Transferring Files between the Amiga and modern PCs

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  • Опубликовано: 30 ноя 2024

Комментарии • 220

  • @kpanic23
    @kpanic23 4 года назад +34

    If you're running Linux, you don't even need UAE: The Linux Kernel natively supports the Amiga filesystem. That's how I copied the CF drivers onto my A600: I removed the Amiga's hard drive and connected it to my Linux box via a 2.5" to 3.5" IDE adapter. (USB to IDE adapters only work with drives supporting LBA, i.e. Drives >500MB). After loading the AmigaFS Kernel module, I could just mount the Amiga's hard drive and copy everything I needed onto it.
    On an Amiga with SCSI, you could also use some removable disk (ZIP, JAZ, Syquest, external HDD, whatever...) and the appropriate drive and/or SCSI adapter in your Linux box to bulk transfer files. Great for transferring files to and from an Amiga 2000 for example.
    By the way: I haven't yet found one single USB floppy drive that couldn't use DD floppies. I have 6 of these IBM drives, two TEAC and one Sony, all of them can read, write and format 720k disks without any problem.

    • @ColinJonesPonder
      @ColinJonesPonder 4 года назад +2

      It doesn't support the SFS format, at least not that I've found. FFS no problem whatsoever though.

    • @AtariSTGuy
      @AtariSTGuy 4 года назад

      #ubuntu

    • @ColinJonesPonder
      @ColinJonesPonder 4 года назад

      Mint 19.2... Nope. As I said, FFS no problem, SFS no go.

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад +4

      Oh, didn't know it still supports it. Nice. I definitely have to do more linux in the future. At least I used the dd command a couple of times already (for old Macintosh stuff). ;)

    • @kpanic23
      @kpanic23 4 года назад +1

      @@ColinJonesPonder Up until now I didn't even know SFS was a thing 😄
      Well, TIL!

  • @datacreed
    @datacreed 4 года назад +3

    I did this with a home made "null modem" serial port cable in 1992 between my 386SX and A500. Was a rewarding way to get shared files from PC floppy to the A500. :)

  • @zap2002
    @zap2002 4 года назад +6

    Good video. I use IOMEGA Zip 250 drives for transfers. SCSI on my Amiga and USB on my PC. You can format both drives on WinUAE and copy files. They mount as 250 meg hard disks.

    • @IanRomanick
      @IanRomanick 4 года назад +1

      I've been using this method since the week the original Zip drive was released. I pretty much just use FAT formatted disks. Long file names can easily be "hidden" inside zip, tar, or lha files.

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад +2

      Oh, very cool method. I wish I still had a ZIP drive. I used to have an internal and an external one for my PCs but I sold them ages ago (before I thought about getting back into the Amiga stuff).

  • @SuperVstech
    @SuperVstech 4 года назад +3

    Another easy way is with a nulmodem serial cable and the free amiga forever amiga explorer.
    Mounts floppy and hard disks to the amiga and vice versa

    • @005AGIMA
      @005AGIMA 4 года назад +1

      About to try this this weekend hopefully. I have an A500 with 1MB Ram but no HDD lol so this could be interesting....First step...to the shops. They actually have null modem cables in stock at my local electronics store BUT....from what I can see on their website, they are D9 pin, and I can't see a D9 to D25 adapter listed. I think I'll end up coming some with a set of bare D9 and D25 connectors, and some cable...and break out the soldering iron and make my own cable. Ah it's great to be 16 again lol.

    • @SuperVstech
      @SuperVstech 4 года назад +1

      005 AGIMA the process is fairly well explained on the amiga forever site.
      They even have the wire pin outs to make your own cable.

    • @005AGIMA
      @005AGIMA 4 года назад

      @@SuperVstech Yeah already looked into it. Went to the shops today and have a null modem cable and the bits I need to 1) Make the D25 to D9 adapter, and 2) enough bits to make another null modem cable just for the fun of it lol

  • @rossdag4232
    @rossdag4232 4 года назад

    JAN IS GOOOD AT HIS REPAIRS FROM ROSS

  • @LeftoverBeefcake
    @LeftoverBeefcake 4 года назад +1

    Stuff I've tried on my Amiga 500 with Workbench 3.1.4:
    - Null Modem cable on Amiga serial port and Cloanto's Amiga Explorer software on the PC
    - Compact Flash card using the ACA500+ expansion device
    - FTP into a Raspberry Pi using Miami TCP/IP stack (I don't remember what FTP server I'm using on the Pi)
    - Gotek floppy emulator device replacing the A500 internal floppy drive
    - terminal program on both the Amiga and Raspberry Pi
    For ease of use / convenience I find the Compact Flash and Gotek are the best, especially since my Amiga and PC share a desk. I use a program called ADF Opus on the PC to create/edit the ADF floppy images.
    The Amiga Explorer software works nicely, but I had some hiccups setting it up the first time.
    The terminal programs work for simple ASCII text transfers as the simple terminal I'm using on the Pi (GTKTerm) doesn't support anything more than that.
    FTP has been the hardest because for whatever reason most of the FTP programs I've used on the Amiga don't want to work. I suppose with more fiddling around I can get something going. Lately I've also tried Samba file sharing over my network but I keep getting crashes and have yet to figure out what's going wrong.

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад +1

      Thanks! I'll have to try some serial/network stuff. Unfortunately I got the wrong serial cable otherwise I would have included things in the video... D'oh. :)

    • @LeftoverBeefcake
      @LeftoverBeefcake 4 года назад

      I sure people won't mind a Part 2 to this... :D

  • @benbaselet2026
    @benbaselet2026 4 года назад

    I just clicked this video during copying files to my A1200 via a CF card in aPCMCIA adapter :) Whole 8 megabytes at a time... that's the size of my first CF card in my first digital camera. Still works like a charm.

  • @bigandyt-man3010
    @bigandyt-man3010 4 года назад +7

    Jan Beta rules! Thank you for such great videos, i just subscribed and i love watching all your old videos too.

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад +1

      Lol, thanks! :)

  • @Turtle_1976
    @Turtle_1976 4 года назад +5

    Perfect! Just recently got an Amiga 2000 and this is just what I needed!

    • @smilespray
      @smilespray 4 года назад +3

      Lucky bastard.

    • @anakondase
      @anakondase 4 года назад +1

      You should get an X-Surf or X-Surf 100 for your 2000, that way you just transfer stuff over your network. A lot more convenient.

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад +1

      Yeah, X-Surf is probably the most convenient way for the big box Amigas. I have yet to get one (or maybe another network device) for my A2000.

    • @anakondase
      @anakondase 4 года назад

      @@JanBeta Finding a classic NIC for Zorro slots are difficult, the best bet is an X-Surf 100. I'm thinking of getting one for my A4000 even though I have an Ariadne II.

  • @jaycee1980
    @jaycee1980 4 года назад +1

    I was a DiskMaster2 fan as well.. got it from Amiga Format and heavily customised it :)

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      Yeah, I always considered it a lot less clunky than DOpus while being just as powerful (with some customizations at least). :)

    • @DerykRobosson
      @DerykRobosson 4 года назад

      I didn't mind DM2, though I typically used Directory Opus, and still do to this day at v12.19.

  • @catriona_drummond
    @catriona_drummond 4 года назад

    if you have no equipment and want to do it the hard way you can pack adfblitzer with lha on the PC. Then use crossdos on the amiga to read PC floppies, un-lha adfblitzer and then transfer packed adf files via disk as long as they are not to big for a PC DD floppy.

  • @10MARC
    @10MARC 4 года назад +1

    Great information, Jan! I use the CF cards via PCMCIA to transfer between several of my Amiga's, and my A4000 has USB and a card reader, so it can join in the fun, too!

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад +1

      Thanks Doug. Adding USB of course makes things a lot more convenient still. :)

  • @scuzzamiga5004
    @scuzzamiga5004 4 года назад

    My 1200 has the SCSI KIT off the Blizzard and that connects to SCSI external drives, ZIP drive and CDROM. This frees up the PCMCIA which has an Ethernet card and is connected to a port hub linked to several PCs and the internet using Broadband. The SCSI KIT provides a SCSI port on the back of the A1200. The trick is to use a Win98 machine with USB, CD-writer and also the floppy drive that supports the lower capacity as a slave machine. I also have HD floppy drives from Power Computing that support the HD drives of the higher capacity. The A4000 if with two drives most likely is HD anyway. The 3000 comes with SCSI as does the back of the 590 and GVP on the 500 so get a ZIP drive. The Ethernet uses Samba and MiamiDX to link directly to the PC and so copying is easy. PCs also have the 100MB ZIP drives and so I can copy stuff that way. For the 500s I have Parnet or the Aminet Serial network to use and so I copy from the Amiga 1200/4000 to the 500s with the GVP and A590s or the Viper using Parnet. Once in the system I can get the stuff flowing around and with CDs on many machines I just burn and have disks on tap. The ZIPs can cover most bases though. I use old PCs cus they are easy to maintain and I can have large hard drives for storage plus the ZIP, USB and CD Writer. The only machines not on the network are Win7 and Win10 machines. Though with USB, CDs and the USB floppy I can move stuff around pretty quick. You did touch on the FAT but didn't explain the issues with file names. If they are all long similar names and no FAT then the Amiga will see all files as the same name. And ZIPs can be formatted PC or Amiga stylie like disks from the Amiga so can be read direct from the PC. Just get a pull out ZIP swap bay cheap and move that around or get a Parallel ZIP drive for the PC if no SCSI.
    On a floppy disk based system its pretty difficult setting anything up to transfer as you need the hard drive. The trick is always to have two Amigas so you can use the Parnet or Serial. I like SCSI so on the 2000 get a GVP internal card with the hd and the external SCSI drive and buy a ZIP SCSI off the Bay and use the ZIP DOSDriver off Aminet. 100MB covers most bases for file transfers. I have SurfSquirrel on my one 1200 and the ZIP boots in on startup. You can actually use a ZIP as a boot disc for most Amigas including the Amiga 1000 without an internal hard drive. Just that the ZIP is a great way to move stuff about cus you are portable being able to carry your Workbench around with you all the time.
    I am intrigued why you don't have DOpus set up on your machine and use that for all these functions. Using the Workbench is so slow. Also have a file left out on the bench with your drivers if you don't want to auto mount. PCMCIA doesn't always work by the way and you need the cardreset tool off Aminet and start that before you do anything. Gets over the bug with the PCMCIA.
    PS I have over 120 Amigas and over 30 Amiga 1200s. I never use an Emulator or CF card and would never hack an Amiga with anything that damages the case. My drives are 2.5 or 3.5 and if you look after them will last a life time. Just saying. Mostly files are moving from Amiga to Amiga anyway as I have over 13000 real disks and all the software for the Amiga anyway.. most is boxed.
    Just check out my website... Google scuzz and amiga.

  • @ChrisM541
    @ChrisM541 Год назад

    Thank you so much, Jan, for this extremely helpful video. I've just rediscovered my old A1200 (has HDD + expansion board), and was looking at backing up some of the things I was working on 30+ years ago (that went toooo fast!), including a platform game designer utility written in assembly using ASM-One. Thankfully the A1200 still boots up, with everything accessible, though had to get a beefier PSU from Poland. Thankfully also, the platform designer still compiles and the demo game plays pretty well.
    I'll also need to research what I need to do to help protect this old machine e.g. replace motherboard batteries etc. Thanks again. Subbed.

  • @AS-ly3jp
    @AS-ly3jp 4 года назад

    Hi! I had similar problems with copying files to 2dd disks for my Commodore pc-10 III under Windows8 and was almost going nuts.
    So I searched the internet and found this:
    To format a 2dd disk under Dos you have to type in "format a: /t:80 /n:9" I had to take in the disk before starting dos. This worked fine with me.
    Jan Beta rocks!!! Saugeiles Video! Danke! 🖖🏻

  • @christopherbaar4498
    @christopherbaar4498 4 года назад +2

    Definitely an informative video. On my own A1200, I have a Subway USB card installed on my clockport, and I can use any FAT32 formatted USB stick with it. But that's a bit more of an expensive solution and I don't even know if those cards are still available, so definitely good job on showing multiple low cost alternatives.

    • @anakondase
      @anakondase 4 года назад

      Just to note for those that do not know, A1200's are the only Amigas that have clockports so even if it's possible to buy the Subway it won't work in anything else without adding more hard to find hardware.

    • @christopherbaar4498
      @christopherbaar4498 4 года назад

      anakondase I had completely forgotten about that. Everything he showed should work as is on an A600, and aside from the PCMCIA card, the rest should work for any Amiga.

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад +1

      There's some expansion cards (for example the Individual Computers stuff) that adds clock port functionality to other Amigas, too. I think they also offer a USB expansion for the clock port still. So that's definitely an option.

    • @anakondase
      @anakondase 4 года назад

      @@JanBeta I know. Not sure if any of those are avaliable though.

  • @johandenhertog6878
    @johandenhertog6878 4 года назад +1

    On my A1200 PCMCIA limit is 8GB with WB 3.1-BetterWB 4.3 and on WB 3.1.4.1-BestWB 1.3. Use original ROM chips the 3.1.4 are with serial number. Have use 16GB but that is unstable. On my A500 i use the ACA500Plus which is to fast with the AUX port. Have a speed of 7MB/s and can use 32GB CF card on it. Haven’t try it with 64GB. WB 3.1.4.1 and BestWB 1.3 is a must for A500 and A1200.

  • @SolitaryBro
    @SolitaryBro 4 года назад

    I will watch this when I have more time to relax, eg not between shifts in the week... This video topic I am really looking forwards to watching! Thank Jan!!

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад +1

      Hope you enjoy. :)

  • @juzujuzu4555
    @juzujuzu4555 4 года назад +1

    Every Amiga / Commodore fan owes to him/herself to learn Linux. While building your own Gentoo Linux is certainly out of question for most, it's the one thing that makes PC interesting in ways that Amiga was (almost).

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      Good point. I think you are definitely right from a "tinkering with the system" point of view. :)

  • @MikkoPietarinen
    @MikkoPietarinen 4 года назад

    Back in those days, i had PC emulator and external floppy drive for Amiga 500. PC in my school had no problem to read files from those floppy discs, saved with pc emulator.

  • @markevans6790
    @markevans6790 4 года назад

    Great video as always Jan. On my A500 setup I used to use the GOTEK method with WinUAE, but have just acquired a SCSI2SD card. My drives are all on the SD card and I can mount this in WinUAE and see my setup as if on the A500, so transferring files is great. I have also installed ADFer and Imagemount after seeing you use them as they look very useful.

  • @zuur303
    @zuur303 4 года назад +3

    When I went from Amiga to PC, I nullmodemed all my SoundTracker floppies, hoping I could use my samples in Impulse. Sadly no program I found could read the iff files, probably because you had to manually edit samples to remove a part of it since it produced an audible click if you didn't. All those ST discs. Lost like... tears in rain.

    • @msalperen1
      @msalperen1 4 года назад +1

      Goldwave could open iff files as long as I remember.

  • @mikatorkkeli4932
    @mikatorkkeli4932 4 года назад +1

    serial port with null modem cable works nice, theres software for win and amiga to transfer stuff. its a nice option. But if you dont have a harddrive or only a500, theres a project to use arduino and a pc floppydrive to write amiga native disks on a pc, easy project and its on my todo list :)

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад +1

      Definitely want to try that. In fact, I wanted to iclude serial in this video but I bought the wrong cable... D'oh. ;)

  • @fundi_mike
    @fundi_mike 4 года назад

    Rather than looking for old windows to format your disk you can use the amiga/crossdos to format the 720kb disk directly. Just mount PC0: insert disk (then wait a second) and workbench will show PC0:NDOS then format it through the workbench menu (or shell).
    Totally different strategy is to use a (re)writeable CD

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      Oh, didn't know you could format the disk as a PC disk from the Amiga. Thanks! :)

  • @RacerX-
    @RacerX- 4 года назад

    Nice video, Mr. Beta. Informative as always. I too use a Mac to transfer files and the dot files are annoying.
    There is a tool in macOS to get rid of them. Just in case others don't know about it, open terminal then use "dot_clean -m" (don't hit return yet) and then drag and drop your card or usb stick or whatever you are using to transfer (the icon) to the line in the terminal directly after the command. The path to the drive will appear and then you can hit "return" and in a few seconds all those dot files will be gone. Simply eject the drive and you won't see them on the Amiga.
    Example: "dot_clean -m /Volumes/Blank/" - This will delete (-m is on option to always delete dot underbar files) on the disk "Blank". "man dot_clean" has more info.
    Your mileage may very and use caution because if you do this on your Macs main HD you may mess up certain icon locations, positions and other things as those files are used by macOS, you just can't normally see them.
    Here is another ADF tool that works great: bitplan.pl/goadf/index.html

  • @neophytealpha
    @neophytealpha 4 года назад

    You could use a 720 DD drive, use a 3.5 to USB adapter potentially.

  • @chriskarson4881
    @chriskarson4881 3 года назад

    Im sure laplink cables would work... certainly the serial cables. There is also a faster parallel version, but there would have to be a program compatible with that. Just use terminal programs on each end... it would work in a pinch.

  • @sheep1ewe
    @sheep1ewe 4 года назад +3

    Thank You for uploading!
    I realy like the tempo and the sympatic impression on Your channel, i wish more people here did the same, You are a great inspiration Jan!

    • @SolitaryBro
      @SolitaryBro 4 года назад

      What is this word "sympartic?" But you must be right! (:

    • @sheep1ewe
      @sheep1ewe 4 года назад

      @@SolitaryBro Fixed it.

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад +1

      Oh, thank you! Glad to hear that. :D

  • @mdftrasher
    @mdftrasher 2 года назад

    Thank you for video.
    I had the same problem, copying files from my a500 hd
    I went another direction, via serial.
    I have soldered a null modem cable (db25-db9) and used hypercom and ncomm to copy files.
    Not the fasted way, but who is in a hurry ;-)

  • @005AGIMA
    @005AGIMA 4 года назад

    Format C? Hehe glad you stopped there :D I remember my first PC and the day I actually did Format C...and I didn't do "Format C: /s" either. Glad I had the PC manual handy. Learned very fast how to install DOS from scratch lol after my initial fears I'd just bricked the machine haha.

  • @pnvgordinho
    @pnvgordinho 4 года назад +1

    I remember that back in the day, that I could connect a windows pc hard drive to my Amiga and it would recognize it and I could copy files.
    If I tried the other way, the pc would even detect an Amiga hard drive. :)
    Your 1200 looks cool. Now you just have to change that keyboard for a new one.

    • @randymulder9105
      @randymulder9105 2 года назад

      Can I get my document files to be readable in a PC and then open in Word??
      This is what I need to do.
      Clearly the files are not compatible but I would hope that maybe someone has made it possible. It would be a dream to get my Amiga word processor files into Word.
      Is this a way to do that to?
      Or is this just for games...adf files?

  • @simongabor89
    @simongabor89 4 года назад

    OMG This setup is unbelievable!

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад +1

      I love it! :)

  • @doktor6495
    @doktor6495 4 года назад

    Gotek I think is the most easy way to get software from PC (adf files from the internet) to your Amiga. Especially for beginners.
    Greetings, Doc64!

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      Yes, definitely a very convenient way of doing things. :)

  • @tahustvedt
    @tahustvedt 4 года назад

    I use a 1 GB SD card as a harddisk in my A500 with a DIY TF534 accelerator. It's super convenient, with Classic Workbench (and WHDLoad).

  • @simonj48
    @simonj48 4 года назад

    I remember being in school and I had an Amig at the time. Trying to transfer my Wordworth's text document and my Deluxe Paint art over to a Windows 3.1 machine using CrossDOS. What a mess it made of it. All the files would get messed up when being read on the PC side. Pictures would become garbled, text documents would have their formatting all over the place and random data added in there. It was just not worth it, and ended up getting a 486 PC. Sad times, but at least that worked with the school machines.

  • @hollgo626
    @hollgo626 4 года назад +1

    For the 1200 you need 16 bit PCMCIA Adapters. The later 32 bit ones only work on later pcmcia versions (pc card labelled for example are 32 bit in most cases) even only CF I cf cards work with the pcmcia adapter, modern cf IIs dont work...

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      Makes sense! Thanks for pointing that out! :)

    • @hollgo626
      @hollgo626 4 года назад

      You recognise 32bit pcmcias by the little copper plate on one side of the slot plug...

  • @CompuforceWally
    @CompuforceWally 4 года назад +2

    Thanks for this upload. You should also try GoADF! it has many features AIO showcasing what you did with ADFer/Blitzer ;)

    • @ottovandepomp8591
      @ottovandepomp8591 4 года назад +1

      Goadf is nice indeed you can also mount the adf under workbench read or copy the files from it

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад +1

      I will! Heard about it but completely forgot to give it a try as of yet.

  • @jimmihenry
    @jimmihenry 4 года назад

    Dear Jan, there is a method to copy your AMIGA stuff to a ADF file using the PC hardware only. This is the case when you ran out of space in yur palace,
    or you don't wont to wake up your sleeping Amiga. I wonted to try the old known transfer method with the Amiga Explorer from Amiga give me all you'r money
    Forever but never took time to do it. Than a clever guy, Robert Smith made a mazing project with a PC Floppy and a Arduino. I allways knew PC drive could
    not read Amiga stuff, obviously Rob knew better. All you need is a Arduino and a PC floppy drive, some jumper wire, 1Kohm resistor, FTDI breakoutboard RS232
    (the cheapest will do) and a 5V power supply. My floppy was fine with 5 Volt (i do not recomend the ribbon floppy disk cable unless you cut it, because of the
    twist in the floppy cable...! Your Arduino will heat up, just use jumperwire). Rob's Documentation and tutorial fits everyone, even those who don't know what
    a transistor is!
    Link to the project: amiga.robsmithdev.co.uk/
    Link to the Files: github.com/RobSmithDev/ArduinoFloppyDiskReader
    The project is licesede by GNU, i looked it up. Gnu is a african antelope. Should be fine to use it without any copyright issue.

  • @matthiasgoethel9213
    @matthiasgoethel9213 Год назад

    Hi Jan, just installed OS3.2 and while adf files are recognized, they are appearing as unformated disk on the screen after trying to mount them. I tried imagemout also but with the same result. It seem to be the case that something is missing. Do you have any clue?

  • @mnemo70
    @mnemo70 4 года назад

    Another method: Use a plipbox LAN interface on the parallel port, this is what I used on my Amiga 3000. You just need to get the drivers and TCP/IP stack onto the Amiga - by disk, of course. ;)

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      Yes, makes sense if you have a way of connecting to LAN. :)

    • @mnemo70
      @mnemo70 4 года назад

      @@JanBeta The "LAN" would just be a cable to any other computer with an FTP server. ;)

    • @mnemo70
      @mnemo70 4 года назад

      @@JanBeta Wait... if this isn't known: The plipbox *is* a parallel port LAN adapter for Amigas. lallafa.de/blog/amiga-projects/plipbox/

  • @blackcountryme
    @blackcountryme 4 года назад +4

    I have an Amiga 500 somewhere, no mouse though. Might dig it out if I can be bothered

    • @aziztcf
      @aziztcf 4 года назад

      You can get USB mouse adapters for cheap on ebay.

  • @vemundthorbjrnsen8019
    @vemundthorbjrnsen8019 4 года назад

    good stuff as usual Jan

  • @IanRomanick
    @IanRomanick 4 года назад

    As far as I'm aware, the USB protocol for floppy drives only supports 1.44MB disks. Some drives can read 720k disks, but I have yet to encounter a drive that can write or format a 720k disk. All of my experience with this has been on Linux.

    • @mnemo70
      @mnemo70 4 года назад

      I was given an external floppy drive that can format 720K disks. It was specifically for transferring data from my Amiga 3000. I would have to look up which type it is.

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      Yes, I've seen some that explicitly say "suitable for 720k" in the product description. Mine unfortunately isn't.

  • @MatthewSuffidy
    @MatthewSuffidy 4 года назад +1

    I transferred some adfs to my pc through the serial. My parents threw out my Amiga without me around, but I don't really grieve. I got a lot of the adfs for uae for Linux.

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      Yes, used to do that back in the day, too. Would have included it in this video but I have the wrong cable it seems... D'oh!

  • @WizardNumberNext
    @WizardNumberNext 4 года назад

    The "Hard limit" for standard file system is 4gb, as MC680x0 is 32bit and bytes are addressed directly (I don't know why it was not fixed with Fast File System, it got upgraded to 512B block size)

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      Probably they thought larger drives were science fiction at the time... ;)

  • @HoboVibingToMusic
    @HoboVibingToMusic 4 года назад +1

    While waiting for a ACA500, might as well do this stuff :D

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      Oh, yeah, the ACA makes things more convenient even. ;)

    • @hollgo626
      @hollgo626 4 года назад

      ACA is nice but you always have something sticking out of your Amiga Expansion Port, file transfer is as easy as with an Amiga 600 or 1200 with this thing of course..

    • @HoboVibingToMusic
      @HoboVibingToMusic 4 года назад

      @@hollgo626 I honestly don't mind it, and i really am on budget. Since I'm still a young moron xD

  • @bugbloke1975
    @bugbloke1975 4 года назад

    Awesome stuff Jan!! Looking forward to seeing your guide to setting up and using the GOTEK! I'm feeling inspired too dig out my A500 and mount the GOTEK in my external drive case...! I'm also secretly hoping that you do a guide for using the GOTEK for (gasp...!) the ST too! x?D

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад +1

      Thanks Chris! I'm planning on doing a general Gotek firmware upgrade/installation video soon. Will include Amiga and Atari. ;)

    • @bugbloke1975
      @bugbloke1975 4 года назад

      @@JanBeta Wonderful! Love your style and content, so looking forward to this :?D

  • @centcomentertainment3156
    @centcomentertainment3156 3 года назад

    I simply want to bring my deluxe paint III animations (that are on floppy) into my pc and be able to view them on my pc. I dont want to build a system, is there a service? Or are you for hire to do this? Any help is appreciated.

  • @TheHelltrasher
    @TheHelltrasher 4 года назад

    Use MicroSD2CF Adapter for the PCMCIA Adapter. MicroSD (FAT32 FileSystem are also Works like CorsDOS) are usabilty and easier to handle it with MicroSD2USB Adapter for the PC ;)

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      Yes, makes sense! Thanks, I will look into getting one, too. :)

  • @Nelson68k
    @Nelson68k 4 года назад +1

    USB-Floppys melden sich am System als 1,4MB Volumes an. Dadurch unterstützen sie weder 720k noch lassen sich MFM oder andere Formate damit schreiben. Interne Laufwerke mit einem richtigen FD Controller Können das.
    Mein Favorit ist ADF Copy von Nick. Damit kannst du unter Windows bequem ADF Lesen und schreiben.

    • @mnemo70
      @mnemo70 4 года назад

      Ein Bekannter hat mir ein USB-Floppy-Laufwerk gegeben, das 720K formatieren kann. Es kommt aufs Laufwerk an.

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      Es gibt auch USB-Laufwerke, die noch 720k können, allerdings sind die wohl recht rar. Meins kann offensichtlich nicht. ;)

    • @Thorvard
      @Thorvard 4 года назад +1

      Danke, freut mich das Dir ADF-Copy gefällt :)

  • @LunarJim69
    @LunarJim69 4 года назад

    Great video. Thank you Jan!

  • @epromenator
    @epromenator 4 года назад

    Hi. Thank you for this tutorial! Finally someone makes this clear and understandable. Love your vids. Cheers!

  • @Nordlicht05
    @Nordlicht05 4 года назад

    i have an usb floppy driver board for my old floppy drive. I use geek xp and every floppy i trie it says it isnt formatted and that was it.
    Is there a problem with the drive? On Bios i could not find any options. I only klickt one thing and that was that this device should be a floppy drive.

  • @xheralt
    @xheralt 4 года назад

    I bought one of the "Catweasel" cards but was never able to figure out how to make it work...or if it could be used for this purpose, as I'd hoped it would... I scrapped my a500 when its hard drive (an internally mounted IDE laptop drive) failed, so all I have left are floppies.

    • @xheralt
      @xheralt 4 года назад

      I wanted to transfer off my collection of *.MOD files, once I found a PC program (VLC) that would play them.

  • @donpalmera
    @donpalmera 4 года назад

    On my A600 I use an ethernet pcmcia card and orangeftp. If it gets so bad I can't boot it anymore the micro sd card is poking out of a barely noticeable slot I cut between the case halves.

  • @rednight2476
    @rednight2476 4 года назад

    I use 1) FTP 2) CF card 3)serial(xmodem) 4) floppy In that order.

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      I have to try FTP and serial (got the wrong cable unfortunately) soon, too. :)

  • @spindreams
    @spindreams 4 года назад

    Can I recommend DirWork 2 as a file manager, Dopus was always the most popular but I much preferred DirWork as it was so amazingly configurable and fast and just seemed like a much more sold product. I believe it was a "fork" of diskmaster but much improved IMHO

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      Oh, very interesting, I'll have to check that out. DOpus always felt a bit clunky and slow to me so I preferred DiskMaster. Thanks!

  • @c64customs
    @c64customs 4 года назад

    Nice and very informative video, thanks!

  • @SteveHacker
    @SteveHacker 4 года назад

    WWWHOA!!! Does that GoTek Flash Floppy work with Atari 512ST, 1040ST, and Meg STs??? 😲😲😲

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад +1

      Yes, the FlashFloppy firmware works for a number of systems, including the Atari STs.

  • @ms-ex8em
    @ms-ex8em 4 года назад

    Hello do you know acorn lander?? The game has it got sound how do I enable sound on it thanks.

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      Never heard of it unfortunately so I can’t help you. Maybe someone else who reads this?

  • @gabriellopez785
    @gabriellopez785 4 года назад +1

    Hello Jan, good video!!.
    Do you know if there is posible to transfer files between a PC and an Amiga A500 through a cable link?.

    • @HoboVibingToMusic
      @HoboVibingToMusic 4 года назад

      As far as i know, there's the "null gate" cable? I can't remember the name. But it's like, a cable you hook up on serial and on your PCs ethernet port, not exactly sure. :P

    • @alhartman66
      @alhartman66 4 года назад +1

      Yes. Use Amiga Explorer from Cloanto. www.amigaforever.com/ae/ You just need a null-modem cable. They have links on the page with how to make one or where to buy one pre-made.

    • @epremeaux
      @epremeaux 4 года назад +1

      @@HoboVibingToMusic yah this would generally be done with a null modem cable. D9 serial cable in which the tx and rx pins cross in the middle. You could easily make one yourself. Then you have to run terminal programs on both sides and initiate some sort of file transfer protocol. Common ones back in the day: X/Y/Z-modem, S-modem and Kermit protocols.
      the kermit project has programs for just about every machine, including windows and Amiga (under Commodore):
      www.columbia.edu/kermit/archive.html
      or from aminet: aminet.net/package/comm/term/kermit188

    • @HoboVibingToMusic
      @HoboVibingToMusic 4 года назад

      @@epremeaux Tho you need 512k expansion iirc?

    • @epremeaux
      @epremeaux 4 года назад

      @@HoboVibingToMusic hmm I don't remember that. But could be wrong. But why would you? Terminal software is pretty light weight. And any should be able to write directly to disk. Anyway I've only ever used 1mb A2000 / WB 2.04 and above, so could be mistaken.

  • @jamespennington105
    @jamespennington105 4 года назад

    Hey Jan - What about Amiga Explorer and a serial cable - Very easy drag and drop GUI? - Jay

  • @RobA500
    @RobA500 4 года назад +1

    I have an A4000 with a CD drive so I can copy files over on mass using CD-RW.

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      Ah, that makes things more convenient obviously. :)

  • @brostenen
    @brostenen 4 года назад

    I use Linux to transfer directly. Just mount in read/write.... ;-) Or you can do a DD for cloning any drive. (good for backup)

  • @jafirelkurd
    @jafirelkurd 4 года назад

    I've got the same USB floppy drive, only lenovo branded, and it was able to format the disk as 720K, under windows 10, using the /f:720 switch, but it only worked after I blocked the hole. Before that I got a message "Parameters not supported by drive.
    Format failed." After blocking the hole it worked fine.

  • @TheRetroRaven
    @TheRetroRaven 4 года назад

    The optimal solution would be to have a Catweasel MK4 sitting in an older PC. But those are getting very rare and difficult to come by, and they're extremely expensive also. Unfortunately.....

    • @alhartman66
      @alhartman66 4 года назад

      There is also the GreaseWeasel which does something similar.

  • @stephenhogg6154
    @stephenhogg6154 4 года назад

    I made a bunch of animations on the Amiga decades ago. It would be great to view these on a PC. Is this possible?

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      I know that IrfanView can view IFF Amiga pictures, no idea if that can play animations, too. Photoshop can also handle IFF, at least in the older versions I fiddled with, but probably no animations.

  • @hansford71
    @hansford71 4 года назад

    Great video, very helpful. Thanks!

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      Thanks Wayne! Glad you like it. :)

  • @ChrisEdwardsRestoration
    @ChrisEdwardsRestoration 4 года назад

    i did a video on so you bought an amiga now what that covers almost identically the same thing...

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад +1

      Oh, nice one! You got yourself a new subscriber. :)

  • @jeffreyplum5259
    @jeffreyplum5259 4 года назад

    There are two "PCMCIA" standards. Type One is 16 bit like the Amiga uses. The later type Two standard, known also as Cardbus, is 32-bit. Cardbus systems should work with Type one cards, but the Amiga cannot use Cardbus devices. MY Windows 95 era laptop uses Type one, Amiga standard, cards. An XP era laptop uses type two cards, Cardbus cards. Good Luck.

  • @AndresHoracio
    @AndresHoracio 9 месяцев назад

    Buenisimo

  • @alhartman66
    @alhartman66 4 года назад +1

    Jan, the first link doesn't work. It's missing the "f" from .adf.

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад +1

      Whoops, thanks! Fixed. :)

  • @ColinJonesPonder
    @ColinJonesPonder 4 года назад

    Good timing on this! I've just got a 1GB Microdrive in a PCMCIA adaptor working on my Amiga 1200, and recently blogged about it :)
    blog.colinjones.co.uk/?p=1096
    blog.colinjones.co.uk/?p=1101
    The AmigaKit CF I was sent is formatted SFS, but that still mounts as a hardfile in FS-UAE (Linux) once I added my main user to the disk group.
    Also getting a Gotek ready flashed, but recapping first. Let's get that display nice and crisp :)

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад +1

      Oh, nice, thanks for the links! Love those Microdrives, I used to have one in a camera I had back in the day. :)

  • @Charleshawn66
    @Charleshawn66 4 года назад

    Hello; Great video. It made me get out my PCMCIA CF reader and install disk that I bought from AMIGAstore.eu some time and could never make it work on my A1200. Still wont work today after trying again for over an hour. Then I remembered something about the 8MB of fast ram that I bought from them also not letting the PCMCIA slot work on the 1200 if you use the full 8MB, something about you could only use 4MB of the Fast ram if you want the PCMCIA slot to work. Do you know or any of your viewers know if this is correct? If so what do I need to do? Will WHDload work with only 4MB of fast ram?

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад +1

      Thanks Charlie, yes, some memory expansions interfere with the PCMCIA controller because they use the same memory addresses. There are some modern expansions that explicitly state that they work with PCMCIA. I think unfortunately you have to get a new RAM expansion or disable it while you are using the PCMCIA. WHDLoad will work fine with 4MB for almost everything.

  • @jarisipilainen3875
    @jarisipilainen3875 3 года назад

    5:35 have a1200 with 300mb hard disk no FLOPPY.
    i need amiga explorer using serial to make floppy,
    but not have floppy drive and allready can send it serial why need make floppy xD
    serial been there for ages.awesome

  • @xorben1981
    @xorben1981 4 года назад

    Thanks for the Video!

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      My pleasure! ;)

  • @holleholl3057
    @holleholl3057 4 года назад

    ADF Transfer funktioniert wirklich sehr gut mit dem richtigen Adapter. Ich habe nur CF I-Karten (die älteren CF-Karten, bis 1 GB) mit Fat95 lesbar bekommen. Andere werden vom 1200er mal erkannt, ich kann dann aber nur Amiga-lesbare Dateisysteme nutzen (PFS /FFS etwa)...
    Beim 2000er klappt der einfache Weg mit CF-Karten leider nicht - ich habe da einen CF-Kartenadapter als Slotblende eingebaut , FAT 95 installiert, aber nichts zu machen - er erkennt keine gültige, FAT formatierte CF-Karte. Mit PFS etc. kann ich die CF-Karte aber interessanterweise mit der HD-Toolbox initialisieren, komisch.
    Netzwerk - PCMCIA-Karten müssen übrigens auch 16 bit sein - die späteren 32 bit-Adapter funktionieren nicht. CNET-kompatibilität ist auch eine gute Bedingung, dass so ein Adapter im 1200er oder 600er klappt, dafür gibt es nämlich gute Amiga-Treiber (CNET / CNET16.device). Dann kann der Amiga sogar online gehen , zwar kann man da nur das Internet der "vor Adobe Flash"-Ära durchsurfen, aber immerhin kann man seine lha-Dateien vom Aminet z.B. direkt auf den Amiga downloaden ;).
    Eine Gotek flashen kann Nerven kosten - speziell beim Löschvorgang der originalen Firmware hakt es dabei gerne, der löscht die nämlich gaaanz langsam und ohne richtige Rückmeldung ...

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      Ah, das ergibt Sinn. Ich habe größtenteils kleinere CF-Karten, 256MB scheint eine verlässliche Größe zu sein. Gotek flashen habe ich demnächst vor mir. Ich werde dann im Video berichten. ;)

    • @holleholl3057
      @holleholl3057 4 года назад

      Macht irgendwann Spaß ;) Aber dein im Video gezeigtes Gotek hat ja alle Mods drin (OLED, Rotary Encoder, Piezo Sound) ;)

  • @finite934
    @finite934 Год назад

    nobody using a Greaseweazle? I'm considering buying one of those to write ADF files to DS/DD discs and to "backup" original discs.

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  Год назад

      Yeah, I really should get one of those sometime!

  • @CaptainDangeax
    @CaptainDangeax Месяц назад

    I tested 3 methods. First is using 720ko floppies, but it's smaller than an Amiga floppy. Second, I use a serial cable between the pc and the amiga, and I tranfer via xmodem. Third method, I pull the cf card out of the amiga then I plug it into my linux powered pc, and linux natively knows how to handle the amiga ffs

  • @dave7244
    @dave7244 4 года назад

    I use a Linux machine with a proper floppy drive and write to FAT16. You need a proper floppy drive controller, a USB one won't cut it.

  • @Trevorodunne
    @Trevorodunne 4 года назад

    Why are the keys Z and Y swapped 2:53 on keyboard

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      It's the German keyboard layout. It also has the umlauts ÄÖÜß. ;)

  • @Neffers_UK
    @Neffers_UK 4 года назад

    Ha, I lolled at the Xcopy bOoOong
    Internal drives (PC) offer the most support for older formats. External drives are terrible for older formats. Like you can single side a 720 disk provided the controller allows, but you will have issues with a USB based drive. Post XP the OS assumes everything and will even report that a format has been done, but it will be rejected by the destination computer / drive.
    The controller is very important, cause they kinda expect DSHD+ formats in the newer PC era, and the stepping isn't quite the same for the recipient. Micro stepping for the R/W head can make a huge difference, cause our beloved old stuff isn't on the same page.
    If you go back to old PC mobos, their FDC (floppy disc controller) can cope much better.
    The FDC has to be compliant. I ran into this a few times with the Atari ST. Definition states 80 tracks, but it's best to assume 79. Dropping a track and a bit of data in favour of compliance allows for a little bit of wiggle room. 80 tracks is like overburn for some poorly made disks / drives. Depends on drive and the media.
    Just because it says it can doesn't mean it can :)
    Copying can be a complete and utter crap shoot unless you are using the machines it was based upon. Sadly.

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      I HAD to do the XCopy sound... ;) Yes, in the meantime I have seen some USB drives that explicitly say they can do 720k in the product description. Mine can't unfortunately. I have an older desktop PC that has a "real" controller, too, that works flawlessly for writing Atari ST disks. :)

  • @NightSprinter
    @NightSprinter 4 месяца назад

    Maybe "add-fer"?

  • @lhfraga1
    @lhfraga1 4 года назад

    do you know vgacopy? try it to format floppy disks.

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      Ah, yes, heard of that but didn't think of it. Thanks!

  • @4KbShort
    @4KbShort 4 года назад

    Really enjoying all the classic Amiga content lately. It's not really about transferring from one to the other, but have you seen this little guy? amiga.robsmithdev.co.uk/ It's basically for backing up or making copies of ADF files and can work on modern drives and disks as it uses bit banging from an Arduino. I built one as shown in the schematics and it works GREAT. Great work as always!

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      Oh, very interesting, wasn't aware of that project. Thanks!

  • @lhfraga1
    @lhfraga1 4 года назад

    or better, you can copy track by track too.

  • @srfrg9707
    @srfrg9707 4 года назад +1

    FTP all the way. Amiga is a very mature TCP/IP computer. Lots of ethernet/wifi cards are available for the pcmcia slot of the 600 and 1200 or parallel port for the 500 and others. There is no excuse for trying other complicated/expensive ways to transfer data. I am not talking about system installation. Of course installing Workbench using an emulator is a very handy way to do this.

    • @tomf3150
      @tomf3150 4 года назад

      Λογος It's the elegant way, indeed. Not the most convenient though.

    • @srfrg9707
      @srfrg9707 4 года назад

      Tom F When you have a NAS it's certainly the most convenient. No swapping, no delays, no compatiblity issues, not formating devices (formatind SD cards can be incredibly complicated), no obsolete hardware issues...

    • @smilespray
      @smilespray 4 года назад

      That's very interesting to know! Planning to get an Amiga again soon. I left the Amiga for Macs in the early 90s, and getting a Mac to talk TCP/IP (at least via a phone line or ISDN) was a bit of a chore for a few years after that. It was all very LocalTalk/AppleTalk-heavy.

    • @mnemo70
      @mnemo70 4 года назад +1

      But first you have to get the TCP/IP stack and hardware drivers onto the Amiga... I used 720K disks and CrossDOS for that on my A3000.

    • @srfrg9707
      @srfrg9707 4 года назад

      mnemo70 I used a null modem serial cable (and serial to USB adapter cause my PC has no serial port)... But I already had the cable and the PC and Amiga app for that from when I was young and owned a A1200.
      By the way a guy developped a way to use the null modem cable along with a Raspberry Pi to connect as an ethernet interface.

  • @SelfIndulgentGamer
    @SelfIndulgentGamer 4 года назад

    I thought the disks were 880kb?

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад +1

      They are 880k when formatted in AmigaDOS format, MS-DOS only allowed for 720k on these double density disks (at least without trickery).

    • @SelfIndulgentGamer
      @SelfIndulgentGamer 4 года назад

      @@JanBeta Ah, thought I had gone mad :D

    • @benh.635
      @benh.635 4 года назад +1

      @@SelfIndulgentGamer To add to the confusion, Apple's DD format allows for 800k per disk and the drives use a variable-speed motor, so those disks aren't compatible with PC drives and vice versa :P

    • @SelfIndulgentGamer
      @SelfIndulgentGamer 4 года назад +1

      @@benh.635 I love learning :)

    • @benh.635
      @benh.635 4 года назад +1

      @@SelfIndulgentGamer Eyyy, I do too :3

  • @Alphadec
    @Alphadec 4 года назад

    If u want to use a cf card these cards MUST be 16bit if they are 32bits then it will not work.

  • @chrisshaw451
    @chrisshaw451 4 года назад

    Ber careful with CF cards some do not work between the Amiga and PC/Mac. I purchased an AGFA one a while back and it could NOT be read by both my Amiga and my PC/Mac no matter how it was formatted.

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      Yes, heard about that. So far I didn't have any problems but I mainly use smaller size CFs, 256MB and such. The largest one I have is 8GB and that is a Kingston one that was confirmed to work by some Amiga people (don't remember where, forum?).

    • @chrisshaw451
      @chrisshaw451 4 года назад

      @@JanBeta I have two 4GB DanDisks both of which work for me.

  • @ChrisNova777
    @ChrisNova777 Год назад

    man this guy sure has a lot to say

  • @danielson9579
    @danielson9579 4 года назад

    Adf2disk in shell 🙂

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      Oh, cool, didn't know that one. Thanks!

  • @stephenhargreaves9011
    @stephenhargreaves9011 4 года назад

    This will probably not be my first comment, but when you say "PCBWay" you should say, "PCB WAAAAAAY", as Perifractic does. Sorry, but he got there with this first, and now it just sounds wrong any other way.

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад +1

      But I'm not Perifractic! He's me! ;P

  • @gunken8870
    @gunken8870 4 года назад

    hey Jan, great. Short after I get my Amiga500 in 2017 I faced the same problems. But an ACA500plus is by far the best way to transfer files ... and much more ... www.hirnwei.de/?p=1426 I wrote my way in a blog down. see you!

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      Yes, the ACA500plus is brilliant and solves all these problems easily. :) Thanks!

  • @AlejandroRodolfoMendez
    @AlejandroRodolfoMendez 4 года назад

    I am a bachelor, I don't have many amigas.
    It is aa joke because I have a bachelor degree on computers and also amiga means girl-friend

  • @jacktheripper6716
    @jacktheripper6716 4 года назад

    jan this link might be usefull www.shlock.co.uk/Utils/OmniFlop/OmniFlop.htm lets u format multi formats

  • @rossdag4232
    @rossdag4232 4 года назад

    I WANT TO LEARN HOW TO MAKE REPAIR VIDEOS ABOUT TIME I GET SOME MONEY FROM RUclips CHANNEL EVERYBODY IS DOING IT BUT SOME HAVE NO ELECTRICAL EXPERIENCE OR EKECTRONICS AT UNIVERSITY THEY ARE SOME AMATUERS OUT THERE PEOPLE BELEIVE GOOD TALKERS AND SOME HAVE GIRLS HAVE BOYFRIENDS IN THE BACKGROUND SHOWING THEM WHAT TO DO I THINK THATS NOT HONEST ON THEIR PART YHEY GO ON HOLIDAYS FROM ALLL THE YOU TUBERS WHO BELEIVE WHAT THEY MAKE OR REVIEW SO ILL GIVE IT A GO JUST NEED A GOOD CAMERA AND PROFFESIONAL MON STUDIO WHY NOT

  • @CompuforceWally
    @CompuforceWally 4 года назад

    bitplan.pl/goadf/for GoADF! software.

  • @bl4ckshot237
    @bl4ckshot237 4 года назад

    haha deutscher xD

  • @Adam-McG
    @Adam-McG 4 года назад

    Up next: how to transfer the 80’s to non-crappy garbage - buy an Apple II. These all just work. None of the chips fail for no reason. Go ahead and find me videos of chip swaps and heat sinks being changed. Commodore built garbage.

    • @JanBeta
      @JanBeta  4 года назад

      To be fair, the Apple II was a LOT more expensive back in the day. Commodore built stuff down to a price most of the time. Apple IIs have problems, too, they use many of the same components/ICs that Commodore used. Starting at the MOS processors. There's not as many videos because they didn't sell nearly as much as the Commodore machines, I guess.