@@PrinceKumar-zs8dhbasically dna are made up of two parts tied to each other , like lock and key, only matching ones are tied to each other, so if you know the order of one part, you’ll know the other. The scientists chop up dna into smaller pieces and they put random man-made dna sequences which emits certain light that label them into the dna sample we want to decode, since these sequences bind with their counterpart and make a complete dna, by observing the light from the man-made part, we can deduce what their counterpart is, and hence decoding the dna sample
I promise you I will forget this tomorrow. I like learning about these things but I will have to watch it around 7 times before I can remember it. There's just so much information. Good job.
I recently had a project about the history of genetics and the genome sequencing was the hardest part for me to understand so thank you for this videos ♡
2000: Finally we finished this multi-billion dollar international effort to map the human genome. 2019: just spit here, I'll tell you every letter in your genome for a 1000 bucks
Hmm, if the car had of followed the same trend, then a Ferrari would cost less then 40pence(50 cents approx in the us)... and so... I’ve found a penny on the floor... I’m off to get a new Austin Martin, a penny a month with a 100z interest rate for each month, fine by me.
@@omkarchavan5940 GATTACA portrayed a technology that can predict specific personalities and everything phenotypical (body characteristics that are observable) which was a predominant theory in the 20th century, known as biological determinism. However, as science advanced, the theory had became outmoded and invalid, primarily due to the current acceptable scientific view of the world which is stochastic. Moreover, we had found that protein-coding genes are at times, multifactorial and require the environment and social interactions to shape its function, which directly contradicted the ideologies put forth by GATTACA.
PCR explained without using much of the needed vocabulary and concepts. The video still got to many of the big points, but there was still much left out. Yet, I'll give this video credit as it did a good job in the 5 min it had to explain this.
Really interesting stuff. It's cool to see how niche scientific technology is powered - ultimately - by creative applications of nature's first principles.
To the people saying it's too simple, chill tf out, honestly, Ted-Ed wants to teach us something simple, not go to the depths of genetics. Us mere mortals require simplified versions of things like these so if you don't like it, leave. You don't have to sh?t on a great video that probably took ages to make.
I was diagnosed with hereditary polycystic kidney disease when I was around nine, before that my Grandad and my Mam got diagnosed with it. My Grandad having to go on dialysis due to being diagnosed too late, and sadly passed away in January this year after 20 years on dialysis. I’m now 22 and kidney function is normal considering the circumstances but they’ve told me they’ll be doing this with my DNA.
no, we do not function from binary structure- and we are made up of different parts. Our brains do not function the same way, nor do our cells. If you consider a computer program as anything with information, then yes- but thats like thinking anything with wings is a bird. Humans do not work like computer programs, and even neural nets cannot function with the same braod complexity that we do.
Antony Arango DO NOT OVERTHINK IT.......YES WE ARE TECHNICALLY COMPUTER PROGRAMS (more like a collection of it), IT IS THE SAME IN THE SENSE THAT A STRING OF LETTERS WILL BE (in essence) CONVERTED INTO SOMETHING USEFUL. ANY MANIPULATON OF THE GENES WILL CHANGE THE PROTEINS THAT MAKE UP YOUR CELLS (just like any manipulation of the code will change a program). A DNA CAN ALSO BE CORRUPTED MUCH LIKE IN A COMPUTER.
@@Cpt_John_Price If we were computer programs, as put forth by you, then it is reasonable to assume that increasing organismic complexity positively correlates with complexity of the genome (total DNA information), right? Now tell me why single celled microscopic Amoeba have 223x more DNA than we do?
I'm more than a little taken back. How can it be, that colour can be administered through an enzyme into the genome and photographed. Additionally, does this methodology for reading genome not assume that a base constituent can not bond with itself; Adenine and adenine for example?
Well, there are chemical reactions that produces colored compounds. That's what those enzymes do, they catalyze a reaction (e.g. break something down) to produce some colorful chemicals. That's the color part. And no, A and A or any of the other combinations usually don’t bond together because of their unique chemical properties. But yes, sometimes mistakes do happen. For that, a single sequence (the small parts mentioned here) is read more than a hundred times to ensure that those "by chance" interactions don't affect the final result.
This is how we do PCR COVID tests, folks. The generic material was sequenced, and now we can identify if you have COVID by looking for it's genetic signature in your samples.
That was good for me.ATCG. With 24 English letters a countless literature is born.It seems with those 4 letters(symbols I suppose) countless shapes and forms of human beings are engineered.That if I have understood correctly. Same with music, Fa So La Si Re innumerable notes of tunes are produced. It sounds like everything starts with Basics. 118 Elements in multiple combinations give something like Nature.I hope I have understood rightly.Its all so amazing.Thanks.I like the French subtitle as well.
Iv been to the human genome project building outside of cambridge (the sangar institute) and inside they had books containing all of the letters on display, each book was as big as a guinnes world record book and as thick as a bible, each page had 10s of thousands of letters on and the rack of books spread across the entire room.
At 3:43 minutes we read, "The sequences of each of these millions of pieces of DNA are stitched together using computer programs to create a complete sequence of the entire genome." There’s no way to “stitch” the millions of pieces of DNA together without a template to compare to, the template consisting of forty-six complete genome strand templates taken from the twenty-three paired chromosomes. Otherwise, the permutation possibilities are astronomical for creating a complete genome out of millions of pieces of DNA.
I saw your comment and thought I could contribute something because I actually conduct research on "genome assembly" - the process of taking those fragments and interpreting the sequence of characters that correctly describe the genome. Your initial concern that a simple computer algorithm determined to check every DNA "read" (piece) would have a exponential runtime (or worse) is correct. Luckily, though, more efficient algorithms exist. The rest of this explanation requires understanding the concept of graph theory, so here's a link if you don't know what that is: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory Modern genome assembly works like this: create an edge in the graph so and label it with a read. This is called a "k-mer." Then take n (the number can vary) nucleotides off the end of the read and create a node. Call this the k-n-mer (k minus n mer). Then, if two reads have the same k-n-mer, it is possible to join the edges with a node! It's now possible to build a graph representing the genome in O(R) [linear] time, where R is the number of reads. To reconstruct the genome it's simply possible to traverse the graph and concatonate all k-mers together. Since, in real life, this graph can have multiple sections, cycles, and contamination it's never perfect (and still requires heuristics), but the use of deBruijn graphs makes this all way more possible than one would initially think!
This video is already 3 years old.. My last birthday gifts: 2 Tea cups. 1 Deodorant. 1 Picture frame. 10 Euros. 1 burned dvd with downloaded movies. 0 GENOME SEQUENCERS
If DNA can be sequenced it means it contains information arranged in a repeatable and understandable coding system that an intelligent mind or a computer can take and analyze and understand, just like written language or a computer language. So under what basis can we then deny that there has to be an intelligent mind behind the creation of the informational system found in our DNA?
Hey! Just awesome videos!! I have seen only 2 of this channel & becoming a fan.. :) Do you have any plan to translate your videos? If you give permission I want to translate these in my mother languages to make it more clear to the others in my region. waiting for your answers & truly you are doing a great job!!! carry on...
Concept so good, but one doubt-1! are there two or more humans with same sequence on this globe? If not, what is the use of genome sequence? Doubt-2: Just 4 bases, same sugar, same phosphate, how various expressions allowed keeping pairing rule (A-T, G-C) in mind? Taking two opposite strands, A-T, G-C at specific point dies it same as T-A, G-C at immediate position?
Would you know where in the dna these 'special colored letters' combine with if there where multiple complimentary letters? How is the order sequenced?
I have a lab about dna sequencing and this made me understand the concept 100x better thank you!
Oh come on mann u have a lab and learning from RUclips.. 😂😂😂LOL
I didn’t understand much… could please summarise here
@@wadudahmed9107 maybe they're not the scientist. Just the facilitator of lab and equipments
@@wadudahmed9107 dude you are here too
@@PrinceKumar-zs8dhbasically dna are made up of two parts tied to each other , like lock and key, only matching ones are tied to each other, so if you know the order of one part, you’ll know the other. The scientists chop up dna into smaller pieces and they put random man-made dna sequences which emits certain light that label them into the dna sample we want to decode, since these sequences bind with their counterpart and make a complete dna, by observing the light from the man-made part, we can deduce what their counterpart is, and hence decoding the dna sample
I promise you I will forget this tomorrow. I like learning about these things but I will have to watch it around 7 times before I can remember it. There's just so much information. Good job.
I will study bioformatics next year 🙂🙂
weve come a long way since then...and now we have our very own word processor for genes called CRISPR CAS9.
BNGO is going to revolutionize this process folks $$$🤑
Thank you for this. I had no idea.
We come a long way since then and achieved 100% genome sequencing in 2022
Out of all those videos i watched for " what is Genome" this was the best !!!
I recently had a project about the history of genetics and the genome sequencing was the hardest part for me to understand
so thank you for this videos ♡
Fatiha B. Ayyyy aghase 💚
A lot to time taken and is explained to a very high standard.
Well done!
2000: Finally we finished this multi-billion dollar international effort to map the human genome.
2019: just spit here, I'll tell you every letter in your genome for a 1000 bucks
$100 bucks next year: www.cnbc.com/2019/07/01/for-600-veritas-genetics-sequences-6point4-billion-letters-of-your-dna.html
Hmm, if the car had of followed the same trend, then a Ferrari would cost less then 40pence(50 cents approx in the us)... and so... I’ve found a penny on the floor... I’m off to get a new Austin Martin, a penny a month with a 100z interest rate for each month, fine by me.
I wouldn’t give a gypsy lady a thousand bucks to tell me my future, why would I give someone a thousand bucks to tell me my past
It’s funny to think that humans were able to evolve so fast but devolved from karens
@@AngerPacifist nope
This deserves more visual!
Wow.. I think I just found out how the name for the movie "GATTACA" was found!
Hence, That's where we are heading now...
Yeah nice observation, that movie is great btw, but watching it made both motivated and insecure
CTAATGT
@@omkarchavan5940 hope Neo will reload the Matrix :)
@@omkarchavan5940 GATTACA portrayed a technology that can predict specific personalities and everything phenotypical (body characteristics that are observable) which was a predominant theory in the 20th century, known as biological determinism. However, as science advanced, the theory had became outmoded and invalid, primarily due to the current acceptable scientific view of the world which is stochastic. Moreover, we had found that protein-coding genes are at times, multifactorial and require the environment and social interactions to shape its function, which directly contradicted the ideologies put forth by GATTACA.
VERY GOOD LECTURE ON BASIC OF HUMAN GENOME CONCEPT.
PCR explained without using much of the needed vocabulary and concepts. The video still got to many of the big points, but there was still much left out. Yet, I'll give this video credit as it did a good job in the 5 min it had to explain this.
This comment aged so well, PCR is extremely important right now.
@@AnimMouse literally how we were able to make a covid vaccine as quickly as we did :)
@@okliam i like how you replied
@@okliam 8 years man..
This video helped me understand how DNA sequencing works and what is its purpose
More explained in 5 minutes than college explained in years.
i guess you went to a lousy college then XD
The animation is just amazing
1. Modify a keyboard to only have A, C, T, and G letters
2. Introduce a cat
3. Sequence human genome
There, saved you all a lot of trouble!
^ this is such an AAAAGTCCCCTA thing to say ^
And here in lies the problem with sequencing.
hmm.........It's like a program.. ..like 0's and 1's.
Saloni Bhurke Exactly.
Saloni Bhurke
*In Arnold Schwarzenegger voice*
"Who is your programmer?... And what does he do?"
it was the best of times, it was the blurst of times.
Really interesting stuff. It's cool to see how niche scientific technology is powered - ultimately - by creative applications of nature's first principles.
To the people saying it's too simple, chill tf out, honestly, Ted-Ed wants to teach us something simple, not go to the depths of genetics. Us mere mortals require simplified versions of things like these so if you don't like it, leave. You don't have to sh?t on a great video that probably took ages to make.
organ working together makes a organ system
MAYBE SHE FORGOT HER ANATOMY
maybe
It really is a very tough subject, i nearly flunk on it.
I like the Subject
Good for u girl. hope that someday you 'll become a doctor.
this very helpful thank you TED-ED i really need this for my Research and Science Subject
this is an amazing information about the human body and very interesting to watch the video of the human genome project.
I was diagnosed with hereditary polycystic kidney disease when I was around nine, before that my Grandad and my Mam got diagnosed with it. My Grandad having to go on dialysis due to being diagnosed too late, and sadly passed away in January this year after 20 years on dialysis. I’m now 22 and kidney function is normal considering the circumstances but they’ve told me they’ll be doing this with my DNA.
This is imformative, and helpful to understand our human markup.
I wonder 8 years later since posting this video. How far this technology has evolved. This is my first explorer video about genomes. 🇳🇱❤️🇺🇦
Phenomenal explanation!!!!
So we are technically computer programs?
no, we do not function from binary structure- and we are made up of different parts. Our brains do not function the same way, nor do our cells. If you consider a computer program as anything with information, then yes- but thats like thinking anything with wings is a bird. Humans do not work like computer programs, and even neural nets cannot function with the same braod complexity that we do.
Antony Arango
DO NOT OVERTHINK IT.......YES WE ARE TECHNICALLY COMPUTER PROGRAMS (more like a collection of it), IT IS THE SAME IN THE SENSE THAT A STRING OF LETTERS WILL BE (in essence) CONVERTED INTO SOMETHING USEFUL.
ANY MANIPULATON OF THE GENES WILL CHANGE THE PROTEINS THAT MAKE UP YOUR CELLS (just like any manipulation of the code will change a program). A DNA CAN ALSO BE CORRUPTED MUCH LIKE IN A COMPUTER.
Price
Where are the behavior markings in DNA?
its not coding language
its adenine guanine thymine cytosine
@@Cpt_John_Price If we were computer programs, as put forth by you, then it is reasonable to assume that increasing organismic complexity positively correlates with complexity of the genome (total DNA information), right?
Now tell me why single celled microscopic Amoeba have 223x more DNA than we do?
So that's how we do it. Color-coding. Science, you amaze me yet again.
Should have mentioned how the short reads are merged together to become a whole genome…
Great video absolutely! Helped me prep before my classes.
this was really sweet animation. well done and thank you
I'm more than a little taken back. How can it be, that colour can be administered through an enzyme into the genome and photographed. Additionally, does this methodology for reading genome not assume that a base constituent can not bond with itself; Adenine and adenine for example?
Well, there are chemical reactions that produces colored compounds. That's what those enzymes do, they catalyze a reaction (e.g. break something down) to produce some colorful chemicals. That's the color part.
And no, A and A or any of the other combinations usually don’t bond together because of their unique chemical properties. But yes, sometimes mistakes do happen. For that, a single sequence (the small parts mentioned here) is read more than a hundred times to ensure that those "by chance" interactions don't affect the final result.
This is how we do PCR COVID tests, folks. The generic material was sequenced, and now we can identify if you have COVID by looking for it's genetic signature in your samples.
That was good for me.ATCG.
With 24 English letters a countless literature is born.It seems with those 4 letters(symbols I suppose) countless shapes and forms of human beings are engineered.That if I have understood correctly.
Same with music, Fa So La Si Re innumerable notes of tunes are produced.
It sounds like everything starts with Basics.
118 Elements in multiple combinations give something like Nature.I hope I have understood rightly.Its all so amazing.Thanks.I like the French subtitle as well.
We need a new updated video on this. It's been 6yrs
Iv been to the human genome project building outside of cambridge (the sangar institute) and inside they had books containing all of the letters on display, each book was as big as a guinnes world record book and as thick as a bible, each page had 10s of thousands of letters on and the rack of books spread across the entire room.
hope that there are more info on application of molecular biology can be made into animation like this for better understanding
So much to learn...so few years to learn it all.
The words were posted at least twice in the video. Re-watch it buddy and you will see.
Projem için birçok şeyden daha çok yardımcı oldu çok sağ olun
Excellent n crisp video. Thank u
I love ted ed
This is seriously amazing! 😍
I loved her way of speaking, she is super great. And the inclusion is really fascinating and interesting for many of us 🙃🇵🇸💜
nice and creative way to teach!
This looks like there's gonna be a part 2
OUTSTANDING as always. Thanks TED
Amazing explanation mam
Thank you so much. Really helpful
This means , we literally found ourselves .
wow it explained so nicely .Thanx...,
How great who is created the human body. Thank God.
At 3:43 minutes we read, "The sequences of each of these millions of pieces of DNA are stitched together using computer programs to create a complete sequence of the entire genome."
There’s no way to “stitch” the millions of pieces of DNA together without a template to compare to, the template consisting of forty-six complete genome strand templates taken from the twenty-three paired chromosomes. Otherwise, the permutation possibilities are astronomical for creating a complete genome out of millions of pieces of DNA.
I saw your comment and thought I could contribute something because I actually conduct research on "genome assembly" - the process of taking those fragments and interpreting the sequence of characters that correctly describe the genome.
Your initial concern that a simple computer algorithm determined to check every DNA "read" (piece) would have a exponential runtime (or worse) is correct. Luckily, though, more efficient algorithms exist.
The rest of this explanation requires understanding the concept of graph theory, so here's a link if you don't know what that is: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory
Modern genome assembly works like this: create an edge in the graph so and label it with a read. This is called a "k-mer." Then take n (the number can vary) nucleotides off the end of the read and create a node. Call this the k-n-mer (k minus n mer). Then, if two reads have the same k-n-mer, it is possible to join the edges with a node! It's now possible to build a graph representing the genome in O(R) [linear] time, where R is the number of reads. To reconstruct the genome it's simply possible to traverse the graph and concatonate all k-mers together. Since, in real life, this graph can have multiple sections, cycles, and contamination it's never perfect (and still requires heuristics), but the use of deBruijn graphs makes this all way more possible than one would initially think!
@@josephwalewski2028 thank you for your explanation... may i know what you do and what did you study? I am also interested in this 😊
If there is one thing that I can identify in the sequences of bases, it would be the introns
Вроде просто, но в то же время сложно🤔. Объяснение супер👍
Wow....so well explained
That was really good.
This is good for education. Thanks!
Thanks for information
ขอบคุณมากๆครับ
สำหรับการบรรยาย ไทย
Amazing information ! Thank you so much for the video ❤️
This is fantastic.
Amazing video, thank you!
Hi from 2018, people get to know their ancestry with genome tests, they only cost 90$ per kit so
Thanks for good explain
How tf did they come up with this
fantastic
Wow! Thanks for all the helpful information!! ❤😎
This video is already 3 years old..
My last birthday gifts:
2 Tea cups.
1 Deodorant.
1 Picture frame.
10 Euros.
1 burned dvd with downloaded movies.
0 GENOME SEQUENCERS
gr8 m8 no h8
buy yourself a DIY CRISPR kit next birthday :)
Well explained. Thank you!
Yes
The things ,a human mind is capable of! Wow!
Thank you so much!!!!
Simple but rich in information. Good job
thank you, very helpful...
Quantum computing will make gene sequencing easy.
very cool.
The first human genome was sequenced at UCSC
if i and my mother have tense relations .. can i blame on our genome .
really good video...thank u
23 and me cost higher than a "nice birthday present"
The rescue. Sequelae and Scars, The Irony of a Curse; the POSITRON artificial brain>AND SO ON
This is not map based sequencing. This is the sangar method.
fascinating
Thanks man
Just wow !!
If DNA can be sequenced it means it contains information arranged in a repeatable and understandable coding system that an intelligent mind or a computer can take and analyze and understand, just like written language or a computer language.
So under what basis can we then deny that there has to be an intelligent mind behind the creation of the informational system found in our DNA?
Please tell me where the behavior switches are in the human genome? All i see are switches for physical attributes.
What a great vedio to express knowledge! 🙌🏻♥️
Awesome...that's so cool....Love it....thank you!!!
Where are the behavior markings in the genome?
very interesting, thank you
Hey! Just awesome videos!! I have seen only 2 of this channel & becoming a fan.. :)
Do you have any plan to translate your videos?
If you give permission I want to translate these in my mother languages to make it more clear to the others in my region.
waiting for your answers & truly you are doing a great job!!! carry on...
dna is a fascinating thing.
Concept so good, but one doubt-1! are there two or more humans with same sequence on this globe? If not, what is the use of genome sequence? Doubt-2: Just 4 bases, same sugar, same phosphate, how various expressions allowed keeping pairing rule (A-T, G-C) in mind? Taking two opposite strands, A-T, G-C at specific point dies it same as T-A, G-C at immediate position?
Thank you
Would you know where in the dna these 'special colored letters' combine with if there where multiple complimentary letters? How is the order sequenced?
This is actually called next generation whole genome shotgun sequencing.
Imagine being able to change the sequence and turn people into superheros
Very nice lecture 👌🙏
good
This intricate, intelligent, beautiful structure is no accident. 0+0 is not this. I can't see why ppl don't believe in a divine being.
These amazing 👏
Very nice and useful information 💁♀️
Thanks 😊