Exploring The Impossible: 0^i

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  • Опубликовано: 5 сен 2023
  • Explore the enigmatic world of "Zero to the Power of i" with us! Dive into the complexities of exponentials, complex logarithms, and Euler's Formula as we challenge traditional mathematical norms. Is 0^i undefined, or is there more to the story? We'll use limits and polar forms to probe this mathematical mystery. If you're intrigued by complex numbers and mathematical tinkering, this video is for you.
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    Corrections:
    3:38 Note this is only true when x is a real number
    #math #brithemathguy #imaginarynumbers
    This video was partially created using Manim. To learn more about animating with Manim, check out:manim.community
    Disclaimer: This video is for entertainment purposes only and should not be considered academic. Though all information is provided in good faith, no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, is made with regards to the accuracy, validity, reliability, consistency, adequacy, or completeness of this information. Viewers should always verify the information provided in this video by consulting other reliable sources.

Комментарии • 188

  • @BriTheMathGuy
    @BriTheMathGuy  10 месяцев назад +20

    To try everything Brilliant has to offer-free-for a full 30 days, visit brilliant.org/BriTheMathGuy . The first 200 of you will get 20% off Brilliant’s annual premium subscription.

  • @antoniusnies-komponistpian2172
    @antoniusnies-komponistpian2172 10 месяцев назад +105

    If we define ln0 as -infinity, it actually makes sense:
    0^i=e^(ln0)i=e^(-infi). So it's basically the result of infinitely moving clockwise around the circle |z|=1.
    It's undefined in a similar way like sine of -infinity

    • @antoniusnies-komponistpian2172
      @antoniusnies-komponistpian2172 10 месяцев назад +11

      Or the last digit of a periodic decimal number like 1/7 or 1/11

    • @TechnoCoderz369
      @TechnoCoderz369 10 месяцев назад +2

      Yeah you're right bro/sis

    • @lyrimetacurl0
      @lyrimetacurl0 10 месяцев назад +2

      Somewhere along the circle x^2 + y^2 = 1

    • @TechnoCoderz369
      @TechnoCoderz369 10 месяцев назад

      @@lyrimetacurl0 no somewhere along i^x where x is a real number

    • @gregstunts347
      @gregstunts347 10 месяцев назад +1

      @@lyrimetacurl0 Yes, if the x-axis is the real axis and the y-axis is the imaginary axis.

  • @arslenedhahri6465
    @arslenedhahri6465 10 месяцев назад +169

    I love how u combine these beautiful numbers and try to see how they interact. (Note : your edit had become better , but stop please rotating numbers.)

    • @Qermaq
      @Qermaq 10 месяцев назад +13

      It's wheel algebra. It makes me dizzy too.

    • @adityaalghifari3141
      @adityaalghifari3141 10 месяцев назад +2

      Math is my life you know

    • @arslenedhahri6465
      @arslenedhahri6465 10 месяцев назад

      Not ur life only . IT'S ALL THE UNIVERSE !@@adityaalghifari3141

  • @kappascopezz5122
    @kappascopezz5122 10 месяцев назад +27

    If a real number is an equivalence class of series, you could define a new set of equivalences as two sequences being equivalent if they have the same set of accumulation points. In your case, 0^i would then be the set of numbers on the complex unit circle, because every number on that circle will be an accumulation point as x->0 in x^i.
    I think it would be interesting if more of these numbers existed that really are sets of numbers

  • @joeyhardin5903
    @joeyhardin5903 10 месяцев назад +12

    3:32 - the modulus of re^iθ is only equal to r if θ is a real number. Thus |e^i*ln(x)| is only 1 if ln(x) is real. But ln(0) is not real, as it isn't even defined, so you can't determine the modulus of 0^i, and there's therefore no evidence to suggest that it would lie on the unit circle at all, sadly.
    You could also consider the limiting case of b^i as b approaches 0, which from the positive direction remains on the unit circle, despite not converging to a any point. However, if you approach 0 from any other direction, b^i leaves the unit circle and diverges in all directions, hence it is impossible to know anything about 0^i.

    • @therealshavenyak
      @therealshavenyak 9 месяцев назад +4

      Thank you. The “its modulus is 1” line of reasoning felt bogus but I couldn’t articulate a rebuttal.

    • @allozovsky
      @allozovsky 3 месяца назад +1

      Indeed, if 0 = 0·eⁱᵠ, then ln(0) = ln(0) + 𝒊φ "=" −∞ + 𝒊φ, so 0ⁱ = exp(𝒊·ln(0)) "=" exp(𝒊·(−∞ + 𝒊φ)) = exp(−φ − 𝒊·∞) = e⁻ᵠ·(cos (−∞) + 𝒊·sin(−∞)), that is "undetermined times some direction" ¯⁠\⁠_⁠(⁠ツ⁠)⁠_⁠/⁠¯

  • @paulchapman8023
    @paulchapman8023 10 месяцев назад +21

    0^i must be either 0, undefined, or a defined nonzero number.
    If 0^i = 0, then (0^i)^i = 0^i = 0.
    But (0^i)^i = 0^(i*i) = 0^-1, which does not equal 0 (and is, in fact, undefined). Thus 0^i does not equal 0.
    One corollary of Euler's formula is that for every defined, nonzero value of x, x^i = cos(ln(x)) + isin(ln(x)), which is defined and nonzero.
    If x = 0^i, then x^i = (0^i)^i = 0^-1. And 0^-1 is undefined; thus 0^i cannot be a defined nonzero number.
    By process of elimination, 0^i is undefined.

    • @cannot-handle-handles
      @cannot-handle-handles 10 месяцев назад +1

      Very nicely done!

    • @HiddenPowerIce
      @HiddenPowerIce 10 месяцев назад +3

      You can't use power rules.

    • @paulchapman8023
      @paulchapman8023 10 месяцев назад

      @@HiddenPowerIce why not?
      If (0^i)^i does not equal 0^-1, what does it equal?

    • @HiddenPowerIce
      @HiddenPowerIce 10 месяцев назад

      @@paulchapman8023
      Pretty sure in complex numbers z^w = e^wln(z).
      I agree the answer is undefined thou.

    • @paulchapman8023
      @paulchapman8023 10 месяцев назад +2

      @@HiddenPowerIce when z is a defined nonzero number yes. But is 0 equal to e^ln(0)?

  • @mosquitobight
    @mosquitobight 10 месяцев назад +4

    Mathematician: 0^i, what is your phase?
    0^i: yes

  • @test_dithered9860
    @test_dithered9860 10 месяцев назад +4

    That’s impressive, I guess I should erase that question off my math list since it seems to have a whole answer lol 😊

  • @ZekeRaiden
    @ZekeRaiden 10 месяцев назад +3

    Isn't there an error here? From what I'm seeing, there is no two-sided limit for y=|x^i| as x->0, because from the left, it's e^(-pi), and from the right it's 1. Unless Wolfram Alpha is giving me some kind of bizarre multiple branches thing?

  • @pedromenchik1961
    @pedromenchik1961 10 месяцев назад +1

    What if we used the non-principal value / branches?

  • @Mayk_thegoat
    @Mayk_thegoat 10 месяцев назад +2

    Where you’ve been sir ? We’re missing you❤️

  • @kokakolanormal4574
    @kokakolanormal4574 10 месяцев назад +6

    With numbers, everything is possible 😄

  • @ytgod2094
    @ytgod2094 10 месяцев назад +8

    At this point change your name to BrilliantTheMathGuy

  • @benjaminojeda8094
    @benjaminojeda8094 10 месяцев назад +4

    There is an error, for example the absolute value of i^i is not 1, because when You have not real "angles", the value change

    • @joeyhardin5903
      @joeyhardin5903 10 месяцев назад +1

      Yes. And if the angle is ln(0) (which isn't real because it's undefined,) then you can't say that 0^i would lie on the unit circle at all. The modulus is undefined, just like the argument.

  • @Qermaq
    @Qermaq 10 месяцев назад +3

    If you plotted every value of 0^z on a four-dimensional Cartesian plot, it would look like a tiny flowerpot (depending on the angle).

  • @xavidiaz7534
    @xavidiaz7534 10 месяцев назад +4

    If 0^i exists, let it be x. Now, raise both sides to the i-th power, giving 0^(-1) = 0^(i*i) = x^i. Notice that the left hand side is 1/0 which does not exists, but x^i does exist for every number(including x=0 by assumption), so we get to a contradiction.

  • @maxvangulik1988
    @maxvangulik1988 10 месяцев назад +6

    0^i=e^(iln(0))=cos(ln0)+isin(ln0)
    but ln0+ is -♾️ so it would be a point infinitely clockwise on the unit circle.

    • @divergentmaths
      @divergentmaths 10 месяцев назад

      ln 0 = -∞ in classic maths, but in divergent maths ln 0 = -γ where γ is the Euler-Mascheroni constant

    • @maxvangulik1988
      @maxvangulik1988 10 месяцев назад +1

      @@divergentmaths how?

    • @AlbertTheGamer-gk7sn
      @AlbertTheGamer-gk7sn 10 месяцев назад

      Well, the cosine and sine of infinity are both indeterminate as sine and cosine are oscillating functions, so we don't know what it would be in infinity.

    • @divergentmaths
      @divergentmaths 10 месяцев назад

      @@AlbertTheGamer-gk7sn The partial sums of Grandi series (the alternate divergent series of 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 + ⋯ ) also oscillate between 1 and 0.
      However, its sum is 1/2 (not indeterminate).
      Likewise, cos(+∞) = 1 and sin(+∞) = 0.

    • @AlbertTheGamer-gk7sn
      @AlbertTheGamer-gk7sn 10 месяцев назад

      @@divergentmaths Well, take the limit as x goes to infinity of sin(x), cos(x), and (-1)^x. You will see that all 3 limits diverge.

  • @-petrichor-7263
    @-petrichor-7263 10 месяцев назад +6

    Me who understand nothing: *Cool!*

    • @-petrichor-7263
      @-petrichor-7263 10 месяцев назад +1

      Hey I am one of the only ones to get a heart by Bri, nice!

  • @basilforth
    @basilforth 10 месяцев назад +31

    4:10 Forget Imaginary numbers! You've invented quantum numbers.

    • @cheeseburgermonkey7104
      @cheeseburgermonkey7104 10 месяцев назад +5

      Schrodinger's complex number
      Rolls off the tongue

    • @artcurious807
      @artcurious807 10 месяцев назад +2

      0i does have a quantum look to it. maybe by combining different equations using 0i into one equation an 0i wave function will emerge

    • @AlbertTheGamer-gk7sn
      @AlbertTheGamer-gk7sn 10 месяцев назад +6

      And virtual numbers with negative absolute values.

    • @40watt53
      @40watt53 10 месяцев назад +1

      @@AlbertTheGamer-gk7sn I'm terrified... please tell me these exist.

    • @AlbertTheGamer-gk7sn
      @AlbertTheGamer-gk7sn 10 месяцев назад

      @@40watt53 They exist, and also, fake numbers with negative squares and absolute values exist. Ever heard of quaternions?

  • @TheNukeCell
    @TheNukeCell 10 месяцев назад +1

    It makes me think... maybe this is new number in new direction? Like i, is "higher" than rest of the numbers 0^i could be "closer to us" (i mean, it could be 3rd direction numberling). What do you think?

    • @ultrio325
      @ultrio325 10 месяцев назад +1

      Unfortunately this new numbering system can't have multiplication. this is a consequence of Hurwitz's theorem, and is what Hamilton struggled with until he tried 4D, giving the quaternions.

    • @antoniusnies-komponistpian2172
      @antoniusnies-komponistpian2172 10 месяцев назад +1

      No, it's not a new number because it's just a limit of a periodic function. It's rather a set of regular numbers than a new number

  • @divergentmaths
    @divergentmaths 10 месяцев назад +4

    0ⁱ=e⁻ⁱᵞ where γ is the Euler-Mascheroni constant

    • @divergentmaths
      @divergentmaths 10 месяцев назад +1

      Note that ln 0 = -∞ in classic maths, but in divergent maths ln 0 = -γ where γ is the Euler-Mascheroni constant

    • @divergentmaths
      @divergentmaths 7 месяцев назад

      One could also write: 0ⁱ = cos(γ) - i sin(γ)

    • @divergentmaths
      @divergentmaths 7 месяцев назад

      The proof that ln 0 = -γ is easy.
      Evaluate the MacLaurin series of ln(1-x) at x = 1.
      You get ln(0) = - sum from n=1 to +inf of 1/n = -ζ(1) = -γ
      Therefore γ = -ln(0)

  • @madsam31
    @madsam31 10 месяцев назад

    So it's more like a waveform?

  • @bibbib4070
    @bibbib4070 9 месяцев назад +1

    I like your funny words magic man

  • @marcinkrasnik4650
    @marcinkrasnik4650 9 месяцев назад

    I thing that quantum mechanics has solution in such crazy mathematical objects

  • @Anuclano
    @Anuclano 7 месяцев назад +3

    0^0 is "Traditionally undefind" - prove this. In the 1980s everyone knew it was 1. It is only in recent years there is some movement to claim it is undefined.

  • @georgesamaras2922
    @georgesamaras2922 6 месяцев назад

    Sounds like electron clouds could be modelled using such math

  • @satoffi
    @satoffi 4 месяца назад +1

    What about i^i?

  • @bazookaman1353
    @bazookaman1353 10 месяцев назад +2

    Will this affect the economy?

  • @evank3718
    @evank3718 9 месяцев назад +1

    What about 1 or 0 to the i root?

    • @user-ht9ek6pe4g
      @user-ht9ek6pe4g 3 месяца назад

      0 root i is same as 0^1÷i and 1÷i i is -i

  • @lamaspacos
    @lamaspacos 8 месяцев назад +1

    02:40 - 04:15 You are thinking as 0 aproximated by real numbers.

  • @nuranichandra2177
    @nuranichandra2177 10 месяцев назад

    A bit convoluted but I will take it.

  • @AA-100
    @AA-100 9 месяцев назад +1

    4:00 - 4:14
    So basically you're saying 0^i is some point on the unit circle in the complex plane, but there is no specific point,
    Which I therefore interpret it as "undefined"
    Not to mention that you have no reason to assume 0^i lies on a unit circle in the first place

    • @barakeel
      @barakeel 4 месяца назад

      2-5 is undefined because negative numbers do not exists

  • @periodictable118
    @periodictable118 Месяц назад

    well I think you could make a convincing argument to most people (not mathematicians ofc) that ln(0) = -infinity, by simply showing them a graph of ln(x) on desmos. from that the problem just becomes what sin(-infinity) and cos(-infinity) are, they could be any angle from 0-360 degrees.

  • @Jack_Callcott_AU
    @Jack_Callcott_AU 10 месяцев назад +2

    I really like to hear Bri TMG using the word "phase"; I think it is much better than the word "argument". All mathematicians should update their vocabulary.

  • @claragabbert-fh1uu
    @claragabbert-fh1uu 4 месяца назад

    Ambiguity has many modalities. This becomes a transform optive much like modeling by LaPlace Transform ... mathematically. The trick is trying to yranslate it into physical form. You then get bubble gum.

  • @duukvanleeuwen2293
    @duukvanleeuwen2293 10 месяцев назад +2

    0^i just acts like an electron

  • @markgraham2312
    @markgraham2312 5 месяцев назад

    That was great, and 0^0 = 1. :)

  • @JoaoVitorBarg
    @JoaoVitorBarg Месяц назад

    its parallel to both axis

  • @user-dq3uh6ee5w
    @user-dq3uh6ee5w Месяц назад

    It is impossible to find.

  • @WillToWinvlog
    @WillToWinvlog 10 месяцев назад

    lol he's literally meming now!

  • @berryesseen
    @berryesseen 10 месяцев назад

    As x approaches 0, the angle of x^i rotates faster and faster, making 0^x meaningless. But for any real x, its modulus is 1.

  • @16a128
    @16a128 10 месяцев назад +4

    Theoretically ln(0)= negative infinity

    • @AlbertTheGamer-gk7sn
      @AlbertTheGamer-gk7sn 10 месяцев назад

      Well, the cosine and sine of infinity are both indeterminate as sine and cosine are oscillating functions, so we don't know what it would be in infinity.

  • @aritrachanda8662
    @aritrachanda8662 6 месяцев назад

    exp(-pi^2) how about that

  • @Effect_channel
    @Effect_channel 8 месяцев назад

    0^i by desmos is 0

  • @vlbulldozer
    @vlbulldozer 9 месяцев назад

    If you rotate 0 by 90° it still would be 0

  • @allozovsky
    @allozovsky 3 месяца назад

    3:25 Well, if 0 = 0·eⁱᵠ, then ln(0) = ln(0) + 𝒊φ "=" −∞ + 𝒊φ, so 0ⁱ = exp(𝒊·ln(0)) "=" exp(𝒊·(−∞ + 𝒊φ)) = exp(−φ − 𝒊·∞) = e⁻ᵠ·(cos (−∞) + 𝒊·sin(−∞)), that is "undetermined modulus times some direction" ¯⁠\⁠_⁠(⁠ツ⁠)⁠_⁠/⁠¯

  • @jamesharmon4994
    @jamesharmon4994 10 месяцев назад +1

    I got to thinking about the basic property of "i". Specifically, is the numeric value of i positive or negative? It seems to me this question cannot be answered. WAAAY back, the question "What is the square root of -1?" couldn't be answered, and this resulted in the complex number system. Maybe, then, an attempt to define the sign of i could result in a new, complementary, number system???

    • @cannot-handle-handles
      @cannot-handle-handles 10 месяцев назад +1

      One convention for the sign of a non-zero complex number z is z/|z|, so that would mean the sign of i is i.

    • @jamesharmon4994
      @jamesharmon4994 10 месяцев назад

      @cannot-handle-handles I get what you're saying, and you are correct. It seems I'm not explaining myself very well. By convention, numeric constants are assumed to be positive unless preceeded by "-". But the constant "i" cannot be positive since any positive value when squared is positive. Any negative value when squared is also positive. This leaves the sign of "i" in limbo.
      Maybe there could be a branch of mathematics about "signless" numbers?? Don't ask me "why?" Who could have imagined the use complex numbers have before "i" was invented?

  • @TeardropCantTalk
    @TeardropCantTalk 10 месяцев назад

    *WHY ARE THERE LETTERS IN MATH*

  • @duckimonke
    @duckimonke 10 месяцев назад

    79th

  • @raphaelfrey9061
    @raphaelfrey9061 10 месяцев назад

    Can't we define a domain where the solution can be for every controversial thing?

  • @vedants.vispute77
    @vedants.vispute77 10 месяцев назад

    Nothing, Exists!

  • @colinjava8447
    @colinjava8447 9 месяцев назад

    If z approaches 0 along a line at an angle phi, then:
    0^i = lim(t->0+) (te^(i phi))^i
    = lim(t->0+) (e^(ln t) * e^(i phi))^i
    = lim(t->0+) (e^(ln t + i phi))^i
    = lim(t->0+) e^i(ln t + i phi)
    = lim(t->0+) e^(i ln t - phi)
    = e^(-phi) lim(t->0+) e^(i ln t)
    = undefined
    But in some sense 0^i would be all the values in the circle of radius e^(-phi)
    But phi ranges from 0 to 2pi, so in another sense, 0^i is all the values in annulus e^(-2pi) < |z|

  • @JonnyMath
    @JonnyMath 10 месяцев назад +5

    Wow!!! I wouldn't be able to come up with those ideas for my math channel!!!😅😅😅 I love this channel!!! I want to make high-quality content as this channel!!!🤩🤩🤩

  • @cosimobaldi03
    @cosimobaldi03 10 месяцев назад

    I guess 0..?

  • @arjunaaronjagadeesan9b423
    @arjunaaronjagadeesan9b423 10 месяцев назад

    Hoiiiii :)

  • @VladVideos0
    @VladVideos0 8 месяцев назад

    Ln(0)=-∞
    Sin(-∞)=0
    Cos(-∞)=1

  • @extra...
    @extra... 2 месяца назад

    0^i cannot be -i, because there’s another number that satisfies this: 0.207879. It also can’t be i, because 4.81 satisfies this. 0^0 is 1, so 0^i can’t be 1. 0^i must be -1

  • @channelbuattv
    @channelbuattv 9 месяцев назад

    0^i is undefined????

  • @Ben-rd3mg
    @Ben-rd3mg 26 дней назад

    I think it’s almost definitely zero. It’s just true that your method for calculating it was invalid. The same trick can be done to show any power of zero is undefined.

  • @I_like_danno_cal_drawings
    @I_like_danno_cal_drawings 10 месяцев назад +1

    x^0 is not undefined x^0=0/0 which is indeterminate edit: x=0

  • @ultrio325
    @ultrio325 10 месяцев назад

    0^i=0
    Justification:
    0^i=(0x)^i=0^i*x^i
    Let 0^i=z.
    If z is a nonzero complex number:
    z=zx^i
    x^i=1 for all x
    Clearly false.
    If z=0:
    0=0x^i
    True.
    While not rigorous, this should be good justification for 0^i=0.

  • @psychopompous489
    @psychopompous489 9 месяцев назад

    |e^ix|=1 only works when x is real. ln(0) being undefined means that it'd almost invariably have complex possibilities.

  • @johndoyle2347
    @johndoyle2347 10 месяцев назад

    Reposting and slight editing of recent mathematical ideas into one post:
    Split-complex numbers relate to the diagonality (like how it's expressed on Anakin's lightsaber) of ring/cylindrical singularities and to why the 6 corner/cusp singularities in dark matter must alternate.
    The so-called triplex numbers deal with how energy is transferred between particles and bodies and how an increase in energy also increases the apparent mass.
    Dual numbers relate to Euler's Identity, where the thin mass is cancelling most of the attractive and repulsive forces. The imaginary number is mass in stable particles of any conformation. In Big Bounce physics, dual numbers relate to how the attractive and repulsive forces work together to turn the matter that we normally think of into dark matter.
    The natural logarithm of the imaginary number is pi divided by 2 radians times i. This means that, at whatever point of stable matter other than at a singularity, the attractive or repulsive force being emitted is perpendicular to the "plane" of mass.
    In Big Bounce physics, this corresponds to how particles "crystalize" into stacks where a central particle is greatly pressured to break/degenerate by another particle that is in front, another behind, another to the left, another to the right, another on top, and another below. Dark matter is formed quickly afterwards.
    Mediants are important to understanding the Big Crunch side of a Big Bounce event. Matter has locked up, with particles surrounding and pressuring each other. The matter gets broken up into fractions of what it was and then gets added together to form the dark matter known from our Inflationary Epoch. Sectrices are inversely related, as they deal with all stable conformations of matter being broken up, not added like the implosive "shrapnel" of mediants.
    Ford circles relate to mediants. Tangential circles, tethered to a line.
    Sectrices: the families of curves deal with black holes. (The Fibonacci spiral deals with how dark matter is degenerated/broken up and with supernovae. The Golden spiral deals with how the normal matter, that we usually think of, degenerates, forming black holes.) The Archimedean spiral deals with dark matter spinning too fast and breaking into primordial black holes, smaller dark matter, and regular matter. The Dinostratus quadratrix deals with the laminar flow of dark matter being broken up by lingering black holes.
    Delanges sectrices (family of curves): dark matter has its "bubbles" force a rapid flaking off - the main driving force of the Big Bang.
    Ceva sectrices (family of curves): spun up dark matter breaks into primordial black holes and smaller, galactic-sized dark matter and other, typically thought of matter.
    Maclaurin sectrices (family of curves): older, lingering black holes, late to the party, impact and break up dark matter into galaxies.
    Dark matter, on the stellar scale, are broken up by supernovae. Our solar system was seeded with the heavier elements from a supernova.
    I'm happily surprised to figure out sectrices. Trisectrices are another thing. More complex and I don't know if I have all the curves available to use in analyzing them. But, I can see Fibonacci and Golden spirals relating to the trisectrices.
    The Clausen function of order 2: dark matter flakes off, impacting the Big Bang mass directly and shocking the opposite side, somewhat like concussions happen. While a spin on that central mass is exerted, all the spins from all the flaking dark matter largely cancel out. I suspect that primordial black holes are formed by this, as well. Those black holes and older black holes, that came late to the Big Bounce, work together to break up dark matter.
    Belows method (similar to Sylvester's Link Fan) relates to dark matter flaking off during a Big Bang event. Repetitious bisection relates to dark matter spinning so violently that it breaks, leaving smaller dark matter, primordial black holes, and other matter. Neusis construction relates to how dark matter is broken up near one of its singularities by an older black hole and to how black holes have their singularites sheared off during a Big Crunch.
    General relativity: 8 shapes, as dictated by the equation? 4 general shapes, but with a variation of membranous or a filament? Dark matter mostly flat, with its 6 alternating corner/cusp edge singularities. Neutrons like if a balloon had two ends, for blowing it up. Protons with aligned singularities, and electrons with just a lone cylindrical singularity?
    Prime numbers in polar coordinates: note the missing arms and the missing radials. Matter spiraling in, degenerating? Matter radiating out - the laminar flow of dark matter in an Inflationary Epoch? Connection to Big Bounce theory?
    "Operation -- Annihilate!", from the first season of the original Star Trek: was that all about dark matter and the cosmic microwave background radiation? Anakin Skywalker connection?

  • @element1192
    @element1192 Месяц назад

    z^w = e^(w(ln|z| + iarg(z)))
    hence 0^i = e^(i(ln|0| + iarg(0)))
    lim x→0 ln|x| = -∞
    simplified: 0^i = e^(i(-∞))
    lim x→-∞ e^(ix) = Ø

  • @mystychief
    @mystychief 10 месяцев назад +2

    Because 0^i = 0^(0+1i), this is undefined, since 0^0 is undefined. If I would have to choose a defined answer, I would choose = 0, because zero to any power = zero.

    • @SsvbxxYT
      @SsvbxxYT 10 месяцев назад

      0+1i (which simplifies to i) does not equal 0. If it did, then 0^i would be 1 since 0^0 is commonly defined as 1 (though it too is technically undefined).

    • @ultimatedude5686
      @ultimatedude5686 10 месяцев назад +2

      0^0 is not necessarily undefined, and even if you think it is this is a bad argument. is 0^1 undefined because 0^1 = 0^(0 + 1)? You cannot say that zero to any power is zero because that is not true for negative numbers. 0^-1 is 1/0, which is definitely not equal to zero. If this does not work for negative numbers I see no reason to think it would work for imaginary ones.

    • @129140163
      @129140163 10 месяцев назад

      It is my understanding that 0^0 has two possible values: “Undefined” and 1.
      If 0^0 is undefined, then 0 to any negative power is also undefined.
      If you make 0^0 equal to 1, then 0 to any negative power becomes ♾️.

    • @AlbertTheGamer-gk7sn
      @AlbertTheGamer-gk7sn 10 месяцев назад

      @@129140163 Well, 0 to any negative power really is infinity. Therefore, 0^0 is equal to 1.

    • @AlbertTheGamer-gk7sn
      @AlbertTheGamer-gk7sn 10 месяцев назад

      Well, it is undefined as the sine and cosine diverge as they go to infinity, but since it is an oscillating function, it doesn't diverge to any point, so it is indeterminate.

  • @ezekielanderson9055
    @ezekielanderson9055 10 месяцев назад

    Bro lost me about 30 seconds in 💀

  • @ClementinesmWTF
    @ClementinesmWTF 10 месяцев назад +3

    Eh. Mathematicians should really stop obsessing over single-valued functions in their ideas of limits. Set-valued functions make perfect sense and are a perfectly valid solution. Lim(sin(1/x);x->0)= [-1,1]. And here: lim(x^i;x->0)=complex unit circle.

    • @xinpingdonohoe3978
      @xinpingdonohoe3978 3 месяца назад +2

      They should stop obsessing over single-valued ideals of multivalued functions in general.

    • @ClementinesmWTF
      @ClementinesmWTF 3 месяца назад

      @@xinpingdonohoe3978 I absolutely agree. It’s way too limiting (ha?) to try and force that kind of exactness on many things and it opens up a lot of new paths to explore when we stop obsessing over it and accept things can be another way.

  • @excuse_me_what_99990
    @excuse_me_what_99990 10 месяцев назад

    1k liker

  • @_John_Sean_Walker
    @_John_Sean_Walker 10 месяцев назад

    But can you prove that: 0^i ≠ 1^i

  • @allgamesyt2151
    @allgamesyt2151 10 месяцев назад +3

    Isn't it undefined ?
    Like 0^i = 0^(i*i/i )
    = 0^(-1/i)
    = 1/(0)^i
    Therefore undefined..

    • @singh.ayushman
      @singh.ayushman 10 месяцев назад +2

      0¹=0^(2-1)=0²/0¹ therefore undefined.

    • @AlbertTheGamer-gk7sn
      @AlbertTheGamer-gk7sn 10 месяцев назад

      Undefined as sine and cosine diverge as they approach infinity, but since they oscillate, they don't diverge to a specific point.

  • @user-pb2sx9xq5g
    @user-pb2sx9xq5g 4 месяца назад

    1+(-1)=0
    -1=e^((2k+1)iп); 1=e^(2kпi)
    0^i=(e^((2k+1)iп)+e^(2kпi))^i
    😁

  • @sergeyromanov2116
    @sergeyromanov2116 9 месяцев назад

    What if it is not a point but the whole circle?

  • @TruthOfZ0
    @TruthOfZ0 10 месяцев назад +1

    0^i = e^(i*ln0) = cos(ln0)+isin(ln0) = [cos(1)+isin(1)]^ln0 => [e^(1*i)]^ln0 = [cos(1)+isin(1)]^ln0 => e^i = cos(1)+isin(1) ?? ln0=-infinity ?Yeah raise that to minus infinity makes sense to try and solve that??xD? Anyway, (e^i)^(-infinity) = (cos(1)+isin(1))^(-infinity) => { 0^i =[-1,1] - i*[-1,1] }!!!...its undefined or you can say what i say its an infinite horizontal strip from -infinity to +infinity with answers of amplitude from -1 to 1 xD thats why its undefined ...pick and choose xD your poison xD thats why all type of equations get annihilated when raised to the power of infinity and all answers can be produced from infinity xD hence undefined!!! INFINITE POWER!!!!!!MUAHAHAHA

    • @silouy4259
      @silouy4259 10 месяцев назад +1

      My nose is bleeding what did i just red

    • @TruthOfZ0
      @TruthOfZ0 10 месяцев назад

      @@silouy4259 I said it was poisonous xD

    • @cheeseburgermonkey7104
      @cheeseburgermonkey7104 10 месяцев назад

      Thanks for the major stroke

    • @TruthOfZ0
      @TruthOfZ0 10 месяцев назад

      @@cheeseburgermonkey7104 Im a man who can slap but can also stroke...i said it was poisonous xD na na na nah

    • @cheeseburgermonkey7104
      @cheeseburgermonkey7104 10 месяцев назад

      @@TruthOfZ0Do you know anything about math above middle school, or are you just copying what the video said?

  • @blackscreen9878
    @blackscreen9878 5 дней назад

    blackpenredpen

  • @Effect_channel
    @Effect_channel 3 месяца назад

    ☝️🤓 Um.. Actually... According to Worfamalpha,0^i is undefined...

  • @anncherian
    @anncherian 10 месяцев назад +1

    First and pin me

  • @anncherian
    @anncherian 10 месяцев назад +9

    I liked my own comment👇

  • @happygood18
    @happygood18 10 месяцев назад +2

    If you really think 0^0 is always 1 no matter what, then why don't you publish a research paper? Send it to peers and it will be proved once for all. And if you can't do it then please don't claim that 0^0=1.

    • @Bodyknock
      @Bodyknock 10 месяцев назад +1

      He didn’t say he thinks 0^0 “is always 1 no matter what”. He knows it’s undefined and why its undefined. Instead he’s saying that IF we wanted to literally give 0^0 a value by definition then he thinks that the value which would make the most sense to define it as would be 0. He didn’t give the reasons in this video why he thinks that 0 would be the best value to pick if you hypothetically wanted to define a value for 0^0 but I recall he had another video where he does.
      This isn’t much different than extended the definitions of other functions which originally weren’t defined beyond a certain domain. The square root of -1 originally wasn’t defined, for instance, but i was invented specifically so that it would have a value by definition and then from there Complex numbers followed. Factorials originally were only defined for the positive integers, but by definition were extended through the gamma function to non-integers. Divergent sums like 1+2+3+4+… have no defined value normally, but they can be given defined values, like -1/12 for that particular sum, which then make sense in an extended number system that follows.
      So nobody is claiming 0^0 is normally defined. What he’s saying is that if you do choose to give it a value of 1 by definition then the resulting extended system you get is worth pursuing.

    • @Ninja20704
      @Ninja20704 10 месяцев назад +2

      He never claimed that it was true. And for the record you cannot prove a definition. You can only justify why you choose a definition.
      He linked his original video on this topic on why some formulaes and results in algebra and calculus need 0^0=1 and would not work if we insisted that it was undefined.
      And in many areas of math, saying that 0^0 should be 1 is the only value that can keep things consistent. I highly suggest you actually watch that video before making such bold statements.

    • @happygood18
      @happygood18 10 месяцев назад +1

      @@Ninja20704 Didn't he do in his 0^0 video? And 0^0=1 is does not look like any definition. And his justification is rather personal than universal. And because of him, I saw many of the followers are telling that 0^0 is always 1 no matter what, and they are trying to prove it like there is no tomorrow.
      And also there are many areas of math where 0^0 would lead to a straight up disaster.

    • @happygood18
      @happygood18 10 месяцев назад +1

      @@Bodyknock Nowhere he said in that video that it's undefined. He actually defined it 1 and argued for that. Well, 1 is correct in many areas, for example binomial distribution but not all. In many other areas, 0^0 would lead to an error.
      Complex numbers exists just like how negative numbers exists. It never contradicts with something unlike 0^0=1 which works in some field but is an error in others. Hence, mathematicians let it go undefined for the time being.
      All real numbers added, equals to -1/12 is only possible we break certain rules of a series. For example,
      1-1+1-1+1-1+....=? If n is odd, then the sum of this infinite series is 1, If n is even then it is 0. Now if I say it's actually 1/2. Then we could make something like 1+2+3+4+...=-1/12. But this is not correct in usual sense. But breaking some laws will make it -1/12.
      Anyway, whatever he did, because of him, most of his viewers are now fighting to prove that 0^0=1 no matter what, like there is no tomorrow.

    • @Bodyknock
      @Bodyknock 10 месяцев назад

      @@happygood18 0:37 “ If x = 0 then 0^x is traditionally undefined.”
      He literally says it in the first minute of the video.
      And yes, when you use a system where divergent sums like 1+2+3+4+… have a defined value then that system loses certain properties the usual Real Numbers under standard arithmetic possess. But that’s fine, it doesn’t make those alternate extended systems not worth pursuing because they do reveal interesting properties about these sums that simply leaving them undefined doesn’t.
      Finally if someone thinks the usual definition of 0^0 is 1 that’s on them. That’s not what is said in this video though.

  • @pelasgeuspelasgeus4634
    @pelasgeuspelasgeus4634 6 месяцев назад

    Complex numbers are fake invented math because (1) the definition of a complex number contradicts to the laws of formal logic, because this definition is the union of two contradictory concepts: the concept of a real number and the concept of a non-real (imaginary) number-an image. The concepts of a real number and a non-real (imaginary) number are in logical relation of contradiction: the essential feature of one concept completely negates the essential feature of another concept. These concepts have no common feature (i.e. these concepts have nothing in common with each other), therefore one cannot compare these concepts with each other. Consequently, the concepts of a real number and a non-real (imaginary) number cannot be united and contained in the definition of a complex number. The concept of a complex number is a gross formal-logical error; (2) the real part of a complex number is the result of a measurement. But the non-real (imaginary) part of a complex number is not the result of a measurement. The non-real (imaginary) part is a meaningless symbol, because the mathematical (quantitative) operation of multiplication of a real number by a meaningless symbol is a meaningless operation. This means that the theory of complex number is not a correct method of calculation. Consequently, mathematical (quantitative) operations on meaningless symbols are a gross formal-logical error; (3) a complex number cannot be represented (interpreted) in the Cartesian geometric coordinate system, because the Cartesian coordinate system is a system of two identical scales (rulers). The standard geometric representation (interpretation) of a complex number leads to the logical contradictions if the scales (rulers) are not identical. This means that the scale of non-real (imaginary) numbers cannot exist in the Cartesian geometric coordinate system.

    • @endercool8139
      @endercool8139 2 месяца назад

      "Fake invented math" like math in general isnt invented by us humans for a better understanding of the world ?wdym fake ,by your logic all math is fake ,why should the complex numbers only be fake?complex numbers are nor real nor fake they re just another helpful tool we have to better understand the world .but its fine you can have your wrong opinion

  • @gdmathguy
    @gdmathguy 10 месяцев назад

    0=0*e^(i2nπ)
    therefore 0^i=0