Sir, a big RESPECT to your work. You teach the concept so that anyone can understand it. May god bless you. Most so called higher educated institute professors are just exploiting the students. You are doing the real social work. Yes indeed you deserve our #RESPECT
It is often said either hole or electron move. but in my view, "hole" movement is just imagination of what really moving around is electrons and a shifted hole new position is the result of an electron moving under electric field. In fact, the hole (or positive charge) is the result of its atom's protons which is fixed to the lattice and so the proton (or atom) itself isn't really moved around.
@@rohitnalla2092 he is a learner. So, he might commit mistake. This is the first step towards better learning. But, I was also told by my teacher that hole's don't move. It's actually the electron that moves. He might just wanted not to create confusion by telling me this new theory. I was also the new beginner that time.
Question sir. If the hole is positive charge, will it not create charge or will it not violate conservation of charge? Example for helium. 2e-, 2p+, 2n. If you ejected 1 electron and create hole and this hole become positive charge, helium charges will be,, 1e- , 2p+ , 1h+ , 2n , 1e- (ejected). Initial charge of helium = -2 + 2 = 0 Final charge of helium = -1 + 2 + 1 - 1 = +1 (which creates positive charge that violates conservation of charge)
Sir, first I say thanks for this online presentations. I have 3 doubts 1) hole is vacent space, generally electron move opposite to hole but we say hole is moving , how it happen Sir?
Because of concentration gradient, when an adjacent electron comes to occupy the available hole, it's present position gets vacant now. This vacant space can now be considered as a hole. Same process of adjacent electron occupying the vacant place goes on. In short, while it's the electron that is actually moving, but because of its movement, position of vacant space goes on shifting in a direction opposite to that of the movement of electron. Hence, it APPEARS that hole is moving in the lattice.
You can definitely say electron is moving....but you would have to specity all the electrons that are moving...it's much easier to just say the hole moved
This is because of the apparent positive charge created at the neighbouring atoms by the proton of silicone. To put on a track nearby electrons The proton attracts nearby electrons and does Dainik get in charge and thus the negetive charge is pulled towars that side.
The electron doesn't jump to an adjacent/nearby hole. It is usually free until it falls into hole which is known as recombination. Correct me if I'm wrong. I'm also learning.
No its not recombination. It is movement within the valence band. Imagine the valence electron hopping from hole to hole. Ifyou apply an electric field you favor the hopping direction of that electron. Thatway you can control the current direction flow from holes(aka electrons moving within valence band)
No, here thermal energy acts as a driving force in moving electron to the hole position, at absolute zero temperature, the e will always be in covalent bonded state
I see many of you have doubt about electric(natural) current and conventional current.Let me clear your doubt. When electric current was discovered, electrons were thought to be the flow of positive charges. However, after the discovery of electrons it was known that current is the flow of electrons. But, convention was not discarded and both the currents were defined. Hence, electric current is the flow of electrons in a circuit ,directed opposite to the flow of electrons. Conventional current on the other hand is the flow of positive charges and is directed from positive terminal of the battery to the negative terminal.The current direction is the direction of positive charge movement.( A positive current is also negative charge per unit time moving in opposite direction to the corresponding positive charge). It can also be produced by positive and negative charge carriers at the same time moving in opposite directions like currents in electrolytes or ionized gases or semiconductors.Hence both the current have same directions but different carriers of electricity.....Admin please correct it in your Video...
Fall in love with physics:No, video is correct, both have different direction and this is the way to distinguish them. Also natural current is known as electron current for the same reason
The “hole current” seems like it’s a cover up for the misunderstanding of the misinterpretation of the charged particles’ interpretation of Benjamin Franklin’s discovery of electricity in the 1700s.
A hole is literally a hole, there is an absence of electron there. It would have no mass. It only seems as if there is a positive charge in the hole. Also, unless your teacher is an expert on quantum mechanics. Double check everything. Sometimes the understanding of a topic gets off the actual point because of terrible analogies used.
There are some good channels like Veritasium and SmarterEveryDay they have some of the most awesome videos on general physics and science. Do check them out. :) Your wonder in science will be renewed.
Sir initially boron atom has a hole,but when it is moving towards Si, Si will have only 3 electrons in outer orbit and boron will have 4,which seems to be a tough process,which force drives this process?
It's history anyway. Conventional current is false study or we can call as believed because it tells that current flow from positive to negative terminal. While the real thing is electron flow is current flow and that is natural current. The electron is from negative to positive.
sir, protons and holes are same (or) not? if they are same, protons can't leave the nucleus,then where positive charges (protons/holes) comes from?is it possible protons exists at out of the nucleus by absence of electron?
The flow of hole and electron is taking place simultaneoulsy in the opposite direction but net current direction is same. Will the net contribution in current magnitude count twice?
Not a single video explains why conductivity of holes and electrons are considered differently though holes are a result of electron vacancy!.... would be happy if someone answers this correctly :P
In a semiconductor the mobility of electrons (referring to ‘conduction electrons’ or ‘free-electrons’) is greater than that of a holes (indirectly referring to ‘valence electrons’) because of different band structure and scattering mechanisms of these two carrier types. Conduction electrons (free-electrons) travel in the conduction band and valence electrons (holes) travel in the valence band. In an applied electric field, valence electrons cannot move as freely as the free electrons because their movement is restricted. The mobility of a particle in a semiconductor is larger if its effective mass is smaller and the time between scattering events is larger. Holes are created by the elevation of electrons from innermost shells to higher shells or shells with higher energy levels. Since holes are subjected to the stronger atomic force pulled by the nucleus than the electrons residing in the higher shells or farther shells, holes have a lower mobility. In an intrinsic silicon, at temperature 300 K: Electron mobility = 1500 cm2/(V∙s) Hole mobility = 475 cm2/(V∙s) This is reference from a website
@@shwetsharma8910 , interesting. Could be true that. Curiously it says, hole creation involves movement of electrons from inner cells to outermost cell. So let's say Boron having 3 valence electrons is put in a Silicon crystal, so as to make 3 covalent bonds with 3 Silicon atoms; plus a 4th covalent bond with one electron missing, i.e. a hole in the Boron atom. But that hole is residing not only in the outermost cell of Boron, but even moves into inner cells, as inner cell electrons of Boron move to its outermost cell, acc to this website you have quoted.
Sir, flow of electrons within a semiconductor is same as the flow of holes but in opposite direction. Then why the total current through a semiconductor is the sum of current due to both holes and electrons?
first of all Holes aren't moving just electrons are moving due to excitation as well as due to the attraction force of the hole and when under these two circumstances an electron leaves its place a new vacancy is there at the place of electron from where electron moved. Another electron will leave and come to this vacancy and it will keep on going until external energy or excitation is removed.
Metals have holes, but the hole mobility in a metal is zero. Valence electrons are shared across the metal crystal structure, instead of being knocked free like in a semiconductor.
The atom (composed of proton, neutron, and electrons) is constantly seeking a balanced charge (no charge). When an election leaves an atom, the proton remains, which is itself positively charged. The positive charge does not COME into an atom, as electrons do, but is manifested when electron leaves the atom.
Bro The holes are actually nothing but the core of an atom ( i.e. atom - valence electron ). that's why the holes are much massive than the electrons .
Your "holes" are just the antiparticle of the electron, the positron. Of ourse, this distinction is lost on the world of chemistry which doesn't understand the physics of the flow of electrical current. This isn't a description of hole flow, it is a description of positron flow, proving once again that physis is superior to chemistry. Positron flow hypothesis perfectly accounts for the phenomena described in the video. "Holes" do not exist. There is no such thing as empty space and you simply cannot treat electrons like particles they way you're trying to do here.
@@MediocreDeficit Electrons are nothing more than excitations in the electron field. Flowing electrons produce an electric current. Because electrons behave as point particles, as they flow there is a small "gap" between each electron. This gap is a part of the field with positive energy and charge due to the lack of negative energy/charge and has the same absolute value of mass as the electron. And thus because positrons are just as good as electrons at carrying a charge and obey all the same electrodynamic rules, if we choose to look at it this way, we can say that an observed electrical current is being produced by positrons flowing from cathode to anode.
@@gillypuente1794 so it's like wherever there is an absence of a certain type of charge, the opposite charge is present there. Like where there's no light, there's darkness. Right?
@@MediocreDeficit I should correct myself because your question pointed out a small mistake. There is no positive charge present in the gap but the gap behaves as though it is positively charged due to the lack of negative charge. It's not that the opposite charge is present, but rather the absence of the negative charge can be thought of as a positive charge. Physically, in reality that is not what is happening. The gap is not filled by a positron, it just behaves like one. Positron particles themselves are excitations of the positron field. So therefore, to answer your question, in the absence of a certain charge within a field, it is not that the gap or hole has the opposite charge, but it does behave as though it does. Therefore, if you change your perspective, you can treat the excitation as a hole and the hole as an excitation and get the same physical results.
Yeah, but holes aren't moving, only electrons. When an electron moves, it leaves behind a hole, but the holes themselves aren't moving, they are a by product of the electron moving.
So by reading these comments I understand one thing... To get brief description about electrons and holes/protons we have to go through with quantum physics.. Am I right? Or anyone pls tell me how to understand mobilization of holes...
You are PROFESSIONAL. I always learn from your tutorials.
Sir, a big RESPECT to your work. You teach the concept so that anyone can understand it. May god bless you. Most so called higher educated institute professors are just exploiting the students. You are doing the real social work. Yes indeed you deserve our #RESPECT
Thank you Sir, you clarify clarify it well...
It is often said either hole or electron move. but in my view, "hole" movement is just imagination of what really moving around is electrons and a shifted hole new position is the result of an electron moving under electric field. In fact, the hole (or positive charge) is the result of its atom's protons which is fixed to the lattice and so the proton (or atom) itself isn't really moved around.
David Le ya this is good thing you say.... Good bro
Hall effect proves that hole is not just an empty space in the lattice.....it behaves like a particle...YOU ARE WRONG
@@rohitnalla2092 he is a learner. So, he might commit mistake. This is the first step towards better learning. But, I was also told by my teacher that hole's don't move. It's actually the electron that moves. He might just wanted not to create confusion by telling me this new theory. I was also the new beginner that time.
can you differentiate natural current and conventional current???
Conventional current matlab jisse questions solve karte hain and natural current matlab direction of flow of electron batata hai
❤Thank you so much sir you are extremely talented teacher🎉
its totally worth to watch your videos..
Simple & clear, thanks.
Question sir. If the hole is positive charge, will it not create charge or will it not violate conservation of charge? Example for helium. 2e-, 2p+, 2n. If you ejected 1 electron and create hole and this hole become positive charge, helium charges will be,, 1e- , 2p+ , 1h+ , 2n , 1e- (ejected).
Initial charge of helium = -2 + 2 = 0
Final charge of helium = -1 + 2 + 1 - 1 = +1 (which creates positive charge that violates conservation of charge)
Amazing! You explained it so well i grasped the concept well by the end of the video, i even had an "a ha" moment :)
Sir, first I say thanks for this online presentations.
I have 3 doubts
1) hole is vacent space, generally electron move opposite to hole but we say hole is moving , how it happen Sir?
Because of concentration gradient, when an adjacent electron comes to occupy the available hole, it's present position gets vacant now. This vacant space can now be considered as a hole. Same process of adjacent electron occupying the vacant place goes on. In short, while it's the electron that is actually moving, but because of its movement, position of vacant space goes on shifting in a direction opposite to that of the movement of electron. Hence, it APPEARS that hole is moving in the lattice.
You can definitely say electron is moving....but you would have to specity all the electrons that are moving...it's much easier to just say the hole moved
Not quite. If you apply a field, it is the field that forces the electron to jump to a hole and not because of a concentration gradient
If I would have seen your channel in 12th i could have topped boards in physics. 😍😍Fantastic Channel
Guess what I am in 12th.
why would a bonded electron break its covalent bond and jump into a place of nearby hole?
Electrostatic force is stronger, maybe
This is because of the apparent positive charge created at the neighbouring atoms by the proton of silicone.
To put on a track nearby electrons The proton attracts nearby electrons and does Dainik get in charge and thus the negetive charge is pulled towars that side.
The electron doesn't jump to an adjacent/nearby hole. It is usually free until it falls into hole which is known as recombination. Correct me if I'm wrong. I'm also learning.
No its not recombination. It is movement within the valence band. Imagine the valence electron hopping from hole to hole. Ifyou apply an electric field you favor the hopping direction of that electron. Thatway you can control the current direction flow from holes(aka electrons moving within valence band)
No, here thermal energy acts as a driving force in moving electron to the hole position, at absolute zero temperature, the e will always be in covalent bonded state
I see many of you have doubt about electric(natural) current and conventional current.Let me clear your doubt. When electric current was discovered, electrons were thought to be the flow of positive charges. However, after the discovery of electrons it was known that current is the flow of electrons. But, convention was not discarded and both the currents were defined. Hence, electric current is the flow of electrons in a circuit ,directed opposite to the flow of electrons. Conventional current on the other hand is the flow of positive charges and is directed from positive terminal of the battery to the negative terminal.The current direction is the direction of positive charge movement.( A positive current is also negative charge per unit time moving in opposite direction to the corresponding positive charge). It can also be produced by positive and negative charge carriers at the same time moving in opposite directions like currents in electrolytes or ionized gases or semiconductors.Hence both the current have same directions but different carriers of electricity.....Admin please correct it in your Video...
Fall in love with physics:No, video is correct, both have different direction and this is the way to distinguish them. Also natural current is known as electron current for the same reason
The “hole current” seems like it’s a cover up for the misunderstanding of the misinterpretation of the charged particles’ interpretation of Benjamin Franklin’s discovery of electricity in the 1700s.
I think it's nothing about hole current but positive charge creation and it's movement I.,e to creat conventional current
this was one of the best presentation ,, thanks sir
Iam here even after 7 years
Excellent sir
Sir best explanation given by u
It is also said that hole have lesser speed than electron & thus greater mass.Does it make any sense???
(My teacher told this today)
A hole is literally a hole, there is an absence of electron there. It would have no mass. It only seems as if there is a positive charge in the hole. Also, unless your teacher is an expert on quantum mechanics. Double check everything. Sometimes the understanding of a topic gets off the actual point because of terrible analogies used.
Thanks for explaination I also had same views on this topic.
There are some good channels like Veritasium and SmarterEveryDay they have some of the most awesome videos on general physics and science. Do check them out. :) Your wonder in science will be renewed.
Thanks for sharing (well I already subscribed them :)
:)
Sir initially boron atom has a hole,but when it is moving towards Si, Si will have only 3 electrons in outer orbit and boron will have 4,which seems to be a tough process,which force drives this process?
same question answer mila kya
What is the Conventional Current and Natural current and Different between them ....???
It's history anyway. Conventional current is false study or we can call as believed because it tells that current flow from positive to negative terminal. While the real thing is electron flow is current flow and that is natural current. The electron is from negative to positive.
It is believed that the current is opposite to the direction of flow of electrons in the ancient times...
Thanks bro
I am very grateful to you
sir, protons and holes are same (or) not? if they are same, protons can't leave the nucleus,then where positive charges (protons/holes) comes from?is it possible protons exists at out of the nucleus by absence of electron?
I still learning more from you
The flow of hole and electron is taking place simultaneoulsy in the opposite direction but net current direction is same. Will the net contribution in current magnitude count twice?
Holes are moving electrons so you add the currents
No as electronds are making holes moving so only contribution of one is counted
Thank you sir 🙏
Not a single video explains why conductivity of holes and electrons are considered differently though holes are a result of electron vacancy!.... would be happy if someone answers this correctly :P
In a semiconductor the mobility of electrons (referring to ‘conduction electrons’ or ‘free-electrons’) is greater than that of a holes (indirectly referring to ‘valence electrons’) because of different band structure and scattering mechanisms of these two carrier types.
Conduction electrons (free-electrons) travel in the conduction band and valence electrons (holes) travel in the valence band. In an applied electric field, valence electrons cannot move as freely as the free electrons because their movement is restricted. The mobility of a particle in a semiconductor is larger if its effective mass is smaller and the time between scattering events is larger.
Holes are created by the elevation of electrons from innermost shells to higher shells or shells with higher energy levels. Since holes are subjected to the stronger atomic force pulled by the nucleus than the electrons residing in the higher shells or farther shells, holes have a lower mobility.
In an intrinsic silicon, at temperature 300 K:
Electron mobility = 1500 cm2/(V∙s)
Hole mobility = 475 cm2/(V∙s)
This is reference from a website
@@shwetsharma8910 , interesting. Could be true that. Curiously it says, hole creation involves movement of electrons from inner cells to outermost cell. So let's say Boron having 3 valence electrons is put in a Silicon crystal, so as to make 3 covalent bonds with 3 Silicon atoms; plus a 4th covalent bond with one electron missing, i.e. a hole in the Boron atom. But that hole is residing not only in the outermost cell of Boron, but even moves into inner cells, as inner cell electrons of Boron move to its outermost cell, acc to this website you have quoted.
Sir if you say hole are the majority charge carrier in p type how is that possible as the charge is actually conducted by electron movement ??
Actually hole is the absence of electron in p type semi conductor mean 0 eV
sir can you define natural current sir please
Sir, flow of electrons within a semiconductor is same as the flow of holes but in opposite direction. Then why the total current through a semiconductor is the sum of current due to both holes and electrons?
why is electron mobility greater than hole mobility?
Till what time do these electrons and holes keep on moving ? When will these interchanging stop ?
first of all Holes aren't moving just electrons are moving due to excitation as well as due to the attraction force of the hole and when under these two circumstances an electron leaves its place a new vacancy is there at the place of electron from where electron moved. Another electron will leave and come to this vacancy and it will keep on going until external energy or excitation is removed.
@@developers_hub Good explanation...
actuvally there is only movement of electrons
Yes..movement of electrons creating the holes..And the holes are filled by another electron..This chain will continue..
Sir question is asked in upmrc direction holes and electron are same and opposite
A moving hole is equivalent to moving
Proton
Positron
Positive ion
Good explanation. Please i.prove vudeo quality
Thanku so much sir..
When we make a n type semiconductor, from where does some holes come ?
Rajeev Sharma spontaneous emission of the intrinsic SC
Generation of electrron hole pair dure to thermal energy
EHP generation due to thermal energy
Uh explains very well😍👌
Thank you for the video, but does this mechanism apply to metals or it's just for semi-conductors?
Metals have holes, but the hole mobility in a metal is zero. Valence electrons are shared across the metal crystal structure, instead of being knocked free like in a semiconductor.
Ok ..so normal current is a flow of electron and conventional current is a flow of hole...then what is the use of conventional current?
u can say so
Thank you
Sir plz. Make videos on 2nd year network and synthosis
May I know, what kind of writing pad or digital pen you are using? And I also want to know what is the editor you use to write?
Thankyou so much sir 🌺
did you use electronic devices by floyd as a reference for this series
thanks for that!
Thank you very much sir 👏
can u teach us microprocessor and microcontroller, data communication and computer network ,and linear ic
Then current means flow of eletrons or protons?
Protons aren't in the picture, sir
Is not that same conventional current and natural current??
please provide notes and practice questions
thank u sir
sir what is the natural current and why thre direction of the nat. current ant the electron movement is same??
Sir, please complete the full playlist with videos of chapter 9,10,11,12
Sir, this is probably a super dumb question but: if protons can't leave the nucleus, where does this positive charge comes from?
In order to have pisitive charge does not need protons movement go watch how atoms get their polarity..
An atom become positively charged ion when it looses electron, and vice versa
The atom (composed of proton, neutron, and electrons) is constantly seeking a balanced charge (no charge). When an election leaves an atom, the proton remains, which is itself positively charged. The positive charge does not COME into an atom, as electrons do, but is manifested when electron leaves the atom.
Please make video on electron flow
nice very straight forward 🤩🤩🤩🤩
DOES THE HOLE HAS MASS? IF YES THEN HOW?
Vaibhav Adhikar GREATER THAN ELECTRON... FOR BETTER UNDERSTANDING READ EFFECTIVE MASS CONCEPT
Bro The holes are actually nothing but the core of an atom ( i.e. atom - valence electron ). that's why the holes are much massive than the electrons .
Your "holes" are just the antiparticle of the electron, the positron. Of ourse, this distinction is lost on the world of chemistry which doesn't understand the physics of the flow of electrical current. This isn't a description of hole flow, it is a description of positron flow, proving once again that physis is superior to chemistry. Positron flow hypothesis perfectly accounts for the phenomena described in the video. "Holes" do not exist. There is no such thing as empty space and you simply cannot treat electrons like particles they way you're trying to do here.
Gilly Puente exactly. Holes are just moving electrons in valence band and not in conduction band like normal electrons
How and why is a hole or positron there anyway?
@@MediocreDeficit Electrons are nothing more than excitations in the electron field. Flowing electrons produce an electric current. Because electrons behave as point particles, as they flow there is a small "gap" between each electron. This gap is a part of the field with positive energy and charge due to the lack of negative energy/charge and has the same absolute value of mass as the electron. And thus because positrons are just as good as electrons at carrying a charge and obey all the same electrodynamic rules, if we choose to look at it this way, we can say that an observed electrical current is being produced by positrons flowing from cathode to anode.
@@gillypuente1794 so it's like wherever there is an absence of a certain type of charge, the opposite charge is present there. Like where there's no light, there's darkness. Right?
@@MediocreDeficit I should correct myself because your question pointed out a small mistake. There is no positive charge present in the gap but the gap behaves as though it is positively charged due to the lack of negative charge. It's not that the opposite charge is present, but rather the absence of the negative charge can be thought of as a positive charge. Physically, in reality that is not what is happening. The gap is not filled by a positron, it just behaves like one. Positron particles themselves are excitations of the positron field. So therefore, to answer your question, in the absence of a certain charge within a field, it is not that the gap or hole has the opposite charge, but it does behave as though it does. Therefore, if you change your perspective, you can treat the excitation as a hole and the hole as an excitation and get the same physical results.
Awesome
what will happen if size of dopant atom is much greater than semiconductor atom
Very useful video
Yeah, but holes aren't moving, only electrons. When an electron moves, it leaves behind a hole, but the holes themselves aren't moving, they are a by product of the electron moving.
Superb
Do you provide note for this course?
Can u tell the difference between negative ion and electron and similarly whole and positive ion ?
If hole direction and current direction is same then what it is called as sir
where can i get practice questions?
Tq sir
What's natural current?
Can I get a PDF kind of notes for analog electronics which u have thought in videos??
So by reading these comments I understand one thing...
To get brief description about electrons and holes/protons we have to go through with quantum physics..
Am I right? Or anyone pls tell me how to understand mobilization of holes...
I love content like this amazing
Flow of current is same as flow of electron right but u saying flow of current is same as flow of positive charge, but electron has negative charge
Done ✅👍
Sir please give reply fast
sir i did nt follow the fermi leve in p type
+Seema Phadke, is this man your professor? if so, you are very lucky
👍👍👍👍👍
Thank you