The History of Arabic Numerals
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- Опубликовано: 28 фев 2023
- PATREON: / generalistpapers
The so called Arabic numbers are everywhere in our lives. So much so that I bet you haven’t thought much about them. Where did they come from? Well, in this video we'll track their evolution through time AND space, so strap in.
Sources:
mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk...
Number Words and Number Symbols: A Cultural History of Numbers by Karl Menninger
www.historyextra.com/period/m...
Music:
Scheming Weasel, Thatched Villagers and Eastern Thought by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License
creativecommons.org/licenses/b...
![Kehlani - Next 2 U [Official Music Video]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/MpI7ekFG8A0/mqdefault.jpg)
Hindu Arabic Numerals are actually Indian Numerals because Arabic script is from Right to left but Brahmi script is from Left to right from which Hindu Arabic numerals originated.
Have you ever noticed that numbers, when getting bigger, grow on their *left* side?
That's because we kept the writing order from Arabic when they entered into Europe.
We are basically reading them backwards.
In Hebrew and Arabic texts the numbers look exactly the same as in the translated text with numerals.
And as the video stated, 'Modern Arabic' numerals look neither like the original hindu nor arabic.
@@Cau_No "reading them backwards"?! Luckily, in English, we use the most logical way of verbalising the written numbers. Imagine reading and saying them "backwards", we might end up calling 'everyone not islamic must be murdered', 'peaceful'.
@@WilfChadwick Luckily, I'm not English.
Maybe you want to redact your thoughts into clear text, then I might be able to understand what you are talking about.
And when you begin verbalising the number from the left, then you start at its highest digit - which is, as I explained, at its end.
@@Cau_No Please don't start a sentence with "And", it makes you appear somewhat stupid.
Luckily, i am English.
23 - Twenty (first written and said), three (second written and said).
- Drie (tweede geschreven eerst gesproken), en twintig (eerst geschreven tweede gesproken).
Arabic is the same as, eg Dutch above, except for the weird 200's anomaly.
Which is read backwards?
Ps. 13-14-15-16-17-18-19 in English. Backwards?
@@WilfChadwick Yeah, attack the form first before you try to argue the content - really bad style.
I am talking about the digits, not the words!
You have to align numbers on their right side to sum them up, that's contrary to written text. That's what 'backwards' meant. The names of the numbers were not the point. But to take your example - "drie en twintig en honderd" would for this case be the logical name for 123, as when adding you begin *at the numbers' end*. But we don't do that anywhere in Europe.
And I don't give a **** what you think about my English.
We still learn our native numerals in school in India.. in kannada 1 is represented as inverted u..
It is good that we can count on you and your content.
Before the decimal system numerals, Arabs did have a writing system for numbers. They used letters to represent numbers. Aleph represented 1, Ba represented 2, Gim represented 3, Dal represented 4, Ya represented 10, Kaph represented 20 and so on. Similar system was used in Greek and Hebrew. Saying they just used fingers is just gross.
Yes, considering the abacus was invented, oh, a mere 4000 years, and was known to the ancient Sumerians, Egyptians, Greeks and Romans, I was actually slightly shocked when he dismissed the ancients as ignorant finger counters.
Add in the fact that the ancient Greeks, Hebrews and Arabs had a number system, which though not modern, was far superior to the insane Roman Numeral system. That is, in ancient Greek, for example, the number 847 is written as 3 numbers from the letters for 800, 40, and 7. So it would parallel Arabic numbers in appearance and meaning. That is, in both the Arabic and Greek version of 847, the first number means 800, the second number 40, and the last number means 7, and is written as a 3 digit number.
@@cjsm1006 and how do you add , multiply, subtract and divide with such a system. And with decimal numbers?
Who has lied to you ?? So you're lying to others?
You nations haven't got honestly enough, so you didn't succeed in haven't outstanding numeric system back on the days.
Very interesting topic. I very like of math history. Thank you
This is a very good channel, I don't understand why it doesn't get more views
Seeing as how he has 68,000 subscribers they are probably far more views. People just aren’t clicking the like button. So don’t forget to click the like button!
May be islamophobes are actually lovers of them.
Or perhaps, Muslims plagued the West.
Because people on RUclips don’t much care for book learnin’. I think people are here for cooking videos, mostly and cats being cute.
Because the video is full with misinformation. He even called Africa Areb
Well…book learn’n is just another tool of the devil, just like read’n and rite’n ….. ( funny statement @erinmalone2669 as it shows the mind expanded over any limitation of the topic (bravo)…..(though I do think cats are still cute)
In Brahmi Numerals until Arabic, the symbol that we use for 4 was used for 5. Due to the angles, the symbols for 5 and 4 would have been better if time did not swap them around.
That's fake
There is no evidence of angle thing
Also nobody write numbers based on angle
Very interesting! Thank you for the video.
Thanks for the great video!
In the development of numbers in Bharat (India), you not considered numbers developed KANNADA Script.
Kannada script has own signs for Numbers. If anybody see and study kannada language and script, he will say KANNADA is the 100% scientific language with most beautiful script (Alphabets)
Tamil's : Well 🌝🌚
Devnagari: Well 😊
Aage badho ab 😂🐸🐸 sanskrit se liya hoga
Not sure what the comments to this mean but your post has me thinking hard.>I got some studying to do…ty4posting
As an Indian and even someone who learns right, never understood this obsession claiming Indian things are scientific. It's a catch-all phrase that can mean well structured, has an internal logic, cause-effect dynamic etc.
The single worst disservice you can do to Indian culture and history is give such wide undefined adjectives and FAIL at demonstrating your own description.
All I need to do is to pull up the definition of scientific and ask you to demonstrate a scientific principle. Then these replies follow "That is a linguistic feature, not science" "every language has evolved to reflect it's environment and culture" "high culture has always been self referential, nothing new".
Even I've started using these numerals.
They origin from India and were brought to attention of the West and further developed by a Persian...I don't know what the "Arabic" in Hindu-Arabic numerals is supposed to be
@@erathostenes-rq4mi
Absolutely correct
Just for taking credit ,
I think cuz a certain famous scholar from Arab Caliphate restructured the numerical system to it's modern day use,before that, the Indian zero was just like the Mexican and native Australian zeros
no developed by an arab not a persian.
@@crzahmed9707lmao 🤣🤣
Indian zero is actually the original zero
Thank you for giving credit to Indians
When I learned them they were actually called Hindu-Arabic numerals. Why do most of us now try to exclude the Indian origin?
Cause India poor ?
Jk jk anyway have a great day
To colonize the minds probably
@@themorningguy906 india is not poor,india is 5th largest economy
@@GyanTvAmit ik India is not poor , don't get offended mate . There's a lot to overcome too , but i hope India will be great in the future
@@GyanTvAmit just having a 5th largest economy won't cut it , japan is at 3rd place with 4.5 trillion GDP but their population is 1/12 that of India
I know these things hurt and the fact that India has been striving on their own (unlike japan who had the help of USA) . But I'm pretty sure India is gonna do good
Anyway have a great day : )
@7:18 The Numerals you are Showing in this video are the Persian version not the Arabic. 4 and 5 in The Arabic transcript look a bit different.
Your version of the nursery rhyme at the start is so confusing to me. I don't know if it's a regional thing, but I've only ever heard it as a fish, not a hare. And you removed a syllable from each line, so there aren't even an equal number of syllables as there are numbers to rhyme with. Baffling
I've heard it both ways.
As for the syllables, I think I just read it aloud weirdly, and didn't catch it in the edit lol.
Thanks for the comment
How is the video about the history of Arabic numerals not going to include the very beginning? Namely how the shapes came about and the connection to geometry.
The goal seems to discredit the syrian/iraqi arabs from this invention so he totally ignored the angle concept of the numbers that evolved in Syria/Iraq
I had been taught that the 0 came from the Arabs. I am so glad I have found this channel. Thanks
No zero come from arab. In Arabic geometry is called ilm e hindasi. In Arabic hindasi means geometry. The invent the number which they called hindu numeral. It's not come india.. search in Google what hindasi means
@@salim_Salim... The concept of zero is believed to have originated in the Hindu cultural and spiritual space around the 5th century CE. The first recorded zero appeared in Mesopotamia around 3 B.C., and the Mayans invented it independently circa 4 A.D..
In the 7th century, Brahmagupta, a Hindu astronomer and mathematician, developed the earliest known methods for using zero within calculations. He used small dots under numbers to show a zero placeholder, and he was the first to show that subtracting a number from itself results in zero.
The word for zero in Sanskrit is śūnya, which refers to nothingness. Brahmagupta and others viewed the zero as having a null value, called “sunya”.
The discovery of zero would later change the way civilizations developed. With modern finance, it is much easier to conceptualize trade and business.
Hindi number evovle. We still you it in hindi language.
cool numbers
“Hindu”
Excelente vídeo thanks. I just want to point out that you should have referred to Iberian and Italian peninsulas instead of Spain or Italy, to be more accurate.
So the first quarter of your video was about patreon, so I read the Wikipedia page on Arabic numbers instead.
great effort in making the video, however, It's very unfortunate that you spoke briefly of moroccan/amazigh numerals, and you also failed to mention the one who first invented the ghubar numerals, which is Ibn al-Yasamin, who is an amazighi mathematician.
the buy at the end was kinda unexpected 😂😂
In tamil ol - onnu/ latin - uno / English- one -/ uno became universe, vine , union.
It's INDIAN Number System
arabic
@@zeyadahmed. watch the video
@@sendbnes still arabic
@@mewhen9651 cope
@@SwanandJadhav-ww8rx worst response ever kY s p@jeet
Sorry if I spoil it for you, but in linear B' tablets the calculations are done with the decimal system.🙂Research it a bit.
The shape of the numbers is west Arabic.
8:25 evolution chart of numerals
hey how did egypt n mexico n chile got so precise in calculation without numerals???
It starts at 2:14
Contributions of Indian scientists and mathematicians throughout history have been overlooked.
Mainly because the Indians themselves indulge in more fairytales and random abnox rather than promoting their scientific researches. Instead,they scream over random mythological states spanning from Ukraine to Japan
A 2019 poll conducted by CivilScience asked, "Should schools in America teach Arabic numerals as part of their curriculum?" The question was asked of 3624 respondents. Seventy-two percent of respondents who identified themselves as Republican said "no."
Until they learnt what the heck Arabic numerals entailed.
في دول المغرب العربي الخمسة ليبيا و تونس و الجزائر و المغرب و موريتانيا لا نكتب با لارقام الهندي بل نكتب بأرقام الخوارزمي
بينم باقي العرب في مصر و السودان و شبه الجزيرة العربية يستخدمون الارقام الهندية
يا حبي الارقام في شبه الجزيرة كمان عربيه. 😂😂😂😂😂. تفهم انجليزي؟
@@Azoz-bu7ck 😂بس انتو تكتبو بهذا الارقام ٠١٢٣٣وهذي هندية ونحن في دول المغرب العربي 01234 أرقام الخوارزمي و بالعكس نفرحو لو تحولت جميع الدول العربية للكتابة بأرقام الخورزمي
@@somaalzoy5003 Al-Khwarizmi’s himself took Hindu numbers in his book, his book title was lgorithmo de Numero Hindurum. وقد أخذ الخوارزمي بنفسه الأرقام الهندوسية في كتابه، وكان عنوان كتابه هو lgorithmo de Numero
Someone did a survey asking parents if their children should be taught Arabic numerals. The reply from most of them was "No."
Speaking of numerals, could we get a video talking about different counting systems? We're all common with base 10, but it would be interesting to see the history of other systems such as the Sumerian 10+60, Mayan 5+20, or Duodecimal (which featured in many languages, and we still use to this day for many things, such as timekeeping and imperial measure).
Another interesting topic is gemara, the way in which Greek and Hebrew letters were associated with numbers that then became seen as having a sort of magic relationship between names and numbers. Hence 666 and kaballah etc.
And how about the complicated French system used in France? I've always wondered why they never adopted the simpler Swiss French system.
In the base 12 that counted the joints in the counting fingers.
@@erinmalone2669 Yes! This is actually how I count anything above 10 cuz you can do 1-12 on one hand, and multiples of 12 on the other hand (basically turning your hands into a base12 abacus)
Ethnomathematics is a really interesting topic! I hope he does make that video
Yeah I'm gonna need a video about that whole Arabic finger reckoning system. Pretty please.
I have never heard about it.
The system used by Arabs before modern numerals, called Calculation of Sentences. (Which based on the alphabetical order)
I was taught at a very young age that the Arabic numerals we use had a basic meaning from the original meaning of the symbol it was derived from; 2 meant a woman with child, 8 was two bags of gold. I do not remember what the others started out as and that is what I have trying to find to no success.
My guess is that one aspect of history should be added. Meaning to say that women who did most of actual arithmatic in bartering probably "invented" the small zero being their help in decimising using rings on their pinks. Being the reason for purposely not continuing with eleven, twelve etc. If writers\mathematitians had really "invented" cyphering they would have likely expanded their coding if even to impress their system. The overall importance of decimising withheld this?
I hope great novelist, Dan Brown, watch this and understands. I even lost interest in reading his book once I read his hero(apparently a genius) giving full credits to the arabs for the modern numbers.
It may be that Dan Brown knows full well that the concept of zero came from India, but wanted his character say that it came from the Arabs.
Cool
I always wondered if the numerals were modeled after objects the laters were.The numerals one looks like a finger,two looks like a swan,four looks like a kite,eight looks like a snowman,zero looks like an orb.
Remember when they "made Jesus white"? Let's just say white people went to explore the desert many years ago, carrying the basic measurements of geometry broken down into symbols. Say they were captured, forced to tell everything they know. Then killed. Ta da! "Arabic numerals"
stilll how can you find distance between earth and sun with no proper methods
Are mathematical al concepts " invented" or is it more accurate to say they were " conceived " just curious
If you see historic Things that way, there is nothing that can be proven to have been invented/discovered by anybody.
It seems now days many are instinctively leaning many origins inventions to what,how they may think what they know or what may suite for them or for many ?
So something originates in India but is still called "Arabic". Wow, the fairness of giving credits!
The ancient Greeks were great in mathematics. But what kind of numerals they had used and what system they had? You can't calculate the circumference of the earth with something like Roman numerals.
They learned mathematics in Kemet or ancient Egypt. So, the numerals used were from Kemet, and these Arabic numerals are in fact of Kemetic origin too. Greeks were educated in Kemet in all manner of fields, and they clearly say so in their writings.
I'll still call them arabic numbers because they were the only things I could readwhen II went to Saudi Arabia
Numericals said hindusa by arabs means hinduo se liya hua.
Well it seems it is Part refined arabic hindu numeral, because the original indian numeral switched eastern arabia and western arabic is today numeral of the universal.1-10.
If I remember correctly the numbers @8:12 are a message.
Thank you for giving due credit to India!
The title should be Indian or Hindu numerals as all of these origianted from India. Arabs and Europeans adopted these numbers from Indians so how these are called ONLY Arabic numerals
Arabs modified it to their modern use ,I think that's the reason. Without the modification,the Indian numbers would have remained in that primitive form just like the Mexican and native Australian systems did
When I was in school, the system was called Hindu-Arabic
@@crzahmed9707 actually northern African modified it to its modern use, not Araps. Try again.
@@crzahmed9707what modification did they do ?
They did nothing
They only changed shapes
However modern shapes come from Europe
They are 100% Hindu. Not bulla shit arabic. If a chinese scientist called gravity, groching, that wont make it newton-chang theory of gravitation.
What,no viscounts or marquesses?
There are 12 number names. one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve
Clocks do not follow the decimal system but use the 12 number system. 24 is 2x 12 and 60 is 5x 12
there are alot more numbers than 12 lol.
clocks and time keeping come from the mesopotamians, who used a base 12 counting system.
Learnt from India.
The development of number "4" is interesting...
IKR?! I can’t find any commentary on it. Would love to hear theories abt how that happened lol
Arabic numerals!!! Such a dominant weird phrase.🤔
It's an Indo-arabic numerals. Adopters are not inventers.
Refer: Fibonacci's Liber abaci (1202)
Chapter 1:"....These are the nine figures of the Indians...."
Please correct the map of India (Bharat)
i seriously questions some information here as they are not precise
It came from india
And modified to become useful outside India
@@crzahmed9707cope. They were useful from the time Hindus invented them.
@@disorderedenthropydifferent cultures have different means of writing. no the original numerals where not useful for writing ink on vellum.
@@blank_3768that's fake
The number system already existed way before islam
Arabs didn't add anything to the number system
@@blank_3768do you have any brain ?
Muslims only translated indian works
Alkhwarin himself said these in his books
Kudies for Severus Sebokht quote.
I think you gave too much attention to symbols used to represent numerals, and too little to explain why positional number system that includes zero (it is irrelevant whether it is decimal, octal, hexadecimal...) is crucial for calculations beyond haggling with a fishmonger.
Who’s gonna teach this man some geography. He thinks Africa is located in Arabia
Farther, not "further" when considering distance...
you're not a real nerd, until you can count to 1024 on your fingers 😏👍
seems like you have mixed it all... and forgot the Persians.
I mean the guy even thinks Africa is Arap so you can’t blame him for thinking Iran is Arap too. I’m just waiting for him to call the moon Arap😂
whi have nothing to do with this.
For those who’re moaning about why is it called Arabic and not Hindu,
it’s called Arabic because the Arabs not only spread but also adjust them.
You see your Hindu numerals at 3:34 ? It looks different than the Arabic numbers 8:18
Keeps crying
only reason it's called Arab number is because European learned it from Arab
Arab used to call it Hindu number because they learned it from Hindustan
@@ujjainsharma9796 would you say English is Latin because of its origin? Or Arabic is Ancient Sumerian? Absolutely flawed! I’ve never seen an Arab call it Hindu. In fact they call it AUTHENTIC Arabic numbers😂.
It has a Hindu origin but that doesn’t make it Hindu.
1, 2, 3, 4, how many … are in my store? I knowww you’re stealinggg!
Wonderful
↓e 4:32
I am disappointed of the lack of talking about Al-Khwarizmi. He was mentioned, but as he is one of the major scientist that helped the spread and change of the Hindu numerals, i don't understand why he got such short mentioned. Another issue is that it seems that he is the only person who his ethnicity was not mentioned. He was an Iranian (Persian), which is important as you repeatedly say Arabic world when it should be Islamic world. Infact the Persian were a major if not the largest scientific part of the Islamic golden age and were a major reason of the spread of the Hindu numerals. The Persians and Indians were definitely a very important part of the western used numerals even if the Arabs also contributed a lot.
I am disgusted that Persians try to give Al Kharazmi as their own. He was not Persian. He was a Khorezmian who is from Khorezm. He was born in the city of Khiva. I live there. Is there any region called Khorezm in Iran?
It’s only an eight minute video, so I don’t think that could be covered in such a broad topic video. It would be a good topic for supplemental.
Why don't they force people by law to give credit to every kind of people (since you're not talking about individuals but ethnicities) at the end of every video for every single invention they needed in order to make that video? From the domestication of the pig as a great food source to the guy that cleans the server room where this video is hosted?
This may not seem obvious to you, but here's the answer:
Because that's stupid and doesn't help anyone? You need to stop somewhere and you'll never make everyone happy - especially not the modern identity & ultra nationalist crowd. Stop thinking so much in races or whatever. Thats some 19th century sh* and in its ultimate conclusion, leads to hatred, violence and eventually, war.
What did Arebs contribute? Taking the credits?😂
@@John-pk9rw arabs achieve and persians leech
I had always heard them called Hindu Arabic numerals
The reason behind that is Arab and Indian had a huge trading for food and goods…so they created a mathematical language we call it number
@@AKGamer-tc6js not they,only hindus create numbers,arabs just copy them and promote in west
The title should be Indian or Hindu numerals as all of these originated from Indian subcontinent
@@PK-se2jh in your dreams p@jeet the one who created their shape is khawarizmi
@@mewhen9651 lol why are you so angry abdul? I just said this because every number originated from the Indian subcontinent. I am Shri Lankan. Abdul now go boom boom
Khwarizmi is a Persian (iranian) scholar which lived in samargand one of large city of Iran till few centuries ago and today is in Uzbekistan teritory,that does not have any relation to arabs.
You haven't got it right. How did Mohenjo Daro people create engineering marvels without mathematics. And how ancient Sri Lankans created similar structures around that time (circa 2000 BC) that you can see even today?.
21st century nationalism is a pain in the back , All I see in the comments is Arabs and Indians argue over who's ancestors contributed to the origins of the numerals just to cope with their inferiority complex .
Indian Numerals ❤
This numeric is innovated by Iranian scholar khwarizmi and has not any relation to arabs.
Thank you India!
Credit where credit is due. It's the Indians! Not the Arabs.
Yeah, they should be called Hindu-Arabic numbers
@@vincenttt8289 no why are you adding Arabs ?
Just because Arabs spread it and made little modification?
By that logic it should be called as Europeans l number
Modern mathematics is creditable to the Arabs.
That's why it's called Arabic numerals.
Because before Arabs no one else was able to make a benefit of all numeral systems.
@@user-uj2tk2tv3z yes I agree, arabs took all the credits even tho this system is indian
@@vincenttt8289 arabs adopted these numbers just like europeans
They are called Hindu-Arabic numerals now not Arabic numerals.
Why do you include Bangladesh in the Indian map? University? You shd’ve taken geography.
Is 0 really a number? 🤨
Is "a" really a word?
Severus Sebokht
Hare? I thought it was "I caught a fish alive"?
These are numbers of Moroccan origin compiled by IBN AL_YASMINE in the ninth centurey .and papa Sylviester pubilshed them in Europe because hé studied at thé University of Qarabin in Fez .they are called Dusty Numbers
The Aztecs had independently invented their own base - 20 place value numbering system, which included a symbol for zero.
Used hands and feet?
@@londomolari5715 Yes.
IN MEXICO WHEN I WAS AT SCHOOL
THE TEACHER NAME THE NUMER'S
NUMEROS ARABIGOS
OR ARABIC NUMBER'S !!
AND I THOUGHT BACK THEN
MAYBE THE ARABIC PEOPLE CAME UP WITH THE IDEA, AND INVENT THE NUMBER'S.........
Funny how this guys says ‘twenny’ instead of ‘twenty’.
Those are Hindu numerals not Arab.
Some contradictory and confusing narratives are here. Arab mathematician, Alkhawarjmi was the man who derived the symbol of Arabic numerals based on number of angels, like
Al Khwarizmi was not Arab but belonged to Khwarizm which is in Central Asia close to Afghanistan. Khwarizmi himself noted in the title of his book itself that the numbers were of Indian origin.
We called it "Ghabaria numerals" and it's moroccan
Hindu Arabic Numerals are actually Indian Numerals because Arabic script is from Right to left but Brahmi script is from Left to right from which Hindu Arabic numerals originated.
The moon is also Moroccan
@pippo767
The present forms are from Morocco. The system itself from India
@@Alinorosso2003only shapes are from Morocco
Actually they are from Europe
numbers of fez
دخلت الارقام العربيه الى اروبا عن طريقين الاول مدينة بجايه اليوم فى الجزاير يتردد عليها التجار الاروبيون وخاصه اليهود وللعلم العالم العظيم ليوناردو ليبارشي عاش طفولته فى بجايه وهو يهودي ومن اكبر علماء الرياضيات فى كل العصور والطريق الثاني الاندلس
Merchants of the North Mediterranian allways had contact to merchants of the South Mediterranian. The Arabic Numbers arrived in the South and very soon they were in the North.
You mention Spanish monks and Pope Sylvester important for the transport. That means, what is written, did exist. What is not written, did not exist. Are you sure?
A cheap medium was necessary to spread letters and numbers. This was paper, invented by the Chinese. You can develope a more plausible theory about spreading numbers and letters if you look at the procedure of writing. This all is a combination of head and hand.
At first, were the un-loved like America's perpetual relationship with Metric systems?
00:49 he uses wrong map of india...😡
boo hoo
What if I told you that Arabic numerals are written incorrectly? there are no curves in Arabic numerals, but rather angles number zero has no angle number one has one angle two has two angles and so on until the number nine this is how Al-Khwarizmi wrote it
This might already have started in Africa, but the recorded history is starting from India.
4 cannot be 5, but 5 was 4; but that can't be?!!!??! WHAT EVER HAPPENED?
nah. 154 comments is about to become 155. it's not very relative to anything is it? or is it? at 845, he says. hmm
He thinks Africa is Arab WHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAA 😂😂😂
They are of Arab origin maybe do a Lil research then talk shit
Who’s gonna tell him North Africans aren’t Araps and North Africa isn’t Arap?
you are aware arabs migrated out of the middle east the settled there? tunisia is 96% arab, libya is 92% arab, algeria is 73% arab, and the largest ethnic group in morroco is arabs and arabized berbers.
quit your bullshit lol
What Arabs did with Hindu numeral system is what we call in today's movie industry lingo REMAKE. Cosmetic changes.