Paul what do you do for work? .. as it's obviously in a technical / practical role as your always filming on the job by the looks of it .. and have tool's & equipment at hand
Im always amazed at how creative these little engineering solutions are . Using the state of the superheated fluid to regulate the thermal expansion valve is actually a stroke of brilliance, its always incredible to see the ingenuity that went into designing the most obvious things.
The key component to your video was Doing the cut away on the valve. It gave me a clear understanding on how the TX valve operates. Good job. Thank you.
Sure andtemperatureofthe refrigent controld in the systomsince this bulbis attached to thesushion linethe tempperutureofthe bulbis thatofthe suction gas when the gas temperure increusethe presure inside bellows also increase and the valve stem moves down spring tesionand evaportator pressure pushes the stem up from the botyom of the bellows .
I just watched this video out of curiosity for wanting to know how refrigerators work. Did't expect to understand anything. I'm amazed by the fact that i really could understand most of the parts.
Mind blown. Been in an apartment maintenance tech for almost a year and I'm just realizing the original installers never tied the bulb on the other side of the coils. Makes so much sense now. Thank you for this video
I remember the time during my apprenticeship our chef technician can not answer correctly of my question about what is the used of the sensing valve I’m not satisfied with his answer what I did was I bought expansion valve and I cut it in a lengthwise just to understand how it works just like you did lol..that was my unforgettable moment of being a refrigeration/airconditioning technician
These videos are as good as it gets but just in case no ones pointed it out, it says “whats inside a filter dryer” a few mins in - that said your videos are great. If you can idiot proof them even more for me I’d love it. Cheers
the main function of txv is to convrrt liquid phase to gaseous phase and to reduce temp to absorv surrounding heat outside the tubes.This is a application of Boyles Law,the txv is designef to automatically regulate the flow of fluid.Eduardo here.
Thank you. Most explanations of the TXV usually omit the cartridge that the diaphragm pin pushes down on, and the subsequent conical orifice that allows the change in refrigerant state to occur. I remain puzzled as to where the heat of the incoming refrigerant is dissipated and escapes to, as the brass body of the valve does not seem large enough to disseminate the heat. It obviously does, and is of optimum design, but it just does not seem to be enough mass to transfer the heat to the air. Thank you, a nice demonstration.
The heat doesn't escape from the body of the valve. As the refrigerant expands through the valve the particles have more space and stop colliding so much. Imagine a crowd pushing through a turnstile, the pushing side is tightly packed, hot, sweaty, noisey and everyone is colliding but once through the turnstile there's plenty of space to move around, tension reduces, no one's colliding anymore. Same energy just spread out. The heat is removed in the condenser
@@EngineeringMindset Thank you for your time, I will research further. Heat rises and is always dissipated to some degree. It's a complex physics proposition that goes beyond pressure, but that is the big block answer. Again, thank you for your time.
Well if the valve closes when the cooling load is less but the compressor might still be on, wouldn’t that cause the system to burst? Is there any specific control system for that as well? Loved the explanation!
These videos are fantastic. You’re the best Engineering Mindset, I love your passion for sharing your knowledge and animated clips. Just a great way to learn, through seeing physical movement of parts; liquids, lubricants, magnetic fields etc as well as your explanations. Just brilliant!
The expansion valve removes pressure from the liquid refrigerant to allow expansion or change of state from a liquid to a vapor in the evaporator. The high-pressure liquid refrigerant entering the expansion valve is quite warm. This may be verified by feeling the liquid line at its connection to the expansion valve.
Once am back on my feet working again, I will surely buy you a cup of coffee Paul, I really love your hard work and thorough step by step guide into a mechanical system, I would love if you work through more systems.
So the sensing bulb is hollow. But it has refrigerant inside the hollow cavity? So when you cut into one is the refrigerant released or do you have to add it before you put one into service?
It should be pointed out that the underside of the diaphragm is exposed to the pressure in the evaporator, and that some expansion valves even have a separate line to sense the pressure at the outlet of the evaporator, thereby compensating for the pressure drop across the evaporator as well.
Automotive block-shaped expansion valves always sense pressure at the evaporator's outlet. The refrigerant that exits the evaporator directly pushes the diaphragm up along the way... even though we're talking about very small evaporators with no pressure drop at all...
Youre the best man.. i love all your videos.. ezplaining it clearly.. you are foundations of young professionals.. keep it up.. live to the fullest to help others 👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻❤️🍻
What are the symptoms if something is wrong with the expansion valve? If ice forms on the evaporator coils, can I fix it by reducing the flow of refrigerant?
Actually in auto AC coil icing is prevented by keeping flow steady (rather than decreasing it further) as evaporator refrigerant temp drops around 32F, so that the coil floods and the superheat becomes nil. That is, the TXV is acting as an AXV (automatic expansion valve) at that point. Still there's a compressor capacity control system should the return air temperature/refrigerant temperature drop down too much. However, gas cross charges are used as the control charge. Decreasing flow so that superheat climbs up actually results in the coil starving and progressively icing up from the inlet to the outlet.
i know this is kinda an idiotic question and/or idea. but i acquired a refrigerated dryer that functions the same as explained in this video. i got it from my father, a dentist, who had to upgrade his euipment. i use pneumatic tools, but nothing expensive nor special. just the average Harbor Freight collection. so i don't care much to dry my air. my girlfriend bought these little monsters called axototls. I like them. But they require cold water, around 18C. And a water chiller for an aquarium runs at least $300 for one that actually uses refrigerant. It's a LOT OVERPRICED as I could buy a entire fridge for the same price. So I was wondering if I could use the chiller dryer as a water chiller instead, by removing the filter from the system, and adding a good 500gal/hr water pump that would push the aquarium water through instead of air. the concerns i have are regarding water pressure vs. air pressure, and possibility of a freeze up. This modified usage doesn't have to be perfect. Just keep the aquarium water ±2℃ of 18℃. Actually the axototls are fine down to around 10℃, and can go even lower for short periods of time. The danger is when the water is too warm, which room temperature is the borderline, as these animals lose their ability to process food and get bloated and die very quickly. So you can easily understand now why I promised to fix the issue for her as she was crying because she lost one, as she didn't even have a thermometer for the aquarium. I'm a die-hard DIYer, as I can trust and depend on my tools to last a lifetime, whereas 99% of products are a huge waste of money, as they are not made to last at all, instead purposely manufacted with a set life, that is the shortest amount of time they can get away with. Anyways, if I remove the filter that collects the water from the air when it is chilled, essentially that would allow for water to flow through instead of air, provided I use a water pump for circulation, correct? As without the filter it's basically just a closed loop that is chilled to a temperature that can be adjusted and set by adjustment of the TXV as you just illustrated in this video, essentially using it as a thermostat. I figure as long as I can provide a fast moving flow of the water, and have the TXV adjusted in the correct range to reach a constant, there should be no problems. As the aquarium holds 60 gallons, and the pump I bought for this project is actually made for pond filtration. It's 30 watts and pumps up to 500gal/h. But it's flow is completely adjustable from 0 to 500, and it can be used submersed or "inline" (not submersed) - i plan to use it inline so i can easily adjust the flow and and choose where the water intake and output are. The pump is made to deal with a lot of "stuff", such as clogs, power outage, high strain, etc but has built in solutions that will protect the pump from cooking. It says it can pump a column of water into the air to a height of 7'6". The make and model of refrigerated dryer I have is: model # WRA-0010-A69 made by: Apollo Dental Products. The rated flow is 10 SCFM. Standard operating inlet air pressure is 100 PSIG. Factory test pressures are: 144 PSIG LOW SIDE / 400 PSIG HIGH SIDE. Max inlet air pressure is 200 PSIG. I haven't had a chance yet to look up how the Suction Service Valve functions, but if anyone who helps or is just interested, I can post the electrical and refrigerant diagrams attached to the unit, as well as photos illustrating all parts and functions. I have it opened up right now, and to me, this thing seems simple, just like a window AC unit or minifridge. I just wanted to ask some of you who work with this equipment regularly, if what I intend to do is possible, and if there are any precautions or tips that might save me some time. I want to just go ahead and test it out, but I will wait a week for any replies, as this thing could maybe save me $300. I don't want to destroy it. Simply repurpose it. Thanks in advance to anyone who lends a hand! I don't want to be accused of SPAM, so I will wait for approval from you Paul, as this is your channel, to post a link to my website where I will have the diagrams and photos posted. Thanks again everyone! -patrick
ok very cool vid but I have a question in minute 4:16 you explain that the pin gets push by high pressure saturated liquid pushing the diaphragm up that pushes refrigerant to the sensing bulb and back and fort depending on the temp that you get from the evaporation coil so this refrigerant is never gets passed the diaphragm down to the pin? its only in the sensing bulb and capillary tubing and on top of the diaphragm? its independent from the refrigerant running in the lines right ?
The last ac tech that came to my house to service the unit moved the sensing bulb away from the pipe that it was attached to. Do you know why. Do you think the TXV is not working properly? Is this ok? Or should I put it back where it was? About how much does it cost to replace the TXV? Thank you so much.
thanks for creating such an amazing video. Watched so many videos where all theoretical explanation were given, however the detailed video prepared by your channel has cleared the fundamentals.
6:13, it is the opposite: as the cooling load increases the superheated decreasese right?? PD: in 6:32 they say the opposite... Nice video that contradicts itself :( Someone tell me pls if I am wrong :)
Thanks for amazing knowledge. So i saw a small tube from expansion valve into the end evaporator (behind sensing bulb) but i dont know what is that? Can u explain for me, please!
@@MTA141 Yes, the sensing bulb doesn't mix refrigerant with the system, it is kept within the bulb, capillary and power head. The equalising line is system refrigerant, doesn't mix with the sensing bulb refrigerant. The equalising line takes pressure from the low side of the pressure distributor. The distributor is needed to split the outlet pipe from the tx valve into many pipes, used on a multipath evaporator. The distributor will unfortunately cause another extra pressure drop, without the equalising tube the tx valve wouldn't get the correct evaporator pressure.
The orifice or hole function wasn't explained, also the change in temperature and pressure phases after the expansion valve weren't technically explained. Some engineering information are missing. We would like to know more about the effect of velocity change in the refrigerant circuit.
⚠️ *Found this video super useful?* Buy Paul a coffee to say thanks: ☕
PayPal: www.paypal.me/TheEngineerinMindset
Can possible to explain screw compressor and air cooled chillers
Hi
Paul what do you do for work? .. as it's obviously in a technical / practical role as your always filming on the job by the looks of it .. and have tool's & equipment at hand
Also your video's help me learn all.these interesting and relevant engineering concept's i otherwise wouldn't understand .. so thank you very much
@@cocopopman-43 9í00
Im always amazed at how creative these little engineering solutions are . Using the state of the superheated fluid to regulate the thermal expansion valve is actually a stroke of brilliance, its always incredible to see the ingenuity that went into designing the most obvious things.
The key component to your video was Doing the cut away on the valve. It gave me a clear understanding on how the TX valve operates. Good job. Thank you.
Sure andtemperatureofthe refrigent controld in the systomsince this bulbis attached to thesushion linethe tempperutureofthe bulbis thatofthe suction gas when the gas temperure increusethe presure inside bellows also increase and the valve stem moves down spring tesionand evaportator pressure pushes the stem up from the botyom of the bellows .
These type of content is just GOLD because sometimes plumber/plumbing is a very broad and vague term
I'm in an HVAC class and these videos really are the best ones I found on RUclips. Thanks and keep it up!
that is how U succumb to "propaganda". Tk cr to exercise cation, and judge for your self !!!! !!!
Good sherinf gues
I just watched this video out of curiosity for wanting to know how refrigerators work. Did't expect to understand anything. I'm amazed by the fact that i really could understand most of the parts.
Mind blown. Been in an apartment maintenance tech for almost a year and I'm just realizing the original installers never tied the bulb on the other side of the coils. Makes so much sense now. Thank you for this video
I remember the time during my apprenticeship our chef technician can not answer correctly of my question about what is the used of the sensing valve I’m not satisfied with his answer what I did was I bought expansion valve and I cut it in a lengthwise just to understand how it works just like you did lol..that was my unforgettable moment of being a refrigeration/airconditioning technician
These videos are as good as it gets but just in case no ones pointed it out, it says “whats inside a filter dryer” a few mins in - that said your videos are great. If you can idiot proof them even more for me I’d love it. Cheers
I have no connection to the industry, i just like the technology, but I LOVE this channel
You did a great job in clarifying the function of the Expansion valve.
the main function of txv is to convrrt liquid phase to gaseous phase and to reduce temp to absorv surrounding heat outside the tubes.This is a application of Boyles Law,the txv is designef to automatically regulate the flow of fluid.Eduardo here.
Thank you. Most explanations of the TXV usually omit the cartridge that the diaphragm pin pushes down on, and the subsequent conical orifice that allows the change in refrigerant state to occur. I remain puzzled as to where the heat of the incoming refrigerant is dissipated and escapes to, as the brass body of the valve does not seem large enough to disseminate the heat. It obviously does, and is of optimum design, but it just does not seem to be enough mass to transfer the heat to the air. Thank you, a nice demonstration.
The heat doesn't escape from the body of the valve. As the refrigerant expands through the valve the particles have more space and stop colliding so much. Imagine a crowd pushing through a turnstile, the pushing side is tightly packed, hot, sweaty, noisey and everyone is colliding but once through the turnstile there's plenty of space to move around, tension reduces, no one's colliding anymore. Same energy just spread out. The heat is removed in the condenser
@@EngineeringMindset Thank you for your time, I will research further. Heat rises and is always dissipated to some degree. It's a complex physics proposition that goes beyond pressure, but that is the big block answer. Again, thank you for your time.
It is crazy how well presented and understandable this is.
Well if the valve closes when the cooling load is less but the compressor might still be on, wouldn’t that cause the system to burst? Is there any specific control system for that as well? Loved the explanation!
These videos are fantastic. You’re the best Engineering Mindset, I love your passion for sharing your knowledge and animated clips. Just a great way to learn, through seeing physical movement of parts; liquids, lubricants, magnetic fields etc as well as your explanations. Just brilliant!
The expansion valve removes pressure from the liquid refrigerant to allow expansion or change of state from a liquid to a vapor in the evaporator. The high-pressure liquid refrigerant entering the expansion valve is quite warm. This may be verified by feeling the liquid line at its connection to the expansion valve.
This is the type of video I've been looking for. Clarified things so well.
EXCELLENT VIDEO BRO ITS VERY EASY TO UNTERSTAND THE TXV WORKING PROCESS
The narrator is very knowledgeable and outspoken.
Once am back on my feet working again, I will surely buy you a cup of coffee Paul, I really love your hard work and thorough step by step guide into a mechanical system, I would love if you work through more systems.
Have took em apart many times over the years but EEV’s are taking over now
It's really very great vedio and it's much useful to me .... May I know what was the refrigerant use in the sensible bulb?
Really appreciate very nice explanation, me too a senior insrtuctor of Hvac/R
Please explain about how the pressure and temperature reduces after TXV.
Will u pliz make complte video about marine air conditioning system, how to cahrging freon, what kind of troble n how to fix it🙏
I love that it doesn't need a chipset
Through this video I learned a lot. thank you so much Sir.
Super pls share knowledge about solinaid switch
Please explain about the equalizing line also
I just did a lab on this, and I didn't get it until this video. Thanks for the clear and concise explanation!
Really great videos. I’m from a domestic background now supervising comercial fit outs.
Your videos are invaluable.
Genius! Thanks for the amazing demo.
Wow, I didn't really think I'd find a good answer to my query. This is a million times better than I expected. Thanks!
So the sensing bulb is hollow. But it has refrigerant inside the hollow cavity? So when you cut into one is the refrigerant released or do you have to add it before you put one into service?
It should be pointed out that the underside of the diaphragm is exposed to the pressure in the evaporator, and that some expansion valves even have a separate line to sense the pressure at the outlet of the evaporator, thereby compensating for the pressure drop across the evaporator as well.
Automotive block-shaped expansion valves always sense pressure at the evaporator's outlet. The refrigerant that exits the evaporator directly pushes the diaphragm up along the way... even though we're talking about very small evaporators with no pressure drop at all...
Youre the best man.. i love all your videos.. ezplaining it clearly.. you are foundations of young professionals.. keep it up.. live to the fullest to help others 👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻❤️🍻
Excelent. Congrats from Argentina
Very awesome explanation of TXV. Good learning video.
Super video. Hey engineering mindset could u explain different diodes,resistor, transistor
Diodes explained: ruclips.net/video/Fwj_d3uO5g8/видео.html
Transistor video now live: ruclips.net/video/J4oO7PT_nzQ/видео.html
@@EngineeringMindset nice video
@@EngineeringMindset always the best
Check out NEW resistor video, everything covered! ➡️ ruclips.net/video/DYcLFHgVCn0/видео.html
Thank u so much Paul, very good in explaining
Thanking you for increasing my knowledge......
Awesome presentation 👌🏼
a 2 TR TXV can handle the load of 1TR or 3TR if load varies like this?
I find your videos very useful and informative. Do you have a video discussing Direct Expansion (DX) Systems?
Glad to hear, check out our video on supermarket hvac. Lots discussed there
@@EngineeringMindset Thanks!
Damn...who need colleges if these channels are available..!!
great explanation and fantastic graphics!!!
Thank you very much. Cause i have never seen TXV at class
Genius ! Very wel explained
Lov u sir from India.
Thank you, do you know we also have a Hindi channel? ruclips.net/channel/UCg4k338hz9U8jnD5SXPO5jQ
thanks for the detailed explanation....
Very very nice explanation, please provide the vedios in hindi version
Hindi channel now live! ruclips.net/video/j7dlywCbjF0/видео.html
What are the symptoms if something is wrong with the expansion valve? If ice forms on the evaporator coils, can I fix it by reducing the flow of refrigerant?
Actually in auto AC coil icing is prevented by keeping flow steady (rather than decreasing it further) as evaporator refrigerant temp drops around 32F, so that the coil floods and the superheat becomes nil. That is, the TXV is acting as an AXV (automatic expansion valve) at that point. Still there's a compressor capacity control system should the return air temperature/refrigerant temperature drop down too much.
However, gas cross charges are used as the control charge.
Decreasing flow so that superheat climbs up actually results in the coil starving and progressively icing up from the inlet to the outlet.
Great video for students
Excellent video and explanation...You did a great job...
great than you are sharing knowledge from danfoss wish i consider one of the best companies in the worlds it is growing ..... thanks
👌Mind blowing explaination presentation bro.... Thank you so much
Everyone can easily understand..🙏🙏
i know this is kinda an idiotic question and/or idea. but i acquired a refrigerated dryer that functions the same as explained in this video. i got it from my father, a dentist, who had to upgrade his euipment. i use pneumatic tools, but nothing expensive nor special. just the average Harbor Freight collection. so i don't care much to dry my air. my girlfriend bought these little monsters called axototls. I like them. But they require cold water, around 18C. And a water chiller for an aquarium runs at least $300 for one that actually uses refrigerant. It's a LOT OVERPRICED as I could buy a entire fridge for the same price. So I was wondering if I could use the chiller dryer as a water chiller instead, by removing the filter from the system, and adding a good 500gal/hr water pump that would push the aquarium water through instead of air. the concerns i have are regarding water pressure vs. air pressure, and possibility of a freeze up. This modified
usage doesn't have to be perfect. Just keep the aquarium water ±2℃ of 18℃. Actually the axototls are fine down to around 10℃, and can go even lower for short periods of time. The danger is when the water is too warm, which room temperature is the borderline, as these animals lose their ability to process food and get bloated and die very quickly. So you can easily understand now why I promised to fix the issue for her as she was crying because she lost one, as she didn't even have a thermometer for the aquarium. I'm a die-hard DIYer, as I can trust and depend on my tools to last a lifetime, whereas 99% of products are a huge waste of money, as they are not made to last at all, instead purposely manufacted with a set life, that is the shortest amount of time they can get away with. Anyways, if I remove the filter that collects the water from the air when it is chilled, essentially that would allow for water to flow through instead of air, provided I use a water pump for circulation, correct? As without the filter it's basically just a closed loop that is chilled to a temperature that can be adjusted and set by adjustment of the TXV as you just illustrated in this video, essentially using it as a thermostat. I figure as long as I can provide a fast moving flow of the water, and have the TXV adjusted in the correct range to reach a constant, there should be no problems. As the aquarium holds 60 gallons, and the pump I bought for this project is actually made for pond filtration. It's 30 watts and pumps up to 500gal/h. But it's flow is completely adjustable from 0 to 500, and it can be used submersed or "inline" (not submersed) - i plan to use it inline so i can easily adjust the flow and and choose where the water intake and output are. The pump is made to deal with a lot of "stuff", such as clogs, power outage, high strain, etc but has built in solutions that will protect the pump from cooking. It says it can pump a column of water into the air to a height of 7'6". The make and model of refrigerated dryer I have is: model # WRA-0010-A69 made by: Apollo Dental Products. The rated flow is 10 SCFM. Standard operating inlet air pressure is 100 PSIG. Factory test pressures are: 144 PSIG LOW SIDE / 400 PSIG HIGH SIDE. Max inlet air pressure is 200 PSIG. I haven't had a chance yet to look up how the Suction Service Valve functions, but if anyone who helps or is just interested, I can post the electrical and refrigerant diagrams attached to the unit, as well as photos illustrating all parts and functions. I have it opened up right now, and to me, this thing seems simple, just like a window AC unit or minifridge. I just wanted to ask some of you who work with this equipment regularly, if what I intend to do is possible, and if there are any precautions or tips that might save me some time. I want to just go ahead and test it out, but I will wait a week for any replies, as this thing could maybe save me $300. I don't want to destroy it. Simply repurpose it. Thanks in advance to anyone who lends a hand! I don't want to be accused of SPAM, so I will wait for approval from you Paul, as this is your channel, to post a link to my website where I will have the diagrams and photos posted. Thanks again everyone!
-patrick
ok very cool vid but I have a question in minute 4:16 you explain that the pin gets push by high pressure saturated liquid pushing the diaphragm up that pushes refrigerant to the sensing bulb and back and fort depending on the temp that you get from the evaporation coil so this refrigerant is never gets passed the diaphragm down to the pin? its only in the sensing bulb and capillary tubing and on top of the diaphragm?
its independent from the refrigerant running in the lines right ?
This video is really awesome.
Great video, well explained.
I finally understand how a TXV works, thank you for this video.
The last ac tech that came to my house to service the unit moved the sensing bulb away from the pipe that it was attached to. Do you know why. Do you think the TXV is not working properly? Is this ok? Or should I put it back where it was? About how much does it cost to replace the TXV? Thank you so much.
Please make training video on diesel generator, if you can.
thanks for creating such an amazing video. Watched so many videos where all theoretical explanation were given, however the detailed video prepared by your channel has cleared the fundamentals.
Good videos for explaining the theory.
A really good video. Appreciate your work!
6:13, it is the opposite: as the cooling load increases the superheated decreasese right??
PD: in 6:32 they say the opposite...
Nice video that contradicts itself :(
Someone tell me pls if I am wrong :)
Fantastic , kudos to your hard work
Great explaination👍👌
great annotations, very easy to follow
Thanks for amazing knowledge. So i saw a small tube from expansion valve into the end evaporator (behind sensing bulb) but i dont know what is that? Can u explain for me, please!
It's an equalising line
@@EngineeringMindset Is it similar to sensing line? Sensing line take sense from outside tube and that line take from inside tube?
@@MTA141 Yes, the sensing bulb doesn't mix refrigerant with the system, it is kept within the bulb, capillary and power head. The equalising line is system refrigerant, doesn't mix with the sensing bulb refrigerant. The equalising line takes pressure from the low side of the pressure distributor. The distributor is needed to split the outlet pipe from the tx valve into many pipes, used on a multipath evaporator. The distributor will unfortunately cause another extra pressure drop, without the equalising tube the tx valve wouldn't get the correct evaporator pressure.
What type of refrigerant inside the sensing bulb??
The orifice or hole function wasn't explained, also the change in temperature and pressure phases after the expansion valve weren't technically explained. Some engineering information are missing. We would like to know more about the effect of velocity change in the refrigerant circuit.
Checkout our other videos on how TXV and EEV valves work
Thanks for this explanation
Thank you very much.very useful video
Some of Excellent value videos. Congratulations sir
thank you very much very nice and interesting videos every well explaining
Very comprehensive videos. The illustrations have been impressive. Many thanks and appreciations.
thanks In-depth quality video
You did amazing vedio..it helps a lot to us thank you so much..
Excellent explaination as always that is why i subscribe to this channel
If there is no air flow across the evaporator and superheat level is not reached, does the txv stay closed and not let any refrigerant to flow?
I am so happy that I am subscribed to your channel, it's very useful and fun.
*I highly recommend subscribing to it* .
love your contents man.
excellent..interesting and easy to understand..keep going
So the superheat spring is non-linear?
The Best! Very nice.. thanks for this Video..
Excellent presentation Mate from other side of the Pond.
very well explained! Thanks for sharing.
Best explanation
Awesome video! Thank you!
Thanks for this video share. So usefull .regards from Indonesia
This was well done n thank you
The graphics and effort are amazing!
Thank u very much ur video is very useful I wish u the best
Very helpful Vedio thank you
your a god send. ive lurned so much from your videos. thanks for posting keep it up im watching :)
Wow 😮 this was VERY easy to understand
Woww.. great explanation❤❤
Outstanding vídeo, It desserves an OSCAR!!!