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electric heater, device for heating rooms that converts electric current to heat by means of resistors that emit radiant energy. Resistors may be composed of metal-alloy wire, nonmetallic carbon compounds, or printed circuits. Heating elements may have exposed resistor coils mounted on insulators, metallic resistors embedded in refractory insulation and encased in protective metal, or a printed circuit encased in glass. Fins may be used to increase the area that dissipates the heat.
stove, device used for heating or cooking. The first of historical record was built in 1490 in Alsace, entirely of brick and tile, including the flue. The later Scandinavian stove had a tall, hollow iron flue containing iron baffles arranged to lengthen the travel of the escaping gases in order to extract maximum heat. The Russian stove had as many as six thick-walled masonry flues; it is still widely used in northern countries. The stove is often installed at the intersection of interior partition walls in such a manner that a portion of the stove and the flue is inside each of four rooms; a fire is maintained until the stove and flues are hot, and then the fire is extinguished and the flues closed, storing the heat.
The first manufactured cast-iron stove was produced at Lynn, Mass., in 1642. This stove had no grates and was little more than a cast-iron box. About 1740 Benjamin Franklin invented the “Pennsylvania fireplace,” which incorporated the basic principles of the heating stove. The Franklin stove burned wood on a grate and had sliding doors that could be used to control the draft (flow of air) through it. Because the stove was relatively small, it could be installed in a large fireplace or used free-standing in the middle of a room by connecting it to a flue. The Franklin stove warmed farmhouses, city dwellings, and frontier cabins throughout North America. Its design influenced the potbellied stove, which was a familiar feature in some homes well into the 20th century. The first round cast-iron stoves with grates for cooking food on them were manufactured by Isaac Orr at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1800. The base-burning stove for burning anthracite coal was invented in 1833 by Jordan A. Mott.
Cooking became the predominant function of stoves in the 20th century as central heating became the norm in the developed world. Iron cooking stoves using wood, charcoal, or coal tended to radiate large amounts of heat that made the kitchen unpleasantly hot during the summertime, however. In the 20th century they were replaced by steel ranges or ovens that are heated by natural gas or electricity.
fan, device for producing a current of air or other gases or vapours. Fans are used for circulating air in rooms and buildings; for cooling motors and transmissions; for cooling and drying people, materials, or products; for exhausting dust and noxious fumes; for conveying light materials; for forced draft in steam boilers; and in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems.
In active heating, mechanical means are used to store, collect, and distribute solar energy in buildings in order to provide hot water or space heating. The sunlight falling on a building’s collector array is converted to heat, which is transferred to a carrier fluid (usually a liquid, less commonly air) that is then pumped to a conversion, storage, and distribution system. In liquid-based systems, water (or less commonly glycol) is pumped through tubes that are in contact with a flat-plate collector. The latter is a blackened metal plate that absorbs sunlight and is insulated on the front with layers of glass and air; the glass allows visible light to fall on the plate but traps the resulting heat, which is then transferred to the carrier fluid. Alternatively, the fluid may be pumped through an evacuated glass tube or a volume of space onto which a large volume of sunlight has been focused (and hence concentrated) by reflecting mirrors.
After picking up heat from the collector, the carrier fluid is pumped down to an insulated storage tank, where it can be used immediately or stored for later use. The system can supply a home with hot water drawn from the storage tank, or, with the warmed water flowing through tubes in floors and ceilings, it can provide space heating. The storage tank allows water heated during sunny periods to be used at night or during cloudy days. If the carrier fluid contains antifreeze to keep it from freezing during cold weather, a heat exchanger is used to transfer the carrier fluid’s heat to water that can be used for domestic purposes. Residential heating systems using flat-plate collectors typically heat carrier fluids to temperatures between 66° and 93° C (150° and 200° F)