Hi friends, thanks for watching! Big thanks to Squarespace for sponsoring this video - go to Squarespace.com for a free trial, and when you’re ready to launch, go to www.squarespace.com/parthg to save 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain. And as always, let me know what other topics to cover in future videos :)
@@lionelm1062 Hi. I will give you my full response on condition that l can also give you a question to which you must respond. Secondly, your equation doesn't appear to make sense, write it in a better way? For example, is dp a one-form ('infinitesimal')? If it isn't why not write it as delta p for clarity? Secondly, what does v >> u mean? Much greater than or approaches? In either case the asteroids and the earth never collide since they are both positive.
@@lionelm1062 Ok here is my question, imagine that you have a shell of energy surrounding a particle (m). Imagine also that the shell of energy is actually energy in the form of photons that have been emitted by the mass (m) at an earlier time and has now travelled away from the center of mass of (m). The shell must appear to be unresolvable at certain distances close to the particle but as it moves away from the particle it spreads like a wave in every direction and the photons become distinguishable from each other. Find a general expression for the energy densities at points at the back of the wall, at the front and what the energy density just outside the wall at the front will be. Hints: assume the photons are normally distributed within the wall and use Taylor expansion.
Oh noo, that last bit (how the degeneracy pressure is overcome) is what I was most interested in throughout the video. I need to hear the end of the story! Such teasing
Parth, maybe I missed it, but I believe you didn't mention the main mechanism behind the pressure; electrons being forced into higher energy momentum states. Then, momentum can be easily transformed into a description of force per area.
If an electron is forced into higher momentum it carries an electromagnetic field (force in an area: pressure) which it can radiate away (field) as photons to then fall to a lower energy state or to escape. It is implied, not stated, in what he is saying.
Also, the best diagram that ties the electron's spacing within individual atoms, together with groups of atoms is the "Electric Band Structure" diagram (Such as from the Wikipedia article). It shows how the thin electric shells within individual atoms, transition into bands within collections of atoms, bounded by the fine structure constant. So much physics at the intersection of the individual and the macro in one picture!
I truly wish this vid had been available when I was teaching introductory chemistry (20 mumble mumble years ago), as explaining WHY we care about the available states to marginally interested students was never easy. The results in chem are core to understanding bonding, but are abstract, to say the least, and my background (semiconductors) really didn't provide any concrete large scale meaning. I'm old now, but will refer this to my younger colleagues. hank you for the awesome content.
I am so glad you made this video! I have been trying to get my head around this for a long while and you made it understandable without requiring I get a PhD first.
If two Fermions are only allowed to be in the same state with different spins, then the degeneracy pressure could not be overcome. But since it can be overcome, wouldn't it be more accurate to say there is a "force" keeping them from occupying the same state/location, but when the force of gravity is greater you can overcome this "degeneracy force". If so, is there any reason we wouldn't say this Fermions repulsion is a force just like the strong, weak, and electro forces?
I have studied Quantum and statistical mechanics and now i can understand these kind of concepts .Thank you sir for explaining these complex phenomenon in such a beautiful way 👌💕. Looking forward for your next video .🔥
Some matter-idea thing could resolve the contradiction from increasing and decreasing spatial difference between entities, while a consistent - no contradiction* from energy with the adjectives potential and kinetic being able to concommitantly increase and decrease say - math characterization of a(n energy) wave, or 'wavefunction', as a model of some elementary physical entities, implies faith in a presumption that the opposite of world cannot happen, if it is used to calculate an unoccured state of nature, disqualifying it from perception and reason focused scientific physics. * Without the law of non-contradiction, the opposite to any valid argument, where the conclusion is reasonable from the premises, is equally justified.
Parth i am a high school student and i have been watching your channel for a while now and all of this intriguing quantum physics knowledge really provides a deeper understanding of the stuff we are studying in school For instance our teacher just taught us about the formula "2n^2" which tells how many atoms are present in each shell but this video really explained the phenomenon so thanks for that
Ooh, that's just a beginning for this beautiful branch of physics. Prepare to get shocked when you learn so many facts that'll just contradict what you already know :)
Hi Parth G, I'm a grad student who hopes to be a theoretical physicist in the future and I have a question. Do you do research? And if so, where can we find some of your papers? I'd be interested to see the kind of work you're doing :)
If degeneracy pressure is based on strict rules (pauli exclusion principle) that are either followed or not followed, why isn’t it infinite in strength where it applies, and zero everywhere else? Where does the gradient come from that allows stars to reach an equilibrium with gravity? What is the source of the force that prevents these rules from being broken? Another video explanation showed how the wave functions would cancel out, and this one showed how the system would behave like a boson if that were the case, but what’s physically forbidding those things from happening?
The little image of Beryllium might confuse some people. Beryllium-8 is very unstable, as it tends to decay very quickly into 2 alpha particles. Beryllium-9 is stable, however. Quantum mechanics can help to explain this as well, but it's not so simple.
Hi Parth, I'm from India here I have a doubt.. If the 1st shell is the closest to the nucleus and we understand that positive and negative attract and annihilate each other. Why doesn't the 1st shell collapse into the nucleus. If a larger scale of things is considered, take black holes, they have an imaginary line called the event horizon. Anything inside the horizon is shredded into the black hole and anything beyond stays motile in its path. Do atoms have something like the event horizon?
This was a great lecture, it was really careful the topic introduced from the very first principles and keeping a clear exposition throughout the video
Thank you for great video! Please, continue this topic with video about Chandrasekhar limit and neutron stars (and then about TOV limit and black holes).
Hi Parth. Love your work here. Question: why do the atoms at the center of a white dwarf have their electrons at all? Aren’t the conditions at the core such that everything is a plasma, or is the pressure high enough to prevent this?
All your videos are very engaging and high quality! Please keep this up! I have a question for you though, what is your personal recommendation for a university physics textbook? Some of the newest ones seem less concise and too wordy. Any gems for learning the fundamentals? Thank you!
I liked University Physics with Modern Physics 15e by Young and Freedman. Library Genesis. It is quite thorough, detailed, and has nice End of Chapter summaries. Better than the popular Fundamentals book. For a slower quantum intro than in the above book, you could go with Physical Chemistry by mcquarrie--it also has supporting Math lessons. I don't like Mcquarrie's too much though.
Can’t remember my uni physics texts which after graduation could be used to hold up beds, but Feynman Lectures of Physics, three volumes, is wonderful notwithstanding old.
So is this, in part, how the universe forms dust? If the star runs out of fuel and enters into some state of (pseudo) equilibrium based on the uncertainty principle does this necessarily mean a stable state? Even then cannot microstructures form? Dislocations?
Okay, so I've only watched two of your videos so far, but since the last one I watched was about Bose-Einstein Condensates, I need to ask: would the further compression due to the overwhelming force you mention at the end of your video here produce something like a condensate where the fermions you discuss in this video are forced into energy levels that create antisymmetric waves? I dont know anything about this stuff (just an engineering student, not a physicist), so nobody get mad at me.
We like your hair, Parth... and, of course, this simple but clear video. The same is for neutron stars. but which role the atomic nuclei play in the white dwarf?
As usual simple and nice explanation of a seemingly complex topic.Keep it up bhaiyya.You can make a follow up video on "Black Holes and Chandrashekhar Mass limit" 🙏🙏
How electrons motion is controlled in predictable way using laws of classical electro magnetism in cathode ray tubes of old tvs and oscilloscopes , when they follow laws of probabilistic quantum mechanics?
PBS Space Time with Matt O'Dowd often has a bonus character that pops up in the infographics, and this character looks a lot like Parth G ! am I the only one to have noticed this?
This was a very interesting video and illuminating an interesting area and mechanism of physics, thank you! Hope you make a video how this 'classical' quantum mechanical mechanism in the white dwarf relates or changes when it concerns a black hole: awesome and would be very insightful for me!
Hi parth! Thanks for the vid. Can u make a vid about heisenburgs uncertainity principle when an electron goes through just one slit and makes an angle theta and cancels with lambda over 2 and all that stuff, basically how the formula for the principle is derived It would be greatly appeciated! Thanks!
The bit that confuses me is: if electrons "can't" occupy certain states, how is it that a heavier star actually does overcome electron degeneracy pressure?
I even understand that the anti-symmetric wave function means the Pauly principle. But WHY but exactly fermions (with spin s=1/2; 3/2;..etc) have an antisymmetric wave function?!)
Great video as always. I have a question:Why level 1 has only orbital whereas level two has 4.... I mean what determines which level will have how many orbitals ı'd be glad if you make a video about it
It is determined by solving the angular equation for hydrogen atom where we get possibilities of l for fixed m. And from energy equation in hydrogen atom it can be understood how l depends upon n and E depends upon n an l proving aufbau's principle too
I think where we grant deterministic simplicity and push complexity down upon the qauntom shows up here and in thermodynamics of small bodies in the cold of space. This and trying to force evolution from Nebula collapse on through all gets in trouble
In a way, aren't you simply applying the math requirements of QM properties onto real world electrons? Does QM break down when this assumed pressure is overcome?
has anyone seen any images of Quantum field?(example:photon-field,up-quark field) ,the closest thing i got is this video @1:30 ruclips.net/video/1qJ0o4U63aw/видео.html. In this video there is an image/GIF it is called as Gluon-field(which is one of quantum field) other than that i am not able to find any other image(simulated or animated) image of quantum field
Hi friends, thanks for watching! Big thanks to Squarespace for sponsoring this video - go to Squarespace.com for a free trial, and when you’re ready to launch, go to www.squarespace.com/parthg
to save 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain.
And as always, let me know what other topics to cover in future videos :)
I just started working on my report on degeneracy pressure, and here you come to save the day :') keep up the good work ❤️
Awesome, thanks so much!
A question: can a white dwarf crack? That is, fracture into little pieces...maybe little comets, for example?
@@lionelm1062 Hi. I will give you my full response on condition that l can also give you a question to which you must respond. Secondly, your equation doesn't appear to make sense, write it in a better way? For example, is dp a one-form ('infinitesimal')? If it isn't why not write it as delta p for clarity? Secondly, what does v >> u mean? Much greater than or approaches? In either case the asteroids and the earth never collide since they are both positive.
@@discoverrealityclover9620 And, what's your question?
@@lionelm1062 Ok here is my question, imagine that you have a shell of energy surrounding a particle (m). Imagine also that the shell of energy is actually energy in the form of photons that have been emitted by the mass (m) at an earlier time and has now travelled away from the center of mass of (m). The shell must appear to be unresolvable at certain distances close to the particle but as it moves away from the particle it spreads like a wave in every direction and the photons become distinguishable from each other.
Find a general expression for the energy densities at points at the back of the wall, at the front and what the energy density just outside the wall at the front will be.
Hints: assume the photons are normally distributed within the wall and use Taylor expansion.
Obeying the law is more important than any pressure, at least for electrons.
Oh noo, that last bit (how the degeneracy pressure is overcome) is what I was most interested in throughout the video. I need to hear the end of the story! Such teasing
Parth, maybe I missed it, but I believe you didn't mention the main mechanism behind the pressure; electrons being forced into higher energy momentum states. Then, momentum can be easily transformed into a description of force per area.
If an electron is forced into higher momentum it carries an electromagnetic field (force in an area: pressure) which it can radiate away (field) as photons to then fall to a lower energy state or to escape. It is implied, not stated, in what he is saying.
White Dwarf: "I think I've lived through an astronomical amount of pressure that I've become degenerate"
Also, the best diagram that ties the electron's spacing within individual atoms, together with groups of atoms is the "Electric Band Structure" diagram (Such as from the Wikipedia article). It shows how the thin electric shells within individual atoms, transition into bands within collections of atoms, bounded by the fine structure constant. So much physics at the intersection of the individual and the macro in one picture!
I've seen many physics videos that include electron degeneracy pressure, this is by far the clearest presentation. keep em comin thx
I truly wish this vid had been available when I was teaching introductory chemistry (20 mumble mumble years ago), as explaining WHY we care about the available states to marginally interested students was never easy. The results in chem are core to understanding bonding, but are abstract, to say the least, and my background (semiconductors) really didn't provide any concrete large scale meaning. I'm old now, but will refer this to my younger colleagues. hank you for the awesome content.
Literally Amazing Video
Great job Parth
I am so glad you made this video! I have been trying to get my head around this for a long while and you made it understandable without requiring I get a PhD first.
If two Fermions are only allowed to be in the same state with different spins, then the degeneracy pressure could not be overcome. But since it can be overcome, wouldn't it be more accurate to say there is a "force" keeping them from occupying the same state/location, but when the force of gravity is greater you can overcome this "degeneracy force". If so, is there any reason we wouldn't say this Fermions repulsion is a force just like the strong, weak, and electro forces?
I have studied Quantum and statistical mechanics and now i can understand these kind of concepts .Thank you sir for explaining these complex phenomenon in such a beautiful way 👌💕. Looking forward for your next video .🔥
Some matter-idea thing could resolve the contradiction from increasing and decreasing spatial difference between entities, while a consistent - no contradiction* from energy with the adjectives potential and kinetic being able to concommitantly increase and decrease say - math characterization of a(n energy) wave, or 'wavefunction', as a model of some elementary physical entities, implies faith in a presumption that the opposite of world cannot happen, if it is used to calculate an unoccured state of nature, disqualifying it from perception and reason focused scientific physics.
* Without the law of non-contradiction, the opposite to any valid argument, where the conclusion is reasonable from the premises, is equally justified.
Parth i am a high school student and i have been watching your channel for a while now and all of this intriguing quantum physics knowledge really provides a deeper understanding of the stuff we are studying in school
For instance our teacher just taught us about the formula "2n^2" which tells how many atoms are present in each shell but this video really explained the phenomenon so thanks for that
Ooh, that's just a beginning for this beautiful branch of physics. Prepare to get shocked when you learn so many facts that'll just contradict what you already know :)
Hi Parth G,
I'm a grad student who hopes to be a theoretical physicist in the future and I have a question. Do you do research? And if so, where can we find some of your papers? I'd be interested to see the kind of work you're doing :)
If degeneracy pressure is based on strict rules (pauli exclusion principle) that are either followed or not followed, why isn’t it infinite in strength where it applies, and zero everywhere else? Where does the gradient come from that allows stars to reach an equilibrium with gravity? What is the source of the force that prevents these rules from being broken? Another video explanation showed how the wave functions would cancel out, and this one showed how the system would behave like a boson if that were the case, but what’s physically forbidding those things from happening?
The little image of Beryllium might confuse some people. Beryllium-8 is very unstable, as it tends to decay very quickly into 2 alpha particles. Beryllium-9 is stable, however. Quantum mechanics can help to explain this as well, but it's not so simple.
Hi Parth,
I'm from India here
I have a doubt.. If the 1st shell is the closest to the nucleus and we understand that positive and negative attract and annihilate each other. Why doesn't the 1st shell collapse into the nucleus. If a larger scale of things is considered, take black holes, they have an imaginary line called the event horizon. Anything inside the horizon is shredded into the black hole and anything beyond stays motile in its path. Do atoms have something like the event horizon?
Excellent video.
This was a great lecture, it was really careful the topic introduced from the very first principles and keeping a clear exposition throughout the video
Thank you for great video! Please, continue this topic with video about Chandrasekhar limit and neutron stars (and then about TOV limit and black holes).
Really enjoyed this!
Hi Parth. Love your work here. Question: why do the atoms at the center of a white dwarf have their electrons at all? Aren’t the conditions at the core such that everything is a plasma, or is the pressure high enough to prevent this?
All your videos are very engaging and high quality! Please keep this up! I have a question for you though, what is your personal recommendation for a university physics textbook? Some of the newest ones seem less concise and too wordy. Any gems for learning the fundamentals? Thank you!
I liked University Physics with Modern Physics 15e by Young and Freedman. Library Genesis. It is quite thorough, detailed, and has nice End of Chapter summaries. Better than the popular Fundamentals book. For a slower quantum intro than in the above book, you could go with Physical Chemistry by mcquarrie--it also has supporting Math lessons. I don't like Mcquarrie's too much though.
Can’t remember my uni physics texts which after graduation could be used to hold up beds, but Feynman Lectures of Physics, three volumes, is wonderful notwithstanding old.
So is this, in part, how the universe forms dust? If the star runs out of fuel and enters into some state of (pseudo) equilibrium based on the uncertainty principle does this necessarily mean a stable state? Even then cannot microstructures form? Dislocations?
Thanks....just gotta say that ....I mean it ... really Thanks for making these videos
Okay, so I've only watched two of your videos so far, but since the last one I watched was about Bose-Einstein Condensates, I need to ask: would the further compression due to the overwhelming force you mention at the end of your video here produce something like a condensate where the fermions you discuss in this video are forced into energy levels that create antisymmetric waves? I dont know anything about this stuff (just an engineering student, not a physicist), so nobody get mad at me.
Nature tries really hard to prevent black holes 😅
Kindly explain Density Functional Theory and Plane Wave Approximation and Q Espresso
We like your hair, Parth... and, of course, this simple but clear video. The same is for neutron stars. but which role the atomic nuclei play in the white dwarf?
When you say "swap a pair of particles" what do you mean?
As usual simple and nice explanation of a seemingly complex topic.Keep it up bhaiyya.You can make a follow up video on "Black Holes and Chandrashekhar Mass limit" 🙏🙏
How electrons motion is controlled in predictable way using laws of classical electro magnetism in cathode ray tubes of old tvs and oscilloscopes , when they follow laws of probabilistic quantum mechanics?
Parth, what is the difference between white dwarf and while hole?
Parth seems to be working out lately
He is studying gravity in the gym
PBS Space Time with Matt O'Dowd often has a bonus character that pops up in the infographics, and this character looks a lot like Parth G ! am I the only one to have noticed this?
This was a very interesting video and illuminating an interesting area and mechanism of physics, thank you!
Hope you make a video how this 'classical' quantum mechanical mechanism in the white dwarf relates or changes when it concerns a black hole: awesome and would be very insightful for me!
Smoooth explanation. By the way it would be better to have semi transparent board on your left side.
Amazing please more
Please make a video about Laplace and Fourier transform.
Hi parth! Thanks for the vid.
Can u make a vid about heisenburgs uncertainity principle when an electron goes through just one slit and makes an angle theta and cancels with lambda over 2 and all that stuff, basically how the formula for the principle is derived
It would be greatly appeciated! Thanks!
The bit that confuses me is: if electrons "can't" occupy certain states, how is it that a heavier star actually does overcome electron degeneracy pressure?
I even understand that the anti-symmetric wave function means the Pauly principle.
But WHY but exactly fermions (with spin s=1/2; 3/2;..etc) have an antisymmetric wave function?!)
does that mean that the vacuum is the source of this presure?if so, how can that happen?
Can u explain dot product and cross product of a vector
Great video as always.
I have a question:Why level 1 has only orbital whereas level two has 4....
I mean what determines which level will have how many orbitals
ı'd be glad if you make a video about it
It is determined by solving the angular equation for hydrogen atom where we get possibilities of l for fixed m. And from energy equation in hydrogen atom it can be understood how l depends upon n and E depends upon n an l proving aufbau's principle too
I think where we grant deterministic simplicity and push complexity down upon the qauntom shows up here and in thermodynamics of small bodies in the cold of space.
This and trying to force evolution from Nebula collapse on through all gets in trouble
In a way, aren't you simply applying the math requirements of QM properties onto real world electrons? Does QM break down when this assumed pressure is overcome?
Video request: a video explaining octet and duet rule please
Great video as always! 🖖
Neutron decay cosmology. Inevitable?
More videos about QM and GR.
has anyone seen any images of Quantum field?(example:photon-field,up-quark field) ,the closest thing i got is this video @1:30 ruclips.net/video/1qJ0o4U63aw/видео.html. In this video there is an image/GIF it is called as Gluon-field(which is one of quantum field) other than that i am not able to find any other image(simulated or animated) image of quantum field
Is this the same reason why neutron stars have the density they do?
Is it the same reason for planets and satellites orbiting planets not collapsing?
Parth Integral
A big 👍
Okay parth let me not beat around the bush and just say this
WE NEED A VIDEO ON BLACKHOLES
3:00 q. d.
Gravity is due to atoms attracted to each other ?!?!?! Are you sure?
Did the collapse of gravity cause your hair to rise? Just wondering, lol.
Neutron Degeneracy Pressure Coming Up On The Next Episode Of Dragon Ball Z!
oknosorry😂
Clicky clickbait