighborhood glassblower" might just be rarer than a friendly neighborhood superhero.
The cavitation bubble's collapse is so powerful it is the cause of the bottle break. BYU Splash Lab filmed a bottle breaking cavitation in great detail in a video called "catastrophic cracking courtesy of quiescent cavitation"
Cavitation bubbles are a fun rabbit hole.
It is the weight of the atmosphere pushing the water into the vacuum of the cavitation bubble. Obviously you could design the bottle in a way that it'd withstand a light mallet tap, but that'd just mean you need a bigger mallet.
As someone who has never even blown sugar, let alone glass, this still made perfect sense, from a materials and physics standpoint.
0:35 me if i were to be recorded 50 years ago on eastmancolor film:
Oh god
I was looking for the film comments lol
nah there's too much color info left, i bet you could grade that into a usable picture, unlike my print of jaws
@Mister_Brown you should try it anyway, they already got some improperly-stored eastmancolor 3 strip cinerama titles restored, so it might be possible
That's a funny way of spelling Agfacolour.
Btw: "Bremsstrahlung" is german, and basically means "radiation by deceleration".
"I did not know you had a full spectrum camera, can I have a go?" Comedy call-back gold.
You mean high speed camera.
5:24 listen
@VENOMYT5 No he didn’t 12:46
@BingolaFacts 😂
Oops, I might have missed it when she said that 😅
00:15 That was fucking amazing man thank you so much for the laugh
"The glass needs to be a special shape-" LMFAO
That was surprisingly good. Unexpected, funny, pretty well acted even, and they didn't draw it out like most would
12:50 Ok I was wrong they drew it out
"with nothing inside" her: 🙄
Fucking? Odd adjective to use
This is really well made for a video about playing with water.
7:04 almost looks like the surface of the sun
12:30 You remind me of my cat when he's doing the baps
Dip the tip in phosphor paint to convert the flash of light to visible spectrum.
I’m a big fan of how whimsical this episode of science is
5:25 best use of slow mo cameras are watching dumb/weird things in slow motion, so thank you
12:45 and using a full spectrum camera is better for revealing how hot the subject actually is.
can't wait for the public park bench apology for this nostalgic memory of that image from that video just like Tom Scott.
A detailed video of the bottle "trick" done by Physics Girl fyi
ruclips.net/video/jbgvQNhFDTo/video.html
5:28 This image. From this video.
classic
And I, on behalf of my face...
@nitehawk86This face, from this image, from this video
Knew I'd find it in here somewhere
lmaoo, I came looking for this reference
Never thought much of water hammer until a professor at my uni told me about when he worked on building a hydroelectic system. Apparently while testing the control system, his assistant caused the valve to slam shut and the controller stopped working. He said after the initial thump they could hear the pressure wave travelling back up the pipe to the reservoir. They realised they had mere moments to get the valve open before the wave returned for the second impact, which could have been enough to damage the valve or even blow it off much like the bottom of the bottle in the video ...only with an entire reservoir of water following it!
Scary! Brings to mind old movies in which someone would have to race a lit fuse.
Speed of sound in water is several kilometers per second, must have been a really long pipe
@tedarcher9120 Yes, as I understand it they had piped the water down to the town from the reservoir up in the mountains. Even so, he did say it was a matter of seconds to avert disaster
Usually a hydro system has a surge tower/tank to allow the energy to dissipate safely, and prevent this from happening.
I don't understand... The pressure wave would get to the reservoir and bounce back? The reservoir was completely sealed?
can you please show how it behaves when you shake it instead of just hammering in one stroke
You also learn a lot about cavitation in the fire service. Cavitation is the natural enemy of a pump operator. Get too little inlet pressure while trying to maintain outlet pressure (aka trying to shoot out more water out the nozzle than the pump is getting from the water source), and your pump starts sounding like you poured a sack of gravel in there. Or a handful of bolts rattling around inside the pump housing. Very much not good for the pump when this happens over a period of time, as it damages the pump wheel. You get pitting on the outer edges that when it gets really bad (because you weren't paying attention) look like some metal eating rodent had a go at the pump wheel and helped itself to some chunks of it. Very expensive repair, requires at least a partial teardown and some people might not be terribly pleased with you because the entire fire engine is out of service because of that.
My pressure hose yard cleaner does the same thing. But less heroically.
@ClimateScepticSceptic-ub2rg love your username 😆
Aye! I just commented about water hammer too. Good to see ya leatherhead
My crew once had our pump start going dry only to get hit with a flood. It cause our head to slam and jam up on us.
We were running from an irrigation ditch and when they opened the gate upstream for us the water went from 3ft to almost 8ft almost immediately. The pressure surge sounded like the whole pump exploded.
@takeohtymeOuch... Made me wince just imagining it.
12:10 - I'm an astrophotographer and nearly all commercially currently available astronomy cameras have this range too. Whilst their quantum efficiency peaks at differing wavelengths depending on the sensor, nearly all of them come without UV/IR block filters in place now. The reason being, these extra wavelengths are useful for IR pass imaging for capturing details on planets and lunar surface detail. UV imaging is superb on planets like Venus too. Unfortunately though, stars give off IR and UV light which nearly all telescopes cannot actually focus, which results in out of focus UV and IR light leading to 'bloated' stars that look out of focus. So when doing deep sky imaging, a UV/IR block filter (or window) is needed.
NGL, there's something extremely satisfying both visually and audibly between that slow-motion shot of the water slamming inside the hammer and the sound of it clapping.
10:56 if you look at the background of this illustration, you can see a bunch of the previous paths of previous particles. He’s fading the background by a certain percentage every frame, but because of rounding, the colors stop fading at a certain brightness. (At least that’s why I think it happens.)
Oh damn I just upper my brightness.
Or that's where he spilled his beer. 🙂
Steve is now dabbling in comedy 😂😂
Edit: To everyone thinking I'm a recent viewer in the comments, I have been watching Steve for well over 3 years now, but he's always been nuanced about the comedy. Never have I seen him try to be comic this blatantly 😝
He has been in over a decade
Now?
He's been quietly hilarious for years.
He's been well past dabbling for years
Even his name is funny. I always crack up when I hear the name 'Steve'!
What I find interesting is that the vacuum in slow motion looks eerily similar to a fire as it dissipates.
When he mentioned flashes of light it reminded me of that thing called a mantis shrimp.
12:50 the first one was funny but this was absolutely hilarious 😂
Absolutely well played.
pure cringe
Like a true date, wanting to be goofy in front of a piece of equipment
@SamusKerriganembrace the cringe
@BryanLu0 k boomer
Same principle in this start-up? getting energy from our oceans?
ruclips.net/video/Q7Pmgq2JKbI/video.html
5:36 here’s where he starts saying “bottom of a bottle” a bunch of times.
You’re welcome.
Thanks, gave me three laughs, very helpful indeed.
5:29 Well, now you’ll have to make an apology video about this moment from this video!
don’t forget the phone number
apology?
@BartiX-on4wn Yeah
Yeah, this picture, from this video, well - it was disturbing.
Terrible, terrible. They should set up a hotline you can call if you’ve been affected from this face from this video.
It’s the right thing to do.
(i came to the comments, hoping that some one remembered. Thank you!)
No elaboration? Nice.
love how it went from vacuums to camera optics
The footage in 3:18, how do you do that lighting setup where the water refracts nicely on darkness with none of the lights visible? two lights on each side?
Idk. Commenting to get notifications of the answer as well.
Nah wait I think it's just one light up?
I would also like to know!
i would guess a dark background, a bit away from the subject you want to film. The lights just illuminate the subject, and with the correct exposure, the background will be pitch black
That's a really good question. I'd like to know that too
0:10 can't let her down like that
I notice that the special camera picks up the particles I see by the naked eye for what looks like dancing atom particles, or the white and black static on a crt screen without channel signal.
Isn’t this the principle of how pistol shrimps work?
6:00, what about using an aluminum bottle?
this was a roller coaster of learning in this video... not only the water hammer but also learned about my mistake maker, full spectrum cameras.. love it
Bremsstrahlung radiation is like saying radiation radiation.
Matcha Tea
Using "actual facts" as an "added bonus" to bring us out of the "black darkness" of ignorance with a "burning passion" to enlighten. Aka, pleonasms.
@mistercohaagen Nice! Thanks for additionally augmenting my vocab.
@AndyRRR0791 hehe "additionally augmenting".
no its like saying breaking radiation radiation
4:58 Why would atmospheric pressure explain the bottle breaking? The atmosphere is pushing up on the bottom of the bottle with the same pressure as down on the water.
It isn't how it's pushing on the bottle side. It's how it's pushing on the water side.
The air pressure behind the water means it builds up more momentum before hitting the glass. The whole time the water is traversing, the air pressure is accelerating it, then all that energy is released in a short jolt at deceleration. So if the water is accelerating to the bottom of the bottle for 500uS, but then it decelerates at 50nS at collision, it would release the energy in 1/10,000th the time, so the additional effect of the air pressure would be roughly 10,000 times greater.
The 1x air pressure on the other side of the glass is inconsequential by comparison.
This is an additional meaning behind water "hammer", because that's how hammers work. You apply a small force over a longer time (swinging the hammer), and then all that energy is released at once when it rapidly decelerates (hitting the nail). So it multiplies the force greatly.
The air pressure pushes the two parts back together
In an instant, all of that relative velocity is converted directly into energy, breaking the bottle
Then the water and glass shards just fall down
1 atm is the pressure of 10 m of water so even if you have a factor for dynamic amplification (the water is stopping which requires more force) it's still a big contributor. another factor is that the vacuum tube is under compression from the atmosphere, so it can better resist the tensile effort of the liquid.
He must have said that wrong to solicit comments, right? Air pressure is applying compression to the sealed phial, since there is a vacuum inside, and not the bottle, which is open to the atmosphere.
the point is probably more that the phial _doesn't_ break precisely because it is supported by the atmosphere from below _without_ an equal amount of atmospheric pressure crashing down on it.
I wonder if the flash of light is related to the flash you get when smashing sugar cubes with a hammer, like in SciFun's video on the subject
12:32 I think it also helps to have a global shutter camera. In rolling shutter you can have flash when sensor is not "watching"
5:25
Considering the previous skit scenes in the video, I was 100% sure it could cut to Steve being slapped in slow motion.
😊 Yeah I've broken the bottom out of a sobe bottle hitting the top... 😂😂
❤❤
Kid: Dad, I want to do a kiwico project.
Dad: We have kiwico projects at home.
Kiwico projects at home: listening to a water pipe whistling in the attic.
You know what I'd be interested in seeing? The slomo shots, but through a polarizing filter. I bet you'd see some interesting gradients in the water, showing the density distribution.
This might be done using a polarized light source - use a LCD monitor (no OLED) showing a white image as a polarized light source behind the shot. Then put a polarizing filter on the camera.
This has to be the smoothest, most consistent, entertaining, and info dense video yet. Top notch
2:44 you wanted to say one that has also air in it?
5:13 used to do that as a party trick.. didn't know thats why it worked. I thought it was the slight rappid air pressure increase from slapping the top.
I also used to do this as a "party trick" 🥴
this reminds me of shaped charges
Is it just me, or 0:03 major The Good Place vibes of Chidi neglecting his dates?
Intro was funny af ❤
I do not share the same feelings as you do in that intro
@TheDeepDiveLLC What's it like to be wrong?
Im currently having a shit 💩👍🏻
@TheDeepDiveLLC
It was a benign funny joke.
Usually the joke is done the other way around, and done so often, it's a bit cliche and predictable.
This is the same joke, but inverted, thus it's funny to people because it's unexpected, as humor is the unexpected, but relatable. _(In a crude simplification thereof)_
Just because you take offense doesn't mean it's not funny, infact, it makes it even more funny-er.
@goldenegg1063hell yeah 👍
Stay curious, Steve. Great video. Thanks for sharing.
I remember my first time in a rather tall hotel (~40 stories). I was on the bottom floor, and the faucet had very sensitive controls and *very* good water pressure. The bathroom, being as echoic as it was, had horrible water hammer. At times, I could *feel* the sound wave produced, and it was next to impossible to use the sink without it cavitating
2:31 cavitation bubbles are super captivating. They can even mess with Lines on Maps.
Captivating Cavitation is my band. If I ever create one
That's a crossover I didn't expect.
This is too obscure of a reference. Captivating indeed. Super captivating, even! 😂
You should replace the glass for full spectrum camera with a quartz glass, would allow to get even bigger part of the spectrum
7:44 bouncing yaris "Why's this dealer" coded
I've been standin heeuh
For thir'y mins
where's the pink vitz
@ryanatkinson2978i've been sat at home just gamin
why's this dealer, takin a piss?
Ive been standing here for 30 mins
9:53 Ask yourself, do you really want to catch phosphoric acid and broken glass with your bare hand?
What can possibly go wrong? :D
This questions are purely situational. It depends on what is beneath the acid and glass, or the current ph of my bare hand, how much there is, etc.
I'm reminded of the researcher that dropped their rod in a uranium doughnut (not certain i remember the details well), pulled it out but already terminally irradiated but saved lives by doing it instantly.
Sometimes reaching into a reactor bare handed is a sound decision.
In most cases I don't catch glass usually recommend letting it fall. In some cases you can't use gloves for specific chemistry ingredients that ignite them.
big fan of the skits u nailed the tough balance of entertaining but not too long to be distracting
14:30 Okay, great. But tell me more about "vortex shedding"!
ruclips.net/user/shortsqVeKGZ0Xq84
Why not get an aluminum or metal bottle so the water is force out the hole instead the fragile glass?
because you can't see inside
@oldcowbbhe said sum about making a rocket with it but idk what rocket engines you know that are made of glass 😂😂😂 the objective is to be power efficient not see through (edit) like he said the weight of the atmosphere is over the neck of that bottle💀💀
12:36 does he look like a serial killer anyone? 😂
3:20 Steve is dripping water onto a hair dryer? 😱
9:43 why cant you anymore?
never thought i'd see full spectrum photography here
10:00 violently shaking a vial of phosphoric acid under vacuum in pitch dark? I hope there were precautions taken.
Engage safely squints!
Phosphoric acid is not a strong acid and also a food additive, so it is relatively safe. Just don't get it in your eyes.
Remember to wear Goggles when doing Citric Acid or Coca Cola
I believe there's a reason for why the researcher friend used phosphoric instead of say sulfuric acid - it's almost as dense as sulfuric, it is way more viscous than sulfuric and way less acidic (pKa1 = 2.14 vs pKa = -2.8, that's over 10 000 times less acidic) and most importantly it is not so aggressively dehydrating like sulfuric.
They all died after filming it's very tragic
I got a similar effect some years ago, when i fumbled with with jars and pressure cookers. I always liked to play a bit with thoose, before opening them.
"you cant buy this"
Shows that you infact CAN buy it.
They're VERY VERY easy to make with a plumbing torch, but you do need a vacuum pump.
I was making these as xmas gifts, back around 1988. My boro tubing was only 7mm wide. But they work fine.
@wbeaty I wonder if (being careful) you could dodge the need for a vacuum pump by using boiling water. Displace the air with steam/water vapour, then seal the pipe and it makes its own vacuum as it cools down
@samuelmellars7855 You'd have to first roiling- boil the water for a few minutes. But even that doesn't drive off enough dissolved gas. In that case you won't see cavitation at zero force ...but it does happen if the top of the tube is gently whacked with one finger. If even a tiny bit of gas is present, the tube behaves quite differently.
Instead, completely degas the water for over ten minutes with a vac pump (and plenty of shaking, to stir gassy water to the surface.) Then, in the completed ampuole the water falls back and forth, going "clank" each time. The longer you vac-degas the water, the better it works.
@2:44 that also has *air in it
Came here to read this 🤭
@simonize82 same
And micro plastic.
Technically it also has water in it with the air. The vacuum one doesn't also have water in it because it only has water. It's weird expression for sure, not wrong, just weird.
@Atreide5 and some germs (long dead by now)
Im now asking myself, if this also would work with a tripple point cell, as there ist also just water in a vacuum...
It does work exactly like that with the triple point cell, because it is just ultrapure water in vacuum.
And if you crack the bottom of the thermometer well, the air rushes in, pushes water up, and as it slams into the top of the cell, it shatters the whole thing quite spectacularly -- with water and shards of glass raining from the ceiling. Not something that one necessarily expects from just some water in a simple glass contraption.
5:29 I'm getting flashbacks to _this image_ from _this video_ from the park bench
I'm waiting for the apology video
What video?
@TheShadowAge "A Park Bench Public Apology"
ruclips.net/video/BnzN3zDKFEI/video.html
bloody good times
10:29 Epic trunk shot!
Pulp Fiction esque
The briefacase itself - is a reference to Marcellus Wallace briefcase.
im glad you made such a good hook for this video so i would end up sticking around for the beautiful little shots of speakers with water vibrating in them
12:29 out of context is one of the funniest things ive seen
ikr, the way he's holding his head and just hammering away, it's just hysterical
What if the inside of the tube with the Xenon got coated in phosphor like a fluorescent lamp? Then it would be visible by the naked eye (and probably amplified)
It's been a few decades so I had to look it up. A fluorescent dye might do the trick as fluorescence shifts the emission frequence towards lower frequencies (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes_shift).
So what happens if you have the slushing version but instead of air you add xenon?
5:28 Reminds me of that clip from that video
Better get a park bench, we are going to need an apology video.
@thehaprust6312 omg I love that you got this obscure reference
Lol funny intro
Let the mantis shrimp have a go in punching the lights out
8:56 What the hell was that noise.
Ahahaha😂
I'm 100% surr thats how dates with steve are😂
"So how was your da..."
"DO YOU KNOW ABOUT THAT..."
that’s how most of my dates go lmao, if they can’t vibe with a bit of infodumping we wouldn’t work out anyway lmao.
""Surr""
@schÖenebuddy_shownbuddy that’s what I’m sayin
That was me on a date earlier today haha (it went great, maybe even because of this)
@adrianbik3366 it’s a great tactic, let them know what they’re getting into lmao.
5:28 reminded me of Matt and Tom's Park Bench apology video of that face in that image in that video.
The flash of light is the same you can see with the pistol shrimp, correct? (Hoping you are not showing that example later… 😅) 11:18