Crazy New Physics Anomaly: Anti-Matter Helium Detected
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- Опубликовано: 10 сен 2024
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A small experiment aboard the International Space Station, the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, found a crazy new physics anomaly: They have now detected 10 nuclei of anti-matter helium -- way more than expected. What could explain that? Most of the explanations that physicists have come up so far say it might be a relic of dark matter. Let’s have a look.
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2:05 To be fair, when Romeo met Juliet, they annihilated pretty quickly.
"bum there goes the neigborhood" indeed
These violent delights have violent ends.
**rimshot**
I recently learned that the first edition of Shakespeare was printed before “J” was part of the English alphabet. So it was “Romeo and Iuliet.”
they didn't matter
Hey Sabine, I am a particle physicist (experimentalist) and I usually don’t comment. However, I think this time I have to. Indeed AMS never officially recognized these measurements for particular reasons as you can imagine. At no time were these results marketed as a discovery at any conference and AMS people are always very careful talking about these candidate events. See also this nice talk at 15:30 ruclips.net/user/liveL7S10vp8-8g?si=Ob1eDUYX0cPD7Vfl (full transparency I am a member of ALICE so this is a bit self promotion). TL:DR For now we don’t have definitive results for the yield of anti nuclei from AMS so the anomaly is not confirmed. So I think it would have been better to state this explicitly in the video to avoid hype.
Please keep up the fantastic work!!
Thanks! Maybe a bit off-topic but I'll try to use you :) Everybody is talking about what is radiated from the Sun but what about Earth, does Earth in any way reflect these particles back to the Sun?? Is there any "exchange channel" discovered between Earth and Sun?
Your comment is very valuable, comparable to the video itself. Usually Sabine includes a link to a published paper or at least a pre-print. But here there's no such link. I would have completely glossed over this lacuna were it not for your comment.
That's what I call a thoughtful and useful comment.
Thanks Max. I like you.
I'm going to tell you something personal but don't laugh, the video of the first collision is part of my daily motivational routine. Just so you know.
Yeah this comment is a little too useful and relevant for utube. I'm going to have to ask that you refrain from making comments in the future unless perhaps you're really drunk. 🎉😂
Ok so are particles really particles or
waves ?
Or are they particles only when we observe or take measurements otherwise it's just a big quantum probability soup?
I think the Standard Model sucks big time ,just a big table of particles
that make up the universe supposedly just because we have really expensive colliders that smash atoms and their nuclei together then we get more new particles.
It's just a mish mash of particles put all together in a table that describes the universe .
Um, yeah right !
It doesn't describe anything IMHO.
Aliens: "Radio signals are too easily dismissed, let's try anti-helium!"
PUNY HUMANS: "dark anti simulated holographic multiverse detected?!"
Ha, wish I'd thought of that!
it was called a retro-projector for good reasons.. I'm already convinced this is a simulation but it doesn't change a thing if it's true or not. It should increase confidence in what we can observe and reproduce. I jumped from the first plane I ever boarded, on purpose.
Give them anti-gold, and it will make it into the headlines.
@@SabineHossenfelder Can it be collected, safely trapped and then annihilated as a new type of interstellar propulsion for chip sized craft?
When you breath anti-helium, does your voice go lower?
Everyone is talking about Anti particle but nobody ask How is Uncle particle 😞
Thank you for this... I needed a good smile 😏
🥱
As a New Englander, that makes absolutely no sense.
like an Ethereum uncle block I suppose , both existent and non-existent until consensus rules
edit: it should sound familiar in here
Thanks, dad....
Could it be that the solution to "matter-antimatter asymmetry" is not that antimatters aren't there naturally, but they're just so far away and in isolated clusters due to rapid expansion like inflation (?). Maybe we just happen to be in a matter cluster
If antimatter pockets were close enough to be within the observable universe, we would see "fire walls" where the matter and antimatter border each other and annihilate - I believe that even with the sparseness of intergalactic space these would be bright enough to detect, and I'm fairly sure that this has been searched for and ruled out in some capacity. So basically the only option left is that the pocket we are in is larger than the observable universe, which may well be true, but it is also not directly testable (probably unfalsifiable).
Not actually. There would exist a detectable annihilation zone within the intergalactic medium.
@@stanleydodds9 citation needed with respect to the "fire walls". That seems like a pretty bold idea to just take for granted. Are there any simulations that have been done to see if that kind of structure would form?
@@geraldeichstaedt The voids could be the remnants of those zones, though.
@@ika5666 Even the voids aren't literally void. And the argument wouldn't help, if the voids would be literally void, since the galaxy clusters are connected by filaments. The only thing I can imagine is an antimatter world well beyond our cosmic event horizon. Let, for instance, the big bang start with an inflaton and an anti-inflaton. But we'll probably never find out the validity such essentially metaphysical hypotheses.
Now I think : it does not anti matter
You are so anti dough knot matter.
I am not anti matter. :)
@@russmarkham2197I do anti matter 😢
@@UniverseGd that sounds like a suggestion to take some kind of illegal substance. I probably should decline.
Exactly. If it doesn’t matter, it does anti-matter.
The explanation of antimatter in this video was spot on-simplifying such a complex concept without losing its wonder. The way you break down these intricate topics is truly a talent, making high-level physics accessible and engaging for everyone.
How are you typing em dashes along with regular dashes? and why do you sound like chatgpt? 🤔🤔
@@hdndwq719 everyone sound like chatgpt these days. it is THAT good already. beep boop boop bop beep boop
@@hdndwq719 I have all of the dashes on my phone keyboard
_ - - -
Maybe OP does too
Maybe you can answer a puzzle: if a particle and its anti particle equivalent are on initially nearly parallel but converging paths, they will each have an initial momentum. Assuming their masses are equal, and equal velocities, their momentums would be equal. Then they collide and all mass turned into energy. Question: what happens to the momentum? Is the energy blue shifted?
Similar scenario but they are colliding head on. So momentums cancel. Any shifting of the energy spectrum?
Dark matter somehow makes Anti-Helium? That's a pretty funny way to say, "We have no idea".
Anything prefixed by dark or string is basically a placeholder term.
I increasingly feel that we're approaching some new paradigm of physics, where some new discovery will uproot everything that came before
Same with micro black holes lol
@@kahlzun Dark Quantum Strings. There, I made the ultimate term.
The plasma balls are a very new papers that addresses that not only the amount of anti-helium is unexpected, but the ratio of anti-helium(3) to anti-helium(4) is unexpected too. But we have to be very careful as the numbers of particles detected by AMS is very high, but the anti-helium is extremely low(even if far higher then expected) and with low examples comes high uncertainty.
No...
0:18 it made me sad to learn AMS-02 was not an actual particle detector :( having done my PhD and post-doc on it, I had always believed it was.
Is this the PhD equivalent of finding out Santa isn't real 😂
Yes, it's amazing how gullible PhD students are these days. ;)
Little known fact: inhaling anti helium gives you a super squeaky voice. For a femto second.
this will clean your throat and get rid off any infectious germs
Side effects luminous breath, excess calories
🤣🤣🤣
probably gives you anti-voice :D
sounds from the environment being extinguished in the throat
It won't because it'll destroy your voice box before that
This reminds me of a hypothesis I remember hearing about where even if we did find alien life, there's a chance that we could never come in contact because they'd be made of anti-matter.
The reasoning being that outside of a few niche situations _(like the rotation of a particular particle being asymmetric between the two - I forget which one),_ it's impossible to tell matter and antimatter apart without measuring its polarity; combined with the theory that it's entirely possible that we only *_think_* the universe is made up of entirely matter solely because our little section is made up of matter, and that space is so big that it's entirely possible that some of the stars you see in the night sky are actually "antistars." Even if we communicated with distant aliens and asked, simply measuring the polarity wouldn't actually solve anything because to them, *they'd* be the ones made out of matter. The concept of "positive" vs. "negative" is entirely arbitrary, especially when the way to measure it is via other "positives" and "negatives" like from magnets.
The fact we're able to pick up antihelium - what would be the primary exhaust of antistars - at such an amount helps solidify the hypothesis for me.
Science: There's too little antimatter. It doesn't make sense!
Also science: There's too much antimatter. It doesn't make sense!
Particle physics and Cosmology make strange bedfellows.
you are quoting these two things in a juxtaposing context. One is discussing matter anti-matter asymmetry... and the other is using that already known former fact as a reality.
@@FirasAbouzahr yes
I know you're joking, but I think this rift is really cool. Either there should be equal ratios that annihilated and prevented a universe (which clearly isn't the case), or there should be functionally no antimatter left. That we exist shows we can't have equal amounts, thus an asymmetry in antimatter production in the early universe means the matter left to us is basically all normal matter. But to have more than "basically no antimatter", inside a universe that would annihilate it a septillion different ways, is weird. It probably isn't from the big bang, so something out there is recently and locally banging out enough antimatter to form anti-helium and have it live long enough to hit our detector. Fascinating!
It's basically that not only are we finding way less antimatter than we should, we're also finding it in all the wrong places when we do.
Sabine,
Many years ago I said to a lecturer at uni that anti-hydrogen should be element -1, anti-helium element -2 and so on. He agreed that this was sensible.
Please perputuate my one and only good idea XD
Neutrons are element +0 and anti-neutrons are element -0 ?
i wondered during the Video if Neutrons even have an Anti-Particle, since they have no charge to be inverted..
@@unitrader403 You are correct that they both have zero charge, but the neutron and antineutron are different. The antineutron is made up of antiquarks. A free neutron (not bound up in an atom's nucleus) decays into a proton(+), an electron(-), and an antineutrino. A free antineutron decays into an antiproton(-), a positron(+), and a neutrino. This has been confirmed by experiment.
My skepticism was annihilated with anti-skepticism and now I am releasing a lot of energy with no opinion.
Question: what holds the anti helium nucleus together? Is it the same strong force of regular matter?
Yes, same strong force!
@@SabineHossenfelder but using anti-mesons?? Or I guess mesons are already a quark-antiquark pair, so is a meson its own antiparticle like with photons??
Gravity laughs at the strong force.
Does color charge matter? Is there a fundamental difference between a red quark and antired antiquark, and a red antiquark and an antired quark? Or is any color state just a momentary and constantly changing value?
@@mal2ksc "Is there a fundamental difference between a red quark and antired antiquark"
Probably not, but we don't know for sure.
That's nothing new. Death metal vocalists were inhaling Anti-Helium since mid 80's.
Dark matter as the explanation for everything that you can't explain is so convenient since no-one can disprove it for the lack of dark matter in the universe.
yeah, it kinda became the new god of the gaps
It's this century's ether.
Dark matter is not an explanation; it's just an observation.
You mean we haven't found it, that doesn't mean it's not there. We didn't directly image or photograph viruses or electrons for decades, but we knew they existed.
@@davidkachel Dark Matter Halos exist or otherwise have to exist for galaxies / black holes came to be how they are in this universe.
Would you also get a funny voice when inhaling anti-matter Helium?
Yes. It would be the sound of an annihilation explosion.
No voice at all because it would annihilate inside your throat and burn it.
Now that's what I'd call an explosive idea...
@@SabineHossenfelder All for science of course!
@@SabineHossenfelder Would it work if you were made of anitmatter and in a vacuum? (Ignoring the lack of sound in a vacuum and the fact that you would be dead)
As a total layman: isn't having anti-matter patches here and there in outer space expected? One would think the annihilation would not be complete, especially if we consider the rapid expansion which could have stripped anti-matter away from matter. Also, as we don't know the exact initial conditions, even a small change early on could have considerable effect at a later time, right? Note: having no sufficient theoretical knoweledge means one can make up any kind of ridiculousness.
@@Kyanzes maybe it exists in pathes, but how would it get here? I'd imagine that these patches must be larger than the observable universe, otherwise, we would have observed the boundaries?
5:29 - You should play with that joke a little more - pence (older form of pennies), pants (clothing), pins (for sewing), Mike Pence, paints, bowling pins, sheep pens, ink pens
Brevity is the soul of wit.
One of the major unsolved problems in physics is matter/antimatter asymmetry, so doesn't this observation serve to resolve that problem rather than creating a new problem?
If an anti-particle is opposite charge, what is an anti-neutron? Would it annihilate with anything?
Yes. It's made of anti-quarks.
They annihilate with protons since they're made of anti-quarks and products of that annihilation will have a positive charge. But they don't annihilate with electrons.
Yes, with a neutron, for example. Neutrons are thought to be composed of quarks, and antineutrons of antiquarks, to keep it simple. The quarks and antiquarks are thought to have electrical charges of one or two third. So, the neutrons are overall neutral, but not locally.
Neutrinos are thought to be elementary particles, and potentially their own antiparticles with which they then would annihilate. But I'm not sure whether the final words are spoken with respect to neutrinos. Neutrinos usually have tiny cross sections.
Yes there is an antineutron because electric charge is not the only property that has duality (Sabine forgot to mention :)).
what if electric charge is NOT fundamental? (I recall an article like 10 years ago discussing this possibility)
2:10 mmm no, no, it is exactly like Romeo and Juliet.
They attract each other due to opposite charges, and then... BOOM there go the Montagues and Capulets
When anti helium is inhaled you get a really deep voice
if you manage to avoid exploding due to touching antimatter, it would actually give you a high voice the exact same way as helium. Helium gives you a high voice because it's less dense than air, and antihelium has the same properties.
Hopefully soon them scientists at CERN figure out a way to store antimatter for long enough to collect a whole bunch of it. Imagine how totally awesome that would be!
It'd also be a massive bomb, which would not be great
A few years ago there were hypothesized that some gamma-ray points inside the Milky Way may be in fact the antistars made of antimatter (just like the Diamond Star from the Count To A Trillion by John C Wright) so the pretty natural explanation of GRBs with immense energy is nothing but collision of stars and antistars.
nothin but ?
I was told by a researcher about 2 years ago that anti Helium 4 had been detected in a detector located in the Antarctic, and the only source of Helium 4 is from fusion processes in a star, therefore the only source of anti Helium 4 HAS to an antimatter star!
@@fkxfkxit's a bot
Plagiarizing bot. Reported.
Stellar wind from antistars would cause easily detectable gamma rays from annihilation with interstellar gas, including 511 keV line from positron annihilation. We don't see it.
Early 20th century: We have a problem, we can't find Antimatter in the universe.
Early 21th century: We have a problem, we find Antimatter in the universe.
It's not often I have to correct Sabine, but anti-particles not only have an opposite charge, but they also each have a goatee.
I got it!!
These observations should allow us to estimate how much antimatter should be flying around the cosmos, and from that we can calculate the strength of the gamma ray background we should observe as that antimatter comes into contact with ordinary matter and anihilates. We can then compare that estimate with the measured actual gamma ray background and figure out if there really is that much antimatter out there.
In my family, every aunty matters.
That is really punny!!😂
😂😂😂
That punful to hear! 🤪
Perhaps you could clarify the difference between neutrons and antineutrons. You stated that the difference between particles and their antiparticles is opposite charge, but neutrons are neutral. I believe that with antineutrons (2 down and 1 up antiquarks, baryon number minus 1) it is a bit different, and that antineutrons can only be created when an antiproton "sheds" a negative charge. (Note: I am not a particle physicist, and could be wrong.)
Anti neutrons are made of anti quarks
The neutron is neutral, but its constituents aren't -- it's just that their electric charges add up to zero. A neutron is made of three quarks, an anti-neutron is made of three anti-quarks.
basically all conserved quantum numbers are opposite, baryon/lepton number charge, colors, (idk about the weak sector, there's probably a twist)--so the anti quarks are anti-red and so on (which is cyan, idk...I like the faux color model). Anyway, a neutron is a charged object with a charge distribution and a magnetic moment. Does anyone complain that anti-hydrogen (made at CERN) is neutral?
Wow, I never thought about it, I wonder if you could hide a large amount of anti neutrons in regular matter. I wonder if you could hide enough to explain the significant disparity in amounts of normal matter and anti-matter.
@@SabineHossenfelderwhen a neutron decays you get a proton, an electron and an anti-neutrino. When an antineutron decals you get an antiproton, a positron and a neutrino.
The detector animation is much appreciated. It helps.
"Too much antimatter in space" is a good name for a band😂
Too long ...
One thing that's always puzzled me about particle anti-particle annihilation is do the particles only annihilate with their twins, or for example, can a hydrogen atom and an anti-helium partially annihilate?
I'm an AI skeptic but these sorts of edge case facts it's quite good at. Here's what Gemini has to say
Ordinarily, particles annihilate solely with their respective antiparticles. For instance, an electron annihilates with a positron, and a proton annihilates with an antiproton. This process results in the conversion of their entire mass into energy, often in the form of gamma rays.
In the specific scenario you described, a hydrogen atom (consisting of a proton and an electron) and an anti-helium atom (composed of two antiprotons and two positrons) colliding wouldn't lead to a complete annihilation. Instead, a partial annihilation could occur. During this process, the electron from the hydrogen atom would likely annihilate with one of the positrons from the anti-helium atom. This would release energy and potentially leave behind a system with one remaining antiproton and one remaining positron, along with the original hydrogen atom's proton.
The exact outcome of such a collision would be complex and depend on various factors, including the relative velocities and orientations of the colliding particles. However, it's safe to say that a complete annihilation of both atoms wouldn't occur in this case.
I don't find the "annihilation" terminology particularly useful. It's really a type of interaction. For an interaction to be possible, all conservation laws must be fulfilled. For a particle and its antiparticle that's easy. If you have different pairs, it becomes more difficult, you need to produce other particles too, and that makes it far less likely.
Yes, they can but almost always the answer is basically "no"
Well, they would make an exotic atom, with the p bound to the alpha-bar (or are we doing atoms?), and since the overlap is large the p would pick off a p-bar, or an n-bar...
modeling the strong force a pion (+,0,-) exchange...they don't care about anti--since their anti is (-,0,+)...which is the same thing.
That would release a lot of energy. Whether it would unbind the spectating anti-T or -3He sounds like a long messy painful traditional nuclear physics calculation...the kind that makes particle physicists run for higher energy.
@@julian1000 For facts below PhD level, Gemini is pretty reliable (90% of the time).
My guess would be merging neutron stars. It is now stated by many astrophysicists that this is how most of the elements more dense then iron are made. If so, the neutrons in the giant ball must undergo a nuclear reaction to turn into protons by kicking out electrons when the star is smashed into atom sized pieces. But is that the only reaction possible? Could they not produce anti-protons by kicking out a positron as well? If that was the case, it would likely be more rare or we would see a lot more antimatter in the universe. If it is rare, some atomic nuclei could be created with both anti protons and protons in them. They would combine right away leaving only the matter particles behind. Though if the atom is small enough, it may be possible for some to produce only antiparticles. The larger the nucleus, the more unlikely that would be to happen, if the creation of antimatter atoms was rarer then matter atoms.
Neutrons and anti-neutrons are distinct from each other, so you can't have a neutron change into an antiproton by emitting a positron, and you can't have an antineutron change into a proton by emitting an electron.
@@Lucius_Chiaraviglio Indeed, it would violate the conservation of baryon number (+1 for a proton or neutron, -1 for an antiproton or antineutron).
It's possible to create a particle and its antiparticle out of energy, but although creating a helium nucleus and an antihelium nucleus ought to be possible with enough energy (~7.5GeV), I suspect the probability of it happening is practically zero.
@@robertfitzjohn4755 Yes -- getting the energy to create a helium-antihelium pair isn't hard, but applying it in just the right way to that the generated nucleons stay together in the right way is the hard part.
Should anti-helium be called heavenium? 🤔
Or maybe moonium, if the sun and moon are opposites. Or loonyium if this discovery proves false
Copterium. Heli and Copter.
I like the lunar angle, but since helio refers to the location of discovery, we may pick the duds:
ISSium or LEOium.
😑
Hyperium (Hy), Theium (Hi), Eosium (Eo), Paethonium (Pe)
This could be the discovery we were waiting for!
We know almost nothing and our discoveries expand what we don’t know dramatically faster than what we do know. So beautiful!
Thank you for making morning breaks more bearable!
Thanks for being here!
You find morning breaks hard to bear?
Sounds like it might be an anti-break
Sounds like it might be an anti-break
Thank you 😊
The quantity of anti helium is absolutely staggering. Holy moly!
Planning on filling anti-balloons for the next party with anti-helium? I can assure you that's going to be a big banger of a party.
I think the rarity of such particles is vastly overestimated and not enough sources in space are considered to contribute.
That is easy to say after the measurements.
When matter meets antimatter, they annihilate. But when Kirk meets anti-Kirk, it produces a really bad script
Could there be more leftover stuff from the BigBang floating around in the voids, and every now and again we run into a clump of the stuff?
Probably not, but still curious to think about.
We have the cosmic microwave background radiation left over from 13.7 billions of years ago so why not anti-helium nuclei, too ?
Creating anti-helium nuclei using ordinary matter is a very energy intensive process. It's much easier to form from the Big Bang itself. The odds of building an anti-helium nucleus starting with producing anti-protons and anti-neutrons separately and then combining them seems rather difficult because these are very small particles and they have to slam right into each other and *NOT* fly apart.
Nice idea. Then you'd expect three times as much anti-Hydrogen as anti-Helium in space, right? (Big Bang nucleosynthesis: 3/1 Hydrogen/Helium)
@@gxfprtorius4815 There are plenty of sources that can create lone anti protons. The area around SMBHs at the centers of galaxies create vast amounts of positrons, which in turn can end up making anti protons, if I recall correctly. Not to mention, there are probably of ways for them to be created that we don't understand. Which to be fair, can also be true for these helium detections.
I'm in no way saying I believe this is what's happening, it was just a passing idea and fun thought experiment. That's basically how Einstein came up with his idea of relativity after all 😉
But if what they saw was leftovers, and as you say, we should also see 3 times as many anti protons, that figure might be obscured by current observation.
@@Benson_aka_devils_advocate_88 Yes, I understand it is just a thought, but an interesting one, I think. By the way, I didn't write the ratio very precisely. 3:1=mass, so more than 10 times as many anti-hydrogen, I think.
@@gxfprtorius4815 I've always been curious about the apparent asymmetry between our observations and models. I've also been curious of the large scale structures like the galactic web and super voids.
My thought goes along the lines of: during inflation, when the two forms of matter annihilated each other, the resulting shockwaves moved through the "stuff" similarly to how water swirls when a shockwave goes through it.
But as expansion was still happening these "little swirls" turned into the things we see today as filaments and voids. And the angular momentum created by all the swirls and vortexes within what was by now regular matter are what we now see as galaxies and galaxy clusters.
I know what I just explained is pretty much what a lot of people already suspect. But I still find it cool that I was able to piece the theory together on my own just from the lectures and videos I found online, including here on RUclips.
nice pen, now you make me think, slowing, cold extremes, superconductors being made out there
People keep saying Antimatter 'shouldn't exist' But isn't it more possible that equal parts Matter and Antimatter were created... but the collisions and energy released forced a small portion Antimatter and matter apart that kept expanding and we are just in a section that's mostly Matter so we assume its all matter everywhere.
Tomorrow we could discover a new bright spot and it could be a matter and antimatter galaxy colliding.
TL;DR Instead of assuming somehow more matter exists despite that it should be equal to antimatter... Assume we are wrong, the math is right, and we just didn't find any yet.
@@TnT_F0X Do you really think scientists did not think about this?
Try to think what observable consequences would that have, and did we see them?
@@TnT_F0X If half of everything equally mixed is antimatter then the large energy release would be visible all over. The problem is how to generate this separation, since no process with stars, planets and the like can distinguish one from the other. Same with Dark Matter (TM). If 90 percent of everything is dark matter why can't i dig it out of a shovelfull of random lawn soil?
two questions:
1) how gravity act on anti-particles?
2) is it possible to fusion two anti-deuterium atoms to anti-helium?
I don't know why everybody is surprised. I think it makes perfect sense. I've been saying for years we don't know how much anti matter is out there. It literally looks exactly identical to regular matter. And so long as the antimatter is clustered together and not interacting with regular matter, we can't tell the difference. So who's to say that there aren't entire galaxies of antimatter out there? The physics we know suggest that there should be an equal amount of matter and antimatter and it also suggests that they can't be in contact with each other for stability. This means that since we're present in a pocket of regular matter antimatter should be rare. Similarly if someone is present in a pocket of antimatter, then regular matter should be rare. Interaction between the two releases energy which will drive the masses apart. This is like oil and water. Technically comprised of the same things but they don't mix.
good point however these instances ar simply converted "normal" matter
If you had antimatter galaxies, the thin intergalactic gas around them would react with the thin intergalactic gas around the normal galaxies, producing recognizable gamma radiation, which would get a lot more intense of an antimatter galaxy collided with a normal galaxy, even if no stars collided.
True - I was wondering if the positrons (and anti-protons) were off (mass wise) in the slightest vs electrons (and protons), then surely their emission and absorption spectra would be different as well (or do they fall back from outer shells to inner shells and emit anti-photons?).
It would be a lot easier to measure on the cosmological scale (than via a mass-spec), right?
@@davestorm6718 Photons are neutral with respect to the matter-antimatter divide, so positrons dropping from one energy shell to another in an antimatter atom emit the same photons as electrons doing the same thing in the corresponding normal atom. To the limits of current experimental uncertainty, matter and corresponding antimatter particles have the same mass. Experiments are being performed to look for asymmetries, but so far we haven't come up with an answer for why the observable universe is so dominated by normal matter.
At last, a discovery I am happy to believe in.
Unlike that dark matter inconvenience.
I would imagine that they could tell something from the velocity spectrum of the anti-helium that might rule out some of the origin hypotheses.
From 10 detected antiHe ions, it's kind of difficult to see a spectrum.
@@denysvlasenko1865 Ha! good point. Over time, perhaps they will see more.
Very good topic with very sensible presentation by Sabina and her team . Very good comments from large number of viewers , including particle physicist from CERN.
Very good suggestions that this is the matter of grave concern for who are actively involved in all these model development.
I have also some observations recently that when three different charges like +,-,& 0 is part of 3D volume unit from linearly distributions of charges an unique situations can appears as antimatters mass . Even in very simple mass & charge ratio we could have anti matter excess .
So situation is much-needed careful conclusions even after long 8 to 10 years and several experiment knows it .
For AMS to detect antihelium through magnetic field detection the particle should be charged right? so the positrons are stripped away from the antinucleus
I think all of these particles that travel through space with high velocity are charged ions.
The stuff that filters down in the air we breathe is stardust, made of meteorites, space debris, old satellites, that disintegrated in the atmosphere.
Is anti-Helium called "Shelium"? And anti-Hydrogen, Byedrogen
Lithium, Capium
Supersymmetry and the s-prefix is something else than antimatter.
@cara-seyun 4:44 this is a *potential* side effect of research on dark matter for its ability to create antimatter. the evidence came from observing particles unrelated to dark matter, but research on dark matter made it possible for this observation to be related to it. lots of unknowns though.
Dark matter can also generate ponies and antiponies since it isn't defined at all.
Thank you for the video.
This kind of fits with one of my more out there theories. The one which, based on countless examples of things existing in opposite pairs, is where there is a co-created anti-Universe to our own, which mirrors our own and the centre of which is at an unknown distance from ours. As the anti Universes are drawn together by gravity (or space-time bending if you prefer) there would come a time where greater incidences of anti matter would be observed in both Universes and perhaps the increasing incidence of GRBs could be the increasing rate of physical interaction between sizeable bodies.
So, this is about the unexpected “thing” that is actually there, quite a wholesome change from the “expected” “thing” that isn’t there.
Soon we will get to see the first Anti-Human, and they fled their anti-climate issue long ago. Can we do a story on Pions as Mediators of the Residual Strong Force? I find this force crazy: A proton can emit a virtual positive pion (π⁺), which is quickly absorbed by a neighboring neutron. When the proton emits the pion, it effectively changes into a neutron. When the neutron absorbs the pion, it changes into a proton. This exchange process is continuous and occurs so rapidly that it effectively creates an attractive force between the nucleons. Really??
It's a simplification for pop-sci.
This might be a stupid question, but... is it possible to create a mixed-matter Helium, using two antiprotons and two neutrons (not antineutrons)? If so, how would you distinguish such a chimera from a true anti-Helium?
draw the quark diagram: (-p; +n) -->( -u -u -d; +d +d, +u)....now annihilate a u pair and a d pair: -u +d, which is a pi-.
now the weak interaction changes flavors so (changing notation):
pi- = u-bar + d --> W- -> mu minus + (neutrino) -> positron + (neutrinos).... why it doesn't;t decay into a positron 1st is a whole left handed "thing".
and no, it's not a stupid question.
Nope, because neutron and proton are made of quarks, and anti-proton and anti-neutron are made of anti-quarks. So neutrons + anti-protons goes BOOM. However, that would be a lesser BOOM than if protons were to encounter anti-protons, because there would be a total of 2 u quarks + 4 d quarks encountering 4 anti-u quarks and 2 anti-d quarks, leaving 2 anti-u quarks and 2 d quarks.
Is it possible that regular matter can act as some kind of catalyst for nuclear fusion of antihydrogen?
Basically we know the nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium to be a rather unlikely process to happen anywhere outside of the stars (or during the very first seconds after big bang), because we expect all positively charged protons to come close enough together so that their electrostatic repulsion can become overpowered by the strong nuclear force interactions, yet statistically speaking 99.99999999% of all protons are positive and if you take any number greater than 2 chances are you'll pick all positive protons and they will want to repel each other which would lead to barely any of the protons fusing together outside of some extreme enviroments.
But if you somehow pick any 2 or more antiprotons (you basically take it for granted) and then one more random proton (normal or anti), you will most likely hit a normal proton which could neutralize the negative charges of the antiprotons helping them come closer together than they would on their own.
That's a pretty cool idea, it's reminiscent of how neutrons help stabilize nuclei by adding extra strong force attraction without adding electrostatic repulsion.
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The entire pen, and the person holding it are floating through space right now! Amazing!
Yayyy! Weirdness in physics again!
Most of our really interesting discoveries have started with someone observing something and saying "hmmm, that's odd...."
I thought anti-matter was for the CERNs of this world. So I was blown away when my local hospital decided to check my pacemaker cables for bacterial contamination using Positron Emission Tomography (PET). They even make the isotope from which positrons are emitted as part of a decay process at the hospital. The hospital was the Aberdeen Royal Infirmary and process provided free to my by the National Health System. A wonderful application of physics. And the result showed my pacemaker leads to be fine.
In rare cases, the naturally occurring potassium-40 emits positrons. So, each of us is a source of antimatter in some sense.
What happens when a positron collides with a proton, or an ordinary neutron? As far as I know, the proton is indivisible.
Protons are composed of Quarks and Gluons
At what energy? This is was done ad nauseum at HERA (DESY), and the positron exchanges a virtual photon which contains zero information that it came from antimatter.
it's been a while, but I think the two photon exchange flips sign....but don't bank on that.
@@DrDeuteron So when a positron with the same mass as an electron collides with an ordinary proton or neutron, it results in this rather simple outcome? Does not a particle of antimatter completely annihilated the rebular matter int encounters? Please expalin further if you can find the time. Perhaps a video devoted to the topic? Either way, I thank you for your answer.
Protons are not indivisible; they're made up of quarks and gluons.
@@ManuelGarcia-ww7gj the experiments I reference are called deep inelastic scattering…where the electorn or positron (or muon…eg leptons) beam interacts with individual constituent or sea quarks. Lepton number and quark number is conserved, so there’s no path to annihilation with photon exchange.
However, an e+ and a down quark can exchange a W boson which turns them into an electron neutrino and an up quark, respectively.
But: the rate it which this occurs is tiny (weak force is weak), and the detectors aren’t able to detect it.
Nevertheless, the inverse reaction is observed in neutrino deep inelastic scattering…but I’m not to familiar with it….though the combination of the two methods is how we confirmed the quark content of protons and neutrons.
Cool pen! The anti matter is comming from a white hole in the middle of Jupiter. Submiting a PRL now 😁
Damn, you found it. Gotta park it elsewhere... again...
Could it be there is a lot of antimatter in space? Like antimatter galaxies. This would also solve the matter-antimatter asymmetry problem.
Nope. The intergalactic medium would cause an annihilation signature.
Matter and antimatter is Romeo and Juliet, they do destroy each other in the end 😂
"part of your pen that flew through outer space," we are all flying through outer space all the time.
Ah! Dark Matter. That old chesnut and catch-all. Also responsible for my collapsed Souffle.
I suggest next particle to find: Anti dark matter.
So, light matter?
Are you kidding? Anti dark matter = matter 😊
An anti-He nucleus cruises through the universe, never hitting a hydrogen atom. It penetrates the AMS-02 detector to its sweet spot. Alpha particles penetrate about 40 micrometers of skin, a few cells deep. How did it get into the detector to be detected? Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer is swathed with stuff covering the instrument. Did Super-Kamiokande cartch the neutrino burst?(/sarc>
Particle physicists: "It remains a mystery. The universe is full of matter, but almost no antimatter. How could that be?"
Also particle physicists: "We found way more antimatter than anticipated. Must've been dark matter."
those people obviously never sold anything, when the balance says you're wrong, you're wrong; You're supposed to have 1:1 where's the difference? (many bothan knees were broken to bring us this information lmao)
"Dark Matter" the posh "scientific" way to say "I. Don't. Know." The universe is quite large, so there could be entire anti-matter galaxies that we can't see. Also, anti-matter behaves just like matter, so it would be very difficult to know a galaxy is made of anti-matter.
Thinking of the international space station, I would like to see you get the opportunity to spend some time there. Really enjoy all your work Sabine.
It could be the sun. The solar flare physics is about 10^4 off. So there is a clear "black hole" in our understanding of the sun, where these anomalies may come from.
Yes, especially since the byproduct of fusion is helium. In other words, a third proton collides with the formed deuterium. This collision results in the formation of a helium-3 nucleus and a gamma ray.
Please elaborate further
question: can anti-helium nuclei be made of anti-protons with regular neutrons, or would the quark annihilate in the nuclei?
The antiproton antiquarks would most likely annihilate with the neutron quarks (I believe the excess down and anti-up quarks would remain as mesons), but I do wonder if the strong force's short-range repulsion and/or some other kind of chromodynamic effect could potentially make a stable arrangement possible
Does this at least partially explain why it's always the starboard power coupling that fails on the Enterprise-D?
No, that would be survivorship bias.
if different dimensions have a base charge (electrons vs positrons) at random, and if cosmic expansion is based on absorbing dimensions (probably not but that sounds fun) then antimatter could be more common than we thought.
Interesting. Thanks!
Hoverpen at the same tilt degree as Earth's axis: nice touch.
SGG stands for Sabine's Guide to the Galaxy.
Similar to Hitchhiker's guide to galaxy?😜
@@qpr543Don't Panic
"It's because there's nothing to talk about" Anti-helium is much more interesting than the zombie phony wormhole creation stunt.
Serious question, what are you referring to?
@@aaronjennings8385 There was a truly bizarre event in particle physics last year in which some string types convinced themselves along with gullible individuals and press that they had created an actual wormhole on quantum computers by running a simplified version of a model that didn't even reflect the universe we live in. Created quite a stir and private embarrassment. It fizzled out once it was exposed but now it's proponents have resurrected it from the dead.
If you want more detailed and technical coverage check out Peter Woit's blog Not Even Wrong. He coined the name The Wormhole Publicity Stunt.
I believe they're talking about the experiment where scientists created a "wormhole" using quantum particles.
ruclips.net/user/shortsnlCiFqhDKDg?si=pDA2G_FWjN8iC0KM
This phony wormhole?
ruclips.net/user/shortsnlCiFqhDKDg?si=pDA2G_FWjN8iC0KM
Cool. At last got info about that Anti-Matter without overly dramatic story arch. And by the way, as new discovery can be start for a new billion dollar industry developent or such, maybe geezers could teach youngsters that people aint studying space just for cool pictures.
You seem to do a good work and subscribed to your channel. Have a nice Autumn.
So many commenters crapping on the scientists hypothesizing about dark matter origins for the antimatter...
Sure it's a bit goofy but I feel the useful part is moreso "Using new observation to improve dark matter model" than "Using dark matter to explain new observation"
Usually: Why is there so little antimatter compared to normal matter?
This time: Why is there so much antimatter?
What ever happened to the old hypothesis that different galactic groups are randomly selected to be matter or antimatter?
not likely due to no flares at the margins with other, opposite galaxies. Since if antimatter is made equal to matter, there is no reason for segregation at all, much less in galaxies or clusters of galaxies.
*I know bs when I hear it! Claiming to have detected a single specific atom in the vastness of space?? No, no you didn't.*
anti-helium makes you scream in a very squeaky voice (very briefly)
It certainly sounds like an anomaly. Has the detector recorded the full path of the anti-helium particles, or just the curvature number ? If it has the full path, that's impossible to ignore.
This could explain why matter exists. If antimatter self reacted during the big bang and became some form of stable, maybe it would explain the existence of well, everything?
Lot of things are composed of anti- matter, we all grew up with them: Antilopes, antibiotics anticipation and so forth...
Antiquity was all about it
We should rename all the anti versions of elements meme names. Example anti element 115, "ETium" or "Alienium" or something other alien related, maybe "antigravitium". Einsteinium (99) could be named runescapium because 99 is maximum lvl in skills. This is a horrible idea, and I love it.
So if we assumed these candidates are real detections, and ran the numbers backwards, assuming that these were stellar wind from anti-matter stars, what would their population have to be like? Is that "a few thousands of anti-matter stars in intergalactic space" or more like "we should be seeing entire cosmic walls of annihilation events"?
That advertisement at the end seemed like it was custom written for Sabine. A product with a little science and a little asteroid. 🙂
Briefly, All Hydrogen becomes helium after millions of years. Ok? There is so few helium atoms in comparison with Hydrogen atoms. This is because Creation means 'start.' Yes, we had a beginning and so did the physical universe! Otherwise, there would just be helium atoms, not hydrogen.
They should make a guess on the probability of such a thing traveling distances in space, what speed is it going. Maybe something happening with the sun is the most likely source because the probability of if originating outside the radius of our solar system is essentially 0 because it would hit something traveling a year in open space.
Sabine, please do find scientific discussion for us. Your delivery your knowledge and your take on science is enlightening, educating and entertaining... Personally, I do not care if it's even things that have been discussed before by others... Your take is always worth my time
A meteorite in a pen, with the argument that it actually flew in outer space, is funny, when you consider that earth flies in space all the time 😄