Editorial Notes: I probably have to address a thing that was mentioned a lot in the comments and that is the hypothesis that asteroid impacts have caused flood basalt eruptions. It usually goes something like: a large-body impact can trigger flood basalt volcanism antipodally (on the opposite site of the earth) because the seismic waves caused by the impact are focussed there. This hypothesis garnered attention in 90s when the mantle plume model wasn’t yet so widely accepted and before we knew much about the formation of these provinces. Since then, however, there wasn’t any major breakthrough or even progress in confirming this hypothesis. We don’t need an outside force to explain and model LIPs and to this day we haven’t found a single convincing example of a crater that can be linked to the formation of flood volcanism. The 3 most quoted crater from the comments are Bedout - which was originally dated to be around 250 mya and supposed to have caused the Siberian traps. This dating is however controversial and it probably isn’t even an impact crater. The Wilkes Land crater in Antarctica - which was also dated to be some 250 million years old - isn’t any more convincing either and the last serious papers making a connection between this theoretical impact crater and the end Permian extinction is I think from the late 90s. Lastly there is the Chicxulub impact which as we have discussed definitely didn’t cause the Deccan traps. Plus, it wasn’t even antipodal to begin with. That we havnt found any good examples isnt really surprising since models have shown that is very unlikely that the impact of even a large asteroid would be seismically powerful enough to cause such a phenomenon on its own. That’s why this hypothesis is seen (at best) as controversial today and why I didn’t talk about it in the video. But since this popped up so much in the comments I thought I still address it. The only hypothesis that is still discussed and backed at least by some evidence is that the Chicxulub impact worsened the Deccan traps volcanism based on the fact that some 70% of the lavas were expelled after the impact. This can of course simply be a coincidence but it’s also not hard to imagine that if there already was an enormous amount of magma trapped close to the surface produced by a mantle plume the seismic waves caused by a large impact could have certainly freed them. So this hypethesis is, I think, far easier to get behind.
The Ends of the World by Peter Brannen (www.goodreads.com/book/show/32075449-the-ends-of-the-world) is a very informative and easy to read book on this subject
Facts in Motion amazing work just found your channel and subbed of course. The fact one person put this all together, script, visualisations and voice over is next level
@@Facts.inMotion your channel and videos are wonderful, if you ever have the time tho, I'm sure many folks would like a video on large explosive eruptions as a third installment in the supervolcano series
Yes, and it's one persons science, for him to make assumptions on behalf of the global science community is a little presumptuous. Asteroids rarely impact perpendicular to our planet therefore antipodeal points are misleading, and the speed at which the shock wave travels requires some serious maths, I'll sit on the fence until more science is proven with global consensus.
I must admit that this video's quality is legit top notch, might even be better than those in documentary TV channels! I really love how neat and clean your map/visuals are.
Hes done his research too. I research Large Igneous Provinces (primarily the Ontong Java Plateau) and he did a great job of sticking to the facts. These super volcanoes are very easy to sensationalize.
@@KelGangi Are LIPs routinely classified as super volcanoes? I understand that the mantel plumes that create LIPs seem to have some association with super volcanoes, but do they always? For instance, is Toba or Taupo the result of the remnants of mantel plumes, or are they just really large conventional volcanoes?
It’s finally done ... Had to rewrite some parts a few time that’s why it took longer than usual. Technically I even have enough material for a third part but given that I’ve now done everything I originally wanted to do with this topic I think I’m going to leave it at that - for now.
We're "spinning and spiraling through space" at mind-boggling speeds and yet the impacts never come in at an angle ... they manage to splat straight down every time... science is mind-blowing, isn''t it?
Simply brilliant: as a now retired scientist intimately interested in LIP events, extinctions and the break-up of gondwana, you have (in my opinion) simply nailed it! Too often earth scientists appear to lose sight of the fundamentals of "cause & effect" and instead tend to support more exotic possibilities! Your breadth of knowledge across quite a number of different (but related) sciences is equally amazing! Cheers from Down Under and keep up the exceptionally great work.
Personally I never quite bought the single asteroid killed the dinos hypothesis. The earth is pretty good at burying, stabilizing and normalizing quickly after single events like that. Particularly when you have the Traps as a viable explanation, it just seems a tad far-fetched. Almost as if someone who has watched too many movies came up with it. But, to quote Paul Feyerabend: "Change only occurs at funerals". We probably have to wait for the comet people to all die before this particular paradigm can change.
@@politicallycorrectredskin796 I don't think you realize how great an impact it was. Glass from the impact has been found all the way across the world. It literally rained molten glass.
@@AwfulnewsFM Yes, but in geological terms it was a very short event. Almost literally hide in a cave for a few months and you'll be fine, which every animal that has ever lived has been very good at. I have yet to see any evidence that an impact of this kind, short of the one that possibly made the Moon, would be able to wipe out an entire group of animals. Meanwhile there is copious evidence that long-lasting basalt flows do cause mass extinctions, and one such basalt flow was open at this exact time in India. If you find a corpse with a knife in its back, you probably should be looking for someone with a hand, most likely a human of some sort. The killer is unlikely to be the parrot sitting in the cage next to the corpse. Parrots don't have hands, so can't easily wield knives. More importantly, we have no evidence of parrots ever stabbing anyone before. The Impact Hypthesis is a very unpromising angle that I suspect is only relevant because someone somewhere once needed a PhD, and had to cook up some random stuff no one had talked about before because it was ridiculous. This is how mass "science" works now. Anything at all that hasn't been talked about before, which as you can imagine is an ever-shrinking category of increasingly absurd things. To me, the Impact Hypothesis is people handwaving away reasonable objections by emphasizing the size of the parrot. Polly was very large and aggressive you see, so that's how come she stabbed someone in the back.
@@politicallycorrectredskin796 yes but the temperature reached 400 C, that is know because if that wasn't true it would violate conservation of energy. It would not take millenia to clear out the megafauna this way. Also maybe you are forgetting that the KT boundary exists. It is simply too big a coincidence that the large shift in the fossil record coincides with this sharply defined boundary, there also a small period of explosive fungal growth following the KT boundary. Also there is the fact that it might as well have caused global cooling over a period of tens of thousands of years. It cleared out 60 cubic kilometers of rocks, that's a lot of sulphur dioxide. The Deccan traps had been going on for 5 million years at this point and there was hardly a bump in biodiversity until the KT boundary, it is simply undeniable that the Chixxulub impact is involved in some way.
@@AwfulnewsFM But it didn't wipe out the fauna. Reptiles, amphibians, mammals, birds, fish, invertebrates and insects survived just fine. It wasn't just big dinosaurs that got wiped out. All of them did including the aquatic ones, while essentially no other group of animals was wiped out. Evidence from China even suggests that dinosaurs were at least partly covered in feathers, so it can't be the cold either. Feathers are the explanation for why birds survived. If that is the case it should have worked equally well for the dinosaurs. This hypothesis is full of holes. Repeating it over and over doesn't make a mistake more true or not a mistake. If you have to rely on ad hocs and maybes you don't have a scientific theory. You have the concept of a novel. First of all you have to explain why Chixulub killed ALL of the dinosaurs and ONLY the dinosaurs. And there is no credible way to do that. The more extreme you try to make the impact, the more implausible it becomes that EVERYTHING except the dinosaurs survived. The more you downplay it the less likely it seems that it could have killed anything. Why for example did the pleiosaurs go extinct at the same time? They were fully aquatic and should have been perfectly safe, like turtles and crocodiles apparently were. But they weren't for some reason. All the aquatic dinosaurs died out too. Meanwhile the Deccan Traps were open, the biggest known killer in geological history. We even know from the bigger Siberian traps that chemistry from those things can take millions of years to build up to a critical level and then everything collapses very quickly as the oceans react to it and acidifies and deoxydizes. Just because it had been open for a long time is no argument. Maybe it reached a critical point that changed the atmospheric chemistry just enough to wipe out the dinosaurs and then close or something. A sort of miniature End-Permian episode that was just big enough to get all the dinosaurs but not everything else. There is no mechanism in a crude impact scenario that can account for the highly targeted extinction. An impact doesn't universally change atmospheric chemistry, just temperature. Very hot then very cold for a few years. Very few in geological time. And you would need a universal change that only affected dinosaurs. That has been the problem all along. I see at least the potential with basalt flows. Not with impacts.
Despite being fond of science, I always used to think of Geology as a boring topic due to the incredibly long time frames involved. Having learned a little about it, I must confess that you guys quite literally rock ;)
@@meredithmcmahon6239 Yes, I was underestimating that. As an engineer, I'm used to seeing results within years at worst. Seeing results after millions of years without the option of tinkering with it seems frustrating to me at first. Still, my electrical engineering seems puny in comparison when considering the staggering forces involved in your profession.
I think what makes his videos great is that people like me who doesnt have a degree on science or engineering can comprehend simplified versions of these otherwise complex concepts
@@peterjamesfoote3964 The Deccan traps eruption,lasted for roughly 5 million years;leading up to the asteroid impact 67.5 million years ago;according to Paeolontologists,geologists, geophysicists,and astrophysicists.According to scientists;within the scientific community,the cause of the dinosaurs extinction,was the flood basalt eruption;of the Deccan traps igneous province.That would mean that the asteroid impact, occurred long after;the dinosaurs went extinct.Most of the terrestrial and aquatic survivors,of the igneous province eruption;of the Deccan traps,were finished off by the 7.5 mile wide asteroid;as only a few species survived the extinction event.The pattern of history is repetitive;meaning that it rymes,and mirrors itself. It has happened before,and it will happen again.Only this time,much of life on the planet;as we know it today,will not survive the extiction;that will rival the end Permian extinction,also known as "the great dying".
Devin Russell that is not exactly correct, we are currently evaluating fossils found inside the boundary layer. Clearly showing dinosaurs could still very much alive when the body hit Mexico and survived shortly afterward.
I discovered your channel through the first video, and 3 minutes in I was already subscribed. The video quality is incredible, graphics are relevant and useful for understanding the technical figures from the narration. Really great stuff!
When i was kid, everytime 'Mass Extinction' mentioned in science show i thought it happens in few weeks/months. Now i understand it take hundreds or even thousands of years.
Yeah though it should be noted that the Asteroid component of the K-Pg extinction was sudden and catastrophic and resulted in a order of magnitude increase in Eruption intensity in the Deccan Traps. There is strong and increasing evidence that mass extinctions occur when a long term ecological stressor coincides with a relatively sudden pulse factor driving the system over the edge. For the End Permian as was mentioned in Part one the sudden trigger was the rapid release of sequestered carbon from the Carboniferous Period. Though a 9 million year Earlier flood basalt and the continued existence of Pangaea were likely the main stressor. The PETM likely was similar with multiple flood basalt eruptions one of which brought a heavier blow by erupting underneath oil rich layers, and this video already addressed the End Triassic and Devonian extinctions. The Ordovician is trickier than other extinctions as we have no direct evidence for the cause aside from increased mercury levels and extreme shifts in sea levels. Though a recent paper in Science Advances may have partially resolved that by providing quite strong evidence that the sudden onset of the Ordovician ice ages and associated extinction was likely driven by a cataclysmic break up of the 150Km L Chondrite parent body in the Asteroid belt around 466 Mya according to shacked quartz dating within L chondrites, abnormal 3 fold increase in fossilized meteorites almost all of which were L Chondrites and isotopic abundances of clearly astrophysical element isotopes namely Helium 3 and Osmium. This impact likely formed a massive cloud of debris which drifted into the inner solar system blocking out enough sunlight to dim the sun for around a few million years. advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/9/eaax4184 (It is open access) Throw a Flood Basalt on top of that and you have a catastrophic driver for extinction, (Though given that Mercury levels, on top of carbon isotope fluctuations among other things, are usually the hallmark of extinction events comparisons will likely be needed to check whether the mercury spike corresponds with the spike in Helium 3 and Osmium found in the above paper) Perhaps the most interesting of LIP induced cataclysm was the Franklin Large Igneous Province which coincided with the Break up of the super continent Rodinia and its associated role in at least the onset of the Sturtian phase of the Neoprotozoic Snowball Earth
Teguh Lumban-Gaol I feel bad for our future generations. Hopefully it won’t be too bad. Mother please be kind to thee children for thee I repent their sins.
MaskHero Zo, depending on how old you are, you may still be alive when the shit hits the fan. We’re releasing sequestered ancient carbon stores in a geologic instant, just like the Siberian Traps did when they hit seams of buried coal. It probably won’t start getting really bad for at least another half century, though, unless we actually get our collective acts together and do something about it. Then it won’t be quite as bad.
I really appreciate the level of detail you've included for each geologic boundary event. This is one of the first times I've ever seen the pripyat-dnieper-donets rift or viluy traps mentioned outside of a textbook. You're an excellent science communicator!
Wow! Never occurred to me that Hawaii is a remnant of a mantle plume! And I was always under the impression Iceland is just a result of the Mid-Atlantic divergent boundary! Learning something new is nice :)
@@shebbs1 The OP did not say Hawaii was on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. They said that Iceland is, which is correct. What the OP did say was that Hawaii was on an *old and inactive* mantle plume, which is incorrect. The Hawaiian hotspot is still active, meaning the mantle plume beneath it is as well, albeit not as active as in the past.
Absolutely fascinating. Thank you so much for your hard work. As a child I wanted to become a vulcanologist, but got tripped-up by something easier to get into (in England) - electronics. I am in my late 50s now, but my interest in the Earth Sciences has never waned. You sir, are keeping my interest alive. I applaud your efforts. 💖
It seems like mars had mantle plume volcanism, but not plate tectonics, which is why Olympus Mons is the tallest mountain in the solar system: it's the result of millions of years of eruptions in one place. Theres lots of evidence of flood basalt across the solar system, the moon's maria for instance, but moving and subduction of plates seems fairly unique to earth.
They're extinct, and it never eroded down because Mars' atmosphere is too thin to form particularly strong wind, and there's very little liquid water to chemically weather anything.
Io is a very weird case. It's actually best described as external volcanism. Essentially, Io is really close to Jupiter, which has a powerful gravitational field, so Io is endlessly being pushed and pulled around, which through friction is at least partly responsible for its molten interior. The rest then works more or less like earth, but Jupiter also likely warps, bends and breaks Io's crust somewhat, causing more cracks and fractures for magma to seep into.
Absolutely brilliant! This is not my introduction to the concept of Mantle Plumes and flood basalts but the visual aids really help cement that knowledge. Something I had _not_ come across before and which does give me much pause for thought is the straight-line link between current-day 'hotspots' and flood bassalt provinces of the past. That is fascinating. The inevitable end result of this presentation is the consideration of where the next plume will strike--if it hasn't already and is merely right now making its way through the shockingly thin crust... I think these events are almost certainly a factor present in The Great Filter.
This is the first of your videos that I’ve seen and I’m quite impressed. Superb production quality and exquisite narration, thank you very much. Oh yeah, instantly subbed...now I have to go binge some more episodes.
This is the best science channel for covering science that is not commonly known or talked about on YT. Graphics that truly illustrate, as well, make it a real favorite.
14:43 - I think you meant to say that "humans and all other animals alive today are the *_descendants_* of..." But the ending scene at 14:56 was ... thought-provoking.
Every few months I rewatch the 2 flood basalt videos from this channel and also the 2 volcanoes videos from the deep dive channel. Please come back and make more
🎯 Key Takeaways for quick navigation: 00:39 🌋 Flood basalt eruptions are caused by the Mantle Plume Model, which involves columns of hot rock upwellings rising from the Earth's mantle. 02:28 🌎 Mantle plumes originate deep in the Earth's mantle, around 2900 kilometers (1800 miles) below the surface, and they play a significant role in large igneous province formation. 05:41 🌍 Mantle plumes are relatively stationary, and hotspots, like Hawaii and Yellowstone, are formed as tectonic plates move over them, creating chains of volcanic structures. 09:52 📡 Seismic tomography helps researchers identify deep-mantle plume-like structures beneath major hotspots, aiding our understanding of mantle plumes. 12:42 🌏 Large igneous provinces, caused by flood basalt eruptions, have been linked to mass extinctions throughout Earth's history, highlighting the profound impact of volcanic activity on the planet's biodiversity. Made with HARPA AI
Holy shit, this is so we'll made! I'm super impressed. Like it's really rare for me to be this impressed by a video. The graphics, info and narrating is damn impressive! Smashed that sub button!
@@michaelt.5672 No it's not. We have not survived such large scale volcanism. There is no active volcanism on such large scales currently happening on Earth to classify us as 'survivors.' The paltry eruptions we have witnessed in the past 100 years, much less during the existence of humanity as a species, is a grain of sand to a parking lot. Or a parking garage. We are not the survivors. We are the descendants of the survivors.
Well done, really well made video. I don't really know what to say as creative criticism on this video. I think that this video is VERY informative whilst still being fun to watch. One of the reasons why this is. Is probably due to the fact that you as you said "this a simplified view of the process, the reality is much more complex. But it gives us at least a basic understaning for why and how these massive eruption have occurred.". This was a very well made decision due to the fact that it would be VERY "daring" to make a complex video about a topic that(let's be honest here)not a lot of people know much of, including me. So now I feel a bit smarter because of this video, thanks. Till next time!
2020: Hey... 2021 Mmm what was it that you were planning for you grand final again? 2021: Well they're called LIPs for short why? 2020: Oh... Ok. No nothing no reason at all, was just curious. I had forgotten for a second there. 2020: Looks back at your comment... "Damn... Poor kid!" 🌋💀🌋💀🌋💀🌋💀🌋 😳🤦🙈🙉🙊🤐
It's an interesting way to look at it, but looking at the full geological process and taking into account smaller pieces of it, such as the carbon cycle or silt depositing, and even the subduction zone process shown, it really is a full cycle lava lamp. Convection is essentially a constant on our planet , which is still dope
@@Gregbot9000 When the Earth's core finally cools and becomes solid, the Earth's magnetic field will go away, effectively leaving our atmosphere naked and completely vulnerable to the sun's destructive solar winds. This will have the result of most of our atmosphere being blown out into space. This is what many scientists think happened to Mars to make it a barren wasteland. So yes, someday the core may kill us all.
What an incredible video. It's not easy to take such a complex topic and explain it in a way that still retains much of the nuance while remaining accessible to intelligent but non-geologist audiences. Presentation of various hypotheses and theories shed light into the scientific state of the field and what is still left to better understand. Moreover the narrative structure, of starting with the Siberian traps example in Part 1 and then moving on to illustrate their cause, relationship with hotspots, and correlation with extinction events in Part 2, kept me engaged with one "no way!" revelation after another. I can't believe the animation is done by the same person who researches and writes the script!
Best video on trapps I've ever seen. I'm from Russia - not from the Siberian part though - and it amazed me how we still don't know where the hotspot that caused the eruption had gone. I like to watch asmr and science videos to fall asleep, but this one kept me wide awake because it's so interesting. I also like your voice))
@@petrfedor1851 "All our models predict large hydrocarbon deposits in the upper crust of this planet, but there is almost nothing! What the hell happened here?"
You're telling me The Great Dying was what caused the plates to split? You, sir, have earned a like. I've always been astonished by the power of that extinction event.
I've spent the last several weeks learning about magma and the formation of plates, mountains, etc, and this video explains much of what I learned, and then some! An excellent overview of the subject.
Thanks for the very succinct delivery. I live over a subduction zone with imposing dormant volcanoes in 3 directions from my home. The edge of a rather recent large igneous province is is within 200 km. I found this production fascinating.
@@Akechi_The_Phantom_Detective Subduction zone, three dormants and within spitting distance of a flood basalt probably puts Fraser in Oregon. The geological history of that area is crazy fascinating.
@@Akechi_The_Phantom_Detective I am in BC, slightly north of the border. The most obvious volcano in the local area is Mt Baker (absolutely gorgeous!) but attention here is on Mt Meager which is responsible for the popular hot springs and may be developed for geothermal energy extraction. My province has vulcanism at it's heart and across it's geography with many obvious features such as beautiful basalt columns and eroded volcanic cores such as Black Tusk.
@@fraserhenderson7839 Oh right, British Columbia the Northern Cascade Range. Bless it's actually really nice to hear a positive turn on volcanology in Canada, it sounds like you guys really embrace it. I'd love to check out the sights sometime.
So so so happy to see a video from you. Feels like it's been a long time since I last saw one so I'm guessing you took a break, which we all need as youtubers some times. Being able to get back to work and actually produce something after needing a pause is a huge deal, really happy and proud of you man
Well researched! Excellent presentation... this video rises up, and delivers "explosive" content... a truly "groundbreaking" portrayal... of this important and historically significant earth process. What a "solid" presentation!! Well grounded 👍😉
As someone interested in studying earth science at uni who is interested in LIPs, I love how I will go away and do reading / watch lectures only to come back here and practically everything in the video holds up well :)
Man, these Facts in Motion videos are so good. Good educational content, excellent graphics and video quality, good sound - top notch production all around.
"The Bend" in the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain is heavily debated and often more cited as a consequence of the collision of India and Asia, and not as much the moving of the hotspot
Wow, just wow. I remember when the discovery channel had actual educational documentaries. Now we come to youtube, and one dude does it all, better, and more concise. Thanks dude, I'm loving this content, fantastic work.
Excellent videos, explained brilliantly and with logic and integrity. Better then the over hyped sensationalised rubbish on mainstream television. Some mainstream tv docs are just so overproduced at times that it detracts from the subject.
I'd love to see you make more videos about paleontology and geology in general. There a chance we could get a video on the process of fossilization in the future?
I would just like to say this: FIM, your channel, over the last 2 years, has become my favorite channel on RUclips, and many of my favorite videos are the ones you've done. I love you, and would like to have your internet babies. Lol Sidenote: Been telling all my friends and family about you since 2019. Keep up the great work! Please!
The flood basalt that covers Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and two other African countries was missing and was considered a very large spill that was not mentioned in the video.
Another channel that teaches us more in 16 minutes than our school teachers manage to do in years. Thank you so much for this terrific video. Keep up the good work.
There's an amazing theory out there which is fast gaining evidence that the Chicxulub impact might have actually been directly responsible for the huge scale of the eruptions in the Deccan traps. The eruptions were happening there long before the asteroid impact, but only after that did it become the largest flood basalt in history, second only to the Siberian traps. There seems to be a period of dramatic jumps in eruption rates right at the KT boundary, which if true would rule out coincidence very thoroughly for the two events. When the asteroid hit, it's said to have "rang the earth like a bell" with an earthquake of magnitude 10 or more everywhere on the planet. This would be more than enough set off volcanoes all around the globe, not just in the Deccan traps, and there is indeed some studies that claims of this happening along oceanic ridges at the time. Either way, it just makes sense that there was some sort of causal connection between the 2 events. Because if it wasn't, then the dinosaurs were just uncannily unlucky to have had 2 catastrophic events line up perfectly for them to experience at the same time. Perhaps if the asteroid never hit then the eruptions would've died down and it would've just been another smaller scale flood basalt that life wouldn't be dented significantly by at all. Maybe if the Asteroid hit at a time when the eruptions weren't happening, then we would only get very small borderline mass extinction that wouldn't have been strong enough to kill off all the non avian dinosaurs. It'll be awesome to see what studies into this actually turn up in the next few years.
There were a few flood basalt eruptions that were significantly larger - not just the Siberian traps. Other than that you're right - this is a discussed hypothesis. I addressed this in the pinned comment.
@@everettduncan7543 The hypothesis is that a large impact is something like a M12+ earthquake, that sends shock waves around the Earth's crust (along the outside, not through the interior). They converge at the antipodal point, shattering the crust and enhance or even create a major volcanic zone. Some geologists go so far as to propose that almost all hot spots are the (initial) result of a major impact on the opposite side of the Earth. With millions of years of plate movement and the rapid weathering or subduction of impact craters, though, it's hard to tie together specific craters and hot spots, although Chicxulub and the Deccan traps seem a good bet.
I am surprised by the amount and quality of information in the video. This is one of the best on this topic. I live near the Ural mountains and there are sometimes small earthquakes here. A couple of years ago it was near the city of Chelyabinsk (yes, this is the city where the meteorite fell, lol). I could not understand for what reason these earthquakes were. Now it is clear, holy shit..., below us is the remnant of the plume that caused the most massive extinction.
I just wanted to add my voice as one of those who appreciate the truly excellent quality of the content on this channel. It’s no exaggeration to say I value this channel more than any other on RUclips, maybe Isaac Arthur is close but he is generally considering the absurd places we can go in our future whereas this channel is talking about the realities of now which I value more. Thank you again, you are truly an under appreciated talent. I hope you get all the subscribers you deserve.
I stand stunned and in awe. This video is not simply the best one I have seen about this topic. On top of it, it ia done by one person! Dude, whatever you do in "real life" to earn your living - THIS is worth a bundle! Watching this video, for the first time I was not annoyed by commercials, because I think it is worth every cent you gain through them.
Imagine if a supervolcano erupted right now, most of us would die and the few thousand people that would have to repopulate the earth would be left with literally too much knowledge to spread again, so much would be lost...
Eh, unless more then one supervolcano erupts at the same time things would be rather shitty for a while but nowhere near only a few thousand people left.
At 0:10, how did you remove the background noise from Kikoru's Night Owls? I've been trying to do it myself but I can't seem to do how. Could you also please list the music you use in this video, your future videos, and your pervious videos in order? Please respond 🙏
My geology class is having a debate on mantle plumes so this was a great informative video to introduce me to the topic and go a little more in-depth, will show it to friends and family!
Editorial Notes:
I probably have to address a thing that was mentioned a lot in the comments and that is the hypothesis that asteroid impacts have caused flood basalt eruptions. It usually goes something like: a large-body impact can trigger flood basalt volcanism antipodally (on the opposite site of the earth) because the seismic waves caused by the impact are focussed there.
This hypothesis garnered attention in 90s when the mantle plume model wasn’t yet so widely accepted and before we knew much about the formation of these provinces. Since then, however, there wasn’t any major breakthrough or even progress in confirming this hypothesis.
We don’t need an outside force to explain and model LIPs and to this day we haven’t found a single convincing example of a crater that can be linked to the formation of flood volcanism. The 3 most quoted crater from the comments are Bedout - which was originally dated to be around 250 mya and supposed to have caused the Siberian traps. This dating is however controversial and it probably isn’t even an impact crater. The Wilkes Land crater in Antarctica - which was also dated to be some 250 million years old - isn’t any more convincing either and the last serious papers making a connection between this theoretical impact crater and the end Permian extinction is I think from the late 90s. Lastly there is the Chicxulub impact which as we have discussed definitely didn’t cause the Deccan traps. Plus, it wasn’t even antipodal to begin with.
That we havnt found any good examples isnt really surprising since models have shown that is very unlikely that the impact of even a large asteroid would be seismically powerful enough to cause such a phenomenon on its own. That’s why this hypothesis is seen (at best) as controversial today and why I didn’t talk about it in the video. But since this popped up so much in the comments I thought I still address it.
The only hypothesis that is still discussed and backed at least by some evidence is that the Chicxulub impact worsened the Deccan traps volcanism based on the fact that some 70% of the lavas were expelled after the impact. This can of course simply be a coincidence but it’s also not hard to imagine that if there already was an enormous amount of magma trapped close to the surface produced by a mantle plume the seismic waves caused by a large impact could have certainly freed them. So this hypethesis is, I think, far easier to get behind.
The Ends of the World by Peter Brannen (www.goodreads.com/book/show/32075449-the-ends-of-the-world) is a very informative and easy to read book on this subject
Facts in Motion amazing work just found your channel and subbed of course. The fact one person put this all together, script, visualisations and voice over is next level
@@gtb870 Thanks!
@@Facts.inMotion your channel and videos are wonderful, if you ever have the time tho, I'm sure many folks would like a video on large explosive eruptions as a third installment in the supervolcano series
Thanks for the explaination! Love your videos ♥️
i think people fail to realize 1 person did all the script, visials and voicing.
Really? Wow
Emmanuel Méndez Martínez
He had a great talent that’s for sure.
Now that's talent!
All I know how to do is click the Like button
Woah
Yes, and it's one persons science, for him to make assumptions on behalf of the global science community is a little presumptuous. Asteroids rarely impact perpendicular to our planet therefore antipodeal points are misleading, and the speed at which the shock wave travels requires some serious maths, I'll sit on the fence until more science is proven with global consensus.
whoever is making the visuals for this is not getting paid nearly enough. *Appreciation intensifies*
According to his channel description its just one guy doing everything.
Yup, just me
@@Facts.inMotion Your content deserves more subscribers and views! May the Algorithm Gods shine upon you.
@@BrendenFP welp glad i'm part of the rise of this channel!
but he gets paid 1 trillion dollars a year
I must admit that this video's quality is legit top notch, might even be better than those in documentary TV channels! I really love how neat and clean your map/visuals are.
Cyrille Yukimaru And it’s one one guy!
The documentary channels are mostly fluff!
Yep. Even the clipped and ( to some) somewhat pedantic sounding German accent enhances the gravitas, import and exactness of what is conveyed.
Hes done his research too. I research Large Igneous Provinces (primarily the Ontong Java Plateau) and he did a great job of sticking to the facts. These super volcanoes are very easy to sensationalize.
@@KelGangi Are LIPs routinely classified as super volcanoes? I understand that the mantel plumes that create LIPs seem to have some association with super volcanoes, but do they always? For instance, is Toba or Taupo the result of the remnants of mantel plumes, or are they just really large conventional volcanoes?
It’s finally done ... Had to rewrite some parts a few time that’s why it took longer than usual.
Technically I even have enough material for a third part but given that I’ve now done everything I originally wanted to do with this topic I think I’m going to leave it at that - for now.
Yay, hopefully we won't die from volcanoes, even doe Yellowstone might end our careers of living.
If you have enough for a third episode please make the third!
Excited for part 3
I want a third part! I wanna keep up to date on this science!
What's the gist of that third part material?
“Asteroids certainly had a massive impact on this planet”
Nice pun
And a “heated debate”
Someone explain me the impact of lunar lake meteor so that we could try to relate it with human civilizations.
Only that isn't what he said. ... he said _"important"_ not _"massive"_
see 12:58 for yourself
@PC Random Who says there was only one Theia ?
We're "spinning and spiraling through space" at mind-boggling speeds and yet the impacts never come in at an angle ... they manage to splat straight down every time... science is mind-blowing, isn''t it?
Simply brilliant: as a now retired scientist intimately interested in LIP events, extinctions and the break-up of gondwana, you have (in my opinion) simply nailed it! Too often earth scientists appear to lose sight of the fundamentals of "cause & effect" and instead tend to support more exotic possibilities! Your breadth of knowledge across quite a number of different (but related) sciences is equally amazing! Cheers from Down Under and keep up the exceptionally great work.
Personally I never quite bought the single asteroid killed the dinos hypothesis. The earth is pretty good at burying, stabilizing and normalizing quickly after single events like that. Particularly when you have the Traps as a viable explanation, it just seems a tad far-fetched. Almost as if someone who has watched too many movies came up with it.
But, to quote Paul Feyerabend: "Change only occurs at funerals". We probably have to wait for the comet people to all die before this particular paradigm can change.
@@politicallycorrectredskin796 I don't think you realize how great an impact it was.
Glass from the impact has been found all the way across the world. It literally rained molten glass.
@@AwfulnewsFM Yes, but in geological terms it was a very short event. Almost literally hide in a cave for a few months and you'll be fine, which every animal that has ever lived has been very good at. I have yet to see any evidence that an impact of this kind, short of the one that possibly made the Moon, would be able to wipe out an entire group of animals.
Meanwhile there is copious evidence that long-lasting basalt flows do cause mass extinctions, and one such basalt flow was open at this exact time in India.
If you find a corpse with a knife in its back, you probably should be looking for someone with a hand, most likely a human of some sort. The killer is unlikely to be the parrot sitting in the cage next to the corpse. Parrots don't have hands, so can't easily wield knives. More importantly, we have no evidence of parrots ever stabbing anyone before. The Impact Hypthesis is a very unpromising angle that I suspect is only relevant because someone somewhere once needed a PhD, and had to cook up some random stuff no one had talked about before because it was ridiculous. This is how mass "science" works now. Anything at all that hasn't been talked about before, which as you can imagine is an ever-shrinking category of increasingly absurd things.
To me, the Impact Hypothesis is people handwaving away reasonable objections by emphasizing the size of the parrot. Polly was very large and aggressive you see, so that's how come she stabbed someone in the back.
@@politicallycorrectredskin796 yes but the temperature reached 400 C, that is know because if that wasn't true it would violate conservation of energy. It would not take millenia to clear out the megafauna this way.
Also maybe you are forgetting that the KT boundary exists.
It is simply too big a coincidence that the large shift in the fossil record coincides with this sharply defined boundary, there also a small period of explosive fungal growth following the KT boundary.
Also there is the fact that it might as well have caused global cooling over a period of tens of thousands of years. It cleared out 60 cubic kilometers of rocks, that's a lot of sulphur dioxide.
The Deccan traps had been going on for 5 million years at this point and there was hardly a bump in biodiversity until the KT boundary, it is simply undeniable that the Chixxulub impact is involved in some way.
@@AwfulnewsFM But it didn't wipe out the fauna. Reptiles, amphibians, mammals, birds, fish, invertebrates and insects survived just fine. It wasn't just big dinosaurs that got wiped out. All of them did including the aquatic ones, while essentially no other group of animals was wiped out.
Evidence from China even suggests that dinosaurs were at least partly covered in feathers, so it can't be the cold either. Feathers are the explanation for why birds survived. If that is the case it should have worked equally well for the dinosaurs.
This hypothesis is full of holes. Repeating it over and over doesn't make a mistake more true or not a mistake. If you have to rely on ad hocs and maybes you don't have a scientific theory. You have the concept of a novel. First of all you have to explain why Chixulub killed ALL of the dinosaurs and ONLY the dinosaurs. And there is no credible way to do that. The more extreme you try to make the impact, the more implausible it becomes that EVERYTHING except the dinosaurs survived. The more you downplay it the less likely it seems that it could have killed anything. Why for example did the pleiosaurs go extinct at the same time? They were fully aquatic and should have been perfectly safe, like turtles and crocodiles apparently were. But they weren't for some reason. All the aquatic dinosaurs died out too.
Meanwhile the Deccan Traps were open, the biggest known killer in geological history. We even know from the bigger Siberian traps that chemistry from those things can take millions of years to build up to a critical level and then everything collapses very quickly as the oceans react to it and acidifies and deoxydizes. Just because it had been open for a long time is no argument. Maybe it reached a critical point that changed the atmospheric chemistry just enough to wipe out the dinosaurs and then close or something. A sort of miniature End-Permian episode that was just big enough to get all the dinosaurs but not everything else. There is no mechanism in a crude impact scenario that can account for the highly targeted extinction. An impact doesn't universally change atmospheric chemistry, just temperature. Very hot then very cold for a few years. Very few in geological time. And you would need a universal change that only affected dinosaurs. That has been the problem all along. I see at least the potential with basalt flows. Not with impacts.
"The exact processes are still up for heated debate."
nice :D
"HEATED" debate~
when Germans speak englisch I suppose XD
Looking for a comment on the pun haha nice
ruclips.net/video/VQhjkemEyUo/видео.html ~ ruclips.net/video/NcreTTI9Rew/видео.html ..
As a geologist, this is really an amazing video.
Despite being fond of science, I always used to think of Geology as a boring topic due to the incredibly long time frames involved. Having learned a little about it, I must confess that you guys quite literally rock ;)
Hellloww fellow colleague :)
@@arthipex8512 the geologic time scale is super interesting. As geologists, we have to think of a million years as almost nothing in the grand scheme.
@@meredithmcmahon6239 Yes, I was underestimating that. As an engineer, I'm used to seeing results within years at worst. Seeing results after millions of years without the option of tinkering with it seems frustrating to me at first. Still, my electrical engineering seems puny in comparison when considering the staggering forces involved in your profession.
I think what makes his videos great is that people like me who doesnt have a degree on science or engineering can comprehend simplified versions of these otherwise complex concepts
Getting hit by asteroid, and then smoked by Deccan Traps eruption, bad day for dinosaur.
🦖
Reiterate that over geologic time those two happening simultaneously seems statistically unlikely to a massive degree (sample size problem).
If it has happend before,it can happen again;they don't call it "Armagheddon" the end of all things,for nothing.
@@peterjamesfoote3964 The Deccan traps eruption,lasted for roughly 5 million years;leading up to the asteroid impact 67.5 million years ago;according to
Paeolontologists,geologists,
geophysicists,and astrophysicists.According to scientists;within the scientific community,the cause of the dinosaurs extinction,was the flood basalt eruption;of the Deccan traps igneous province.That would mean that the asteroid impact, occurred long after;the dinosaurs went extinct.Most of the terrestrial and aquatic survivors,of the igneous province eruption;of the Deccan traps,were finished off by the 7.5 mile wide asteroid;as only a few species survived the extinction event.The pattern of history is repetitive;meaning that it rymes,and mirrors itself.
It has happened before,and it will happen again.Only this time,much of life on the planet;as we know it today,will not survive the extiction;that will rival the end Permian extinction,also known as "the great dying".
Devin Russell that is not exactly correct, we are currently evaluating fossils found inside the boundary layer. Clearly showing dinosaurs could still very much alive when the body hit Mexico and survived shortly afterward.
I discovered your channel through the first video, and 3 minutes in I was already subscribed. The video quality is incredible, graphics are relevant and useful for understanding the technical figures from the narration. Really great stuff!
When i was kid, everytime 'Mass Extinction' mentioned in science show i thought it happens in few weeks/months.
Now i understand it take hundreds or even thousands of years.
Not necessarily lol. Could be in one day. One very, very bad day.
@I'm Still Alive That was a "misunderstanding" blown up in certain mainstream media related to a upcoming close encounter with a Near Earth Asteroid
Yeah though it should be noted that the Asteroid component of the K-Pg extinction was sudden and catastrophic and resulted in a order of magnitude increase in Eruption intensity in the Deccan Traps. There is strong and increasing evidence that mass extinctions occur when a long term ecological stressor coincides with a relatively sudden pulse factor driving the system over the edge.
For the End Permian as was mentioned in Part one the sudden trigger was the rapid release of sequestered carbon from the Carboniferous Period. Though a 9 million year Earlier flood basalt and the continued existence of Pangaea were likely the main stressor.
The PETM likely was similar with multiple flood basalt eruptions one of which brought a heavier blow by erupting underneath oil rich layers, and this video already addressed the End Triassic and Devonian extinctions.
The Ordovician is trickier than other extinctions as we have no direct evidence for the cause aside from increased mercury levels and extreme shifts in sea levels. Though a recent paper in Science Advances may have partially resolved that by providing quite strong evidence that the sudden onset of the Ordovician ice ages and associated extinction was likely driven by a cataclysmic break up of the 150Km L Chondrite parent body in the Asteroid belt around 466 Mya according to shacked quartz dating within L chondrites, abnormal 3 fold increase in fossilized meteorites almost all of which were L Chondrites and isotopic abundances of clearly astrophysical element isotopes namely Helium 3 and Osmium. This impact likely formed a massive cloud of debris which drifted into the inner solar system blocking out enough sunlight to dim the sun for around a few million years.
advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/9/eaax4184 (It is open access) Throw a Flood Basalt on top of that and you have a catastrophic driver for extinction, (Though given that Mercury levels, on top of carbon isotope fluctuations among other things, are usually the hallmark of extinction events comparisons will likely be needed to check whether the mercury spike corresponds with the spike in Helium 3 and Osmium found in the above paper)
Perhaps the most interesting of LIP induced cataclysm was the Franklin Large Igneous Province which coincided with the Break up of the super continent Rodinia and its associated role in at least the onset of the Sturtian phase of the Neoprotozoic Snowball Earth
Teguh Lumban-Gaol I feel bad for our future generations. Hopefully it won’t be too bad. Mother please be kind to thee children for thee I repent their sins.
MaskHero Zo, depending on how old you are, you may still be alive when the shit hits the fan. We’re releasing sequestered ancient carbon stores in a geologic instant, just like the Siberian Traps did when they hit seams of buried coal. It probably won’t start getting really bad for at least another half century, though, unless we actually get our collective acts together and do something about it. Then it won’t be quite as bad.
That was beautiful. Your animation production values are getting great. Thanks.
I really appreciate the level of detail you've included for each geologic boundary event. This is one of the first times I've ever seen the pripyat-dnieper-donets rift or viluy traps mentioned outside of a textbook. You're an excellent science communicator!
Wow! Never occurred to me that Hawaii is a remnant of a mantle plume! And I was always under the impression Iceland is just a result of the Mid-Atlantic divergent boundary! Learning something new is nice :)
Hawaii is an active mantle plume.
Atlantic? A bit off...
@@shebbs1 Iceland is in the Atlantic Ocean.
@@AtarahDerek True, but you did mention Hawaii.
@@shebbs1 The OP did not say Hawaii was on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. They said that Iceland is, which is correct. What the OP did say was that Hawaii was on an *old and inactive* mantle plume, which is incorrect. The Hawaiian hotspot is still active, meaning the mantle plume beneath it is as well, albeit not as active as in the past.
Absolutely fascinating. Thank you so much for your hard work.
As a child I wanted to become a vulcanologist, but got tripped-up by something easier to get into (in England) - electronics. I am in my late 50s now, but my interest in the Earth Sciences has never waned. You sir, are keeping my interest alive. I applaud your efforts. 💖
Thanks for that lovely comment.
I wanted to be a volcanologist, too, but I would have had to take physical chemistry with a professor I’m sure was Satan on his spare time.
I wanted to do it too
Until I now converted to Meteorology / Climate Physics.
From one physical science to the other
@@Facts.inMotion plz comeback. U were my favorite RUclips channel. Very few channel can match your quality as well as information reliability.
this makes me very curious about volcanism on other planets and moons. like mars with its 21km tall olympus mons, or io, the moon made of hellscape
well, mars does not have any volcanoes anymore, but yeah it most surely had some big once, once.
It seems like mars had mantle plume volcanism, but not plate tectonics, which is why Olympus Mons is the tallest mountain in the solar system: it's the result of millions of years of eruptions in one place. Theres lots of evidence of flood basalt across the solar system, the moon's maria for instance, but moving and subduction of plates seems fairly unique to earth.
@@atonal440 exactly this with also factors of there >>probably
They're extinct, and it never eroded down because Mars' atmosphere is too thin to form particularly strong wind, and there's very little liquid water to chemically weather anything.
Io is a very weird case. It's actually best described as external volcanism. Essentially, Io is really close to Jupiter, which has a powerful gravitational field, so Io is endlessly being pushed and pulled around, which through friction is at least partly responsible for its molten interior. The rest then works more or less like earth, but Jupiter also likely warps, bends and breaks Io's crust somewhat, causing more cracks and fractures for magma to seep into.
I was so happy to hear your channel get a mention and *lots* of appreciation today in a hot spot lecture on another channel I love (Nick Zentner).
Absolutely brilliant! This is not my introduction to the concept of Mantle Plumes and flood basalts but the visual aids really help cement that knowledge. Something I had _not_ come across before and which does give me much pause for thought is the straight-line link between current-day 'hotspots' and flood bassalt provinces of the past. That is fascinating. The inevitable end result of this presentation is the consideration of where the next plume will strike--if it hasn't already and is merely right now making its way through the shockingly thin crust... I think these events are almost certainly a factor present in The Great Filter.
Human: I have "nuclear plumes" to change the earth
Earth: hold my "plumes"
Human plimes are no match for what earths plumes can do at their worse
@@TheRadioactiveBanana32 yeah how small we are
Volcanoes were doing mushroom clouds (before it was cool.)
well i never expected that many likes.... thanks for the like :D
Well apparently that changes in a few hundred years when anti-matter weapons become a thing.
I am a geologist and this is the best video on the topic i have seen. Amazing!
As a second year Geology student, I can safely say you have done a fantastic job producing this video essay, keep it up!
Amazing video. I learned many new things. Great explanation
This is the first of your videos that I’ve seen and I’m quite impressed. Superb production quality and exquisite narration, thank you very much. Oh yeah, instantly subbed...now I have to go binge some more episodes.
This is the best science channel for covering science that is not commonly known or talked about on YT. Graphics that truly illustrate, as well, make it a real favorite.
14:43 - I think you meant to say that "humans and all other animals alive today are the *_descendants_* of..."
But the ending scene at 14:56 was ... thought-provoking.
A superb presentation. Top marks !
As a geologist and map maker, I really enjoy your videos! Well presented and well illustrated.
Every few months I rewatch the 2 flood basalt videos from this channel and also the 2 volcanoes videos from the deep dive channel. Please come back and make more
🎯 Key Takeaways for quick navigation:
00:39 🌋 Flood basalt eruptions are caused by the Mantle Plume Model, which involves columns of hot rock upwellings rising from the Earth's mantle.
02:28 🌎 Mantle plumes originate deep in the Earth's mantle, around 2900 kilometers (1800 miles) below the surface, and they play a significant role in large igneous province formation.
05:41 🌍 Mantle plumes are relatively stationary, and hotspots, like Hawaii and Yellowstone, are formed as tectonic plates move over them, creating chains of volcanic structures.
09:52 📡 Seismic tomography helps researchers identify deep-mantle plume-like structures beneath major hotspots, aiding our understanding of mantle plumes.
12:42 🌏 Large igneous provinces, caused by flood basalt eruptions, have been linked to mass extinctions throughout Earth's history, highlighting the profound impact of volcanic activity on the planet's biodiversity.
Made with HARPA AI
These should be played for people in education, very informative, interesting and entertaining.
Holy shit, this is so we'll made! I'm super impressed. Like it's really rare for me to be this impressed by a video. The graphics, info and narrating is damn impressive! Smashed that sub button!
"the ancestors of the survivors"
You mean descendants. But good video!
This was my only edit for this video as well... Regardless this is an absolutely brilliant piece of work.
@@joshmay2944 The video overflows with disinfo ... theories are not facts ... they're guesses based on inadequate evidence.
Though considering that these eruptions will happen again, the statement is technically correct.
@@michaelt.5672 No it's not. We have not survived such large scale volcanism. There is no active volcanism on such large scales currently happening on Earth to classify us as 'survivors.' The paltry eruptions we have witnessed in the past 100 years, much less during the existence of humanity as a species, is a grain of sand to a parking lot. Or a parking garage. We are not the survivors. We are the descendants of the survivors.
@@madjennie3417 nah we definitely are survivors lol.
Hands down one of the best videos I've seen on youtube
I love smart people who’re able to make complex subjects easy to understand for dummies like me 🤪
Keep up the brilliant work
Well done, really well made video. I don't really know what to say as creative criticism on this video. I think that this video is VERY informative whilst still being fun to watch.
One of the reasons why this is. Is probably due to the fact that you as you said "this a simplified view of the process, the reality is much more complex. But it gives us at least a basic understaning for why and how these massive eruption have occurred.".
This was a very well made decision due to the fact that it would be VERY "daring" to make a complex video about a topic that(let's be honest here)not a lot of people know much of, including me.
So now I feel a bit smarter because of this video, thanks. Till next time!
You're welcome and thanks for the nice comment.
YT: **recommends this**
Me: "This is not the year."
2020: Hey... 2021 Mmm what was it that you were planning for you grand final again?
2021: Well they're called LIPs for short why?
2020: Oh... Ok. No nothing no reason at all, was just curious. I had forgotten for a second there.
2020: Looks back at your comment... "Damn... Poor kid!"
🌋💀🌋💀🌋💀🌋💀🌋
😳🤦🙈🙉🙊🤐
If this convinces one child to pursue a career in geological sciences then you've succeeded. Excellent presentation.
"The exact processes are still subject to heated debate." Ah-heh-heh-heh. I see what you did there.
EXCELLENT work on this channel!
essentially all i learned is the earth has a giant omni directional lava lamp living in the center of it... and that is cosmically DOPE!
It's an interesting way to look at it, but looking at the full geological process and taking into account smaller pieces of it, such as the carbon cycle or silt depositing, and even the subduction zone process shown, it really is a full cycle lava lamp. Convection is essentially a constant on our planet , which is still dope
Earth has a giant omni directional lava lamp living in the center of it that may someday KILL US ALL
@@Gregbot9000 ALL HAIL THE OMNIDIRECTIONAL LAVA LAMP
@@Gregbot9000 When the Earth's core finally cools and becomes solid, the Earth's magnetic field will go away, effectively leaving our atmosphere naked and completely vulnerable to the sun's destructive solar winds. This will have the result of most of our atmosphere being blown out into space. This is what many scientists think happened to Mars to make it a barren wasteland. So yes, someday the core may kill us all.
@@tim2point0 and the crust that we live on is basically thinner than apple peel if scaled to the same size.
What an incredible video. It's not easy to take such a complex topic and explain it in a way that still retains much of the nuance while remaining accessible to intelligent but non-geologist audiences. Presentation of various hypotheses and theories shed light into the scientific state of the field and what is still left to better understand. Moreover the narrative structure, of starting with the Siberian traps example in Part 1 and then moving on to illustrate their cause, relationship with hotspots, and correlation with extinction events in Part 2, kept me engaged with one "no way!" revelation after another. I can't believe the animation is done by the same person who researches and writes the script!
Best video on trapps I've ever seen. I'm from Russia - not from the Siberian part though - and it amazed me how we still don't know where the hotspot that caused the eruption had gone.
I like to watch asmr and science videos to fall asleep, but this one kept me wide awake because it's so interesting. I also like your voice))
It could be that, for a lack of a better term, dried up.
The visually clearest explanation of this process that I've seen....well done, and thank you!
Volcanoes: We’ve been linked to all the mass extinctions!
Humans: Hold our beers.
@PC Random No but we're having a bloody, good crack at it !!
@@krashdown5814 u can
begin to imagine that one of these plumes could be our downfall
Paleontologist from very far future: "Where the hell are vulcanic provincies for Holocene extinction event?"
@@petrfedor1851 "All our models predict large hydrocarbon deposits in the upper crust of this planet, but there is almost nothing! What the hell happened here?"
By far the most refreshing educational connect I've seen for a while
Bro your accent really makes me feel like Im listening to an actual college professor.
I love it
I was about to subscribe to the channel for such a good video but realized I was already subbed - good job.
You're telling me The Great Dying was what caused the plates to split? You, sir, have earned a like. I've always been astonished by the power of that extinction event.
Outstanding work and visualization my friend!
Keep it up so i can learn more :)
"You're just wasting time"
"No dude, I NEED to learn about mantle plumes... otherwise, how will I know?"
I've spent the last several weeks learning about magma and the formation of plates, mountains, etc, and this video explains much of what I learned, and then some! An excellent overview of the subject.
Thanks for the very succinct delivery. I live over a subduction zone with imposing dormant volcanoes in 3 directions from my home. The edge of a rather recent large igneous province is is within 200 km. I found this production fascinating.
Gotta love the Pacific northwest, most interesting geology I know of! And great rock hounding.
I'm assuming you live somewhere on the Western Coast?
@@Akechi_The_Phantom_Detective Subduction zone, three dormants and within spitting distance of a flood basalt probably puts Fraser in Oregon. The geological history of that area is crazy fascinating.
@@Akechi_The_Phantom_Detective I am in BC, slightly north of the border. The most obvious volcano in the local area is Mt Baker (absolutely gorgeous!) but attention here is on Mt Meager which is responsible for the popular hot springs and may be developed for geothermal energy extraction. My province has vulcanism at it's heart and across it's geography with many obvious features such as beautiful basalt columns and eroded volcanic cores such as Black Tusk.
@@fraserhenderson7839 Oh right, British Columbia the Northern Cascade Range. Bless it's actually really nice to hear a positive turn on volcanology in Canada, it sounds like you guys really embrace it. I'd love to check out the sights sometime.
So so so happy to see a video from you. Feels like it's been a long time since I last saw one so I'm guessing you took a break, which we all need as youtubers some times. Being able to get back to work and actually produce something after needing a pause is a huge deal, really happy and proud of you man
FiM: **uploads**
Me: DROP EVERYTHING!
Friendship is Magic?
AtarahDerek how does that relate to this comment?
@@kayseek1248 FiM also stands for Friendship is Magic, the gen 4 iteration of My Little Pony that just ended a nine-season run.
AtarahDerek nice one.
It's so incredible how our planet is really just a droplet of molten magma in the midde of space, and we are just mold on top of the bubbling slag!
14:30 - 14:40 - that was a beautiful transition!
Easily one of the coolest channels on RUclips! More content, please!
2020 isn't finished and I'm getting recommended videos on volcanoes....
I'm convinced that there are people whos soul purpose is to dislike videos, regardless of the content. Awesome video man, thank you!
Well researched! Excellent presentation... this video rises up, and delivers "explosive" content... a truly "groundbreaking" portrayal... of this important and historically significant earth process.
What a "solid" presentation!! Well grounded 👍😉
David Henningson , palm face groan.
I want to hate you, but these puns are *fire*
As someone interested in studying earth science at uni who is interested in LIPs, I love how I will go away and do reading / watch lectures only to come back here and practically everything in the video holds up well :)
Why you don't have 1 million subs yet with this info and production quality I'll never know.
Matthew Lee it’s the RUclips algorithm
Man, these Facts in Motion videos are so good. Good educational content, excellent graphics and video quality, good sound - top notch production all around.
I as a geologist approve of this video! Keep up the good work.
This channel is so cool... Can't wait for your next video, I'm sure it will be great as usual!
Hello people of the future.
La Palma volcano 🌋 killed us all!
Confirming several of my thoughts and dispelling others. Into the bargain the presentation is first class.
My thanks squire.
"The Bend" in the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain is heavily debated and often more cited as a consequence of the collision of India and Asia, and not as much the moving of the hotspot
Except the hotspot doesn't move - the crust moves over it, but I get your point
Wow, just wow. I remember when the discovery channel had actual educational documentaries. Now we come to youtube, and one dude does it all, better, and more concise. Thanks dude, I'm loving this content, fantastic work.
Ugh, the Discovery and History channels are just nightmares now.
How to freak New Yorkers out with a thumbnail.
*this is what I call a real underrated comment*
LOL
Excellent videos, explained brilliantly and with logic and integrity. Better then the over hyped sensationalised rubbish on mainstream television. Some mainstream tv docs are just so overproduced at times that it detracts from the subject.
I'd love to see you make more videos about paleontology and geology in general. There a chance we could get a video on the process of fossilization in the future?
IMO the best presentation of Mantle Plume events over the last 450 million years. Worth watching both parts!
I love the Walking with Dinosaurs reference at the end with the cynodonts
Still my favorite dinosaur documentary to this day.
I would just like to say this: FIM, your channel, over the last 2 years, has become my favorite channel on RUclips, and many of my favorite videos are the ones you've done. I love you, and would like to have your internet babies. Lol
Sidenote: Been telling all my friends and family about you since 2019. Keep up the great work! Please!
Thanks! Very much appriciated it.
The flood basalt that covers Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and two other African countries was missing and was considered a very large spill that was not mentioned in the video.
Another channel that teaches us more in 16 minutes than our school teachers manage to do in years. Thank you so much for this terrific video. Keep up the good work.
So what I’ve learned is: don’t throw ice cubes in lava
Your teaching style is what I have needed for so long. Thank you for all you do.
There's an amazing theory out there which is fast gaining evidence that the Chicxulub impact might have actually been directly responsible for the huge scale of the eruptions in the Deccan traps. The eruptions were happening there long before the asteroid impact, but only after that did it become the largest flood basalt in history, second only to the Siberian traps. There seems to be a period of dramatic jumps in eruption rates right at the KT boundary, which if true would rule out coincidence very thoroughly for the two events. When the asteroid hit, it's said to have "rang the earth like a bell" with an earthquake of magnitude 10 or more everywhere on the planet. This would be more than enough set off volcanoes all around the globe, not just in the Deccan traps, and there is indeed some studies that claims of this happening along oceanic ridges at the time.
Either way, it just makes sense that there was some sort of causal connection between the 2 events. Because if it wasn't, then the dinosaurs were just uncannily unlucky to have had 2 catastrophic events line up perfectly for them to experience at the same time. Perhaps if the asteroid never hit then the eruptions would've died down and it would've just been another smaller scale flood basalt that life wouldn't be dented significantly by at all. Maybe if the Asteroid hit at a time when the eruptions weren't happening, then we would only get very small borderline mass extinction that wouldn't have been strong enough to kill off all the non avian dinosaurs. It'll be awesome to see what studies into this actually turn up in the next few years.
There were a few flood basalt eruptions that were significantly larger - not just the Siberian traps. Other than that you're right - this is a discussed hypothesis. I addressed this in the pinned comment.
@@Facts.inMotion Maybe the asteroid sent a huge shock wave through the core, causing it to well up on the other side
@@everettduncan7543 The hypothesis is that a large impact is something like a M12+ earthquake, that sends shock waves around the Earth's crust (along the outside, not through the interior). They converge at the antipodal point, shattering the crust and enhance or even create a major volcanic zone. Some geologists go so far as to propose that almost all hot spots are the (initial) result of a major impact on the opposite side of the Earth. With millions of years of plate movement and the rapid weathering or subduction of impact craters, though, it's hard to tie together specific craters and hot spots, although Chicxulub and the Deccan traps seem a good bet.
I read the exact same research.....I too, think it’s very very compelling.
This conversation has peaked my interest into that research where can one find it
This is a very well made explanation video, thanks for the hard work man..
"Heated debate" "Deeper Origins" Important impact"
Am on a bit of a binge, letting your vids auto play. Very well done, and informative!
I am surprised by the amount and quality of information in the video. This is one of the best on this topic. I live near the Ural mountains and there are sometimes small earthquakes here. A couple of years ago it was near the city of Chelyabinsk (yes, this is the city where the meteorite fell, lol). I could not understand for what reason these earthquakes were. Now it is clear, holy shit..., below us is the remnant of the plume that caused the most massive extinction.
I just wanted to add my voice as one of those who appreciate the truly excellent quality of the content on this channel. It’s no exaggeration to say I value this channel more than any other on RUclips, maybe Isaac Arthur is close but he is generally considering the absurd places we can go in our future whereas this channel is talking about the realities of now which I value more. Thank you again, you are truly an under appreciated talent. I hope you get all the subscribers you deserve.
Thanks for this lovely comment
So much for "Death from Above" as well as the concept of "Standing on Solid Ground"!
I stand stunned and in awe. This video is not simply the best one I have seen about this topic. On top of it, it ia done by one person! Dude, whatever you do in "real life" to earn your living - THIS is worth a bundle! Watching this video, for the first time I was not annoyed by commercials, because I think it is worth every cent you gain through them.
Thanks! I appreciate it
Ah yes, I too like learning more about "earth's pimples" lol
This channel is criminally underrated
Imagine if a supervolcano erupted right now, most of us would die and the few thousand people that would have to repopulate the earth would be left with literally too much knowledge to spread again, so much would be lost...
especially all those memes. what a tragedy this would be.
Good.
@@Facts.inMotion They could be recovered from the Norwegian Global Meme Vault, buried deep within a mountain
Eh, unless more then one supervolcano erupts at the same time things would be rather shitty for a while but nowhere near only a few thousand people left.
@Gary Oak That thing that never happened?
At 0:10, how did you remove the background noise from Kikoru's Night Owls? I've been trying to do it myself but I can't seem to do how. Could you also please list the music you use in this video, your future videos, and your pervious videos in order? Please respond 🙏
Love this planet! Its so amazing complex and beautiful. A jewel in a ocean of darkness.
This video made me instantly subscribe :)
Very interesting and well explained!
"This is still a heated debate"
Nice pun
Also "Asteroid impacts certainly had an important impact on the planet"
This man put more work into this one project than I've put into my whole academic career
These eruptions give me the same sence of impending horror as H. P. Lovecraft stories, except this is worse because it can and will happen again.
Impending doom approaches…
My geology class is having a debate on mantle plumes so this was a great informative video to introduce me to the topic and go a little more in-depth, will show it to friends and family!
"The exact processes are of course still subject to HEATED debate"
No kidding :D
EXQUISITE quality of production, design and writing! I especially appreciated those few hidden puns :-) You deserve all the success you have!