There are two ways to view it because scientists hate to admit they were wrong and change what is currently used. ;) This has lead to a great deal of confusion for students of electronics for decades. Electron flow is correct where as conventional flow is a matter of convenience. I still wish they had revised everything when they discovered the truth as this can make understanding some circuits difficult as in transistor biasing, especially when you are just learning the theory for the first time. Just awhile ago I was looking at a transistor circuit and was totally boggled as to how it worked until I changed my approach and looked at it from the point of electron flow.
I was confused as a kid and until my late teens, in exactly the opposite way: I knew from the beginning that electrons flow from negative to positive. The confusing parts are the electronic symbols: diodes and transistors. They were kind of cryptic to me because I didn't know those little black triangles were ARROWS pointing towards the conventional flow.
just wait until you realize the earth is flat and NASA is a complete fairy tale, then you'll be up all night for weeks relearning what you thought you knew. good luck, enjoy the ride.
The key thing you stated here is that when you analyze a circuit, stick to one type of flow. I've found many tutorials don't state that simply. They get too caught up in explanations on the atomic level. Thanks for that!
I think the best way I every heard it explained was as a line of billiard balls all touching each other. If you hit one end, the energy will be transferred to the other end, but the balls themselves (the electrons) don't move all that much. However, they do still move which is why we can create electromagnetic fields with current
If you get confused by the statement at 1:31 you are fine. His statement is not exactly correct and confusing. Only electrons move. What he is referring to is a relative movement that is studied later in semiconductor theory - and is a relative motion, because, in basic electrical theory on solid conductors, positive charges stay with the nucleus and never move.
Good presentation, the US Navy teaches electron flow, and conventional flow; however, the majority of work is done in electron flow. Nodal analysis verifies both electron and conventional depending upon the direction chosen. So thank you for such a good presentation.
I always thought that everyone uses conventional flow but people keep in mind that electron flow is what matches reality and that the reason everyone uses conventional flow is that switching to electron flow would cause extreme damage all around the world due to mistakes and failures. If the US Navy uses electron flow most of the time, are there any miscommunication or other kinds of mistakes happening?
You have no idea of the fun I had back in the "60's" with technical engineers from the various military suppliers swapping in mid stream circuit analysis [kirchhoff] and using "Current flow" as the common denominator. I guess some of us are easily amused!!!!! Thanks for your simplistic coverage for us old slow thinkers. Back then I never imagined sneezing and blowing my replacement parts away... Keep up the good work component repair is slipping away.
I learned electron flow, and I tried SO HARD to force that into my head that my brain fights against conventional current!😄 I didn't realize everything would be conventional current, but I guess it's implied in the name
Very, very well explained, thanks AddOhms. We just subscribed & love someone who can have a little joke on themselves & add a bit of humour to the mix.
don't get it! IF it doesnt matters in which way a current flows then why doesnt my LED light up when i connect +ve terminal to -ve terminal? please explain. this is making me made for 2 months??
+Yunik Maharjan As long as you use the same flow-direction for the entire circuit, it doesn't matter which you use. Conventional you would look at the diode as conducting from cathode to anode. For electron flow you would look at it from anode to cathode.
Strictly speaking current does not flow, current is better described as a flow of charge. You can state that in this wire we have a current. But not that in this wire we have a current flow. In the same way that It is correct to say you have a water current, but not you have a water current flow. As the word Current already incorporates the concept of flow as current literally means "a flow of "
Assigning positive and negative may have been key to the shocking confusion of the well grounded flying a kite but eventually added negativity to electrons with an explanation for positive left right full of holes.
Thank you +AddOhms, for the explanation. But if "flow direction" doesn't matter, why do we place components, such as resistors, capacitors, etc. at specific places within the circuit? Could we just as easily place a resistor somewhere else in the circuit and get the same results?
I understand the explanation, but I still feel uneasy using conventional direction (although diodes with their symbol mess things up). Not only because that is not what really is happening, but it messes with other concepts, like the ground. If one wonders why is in most cases not only OK, rather required to connect grounds together, it is easier to visualize that when current flows from negative (that is, usually ground) to positive. When one connects grounds together, one can visualize those grounds (and ground plane on PCBs) as a single source of electrons, as a source of negative charge, and then electrons (negative charge) travel from there to positive parts of circuit. One can visualize ground as a big bowl of electrons, that are getting scooped out with spoons. :)
"is easier to visualize that when current flows from negative" Unfortunately, your analogy of a spoon and bowl of electrons is very incorrect. Electrons don't "come from the negative." They simply flow in that direction. Every electron flows around the circuit. This was my "ah-ha" moment. It isn't like the electrons start at the negative, travel to the positive, and disappear. They are particles (which is matter). So they are moving around in a loop, no matter what. As far as the energy goes, again, it isn't like the battery or DC power supply or whatever "creates" the energy. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Instead the energy of the battery is what pushes the electrons around the loop.
Electrons get scooped out with the spoon, their energy gets used and then they are thrown back into the bowl. So there is a loop. Also, from my understanding (which might be wrong) - there is a loop, but current starts flowing from negative pole (which we usually call "ground") since there is an excess of electrons, excess of negative charge. If there wouldn't be an excess fo negative charge (more electrons) compared to the positive sides, there wouldn't be anything to flow, right?
Okay, we're close! So let's clarify the difference between electrons and charge. Electrons are a particle of matter. They already exist in the "circuit". That's where the idea that they move in a loop comes from. In order for movement to occur, all of electrons have to move. (Actually the electrons are ALWAYS moving, it isn't until there is an electric field they start moving in a unified direction.) The electron's is the energy. So an excess of negative *charge* causes the electrons to move. That isn't the same as an excess of electrons. Here's another "ah-ha" that I had recently. Keep in mind that the charge, the energy, moves from electron to electron at nearly the speed of light. The electrons provide the path for the charge to "flow". However, the electrons themselves? They move much much slower. They *can't* move at the speed of light because they are *mattter*.
There is no excess of electrons at ground. You might say "But if there is no excess electrons at ground, where do they come from?". They come from the loop/circuit, this is where your analogy of having a bowl of electrons breaks down. Instead, the classic analogy of water flowing through pipes is much better. Simply imagine a loop of pipes, and the current is the flow of charge through that loop. There is no reservoir of electrons, simply a loop.
How is then the difference in charge between negative/ground and positive explained? --- OK, could the bowl then represent the storage for negative charge? And electrons then carry the negative charge to the positive side and come back to the bowl...
So what if the circuit is using a diode? Since the diode only lets current go one direction if you make a circuit using conventional current your circuit will NOT work....right??
You don't "make" a circuit with either. You *evaluate* it with one or the other. As long as you evaluate the entire circuit with the same method, it doesn't matter. In electron flow current flows from cathode to anode, instead of anode to cathode as in conventional flow.
@@AddOhms It certainly does matter. Fundamental understanding is absolutely critical for those working research. It is also important for safety, as numerous accidents are caused every year through lack of fundamental understanding.
now i see. so we can say electrons have a positive charge and protons have a negative charge because positive and negative are just words and they dont matter because they are human ideas or names given to describe the charge of a particle which doesnt change fundamentally. isnt that a twisted idea... but we can all agree that an electron has negative- charge and travels towards positive+ right??? but since an electron is the energy input shouldnt that mean that it is positive?
+addohms answer me this...how can both veiws be valid when one is electrons which does jump from one atom to another and the other is based on proton moving....protons dont move from one atom to another. if they did would mean that nucleus was split apart...proton moved to another split nucleus and re-assembled just to be split apart again as the proton moved. Cold Fission?
Hm, I can see some confusion happening there. The drawing was mention to show that positive charge carriers could be the thing that moves, like it does with the holes in a semiconductor. In the case of wires (and conductors) only the negative charge carriers move.
+AddOhms but i still see snake oil.....semiconductor holes....if holes in a diode moves from pos to neg where does the holes move when they reach the end of the diode...do they move through the circuit until comes back to the pos side of the diode?...The whole concept of two charges can be seen to move depending on which one you decide to look at is an attempt to keep all theories and the arrows of a a trans..to have some sort of being still correct.
Would it matter for trying to determine the direction of the magnetic fields around the wire for Lorentz law? You're supposed to point your right thumb in the direction of the current and the direction your fingers curl tell you the direction of the magnetic fields? If you are using your right thumb, does this work for both conventional and electron flow? Or do you have to switch thumbs between the two or something? Thanks
Just to confuse everyone here, electrons are not always the dominant charge carrier in a metal. For example beryllium, zinc, and cadmium conduct electricity through the conduction of holes, which are positive charge carriers. Of course, it still doesn't matter from a circuit analysis point of view as explained in the video however the charge of the particle does matter when considering the forces due to a magnetic field. If you're interested you should look into an experiment called the Hall Effect. hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/hall.html
the hole theory is conventional theory....the holes left by electrons is visualized as moving only if you were sitting on an electron and then you would use relativity veiw to see every thing going by you and not you going by them...as if we were taught the earth stood still...we would think the sun moved around the eart.
I wouldn't say it's conventional in that there are no holes in other metals such as copper, the hole phenomenon only occurs in semiconductors and those metals I previously listed. Yes, the concept of a hole is just the absence of an electron. However, due to weird quantum mechanical effects the hole can be treated as if it actually is a physical positive particle. For this reason it's often called a quasi-particle because its kind-of a particle in that no matter what experiment you do it acts exactly like a positive particle but at the same time is just a hole/absence of an electron.
Dear Mr. AddOhms, One thing puzzles me about the neg. to pos. theory. In electroplating, the anode (wired to pos.) or bar of nickel for example travels to the cathode (neg.) part being nickel plated. You can see it happening. What do you think about that? Thank you
@@AddOhms Thanks for answering. I'm sure there's more going on then meets the eye, but in my simple - only slightly educated mind, it appears the electrons are moving from positive to negative & carrying the plating metal molecules with it. It is a good question.
It's like, could they make it anymore confusing if they tried? Kindavreminds me of traditional musical notation and how the notes on the treble clef and bass clef don't line up. It's like they made it more confusing than it had to be on purpose.
Just a question. Does a battery charge from positive to negative because if current is drawn from the source in reality negative to positive wouldn't you be better off analyzing the charging circuit as electron flow instead of having to change arrows when finished analyzing current or charge flow?
If you’re trying to understand the chemical reaction, electron flow makes more sense. If you’re just designing a charge circuit based on the batteries’ behaviors, it doesn’t matter.
@@AddOhms ,. Thanks. Mostly both. Battery sulfates after sitting too long without a charge. To desulfate a battery do you charge into the negative or positive terminal? I assume chemically it works from the negative side but the charge circuit goes into the positive?
÷addohms on lighter note....why are electronic techs really good at meditating.. ...........................................................................................because they understand ohms.....ohhhmmms
the positive side of a battery holds more charge(electrons) than the negitive side does at rest...when a wire is connected to both terminals...something amazing happens...an ELECTRON gets kick out of its orbit and find a new home by kicking out an electron out its home...which then FLOWS to another atom....very simple until you have to find a way be right about an old theory.
Okay I can see how people are going to say this two different ways to do this. All I want to figure out is which way to put a fuse on 1st. Should I install it from the positive terminal or the negative terminal first so it comes out of negative and passes the fuse or if it comes out a positive in passing the fuse. So it does not come out of negative and go through the load then go through the fuse so that protects it. That's what I'm trying to figure out. I am going to put the fuse before the load but I want to figure out if I should put it on the negative or positive terminal
Since current flows in a loop, it does not matter. As I said in the video, it is not as-if electrons are "coming out" of either the positive or negative. It is a chain going through both. You put the fuse on the positive, but not because of which way current flows. Ground, or the negative, is a common reference point. Generally, it is meant to be at 0 volts. A fuse will cause a slight voltage drop, which means whatever is connected to the fuse to the ground is no longer referencing ground.
You almost seem to be teaching here that protons can move and that is definitely not true. That's why I said 'seem' because I'm certain you know they can't move (in an electrical circuit). I think the only significant thing that makes electricity and electronics work is the fact that electrons move from negative to positive. It is quite true that the empty 'slots' left by a dislodged electron move from positive to negative. Absolutely. But those are just empty 'slots' which become vacant opposite the direction of electron movement and it's because of a power source forcing electrons into the circuit that those empty 'slots' occur in the first place. Normally in nature an atom will try to balance itself out with the correct number of electrons. In short, these empty slots where electrons were forced out are not moving particles. They are progressively transferred voids, like a string of lights where one light is off and that 'off' light seems to move around and around the loop with the rest of the lights being on. The fact that protons cannot move in a circuit and that only electrons can move in a circuit should give people their grounding into electricity and electronics because they can get very confused by the concept of conventional current if they are stressed together in the beginning. There is probably usefulness in discussing conventional current later, though I have not gotten to the point where I cannot do without it yet. Possibly later on with semiconductors? Discussing how current can flow from positive to negative wasn't useful in the beginning when I was learning electronics decades ago, as the near-exclusive main focus was on electron current. Conventional current was kind of sidelined and had to be redefined ever since the directional error was discovered by JJ Thomson in 1897. If memory serves I recall seeing most schematics mainly focused on showing the direction of electron flow (negative to positive). The key in this whole discussion is what causes electricity to be created in the first place. The electrons can easily be dislodged and forced to move in one basic direction (they actually zig zag) toward the positive terminal of the power source where there are many cations (positively charged atoms) awaiting their missing electrons. The protons always stay put. For all intents and purposes they are far heavier than electrons and they never move. Therefore being able to appreciate current flowing from positive to negative is only possible because of moving electrons from negative to positive. To me that is far more significant in this study, especially in the beginning.
There is a persistent myth among people who didn't study physics or similar that conventional current flow is a failed definition. It's NOT, just because charge carriers IN METALS are electrons, doesn't mean it's universally the case. In electrolytes for example both positive and negative ions are charge carriers. The definition of electric current is NOT limited to the movement electrons but rather the change of the electric charge over time. That means one single definition is enough to describe movement of electrons, ions, holes etc. independent of their charge. It's more general idea then just movements of electrons.
1:31 "Did you know that either the positive or the negative particles can be the things that moves?", then at 1:52 "...while in electron flow, which is what is REALLY happening." SO which one is it???
That statement was partially incorrect. I was try to highlight that in some semiconductor materials it is either the holes or the electrons that move. I mis-spoke by saying positive particle. Protons aren't so quick to leave their friends.
So what happens when you fit a diode then? I guess it means some peoples diagrams work and others don't. Surely just adding a diode would be the answer to which way diagrams need to be drawn and 1 way works and the other does not?
I misspoke. A positive charge carrier is a positively charged particle, but isn't a proton. The electron holes of a P-type semiconductors are effectively "positive" charge carriers.
My arduino brought me to this ? i have a small project on lightning my LED i put the cathode - in the GND and the anode + in pin 13 and it lights up ? So based on these video electrons flow from the GND to Pin 13 since it wont light up if put in on reverse .
First, that is an excellent way to ruin pin 13. It does *not* have a current limiting resistor on the pin. (ONLY for the on-board LED.) Second, you cannot pick and choose which current model you follow. If you use conventional flow, then you model current through a diode from anode to cathode.
Fascinating , electrons "drift" thru a circuit at a speed of one and a half inches per hour from negative to positive while at the same time atomic nuclei flow thru a circuit at about the speed of light in the opposite direction . Energy always flows from a high state to a lower state and the best description I've heard yet is that electrical energy flows from charge towards discharge . The stuff flowing in the opposite direction isn't energy . Thanks for replying .
No nuclei are not flowing at the speed of light. They are matter, they cannot move that fast. The charge moves at the speed of light because it is energy. Don't confuse electrons with charge. Electrons are the charge carriers.
It doesn't flow "one way." The direction is a reference, or relative, to what we call "positive" and "negative." That said, diodes block flow which is useful in many different kinds of circuits. Whether you evaluate the circuit using conventional or electron flow, doesn't matter. The diode only allows current in one direction.
Moving electrons are not the main conduit of electric charge, electricity. It is the interactions of the electric charges of the electrons that move. Electrons do move, but very slowly, and their movement is inconsequential to the conduction of electricity. It similar to how the middle balls in a Newton's Cradle do not move much when passing the momentum of a striking ball through them. With that said, the only time electrons are prone to moving in an electric circuit is within semiconductors. Also, within semiconductors, positive "particles," atoms, also do not move--they are fixed in the crystalline structure of the semiconductor. It is the electrons that move between atoms of the semiconductor that are missing an electron, so-called positive "holes." The holes only appear to move as electrons in the semiconductor migrate from hole to hole.
How if I say that electricity flow from both directions at the same time with different charge? I came with this opinion when I saw that some wire starts to heats up at middle of it. Sorry for poor English.
It can’t flow from in two directions, at the same time. It can change directions but only one at a time . A wire heats up in the middle for a different reason. The middle is physically connected to less metal, so less heat can escape through where the wire is connected.
Hello James, you made very interesting video. I start to learn electronics, and can't undersnand one thing. It's about n mosfets, especialy about using it for reverse polarity protection. I viewed many images and articles on the internet about it, like this one: rs20.mine.nu/w/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/nfet.png There negative terminal of battery connects to Drain and negative load to Source. I tried to reconstruct this scheme with LED and FQP30N06L, and it does not works. LED lights even if Gate not connected to positive terminal. In your video "MOSFETs and How to Use Them | | AddOhms #11" your connection goes other way: negative load to Drain and negative terminal of battery connects to Source. And your scheme is working, if i disconnect gate led stops emiting light. Can you tell me what way is correct and why. Thanks in adwance. My brain trying to get out of my head. Sorry for my english. I just don't like to use translators :).
It was explained to me a bit differently. Yes they thought electricity moved from positive to negative (positive meaning more, negative meaning less), then they discovered that it's actually the electrons (negative charge) moved to the positive. But because so many things were built using this labeling convention they just left it that way... In other words the positive terminal is actually where the electrons reside.
"Where the electrons reside" is the wrong way to think about it. There isn't a "pool of electrons" at either terminal. Current moves in a continuous loop like a bicycle chain. So positive and negative are just the direction that the *chain* moves and not the "source." This difference is a reason why the water analogy is so flawed. People don't see the return path. Without an electric field, the electrons are moving around like they normally do in all matter. The field causes them to move, together, in a direction: like a bicycle chain. They aren't "moving to" the positive they move in the *direction* of positive.
Whomever has a doubt,Take diode( conducts only in one direction) connect it from led with resistor,check the direction,..it's gonna be from positive to negative
No. Your understanding of the diode is wrong. The direction is described by the theory you use. In conventional flow, current goes from anode to cathode. In electron flow, which is what really happens, it goes from cathode to anode. AGAIN, you have to use the same convention for the ENTIRE circuit. You can’t pick and choose parts and arbitrarily decide they follow one but not the other.
@@AddOhms sir..if you have noticed a car battery by opening bownet door...why the fuses are given only at positive red terminal s why not at negative black terminals....when short circuit happens,it give rise to more flow of current which blow the fuses..hence..that denotes charges emit from positive terminal. Correct me if I am wrong
No! Once again, you are wrong. Your reasoning is incorrect. Current flows in a LOOP. It does not "emit" from anywhere. It is a LOOP. For that reason, it does not matter which direction it flows. The reason fuses go on the positive terminal is because they have a tiny amount of resistance. The current through them would create a voltage drop. If they were placed on the ground rail, then ground would not remain at 0 volts. It would change with current load. It has NOTHING to do with what direction the loop of electrons move.
"As long as you use the same flow-direction for the entire circuit, it doesn't matter which you use." The problem with this statement is that there are many 'you-s'. Some use + to - and others the reverse. In the effort to understand electricity, this fundamental concept of current flow direction is critical to the understanding the true electromagnetic forces involved. It is not the matter that it does not matter, it is the matter of truth and understanding. Truth is the light, embrace it!
Weird that you transcribed the statement and still continued to not understand it. There is only one “you.” The point, the exact point, is *you* have to analyze the circuit with a single theory (or direction.) The flow of electrons is a loop. Period. The direction you say they follow does not matter, as long as, YOU say they follow the rules. Which means, they only follow one direction. Because it is it a loop, it DOES NOT matter which why they go.
According to electron flow... Electrons flow from negative to positive. So as the electrons move from one atom of the conductor to other..the atom becomes positively charged....just think it that way....😁
Depending on what you say, the more you use a 1.5 volt DC battery on a small lamp, the more the battery's positive side becomes positive (conventional flow) and recharges itself, fantastic, not for me.
Absolutely wrong. That is an example of mixing models or analysis methods. If you pick conventional flow for the rest of the circuit, like almost every professional engineer in the world does, then you must treat diodes as allowing current from anode to cathode. I really like when people troll with the diode example. The symbol even points in conventional flow direction.
Not really. There is agreement. It is more like politics with multiple viewpoints--it depends on your perspective. It is the same as current direction, it depends on which model you use.
Excellent presentation! Though this is only theory because no one actually knows which way the electrons are flowing, Even the electrons are being labeled as a negative charge when not one has actually provided a repeatable experiment that proves without a doubt that electrons are negatively charged.. 100 year old theories without evidence, you might as well take a guess because there is something really wrong with these old theories.
Nope. If you use electron or conventional flow, all currents follow the same path for the method you pick. You don't get to pick and choose for certain situations. If you say current flows through a diode from cathode to anode then you must use electron flow for the entire circuit. If you choose conventional flow, like the diode symbol is drawn, you must use conventional flow for the entire circuit.
Thanks for making that clear, because I have 12 different electronics books that use “electron current flow” (neg to pos). There are a lot of great videos coming out that use “conventional positive flow”,so it irritated me at first, especially when they taught it one way at the microscopic level and then taught it the other way at the transistor level when I knew it wasn’t right. I forced myself to see it from the another’s perspective and am glad I did, because both theory’s are very important to learn & understand. They have answered deeper questions about science.
Electrons carry the negative charge. The lack of electrons, aka holes, carry a positive charge. I used to visualize holes as the proton moving, but I have since realized how that is confusing for some people.
I can guarantee you that Benjamin Franklin would not want the world to deliberately utilise the wrong analogy. This is exactly the opposite of the principles that he believed in.
I think whatever you learn first is easiest to understand. I don't think either is easier. If you (and I) had learned electron flow first, conventional would seem strange.
Conventional current just seemed easier to me. Before I found out about diodes I never thought of current flowing through a circuit, as soon as I started to use other components, such as diodes, I thought of the flow of conventional current due to the arrows on the diode and LED symbols. It just looked more natural.
When I was at college the conventional current way was used, although we were also told that it flowed the other way from a scientific point of view. The lecturers basically said "this is electronics not a science lesson!".
There is a place where you learn one thing, and it stays the same, even after proven wrong. You can go there and pretend that fiction is fact indefinitely. It's not called a classroom. They call that church.
It is a model. All models have flaws. Outside of Academia, everyone uses conventional flow because it works. And it doesn’t matter which you use. (As long as the entire circuit uses the same one.)
Sorry but Electricity doesn't need to be a closed loop to work .. and NO electricity does NOT comes from the negative side , that was a myth .. HOw can 2 opposite flows be correct that wouldn't make any sense
"Electricity" is a concept that represents a form of energy. So no, "electricity" does not need a closed loop, but this video didn't talk about "electricity." It spoke specifically about current flow. Current flow does need a closed path to flow. And current flows from negative potential to positive. Those are both fact and are not myths.
Yes. I think I have heard of him.
Can you prove that...Ben?
Lol
can i get your autograph? ;)
Yo thanks for electricity
There are two ways to view it because scientists hate to admit they were wrong and change what is currently used. ;) This has lead to a great deal of confusion for students of electronics for decades. Electron flow is correct where as conventional flow is a matter of convenience. I still wish they had revised everything when they discovered the truth as this can make understanding some circuits difficult as in transistor biasing, especially when you are just learning the theory for the first time. Just awhile ago I was looking at a transistor circuit and was totally boggled as to how it worked until I changed my approach and looked at it from the point of electron flow.
👍
This is blowing my mind... I was taught the conventional way 25 years ago until a few days ago some kid told me the opposite.
I was confused as a kid and until my late teens, in exactly the opposite way: I knew from the beginning that electrons flow from negative to positive. The confusing parts are the electronic symbols: diodes and transistors. They were kind of cryptic to me because I didn't know those little black triangles were ARROWS pointing towards the conventional flow.
just wait until you realize the earth is flat and NASA is a complete fairy tale, then you'll be up all night for weeks relearning what you thought you knew. good luck, enjoy the ride.
@@chris_topher1984 shut up flat earther
Great job. I wish I'd had this video 25 years ago when I was learning on my own.
The key thing you stated here is that when you analyze a circuit, stick to one type of flow. I've found many tutorials don't state that simply. They get too caught up in explanations on the atomic level. Thanks for that!
I think the best way I every heard it explained was as a line of billiard balls all touching each other. If you hit one end, the energy will be transferred to the other end, but the balls themselves (the electrons) don't move all that much. However, they do still move which is why we can create electromagnetic fields with current
4 milimeter/h or something like that, what a crappy flow hehe.
In a #12 wire carrying a current of 20 A, the drift velocity is about the same as the speed that a snail crawls.
If you get confused by the statement at 1:31 you are fine. His statement is not exactly correct and confusing. Only electrons move. What he is referring to is a relative movement that is studied later in semiconductor theory - and is a relative motion, because, in basic electrical theory on solid conductors, positive charges stay with the nucleus and never move.
Yup. I regret the explanation. Seemed good at the time, but it wasn't.
I think a brilliant scientist accidentally drew the battery upside down and no one was brave enough to correct him. 😊
+Alpha Trion Not far from what actually happened.
Good presentation, the US Navy teaches electron flow, and conventional flow; however, the majority of work is done in electron flow. Nodal analysis verifies both electron and conventional depending upon the direction chosen. So thank you for such a good presentation.
I always thought that everyone uses conventional flow but people keep in mind that electron flow is what matches reality and that the reason everyone uses conventional flow is that switching to electron flow would cause extreme damage all around the world due to mistakes and failures. If the US Navy uses electron flow most of the time, are there any miscommunication or other kinds of mistakes happening?
You have no idea of the fun I had back in the "60's" with technical engineers from the various military suppliers swapping in mid stream circuit analysis [kirchhoff] and using "Current flow" as the common denominator. I guess some of us are easily amused!!!!! Thanks for your simplistic coverage for us old slow thinkers. Back then I never imagined sneezing and blowing my replacement parts away... Keep up the good work component repair is slipping away.
I learned electron flow, and I tried SO HARD to force that into my head that my brain fights against conventional current!😄 I didn't realize everything would be conventional current, but I guess it's implied in the name
best electronics channel so far, if you can make videos more frequently it would be awesome !
Great video!!
When you are charging a battery the current flow from positive>negative.
When you are discharging a battery the current flow from negative>positive.
Very, very well explained, thanks AddOhms. We just subscribed & love someone who can have a little joke on themselves & add a bit of humour to the mix.
Who’s we?
don't get it! IF it doesnt matters in which way a current flows then why doesnt my LED light up when i connect +ve terminal to -ve terminal? please explain. this is making me made for 2 months??
+Yunik Maharjan As long as you use the same flow-direction for the entire circuit, it doesn't matter which you use.
Conventional you would look at the diode as conducting from cathode to anode. For electron flow you would look at it from anode to cathode.
Does that mean the side where I put a resistor for LED doesn't matter? As long as there's a resistance in the loop?
Strictly speaking current does not flow, current is better described as a flow of charge. You can state that in this wire we have a current. But not that in this wire we have a current flow. In the same way that It is correct to say you have a water current, but not you have a water current flow. As the word Current already incorporates the concept of flow as current literally means "a flow of "
Assigning positive and negative may have been key to the shocking confusion of the well grounded flying a kite but eventually added negativity to electrons with an explanation for positive left right full of holes.
amazing video after a long time
Can you make a video about advantage of AC motor and DC motor ?
Thank you +AddOhms, for the explanation. But if "flow direction" doesn't matter, why do we place components, such as resistors, capacitors, etc. at specific places within the circuit? Could we just as easily place a resistor somewhere else in the circuit and get the same results?
Don't confuse "path" and "direction." The direction the current flows does not matter. The path it follows does.
I understand the explanation, but I still feel uneasy using conventional direction (although diodes with their symbol mess things up). Not only because that is not what really is happening, but it messes with other concepts, like the ground. If one wonders why is in most cases not only OK, rather required to connect grounds together, it is easier to visualize that when current flows from negative (that is, usually ground) to positive. When one connects grounds together, one can visualize those grounds (and ground plane on PCBs) as a single source of electrons, as a source of negative charge, and then electrons (negative charge) travel from there to positive parts of circuit. One can visualize ground as a big bowl of electrons, that are getting scooped out with spoons. :)
"is easier to visualize that when current flows from negative"
Unfortunately, your analogy of a spoon and bowl of electrons is very incorrect. Electrons don't "come from the negative." They simply flow in that direction. Every electron flows around the circuit.
This was my "ah-ha" moment. It isn't like the electrons start at the negative, travel to the positive, and disappear. They are particles (which is matter). So they are moving around in a loop, no matter what.
As far as the energy goes, again, it isn't like the battery or DC power supply or whatever "creates" the energy. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Instead the energy of the battery is what pushes the electrons around the loop.
Electrons get scooped out with the spoon, their energy gets used and then they are thrown back into the bowl. So there is a loop. Also, from my understanding (which might be wrong) - there is a loop, but current starts flowing from negative pole (which we usually call "ground") since there is an excess of electrons, excess of negative charge. If there wouldn't be an excess fo negative charge (more electrons) compared to the positive sides, there wouldn't be anything to flow, right?
Okay, we're close! So let's clarify the difference between electrons and charge.
Electrons are a particle of matter. They already exist in the "circuit". That's where the idea that they move in a loop comes from. In order for movement to occur, all of electrons have to move. (Actually the electrons are ALWAYS moving, it isn't until there is an electric field they start moving in a unified direction.)
The electron's is the energy. So an excess of negative *charge* causes the electrons to move. That isn't the same as an excess of electrons.
Here's another "ah-ha" that I had recently. Keep in mind that the charge, the energy, moves from electron to electron at nearly the speed of light. The electrons provide the path for the charge to "flow". However, the electrons themselves? They move much much slower. They *can't* move at the speed of light because they are *mattter*.
There is no excess of electrons at ground. You might say "But if there is no excess electrons at ground, where do they come from?". They come from the loop/circuit, this is where your analogy of having a bowl of electrons breaks down. Instead, the classic analogy of water flowing through pipes is much better. Simply imagine a loop of pipes, and the current is the flow of charge through that loop. There is no reservoir of electrons, simply a loop.
How is then the difference in charge between negative/ground and positive explained?
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OK, could the bowl then represent the storage for negative charge? And electrons then carry the negative charge to the positive side and come back to the bowl...
So what if the circuit is using a diode? Since the diode only lets current go one direction if you make a circuit using conventional current your circuit will NOT work....right??
You don't "make" a circuit with either. You *evaluate* it with one or the other. As long as you evaluate the entire circuit with the same method, it doesn't matter. In electron flow current flows from cathode to anode, instead of anode to cathode as in conventional flow.
@@AddOhms It certainly does matter. Fundamental understanding is absolutely critical for those working research. It is also important for safety, as numerous accidents are caused every year through lack of fundamental understanding.
now i see. so we can say electrons have a positive charge and protons have a negative charge because positive and negative are just words and they dont matter because they are human ideas or names given to describe the charge of a particle which doesnt change fundamentally. isnt that a twisted idea... but we can all agree that an electron has negative- charge and travels towards positive+ right??? but since an electron is the energy input shouldnt that mean that it is positive?
It's called negative charge because it flows opposite of what Franklin thought electric current moves, hence why it's called negative
Did you know that in some parts of the world, they use ONLY current flow to analyze circuits? its ELECTRONics after all!
+addohms answer me this...how can both veiws be valid when one is electrons which does jump from one atom to another and the other is based on proton moving....protons dont move from one atom to another. if they did would mean that nucleus was split apart...proton moved to another split nucleus and re-assembled just to be split apart again as the proton moved. Cold Fission?
Hm, I can see some confusion happening there. The drawing was mention to show that positive charge carriers could be the thing that moves, like it does with the holes in a semiconductor. In the case of wires (and conductors) only the negative charge carriers move.
+AddOhms but i still see snake oil.....semiconductor holes....if holes in a diode moves from pos to neg where does the holes move when they reach the end of the diode...do they move through the circuit until comes back to the pos side of the diode?...The whole concept of two charges can be seen to move depending on which one you decide to look at is an attempt to keep all theories and the arrows of a a trans..to have some sort of being still correct.
+ken ezzell I think the physics of the P-N junction is something to consider deeper. Thanks.
Holes are just insufficient amount of electrons. Those small amount of electrons can still move, creating view of moving holes.
Would it matter for trying to determine the direction of the magnetic fields around the wire for Lorentz law? You're supposed to point your right thumb in the direction of the current and the direction your fingers curl tell you the direction of the magnetic fields? If you are using your right thumb, does this work for both conventional and electron flow? Or do you have to switch thumbs between the two or something? Thanks
Late to the party . . . Yes, it makes a difference. For electron flow, use your left hand.
Just to confuse everyone here, electrons are not always the dominant charge carrier in a metal. For example beryllium, zinc, and cadmium conduct electricity through the conduction of holes, which are positive charge carriers.
Of course, it still doesn't matter from a circuit analysis point of view as explained in the video however the charge of the particle does matter when considering the forces due to a magnetic field. If you're interested you should look into an experiment called the Hall Effect. hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/hall.html
the hole theory is conventional theory....the holes left by electrons is visualized as moving only if you were sitting on an electron and then you would use relativity veiw to see every thing going by you and not you going by them...as if we were taught the earth stood still...we would think the sun moved around the eart.
I wouldn't say it's conventional in that there are no holes in other metals such as copper, the hole phenomenon only occurs in semiconductors and those metals I previously listed. Yes, the concept of a hole is just the absence of an electron. However, due to weird quantum mechanical effects the hole can be treated as if it actually is a physical positive particle. For this reason it's often called a quasi-particle because its kind-of a particle in that no matter what experiment you do it acts exactly like a positive particle but at the same time is just a hole/absence of an electron.
Dear Mr. AddOhms, One thing puzzles me about the neg. to pos. theory.
In electroplating, the anode (wired to pos.) or bar of nickel for example travels to the cathode (neg.) part being nickel plated.
You can see it happening. What do you think about that? Thank you
Can't say. I only have a cursory understanding of how electroplating works.
@@AddOhms Thanks for answering. I'm sure there's more going on then meets the eye, but in my simple - only
slightly educated mind, it appears the electrons are moving from positive to negative & carrying the plating metal
molecules with it. It is a good question.
Electrolysis involves ions. not “just” electrons.
Question: if electron flow is the other way around to the standard convention, how does a resistor AHEAD of a Diode work?
because current IS A CLOSED LOOP
It's like, could they make it anymore confusing if they tried?
Kindavreminds me of traditional musical notation and how the notes on the treble clef and bass clef don't line up. It's like they made it more confusing than it had to be on purpose.
Just a question. Does a battery charge from positive to negative because if current is drawn from the source in reality negative to positive wouldn't you be better off analyzing the charging circuit as electron flow instead of having to change arrows when finished analyzing current or charge flow?
If you’re trying to understand the chemical reaction, electron flow makes more sense. If you’re just designing a charge circuit based on the batteries’ behaviors, it doesn’t matter.
@@AddOhms ,. Thanks. Mostly both. Battery sulfates after sitting too long without a charge. To desulfate a battery do you charge into the negative or positive terminal? I assume chemically it works from the negative side but the charge circuit goes into the positive?
Which tool you are using for circuit simulations.
÷addohms on lighter note....why are electronic techs really good at meditating.. ...........................................................................................because they understand ohms.....ohhhmmms
the positive side of a battery holds more charge(electrons) than the negitive side does at rest...when a wire is connected to both terminals...something amazing happens...an ELECTRON gets kick out of its orbit and find a new home by kicking out an electron out its home...which then FLOWS to another atom....very simple until you have to find a way be right about an old theory.
Okay I can see how people are going to say this two different ways to do this. All I want to figure out is which way to put a fuse on 1st. Should I install it from the positive terminal or the negative terminal first so it comes out of negative and passes the fuse or if it comes out a positive in passing the fuse. So it does not come out of negative and go through the load then go through the fuse so that protects it. That's what I'm trying to figure out. I am going to put the fuse before the load but I want to figure out if I should put it on the negative or positive terminal
Since current flows in a loop, it does not matter. As I said in the video, it is not as-if electrons are "coming out" of either the positive or negative. It is a chain going through both.
You put the fuse on the positive, but not because of which way current flows. Ground, or the negative, is a common reference point. Generally, it is meant to be at 0 volts. A fuse will cause a slight voltage drop, which means whatever is connected to the fuse to the ground is no longer referencing ground.
I just want to know what way it flows through my physical breadboard circuit. Positive to negative right?
Good explanation!! 😊👍🏼
You almost seem to be teaching here that protons can move and that is definitely not true. That's why I said 'seem' because I'm certain you know they can't move (in an electrical circuit). I think the only significant thing that makes electricity and electronics work is the fact that electrons move from negative to positive. It is quite true that the empty 'slots' left by a dislodged electron move from positive to negative. Absolutely. But those are just empty 'slots' which become vacant opposite the direction of electron movement and it's because of a power source forcing electrons into the circuit that those empty 'slots' occur in the first place. Normally in nature an atom will try to balance itself out with the correct number of electrons. In short, these empty slots where electrons were forced out are not moving particles. They are progressively transferred voids, like a string of lights where one light is off and that 'off' light seems to move around and around the loop with the rest of the lights being on. The fact that protons cannot move in a circuit and that only electrons can move in a circuit should give people their grounding into electricity and electronics because they can get very confused by the concept of conventional current if they are stressed together in the beginning. There is probably usefulness in discussing conventional current later, though I have not gotten to the point where I cannot do without it yet. Possibly later on with semiconductors? Discussing how current can flow from positive to negative wasn't useful in the beginning when I was learning electronics decades ago, as the near-exclusive main focus was on electron current. Conventional current was kind of sidelined and had to be redefined ever since the directional error was discovered by JJ Thomson in 1897. If memory serves I recall seeing most schematics mainly focused on showing the direction of electron flow (negative to positive).
The key in this whole discussion is what causes electricity to be created in the first place. The electrons can easily be dislodged and forced to move in one basic direction (they actually zig zag) toward the positive terminal of the power source where there are many cations (positively charged atoms) awaiting their missing electrons. The protons always stay put. For all intents and purposes they are far heavier than electrons and they never move. Therefore being able to appreciate current flowing from positive to negative is only possible because of moving electrons from negative to positive. To me that is far more significant in this study, especially in the beginning.
Yay!!! Thanks for all the videos!!!
There is a persistent myth among people who didn't study physics or similar that conventional current flow is a failed definition. It's NOT, just because charge carriers IN METALS are electrons, doesn't mean it's universally the case. In electrolytes for example both positive and negative ions are charge carriers. The definition of electric current is NOT limited to the movement electrons but rather the change of the electric charge over time. That means one single definition is enough to describe movement of electrons, ions, holes etc. independent of their charge. It's more general idea then just movements of electrons.
Awesome video
1:31 "Did you know that either the positive or the negative particles can be the things that moves?", then at 1:52 "...while in electron flow, which is what is REALLY happening." SO which one is it???
That statement was partially incorrect. I was try to highlight that in some semiconductor materials it is either the holes or the electrons that move. I mis-spoke by saying positive particle. Protons aren't so quick to leave their friends.
@@AddOhms Oh I see. Thanks for clearing that up, it had me buffled!
So what happens when you fit a diode then? I guess it means some peoples diagrams work and others don't. Surely just adding a diode would be the answer to which way diagrams need to be drawn and 1 way works and the other does not?
Diode allow current flow in one direction. For analysis that direction depends on the method used.
If there's the possibility that positive charges flow, why doesn't that happen? Why is it the electrons that move?
I misspoke. A positive charge carrier is a positively charged particle, but isn't a proton. The electron holes of a P-type semiconductors are effectively "positive" charge carriers.
The protons can move toward the negative terminal?
It’s a bad animation. I was trying to show positive charge carriers moving, but those are electron holes. Not the proton moving.
@@AddOhms What is an electron hole?
Great explanation!
My arduino brought me to this ? i have a small project on lightning my LED i put the cathode - in the GND and the anode + in pin 13 and it lights up ? So based on these video electrons flow from the GND to Pin 13 since it wont light up if put in on reverse .
First, that is an excellent way to ruin pin 13. It does *not* have a current limiting resistor on the pin. (ONLY for the on-board LED.) Second, you cannot pick and choose which current model you follow. If you use conventional flow, then you model current through a diode from anode to cathode.
oh i thought there is a built in resistor in pin 13 tnx for correcting me, i didnt know that is only for the on board led.
I guess you could say that electrons flow is physical and conventional flow is logical. (stationary perspective based)
More like illogical. You could say electron flow is physical and conventional is abstract.
cool video and informative too 👍
The direction of current flow is important in a DC electric motor because it establishes the direction of torque applied to the motors rotor .
Except you have two hands, which means both models work. Depending on which hand you use.
Fascinating , electrons "drift" thru a circuit at a speed of one and a half inches per hour from negative to positive while at the same time atomic nuclei flow thru a circuit at about the speed of light in the opposite direction . Energy always flows from a high state to a lower state and the best description I've heard yet is that electrical energy flows from charge towards discharge . The stuff flowing in the opposite direction isn't energy . Thanks for replying .
No nuclei are not flowing at the speed of light. They are matter, they cannot move that fast. The charge moves at the speed of light because it is energy. Don't confuse electrons with charge. Electrons are the charge carriers.
Thanks sir for explanation
If current only flows one way, why do you need Diodes?
It doesn't flow "one way." The direction is a reference, or relative, to what we call "positive" and "negative."
That said, diodes block flow which is useful in many different kinds of circuits. Whether you evaluate the circuit using conventional or electron flow, doesn't matter. The diode only allows current in one direction.
Those who insist that the "true" charge carriers in circuits are electrons might want to read up on the workings of batteries (and fuel cells).
You satisfied me
thanks man!
Oh thanks Mr now I understand everything that you explain.
nice vids
Moving electrons are not the main conduit of electric charge, electricity. It is the interactions of the electric charges of the electrons that move. Electrons do move, but very slowly, and their movement is inconsequential to the conduction of electricity. It similar to how the middle balls in a Newton's Cradle do not move much when passing the momentum of a striking ball through them.
With that said, the only time electrons are prone to moving in an electric circuit is within semiconductors.
Also, within semiconductors, positive "particles," atoms, also do not move--they are fixed in the crystalline structure of the semiconductor. It is the electrons that move between atoms of the semiconductor that are missing an electron, so-called positive "holes." The holes only appear to move as electrons in the semiconductor migrate from hole to hole.
But if i have a 2v led with a 5 volt power supply which side of led do i put the resistor?
It doesn't matter. Current is a *loop*.
Thanks. You actually explained this I just wasn’t sure. Good video!
How if I say that electricity flow from both directions at the same time with different charge? I came with this opinion when I saw that some wire starts to heats up at middle of it.
Sorry for poor English.
It can’t flow from in two directions, at the same time. It can change directions but only one at a time .
A wire heats up in the middle for a different reason. The middle is physically connected to less metal, so less heat can escape through where the wire is connected.
Hello James, you made very interesting video. I start to learn electronics, and can't undersnand one thing. It's about n mosfets, especialy about using it for reverse polarity protection. I viewed many images and articles on the internet about it, like this one: rs20.mine.nu/w/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/nfet.png
There negative terminal of battery connects to Drain and negative load to Source. I tried to reconstruct this scheme with LED and FQP30N06L, and it does not works. LED lights even if Gate not connected to positive terminal.
In your video "MOSFETs and How to Use Them | | AddOhms #11" your connection goes other way: negative load to Drain and negative terminal of battery connects to Source.
And your scheme is working, if i disconnect gate led stops emiting light.
Can you tell me what way is correct and why. Thanks in adwance.
My brain trying to get out of my head.
Sorry for my english. I just don't like to use translators :).
Did you ever get your answer?
Please do video on negative voltage
I prefer to stay Positive.
Charge flows not current.
It was explained to me a bit differently. Yes they thought electricity moved from positive to negative (positive meaning more, negative meaning less), then they discovered that it's actually the electrons (negative charge) moved to the positive. But because so many things were built using this labeling convention they just left it that way... In other words the positive terminal is actually where the electrons reside.
"Where the electrons reside" is the wrong way to think about it. There isn't a "pool of electrons" at either terminal. Current moves in a continuous loop like a bicycle chain. So positive and negative are just the direction that the *chain* moves and not the "source." This difference is a reason why the water analogy is so flawed. People don't see the return path. Without an electric field, the electrons are moving around like they normally do in all matter. The field causes them to move, together, in a direction: like a bicycle chain. They aren't "moving to" the positive they move in the *direction* of positive.
Whomever has a doubt,Take diode( conducts only in one direction) connect it from led with resistor,check the direction,..it's gonna be from positive to negative
No. Your understanding of the diode is wrong. The direction is described by the theory you use. In conventional flow, current goes from anode to cathode. In electron flow, which is what really happens, it goes from cathode to anode.
AGAIN, you have to use the same convention for the ENTIRE circuit. You can’t pick and choose parts and arbitrarily decide they follow one but not the other.
@@AddOhms sir..if you have noticed a car battery by opening bownet door...why the fuses are given only at positive red terminal s why not at negative black terminals....when short circuit happens,it give rise to more flow of current which blow the fuses..hence..that denotes charges emit from positive terminal. Correct me if I am wrong
No! Once again, you are wrong. Your reasoning is incorrect. Current flows in a LOOP. It does not "emit" from anywhere. It is a LOOP. For that reason, it does not matter which direction it flows.
The reason fuses go on the positive terminal is because they have a tiny amount of resistance. The current through them would create a voltage drop. If they were placed on the ground rail, then ground would not remain at 0 volts. It would change with current load. It has NOTHING to do with what direction the loop of electrons move.
"As long as you use the same flow-direction for the entire circuit, it doesn't matter which you use." The problem with this statement is that there are many 'you-s'. Some use + to - and others the reverse. In the effort to understand electricity, this fundamental concept of current flow direction is critical to the understanding the true electromagnetic forces involved. It is not the matter that it does not matter, it is the matter of truth and understanding. Truth is the light, embrace it!
Weird that you transcribed the statement and still continued to not understand it. There is only one “you.” The point, the exact point, is *you* have to analyze the circuit with a single theory (or direction.) The flow of electrons is a loop. Period. The direction you say they follow does not matter, as long as, YOU say they follow the rules. Which means, they only follow one direction. Because it is it a loop, it DOES NOT matter which why they go.
Nice
Ben Franklin guessed wrong but the industry continues with convention just the typewriter standard.
According to electron flow... Electrons flow from negative to positive. So as the electrons move from one atom of the conductor to other..the atom becomes positively charged....just think it that way....😁
In my day, techs were taught electron flow and engineers conventional flow.
Depending on what you say, the more you use a 1.5 volt DC battery on a small lamp, the more the battery's positive side becomes positive (conventional flow) and recharges itself, fantastic, not for me.
That isn’t even remotely what I said.
Understanding the current flow will matter if you place a diode in that circuit....negative to positive is the correct path..
Absolutely wrong. That is an example of mixing models or analysis methods. If you pick conventional flow for the rest of the circuit, like almost every professional engineer in the world does, then you must treat diodes as allowing current from anode to cathode. I really like when people troll with the diode example. The symbol even points in conventional flow direction.
This is like religion, people can't agree which way elections flow
Not really. There is agreement. It is more like politics with multiple viewpoints--it depends on your perspective. It is the same as current direction, it depends on which model you use.
Excellent presentation! Though this is only theory because no one actually knows which way the electrons are flowing, Even the electrons are being labeled as a negative charge when not one has actually provided a repeatable experiment that proves without a doubt that electrons are negatively charged.. 100 year old theories without evidence, you might as well take a guess because there is something really wrong with these old theories.
Okay... Then explain diodes and transistors with electron flow? Messes the whole show up... Magnetic field fluctuation?
Nope. If you use electron or conventional flow, all currents follow the same path for the method you pick. You don't get to pick and choose for certain situations. If you say current flows through a diode from cathode to anode then you must use electron flow for the entire circuit. If you choose conventional flow, like the diode symbol is drawn, you must use conventional flow for the entire circuit.
Thanks for making that clear, because I have 12 different electronics books that use “electron current flow” (neg to pos). There are a lot of great videos coming out that use “conventional positive flow”,so it irritated me at first, especially when they taught it one way at the microscopic level and then taught it the other way at the transistor level when I knew it wasn’t right. I forced myself to see it from the another’s perspective and am glad I did, because both theory’s are very important to learn & understand. They have answered deeper questions about science.
Lol protons don't move so it's electrons that carry the negative charge
Electrons carry the negative charge. The lack of electrons, aka holes, carry a positive charge. I used to visualize holes as the proton moving, but I have since realized how that is confusing for some people.
@@AddOhms but how is the charge carried along the protons to other atoms in a physics student🤔🤔🤔
Bien!
I can guarantee you that Benjamin Franklin would not want the world to deliberately utilise the wrong analogy. This is exactly the opposite of the principles that he believed in.
As a small boy I learned with conventional flow, it's the easiest to understand. Scientific eggheads are there to confuse us all.
I think whatever you learn first is easiest to understand. I don't think either is easier. If you (and I) had learned electron flow first, conventional would seem strange.
Conventional current just seemed easier to me. Before I found out about diodes I never thought of current flowing through a circuit, as soon as I started to use other components, such as diodes, I thought of the flow of conventional current due to the arrows on the diode and LED symbols. It just looked more natural.
When I was at college the conventional current way was used, although we were also told that it flowed the other way from a scientific point of view. The lecturers basically said "this is electronics not a science lesson!".
There is a place where you learn one thing, and it stays the same, even after proven wrong. You can go there and pretend that fiction is fact indefinitely. It's not called a classroom. They call that church.
Who was the diplomat that published "conventional flow"? The flow it describes is "Wrong" PERIOD!
It is a model. All models have flaws. Outside of Academia, everyone uses conventional flow because it works. And it doesn’t matter which you use. (As long as the entire circuit uses the same one.)
Sorry but Electricity doesn't need to be a closed loop to work .. and NO electricity does NOT comes from the negative side , that was a myth .. HOw can 2 opposite flows be correct that wouldn't make any sense
"Electricity" is a concept that represents a form of energy. So no, "electricity" does not need a closed loop, but this video didn't talk about "electricity." It spoke specifically about current flow. Current flow does need a closed path to flow. And current flows from negative potential to positive. Those are both fact and are not myths.