Really glad that I found your channel. I haven't seen basic electronics laid out like this since high school (which was early '80's). I had it described to me as this: water flows from where there is more water to where there is less water (+ to -) but the pressure (voltage) builds up more from where there is less (- to +). Anyway, I have watched a few of the repair videos and I love that you show the whole thought process, break things down into chunks and not skip over the practical testing of components. I originally thought that this series would be too basic for me. There are very familiar things I am sure to know but in between I am sure that gaps in my knowledge will be filled by these lessons. Looking forward to watching, learning and actually doing more experiments!! Thank you!
I love the electronic history starts here cliff notes...rumkoff, steinmetz, heavinside, thomson...the rabbit holes are astounding...the ones who cut the edge to the ones who mass sell an idea better or not!
Richard, thank you for pointing out that Thomas Eddison was the first person to patent the electric light bulb, rather than invent it. That’s a constant bugbear of mine. I’m enjoying these tutorials, along with your other stuff.
When I first learned of electron flow theory as opposed to conventional flow, I was all sorts of confused for a long time. The Khan Academy has some good vedeos on electronics and one of them covered this. He just recomends that you think of conventional flow as the movement of positive ions rather than getting hung up on electrons. This is easy with things like sodium and chloride ions of course but it really helped me get over the frustration of writting circuits that are backwards from reality of electron flow.
Thank you for you in depth explanations. I work with control boards all the time. When the warranty is expired on a board we throw them away. I think now i will try to fix them because you showed me its possible to do
Richard, if you want to really rattle your brain, consider current as hole flow. In a semiconductor, holes are created when an electron is excited from the valence band to the conduction band. This leaves behind a vacancy in the valence band, which can be filled by another electron. The movement of this vacancy from one atom to another is what is known as hole flow. The direction of hole flow is opposite to the direction of electron flow. This is because holes are effectively positive charges, and they are attracted to the negative terminal of a voltage source. When an electric field is applied to a semiconductor, holes will move towards the negative terminal, while electrons will move towards the positive terminal. The concept of hole flow can be a bit confusing, but it is important to remember that holes are not actually particles. They are simply vacancies in the valence band. However, they can be treated as if they were particles with a positive charge. Hole flow plays an important role in the operation of many semiconductor devices, such as transistors and diodes. In a transistor, for example, the flow of holes is used to control the flow of electrons. In summary, hole flow is the movement of vacancies in the valence band of a semiconductor. Holes are effectively positive charges, and they move in the opposite direction to electrons. Hole flow plays an important role in the operation of many semiconductor devices.
There is something similar with magnets. The S and N poles of magnets were named as such by the way they tend to orientate in Earth's magnetic field - S would orient towards south and N towards north. But this would essentially make the Earth's north pole the magnetic S pole and the other way around. The schematic symbols for transistors and diodes have their arrow signs pointing at the way of conventional current flow, from P towards N - which is logical if you think that the holes in the P type actually travel that way.
Convectional current can be said to be the current of the positive charge. The positive charge moves from + to -, while the negative charge moves with the electrons.
And he never mentioned “hole” flow which nicely maps to conventional current flow. As I pulled into the parking slot at a store, I told my six year old son that our car has filled that parking space and it is now gone. Then I asked him where did that space go? To my delight he said, “Dad, that space us now in our garage at home.”
The V,I,R and P,I,V triangles are cool 😃 They're like the Speed, Distance, Time triangle formulas we learnat in school 💡 (..I wonder if you worked out all the triangles, and then connected them, if you would have a key to the universe? 🤔🤔. If they can connect like tiles 🤔. Tesselate.. wait, "Tesla"??!?...3,6,9, the keys to the universe🤯)
If I am not mistaken there was a fight going between Edison and Tesla about DC Direct Current and AC Alternating Current where Edison was proving how dangerous AC was in horrible ways....
Very good Richard, might be worth mentioning the speed of electron flow is fairly slow (maybe an inch a minute in copper) .... as my teacher used to quiz ... “how come if I switch off the lights it is dark before I can get into bed?” 😀
J J Thompson was British not American. Born in Manchester , studied at Manchester and studied and taught at Cambridge (Trinity). Died in Cambridge. And if I remember my Cambridge/Nobel history correctly, he and his son and 6 or so students are recipients of 8 Nobel prizes, more than most countries can claim.
When studying electronics at College my lecturers told us that the reason they didnt realise which way electricty flowed was due to some sort of microscope where originally when they looked at electricity flowing they thought it went one way (conventional current flow) and when better microscopes got invented they realised they were watching the 'hole' left behind by an electron as it flowed through a circuit and in fact the electrons were flowing in the opposite direction to what they originally thought! Seems we were taught complete nonsense by them after watching this!!
when i started to learn about electronics nearly everthing used valves so it made sence that electrons went from the negative cathode to the posative anode .but how did a rectifier work where it looks like electrons flow from anode to cathode of coarse the cant . the came soliid state where as you say the varows are the wronge way round though it makes the circuit rasier to under stand when my tuter started talking about elecrtons jumping into holes flowing from the p to the n junction yet real life seemed to show the oppsit my head ached and even all thease years later i still get confused
This is something that has annoyed me for over 40 years. We have known the actual direction of current flow for over 120 years and yet we STILL teach the opposite of the facts... which confuses people no end. I don't understand why we continue to do this. Even the symbol for a diode is stupid.. wouldn't it have made a lot more sense to draw the arrow in the direction the electrons flow?.. They had that chance and they messed it up. I learned my electronics when glass bottles which glow and get hot enough to burn you were still common even in TV's. These days I make rather good money every blue moon repairing the old amps musicians tend to lug around.. one of a dying breed of old school amp techs. 800V @ 2A ?.. no worries mate.. teaches you where to not put your fingers.. hahaha
Any modern chemist worth his/ her salt ( pun intended ) will know that the electron flow must be from ground to positive, because of the way redox-reactions (The classical Copper-Zinc battery relies on them) work. Copper has a higher Electronegativity (see: Pauling Scale) than Zinc and thus will become the Anode (Positive terminal) and dissolve the Zinc into Zinc Ions, loosing electrons towards the Copper in the process. Once this process is complete, the battery will be flat.
"Ground" is whatever you define it to be. It has no inherent polarity. In vacuum tube (thermionic valve) and NPN transistor circuits "ground" is normally power supply negative. In PNP transistor circuits, very common when most transistors were germanium, "ground" was normally the power supply positive.
@@d614gakadoug9I didn't know that, interesting. In modern DC electronics, ground is mostly the relative negative pole and that's what I'm referring to here.
Current going backwards and forwards? Sounds like you are living in an alternate reality. Next thing we know you'll be telling us that in mosfets current flows from the drain to the source. 😁
I CAN'T STAND CUURENT FLOW. BECAUSE CURRENT IS AMPS. YOU DON'T SAY AMPS FLOW. NO YOU SAY POWER FLOW. VOLTS TIMES AMPS IS POWER. ITS POWER FLOW. SAID YOUR PROMOTER. THANKS
Yes, we do say current flows, in both electronics and physics in general. The ampere is an SI base unit. We can measure current and observe and measure the effects of current flow while knowing absolutely nothing about the total power involved.
Really glad that I found your channel. I haven't seen basic electronics laid out like this since high school (which was early '80's). I had it described to me as this: water flows from where there is more water to where there is less water (+ to -) but the pressure (voltage) builds up more from where there is less (- to +).
Anyway, I have watched a few of the repair videos and I love that you show the whole thought process, break things down into chunks and not skip over the practical testing of components. I originally thought that this series would be too basic for me. There are very familiar things I am sure to know but in between I am sure that gaps in my knowledge will be filled by these lessons. Looking forward to watching, learning and actually doing more experiments!! Thank you!
I love the electronic history starts here cliff notes...rumkoff, steinmetz, heavinside, thomson...the rabbit holes are astounding...the ones who cut the edge to the ones who mass sell an idea better or not!
Richard, thank you for pointing out that Thomas Eddison was the first person to patent the electric light bulb, rather than invent it. That’s a constant bugbear of mine.
I’m enjoying these tutorials, along with your other stuff.
Swan developed it and had patents too. He was a few years ahead of most others. Hence EdiSwan company.
When I first learned of electron flow theory as opposed to conventional flow, I was all sorts of confused for a long time. The Khan Academy has some good vedeos on electronics and one of them covered this. He just recomends that you think of conventional flow as the movement of positive ions rather than getting hung up on electrons. This is easy with things like sodium and chloride ions of course but it really helped me get over the frustration of writting circuits that are backwards from reality of electron flow.
Thank you for you in depth explanations. I work with control boards all the time. When the warranty is expired on a board we throw them away. I think now i will try to fix them because you showed me its possible to do
Thanks Richard another informative class. Cheers mate 👍
Richard, if you want to really rattle your brain, consider current as hole flow.
In a semiconductor, holes are created when an electron is excited from the valence band to the conduction band. This leaves behind a vacancy in the valence band, which can be filled by another electron. The movement of this vacancy from one atom to another is what is known as hole flow.
The direction of hole flow is opposite to the direction of electron flow. This is because holes are effectively positive charges, and they are attracted to the negative terminal of a voltage source. When an electric field is applied to a semiconductor, holes will move towards the negative terminal, while electrons will move towards the positive terminal.
The concept of hole flow can be a bit confusing, but it is important to remember that holes are not actually particles. They are simply vacancies in the valence band. However, they can be treated as if they were particles with a positive charge.
Hole flow plays an important role in the operation of many semiconductor devices, such as transistors and diodes. In a transistor, for example, the flow of holes is used to control the flow of electrons.
In summary, hole flow is the movement of vacancies in the valence band of a semiconductor. Holes are effectively positive charges, and they move in the opposite direction to electrons. Hole flow plays an important role in the operation of many semiconductor devices.
And, What's your point?
Semiconductor physics is wonderful 😅
Thank you
There is something similar with magnets. The S and N poles of magnets were named as such by the way they tend to orientate in Earth's magnetic field - S would orient towards south and N towards north. But this would essentially make the Earth's north pole the magnetic S pole and the other way around.
The schematic symbols for transistors and diodes have their arrow signs pointing at the way of conventional current flow, from P towards N - which is logical if you think that the holes in the P type actually travel that way.
Convectional current can be said to be the current of the positive charge. The positive charge moves from + to -, while the negative charge moves with the electrons.
Thanks Richard, have a blessed week amen
Thankyou
Heya this is gone be a very good series
And he never mentioned “hole” flow which nicely maps to conventional current flow. As I pulled into the parking slot at a store, I told my six year old son that our car has filled that parking space and it is now gone. Then I asked him where did that space go? To my delight he said, “Dad, that space us now in our garage at home.”
The V,I,R and P,I,V triangles are cool 😃 They're like the Speed, Distance, Time triangle formulas we learnat in school 💡
(..I wonder if you worked out all the triangles, and then connected them, if you would have a key to the universe? 🤔🤔. If they can connect like tiles 🤔. Tesselate.. wait, "Tesla"??!?...3,6,9, the keys to the universe🤯)
If I am not mistaken there was a fight going between Edison and Tesla about DC Direct Current and AC Alternating Current where Edison was proving how dangerous AC was in horrible ways....
That's how the electric chair was invented
Not to mention that Edison killed an elephant
Spot on my guy. Indeed correct.
Very good Richard, might be worth mentioning the speed of electron flow is fairly slow (maybe an inch a minute in copper) .... as my teacher used to quiz ... “how come if I switch off the lights it is dark before I can get into bed?” 😀
Think of the sea
The waves move fairly quickly but the sea doesn’t
👌👌👍👍
Do you have a video where you show on a PCB where the current flows?
negative pole push the electrons (negative charged) away . So from - to +
J J Thompson was British not American. Born in Manchester , studied at Manchester and studied and taught at Cambridge (Trinity). Died in Cambridge. And if I remember my Cambridge/Nobel history correctly, he and his son and 6 or so students are recipients of 8 Nobel prizes, more than most countries can claim.
The negative/positive aspect here made me more confused than before! Does this affect how you would design a circuit?
When studying electronics at College my lecturers told us that the reason they didnt realise which way electricty flowed was due to some sort of microscope where originally when they looked at electricity flowing they thought it went one way (conventional current flow) and when better microscopes got invented they realised they were watching the 'hole' left behind by an electron as it flowed through a circuit and in fact the electrons were flowing in the opposite direction to what they originally thought! Seems we were taught complete nonsense by them after watching this!!
when i started to learn about electronics nearly everthing used valves so it made sence that electrons went from the negative cathode to the posative anode .but how did a rectifier work where it looks like electrons flow from anode to cathode of coarse the cant .
the came soliid state where as you say the varows are the wronge way round though it makes the circuit rasier to under stand
when my tuter started talking about elecrtons jumping into holes flowing from the p to the n junction yet real life seemed to show the oppsit my head ached and even all thease years later i still get confused
"If like, you can still believe it. But it's still wrong." 😎 How to stay married 101.
Is it important to know the history of electricity to learn electronics?
This is something that has annoyed me for over 40 years. We have known the actual direction of current flow for over 120 years and yet we STILL teach the opposite of the facts... which confuses people no end. I don't understand why we continue to do this. Even the symbol for a diode is stupid.. wouldn't it have made a lot more sense to draw the arrow in the direction the electrons flow?.. They had that chance and they messed it up.
I learned my electronics when glass bottles which glow and get hot enough to burn you were still common even in TV's. These days I make rather good money every blue moon repairing the old amps musicians tend to lug around.. one of a dying breed of old school amp techs. 800V @ 2A ?.. no worries mate.. teaches you where to not put your fingers.. hahaha
taxation and tracking is more important for wealth transfer
Any modern chemist worth his/ her salt ( pun intended ) will know that the electron flow must be from ground to positive, because of the way redox-reactions (The classical Copper-Zinc battery relies on them) work.
Copper has a higher Electronegativity (see: Pauling Scale) than Zinc and thus will become the Anode (Positive terminal) and dissolve the Zinc into Zinc Ions, loosing electrons towards the Copper in the process. Once this process is complete, the battery will be flat.
"Ground" is whatever you define it to be. It has no inherent polarity.
In vacuum tube (thermionic valve) and NPN transistor circuits "ground" is normally power supply negative. In PNP transistor circuits, very common when most transistors were germanium, "ground" was normally the power supply positive.
@@d614gakadoug9I didn't know that, interesting. In modern DC electronics, ground is mostly the relative negative pole and that's what I'm referring to here.
Current going backwards and forwards? Sounds like you are living in an alternate reality. Next thing we know you'll be telling us that in mosfets current flows from the drain to the source. 😁
Thompson was British not American
I CAN'T STAND CUURENT FLOW. BECAUSE CURRENT IS AMPS. YOU DON'T SAY AMPS FLOW. NO YOU SAY POWER FLOW. VOLTS TIMES AMPS IS POWER. ITS POWER FLOW. SAID YOUR PROMOTER. THANKS
Yes, we do say current flows, in both electronics and physics in general. The ampere is an SI base unit.
We can measure current and observe and measure the effects of current flow while knowing absolutely nothing about the total power involved.