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ARGULUS (FISH LOUSE) INFECTIONS IN FISH
Natalie Steckler and Roy P. E. Yanong
INTRODUCTION
Argulus species (Family: Argulidae), more commonly known as fish lice, are members of a large group of branchiuran parasites that infest and cause disease in fish. The argulids are crustaceans and are related to crabs, lobsters, and shrimp.
There are approximately 100 different species of Argulus distributed worldwide that, depending upon species, can infest freshwater and saltwater fishes. The three most-studied species, Argulus foliaceus, A. japonicus, and A. coregoni are found in freshwater systems. Infections with these are most common in wild and pond-raised freshwater fish, particularly goldfish, koi, and other cyprinids (carps and minnows); centrarchids (sunfishes) and salmonids (salmon and trout). A. foliaceus has also been found on frogs and toads.
DISEASE IN FISH CAUSED BY ARGULUS
Argulus infestations tend to peak in the summer and fall. The lice can be found attached to the skin, gill chamber, and mouth. Localized inflammation occurs at the contact site because of mechanical damage from hooks and spines on the stylet and appendages, and irritation from digestive enzymes. In heavy infestations, the fish lice may be seen all over the skin and fins of the fish and in the water column (Figures 3 and 4). Fish without visible lice may show non-specific signs of infestation. These include spot or pinpoint hemorrhages, anemia, fin and scale loss, increased mucus production, lethargy, erratic swimming, reduced feeding, hanging at the surface (avoiding swimming into the water column) and poor body condition. Fish may "flash" or rub against surfaces in an attempt to relieve irritation or to remove the parasites. In some cases, there may be no obvious signs of disease other than presence of the parasite.

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