As a 60 year old physicist, I can say that this is the best demonstration of the twin's paradox I have seen, and I saw the first one when I was 15. I also love your enthusiasm. Bravo!
This seems promising, let's watch! I watched it and the flag is not giving me a better perspective, the 5 or 35 seems arbitrary to me. It is still a paradox in my opinion.
But it's completely wrong. It is all about acceleration. He replaced one twin and not the other with two spaceships. That completely begs the question.
School taught me how to do maths in physics like memorizing it... but mahesh taught me how to visualize it .. every inch of my understanding of physics has a contribution of him
@@Mahesh_Shenoyisn't this change in direction the same thing as acceleration? it's not physical change in acceleration, but a directional change in acceleration. i think this language of physics is causing a lot of problems. as in logic, it's called the fallacy of equivocation. when we think the 1 word means the same thing but it actually means different things in the sentences. ps. your videos are by far the best on the twin paradox. the others don't even mention Relativity of simultaneity or the different perspectives of the ships/twins. but it is still very hard for me to grasp as someone who didn't do higher maths.
@@Mahesh_Shenoyp.s.i don't know if this is an accurate metaphor. but i like to think of the blue spaceship as running away from the light of the earth. so it's like a earth light being a tv monitor that is going from 60 frames per second to 30 frames per second. as the space ship is running away from the light of the earth. like doppler effect. while the red spaceship by moving towards the earth its fast forwarding through time. so all of a sudden the light or frames per second coming from earth doubles from 60 per second to 120 per second. as you race towards them. running into all of them faster. like doppler effect. so blue space ship is running away from earth, so from its perspective earth is running slow, like a monitor tv screen film running slow at half speed. and then when it becomes the red ship, its like the earth's light, earth's monitor suddenly speeds up x2. like how you can change the speeds of the video on RUclips. not sure if this is a good way of understanding the time jump, time dilation and Relativity of simultaneity. . but it seems to help. i think. one direction you see earths frame rate slow down. the other direction you see all of tbose delayed earth frame rate suddenly speed up and bombard you with it. like doppler effect. you ran away from your wave first ship. then you turned around and ran towards it second ship. maybe you should change the color of your ships engine lol. 😂😂😂 I'm no expert. but thanks for the video.
The twin's paradox has three velocities: the velocity of the Earth, the velocity of the outbound trip, and the velocity of the return trip. That means there are three inertial frames, one for each velocity. And in special relativity, an inertial frame is an observer. There are three observers but only two people, the twins. This is what confuses people. Try drawing the space-time diagrams for each of the frames. In the first one, the Earth is not moving and the spaceships are. Time for the outbound trip is slower than Earth time and time for the return trip is also slower. We have: Earth's time > outbound time + return time. This is the part everyone agrees on. From the point of view of the outbound trip, the Earth is moving away from the ship, so its time is slower. But to return to Earth, the ship has to leave this frame faster than the Earth or it will never catch up to it. Time for the return trip is even slower than Earth's time. We get: slow Earth time > outbound regular time + even slower return trip. And from the point of view of the return trip, we get a similar result: slow Earth time > even slower outbound time + return regular time. I think the space-time diagrams make things a lot clearer. PS: I have made the space-time diagrams. photos.app.goo.gl/duHuAZtMhMTkuDDw7
@silverrahul I don't understand why "laymen" should be scared of "spacetime diagams". Haven't they been taught in school to draw simple x against t graphs to solve problems about speeding cars and trains?
No, you're simply ignoring the problem completely. The entire point is that the twin on the spaceship should have just as much right to perceive himself as "at rest" as anyone else. To him, the other twin speeds away and returns. What breaks the symmetry is only absolute acceleration. The rockets on the ship.
@@MrCmon113 how is that ignoring the problem? I feel like his explanation very much makes sense. But I kinda agree, judging by the video, when the twin "changes direction" the Earth twin suddenly "gains age" and it is directly correlated with the required acceleration.
@@AbsoluteHumanI kinda agree and want to add: Mahesh never said it's completely unrelated to the acceleration needed to jump between frames, he just said acceleration is not the root cause but rather it is relativity of simultaneity. And that it gives you a better understanding if you think of it this way.
@@Grecks75 This video is nonsense. "You will see for yourself... I know you have many questions". People who don't understand space-time diagrams can not understand relativity. Everyone who thinks he learned anything from this video is deluding himself.
@@wesjohnson6833Einstein moved faster than the speed of light (which he told impossible cuz he was scared of future) and talked with this guy and traveled at 0 velocity
Thank you sir for also explaining the photon part and the age disagreement, it answers my question in previous video about "seeing the future" related to andromeda paradox
This is by far the best explanation for the twin paradox I’ve seen, and I have watched a lot of RUclips videos on this spanning close to a decade. This holds true for basically all of your videos. Thank you!!
You did it. You don't leave room for any "but what if" and now my brain rest at last. The explanations with spacetime graphs never left me 100 percent satisfied, because for me there was still "symmetry" but with your explanation there is clearly and visually no symmetry.
What if instead of staying on earth, the other twin travels at the same speed and distance with the first twin, but to the opposite direction? What about perpendicular direction?
This is such a fantastic video, well explained! It seems to me that the explanation for the "lost 30 years" is essentially the Andromeda Paradox. It would be interesting to do a video on the Andromeda Paradox too, and then link it back to the twin paradox explanation here. There is an interesting technicality that a few people are pointing out in the comments, which I think is worth considering: that your example here does in fact include acceleration, but that acceleration itself has a deeper and more subtle meaning than what we are used to. Essentially, the meaning of acceleration *is* a change in reference frames. Therefore, to say that the change of reference frame is the cause, is equivalent to saying that acceleration is the cause. In the example here, none of the twins are accelerating, but the clock information does accelerate--first it was moving away from earth, then it was moving towards earth, and that is still a symmetry breaking and is, by definition, an acceleration. I like the idea that the argument over reference-frame-change vs acceleration is meaningless, because they are two ways of expressing the same thing.
Yes, nature doesn't care what we call it. Yet there is one difference: We can always accelerate -- it is local and it is a choice --- but without the consistency of light the other aspects fad away. Great point about the "information" undergoing acceleration. Information may be the only real thing out there.
Well said! What causes the 'paradox' to be paradox-y is that the theory of relativity seems to point to absolute acceleration. Which is confusing since space, time and velocity are all relative in relativity. I think this bothered Einstein at the time, because he was reading philosophers like Mach who said that all physical quantities (like acceleration) should be defined relationally, not absolutely. I think one of the goals of general relativity was to try to make acceleration relative.
I used to tell people you can’t resolve the twin paradox because it is the andromeda paradox, once you get the trivial parts out of the way…and they would give me 💩, but minesh is on the 💰 here.
17:22 "Acceleration causes change of frame. Change of frame causes relativity of simultaneity. Relativity of simultaneity causes the resolution to the paradox." Based on definition of root cause, this would actually mean the acceleration is the root cause, not relativity of simultaneity. You are correct in saying that relativity of simultaneity is the correct explanation and not general relativity because the thought experience is done in flat space time. To again ignore the role of acceleration in breaking the symmetry is still an incomplete solution. The explanation in the video shows it is the spaceship that is changing frames. This modification of the original paradox has already assumed it is the spaceship that is acceleraing. But if you do not consider acceleration and the fact that it's absolute, the people on spaceship can say it is in fact the people on Earth who are changing frames. Then you can construct an symmetrical situation with this scenario (i.e. the original eEarth is always moving to the left, then a second earth moves to the right during the change in reference frame, there is only 1 spaceship that is stationary and remains in the same frame, and the ropes are attached to the earths instead of the spaceships) and the math all works out to be the same and the paradox would still be there. Ultimately, you can explain the discrepancy between the twins' age due to their relative movement in variety of ways, such as through relativity of simultaneity, change in frames, doppler, space time diagrams etc, but all these explanation are incomplete without incorporating acceleration to break the symmetry, i.e. it is the spaceship that is accelerating and not the Earth.
It depends on how you define root cause. To me (and to Mohesh) the definition that is the most useful is that the root cause is the deepest cause that is present in any scenario, and is still explanatory. Acceleration is only present in some versions of the paradox and not others, therefore it can't be the root cause by this definition. It's like if you're trying to explain why people get colds. The root cause of getting a cold is that someone is exposed to and infected by a virus. Getting exposed and infected has its own causes of course. Maybe *you* got a cold by going to the movies, and for your individual case it is valid to define root cause this way; but saying that that root cause of getting a cold *in general* is going to the movies makes no sense at all. So if you are trying to understand colds in general, it makes sense to say that the root cause is exposure and infection by virus, because those are true in every case. Of course, it is still helpful to understand how exposure and infection happen, because understanding the causes of those things is still helpful in preventing colds. Similarly, the root cause of the twin paradox is changing reference frames. But it's still helpful to understand the cause of that cause, which in many (but not all!) cases is acceleration.
@@erinm9445 "Acceleration is only present in some versions of the paradox and not others, therefore it can't be the root cause by this definition." The problem is in this statement. Acceleration is in fact stil in the paradox, albeit hidden. The change from the original version with the 2 twins to this modified version with has already used the absoluteness of acceleration to break the symmetry in the first place. Let me explain why this is: In the original version, the earth person (A) sees the spaceship person (B) leaving and then returning. There is a change in reference frame for B, so in this modified version, a third person (C) is introduced to eliminate the acceleration of B, but instead the two different frames are represented by B and C. I will call this scenario 1. However, in the original version, B also sees A (and the earth) leaving and return. From his point of view, he is stationary, and A is the one who is apparently accelerating. If B were to modify the thought experiment into this modified version without acceleration, he would be completely stationary throughout the entire thought experiment, A and earth travel constantly to the left, and a third person (C) would be travel towards the right, passing A and syncing clocks with A when he passes A, and then meet up with B to compare clocks at the end. In this modified setup, B is in a single reference frame and A and C are representing the two different frames. All the math is the same as in the video and B would conclude that C's time would be younger. I will call this scenario 2. If we were to ignore acceleration or to say the paradox does not have any acceleration, there is no basis to choose scenario 1 over scenario 2 and vice versa for the modified version. The only reason that scenario 1 correctly represents the original paradox and not scenario 2 is because in the original paradox, A is truly not accelerating and B truly is accelerating. In other words, when this video is selecting scenario 1 instead of scenario 2 to illustrate the solution, it has already used the fact that acceleration is absolute when doing so. The rest of the analysis no longer requires acceleration, but the initial set up of this modified paradox did require it.
@@ToboGamers I honestly couldn't follow everything you were saying here (not a criticism, I can't really parse dense physics arguments in paragraph form). But if what you're trying to say is "changing reference frame *is* acceleration, by definition, so Mahesh's example here actually does have acceleration, just not the kind we're used to thinking about. There aren't any twins acceleration, but the time information *is* accelerated when it moves from one ship to another", then yes, I think that is probably right. But that is not the definition of acceleration that most people use, even someone with an undergraduate physics degree would not use that definition. So if you want to claim that the clock information is in fact accelerated, then that is a pretty technical definition that needs to be called out, and recognized as a very specialized definition of acceleration.
@@erinm9445 That's not actually what I'm saying, but I'll say what I said in my previous comment a bit simpler. As demonstrated in this video and as you have stated, by using two different persons to substitute for the accelerating twin in the original version, acceleration was removed in the modified version. But deciding on which twin to replace with the two different persons depends on which twin is accelerating in the original version. Twin A would want to replace twin B with two persons, but twin B would also want to replace twin A with two persons. The correct analysis is to replace with accelerating twin, as this video did. The only justification for this that he was the one who is truly accelerating. Therefore, acceleration is still required in the complete answer. The video simply ignores this part when he replaces the original paradox with the modified one.
If I understand correctly, on the returning spaceship they would calculate earth's clock to be running slow but if they looked out the window they would see it running fast! Earth's clock measures 5 years (from 35 to 40) while ship clock measures 10 (from 10 to 20). However, since the image they see at the red planet is from time 2.7 they will see the remaining 37.3 years of Earth's history sped up (and blue shifted) during their 10 year return trip.
But they know it’s Doppler shifted. When JWST looks at a spectral line in a receding galaxy, we don’t say time is running extra slow there and the atom’s orbitals are running slow…we take part of the Doppler out… but not all of it. Now I confused myself. It is running slow…and helium atoms are flat, not spherical like they are here. It’s all relative
That was such a good experience. I'm simultaneously Happy, impressed, dazzled, and awakened. I understand others comparing this to other explanations, but I want to say this is the first time it's ever really been explained. Your approach of having a conversation and asking all those questions is so incredibly effective. Thank you so much. Special relativity is itself an amazing leap of imagination. And then on top of that solving the paradoxes are a bunch of other giant leaps.
Great video. Simultaneity in relativity is often overlooked. Nice explanation of why you can't ignore it. And it was great to highlight that what you measure using scientific apparatus, clocks, rulers etc is not the same thing as what you a see using your eyes or cameras. Nice.
Absolutely..Too many explainers just handwave away the idea that an 'oberver will see ..' without bothering to consider such things as light takes time for seeing to occur.
0:56 „Acceleration is absolute“ Question: In which regard is acceleration absolute? In terms of the presence of acceleration (yes or no)? Or in terms of its value (all observers agree on its value)?
You can feel acceleration. There is no ambiguity about who it is happening to. You might see earth accelerate away in the window, but you'll agree that it is you who is feeling the acceleration.
@@akaHarvesteR The reason for this is that acceleration requires a force, right? But apart from human senses, how can we know which object is accelerating? Change in frames of reference leads to emergence of forces which can be applied here too.
I liked your explanations in the first 18 minutes of the video, but I felt like you were missing a key part of the explanation that would make it more intuitive. But then I saw the final section starting at 18:20, and I was very happy to see that you covered the key part. Your explanation was great!
Excellent explanation. Thanks again Mahesh. There are very few explanations of twins that even mention simultaneity, you have once again cracked the case by starting with intuition. I would love to help you with the animations, let me know if you would like some after effects help to really bring your message home. Keep it up!!
That is how I thought you should explain in the first video.(the rope one) But because of my SSC exams I don't want to use my brain in understanding this video. But this video looks great. The hardest part in understanding physics is using imagination. This video makes us to them imagine easier.
Hi Mahesh! Excellent work and real mind-bender of a concept. If I may offer a suggestion, I think the point would have really been hammered if you showed the length contracted version of spaceship 1 from the frame of spaceship 2. The reason is that there is a third spatio-temporal simultanety event that appears to be violated (i.e. the simultaneity of the ends of the two ropes being at earth at the same time (at time 20). A visualization of this simultaenity in the three frames of reference would have made a lot of sense.
Very good, lengthening the spaceships with the rods is a very good way to show how the asymmetries created by the length contraction affects spacetime. No other video on this topic that I have seen on RUclips has gone into this in such detail... if at all. The age difference between the twins is less due to time dilation, but simply due to the fact that the traveling twin arrives at the destination at a different time than the twin on Earth observes. As you move quickly in one direction, events in the direction of movement move closer to you from the future, while events in the opposite direction of movement move away from you into the future.
@@trevoro.9731 Things in the direction of movement really do happen earlier, which is why the traveling twin ages less: he arrives at his destination earlier. This event occurs later for the twin on Earth because he has a different perspective on space-time. Events are therefore not moved within space-time, but by speed or acceleration you get a different perspective. Imagine you have a magazine with a picture of a person on it. If you turn the magazine slightly so that you are looking at it from the side, the photo will become smaller for you... although it is still exactly the same size as before. This can be compared to length contraction. One side of the magazine will simultaneously turn towards you and the other away from you, making one side appear larger than the other in perspective. This can be compared to the relativity of simultaneity.
@@TingleCowboy I understand it as slow down of energy interaction for one twin, the time doesn't really slow down and remains the same. The perception of the time is different, and that it it. I don't get why adopt such a complex way of thinking. The perceived time or the time when you get information about the event doesn't matter. For me there is no paradox once you accept that the time is absolute, but the speed of energy interaction and therefore perceived time may differ. Even if one twin aged by 2 days, while the other aged by 20 years, the time relatively to the other one is still 20 years, just the perceived time in the exact spot is different. The c "constant" is different locally for both of the twins, and that is it.
@@TingleCowboy Also, I understand the aging of the traveling twin as a result of gaining energy relatively to his inert mass, the more energy he has, the greater the energy interaction is slowed for him at his moving point. But the time remains the same no matter how fast he travels.
Question for time dilatation: I take two cloks (in my livingroom). I will send both of them to trip around the world. First of them to the west. Second one to the east. They are still in the same distance of Earth, travel at constant speed, experience same acceleration and so on, so only dilatation based on speed is make a difference(?). From my point of view, both ot them travel at same speed (just opposite direction) so, when they come back, there is same time (number of tiks) on both of them(?) From point of view of west-direction clock, the west-direction clock no moving at all and the east-direction clock move -> so at after party in my livingroom east-directed clock has smaller number of tikcs(?). And vice versa from point of view of east-direction clock, the west-direction clock has smaller number of ticks(?). While we three (me, west-clock, east-clock) are all at the same livingroom party, this situation is evidently contradictory... What we see on our clock at the party?
I thought of this with your last video on the triplet paradox, and realized that changing reference frames is the only reason the turnaround matters. If we turn the accelerating frame into 2 non-accelerating ships, then that twin’s “acceleration” just moves her into the first non-accelerating ship’s reference frame, and the turnaround “acceleration” moves her into the other ship’s reference frame. In your last video, the radio tower between the planets helped me see why those reference frames have the opposite planet clock 7.5 years ahead of the close-planet clock. Those reference frames exist regardless of any acceleration, as discussed in this video you can move a clock into that reference frame by beaming a signal, but acceleration is just a different way for someone to move their clock into each of those reference frames. I finally intuitively understand the twin paradox after years and dozens of videos, thank you!!
Relativity is the very engaging topic possible only when mahesh sir turns around.Keep doing your good work sir. First view sir. Thank you 🎉for your videos expecting this long time.
Sir, what about quantum? And electromagnetism? I also want vids on it!!! @@Mahesh_Shenoy Also would u explain everything from basics in quantum mechanics like u made the series of relativity , including works of shrodinger, broglie, and maths behind quantum? Ik it will take a long time.. and m ready to wait.. but I would like to see ur response on this!
I watched lectures of another physics professor on the SR topic in the past (he did not have such high-quality visualzations, though), and back then I already got the impression that profoundly or intuitively understanding relativity of simultaneity is key to understanding all of SR. There isn't as much talk about it than about time dilation although it is such an important aspect or result. I would love to see another video on relativity of simultaneity with another example.
the IDEA that whether two events that are separated in space happen at the same time is not absolute, but depends on the observer's reference frame. That's the crux of the problem. You are conflating information with time. It doesn't work that way. Causality. Cause and effect. The traveling twins ship blows up. It takes 6 months for the EFFECT to reach Earth. Is the twin alive or dead? You won't know until the wavefront collapses. Aka, stops transmitting. You don't see things in real time. You are always experiencing the past. Lightning strikes a tree. You don't know that until the effect arrives at your location in space. What I don't understand is why you don't understand that light is no different than sound. They are both just carrier waves. Other than c being absolute acceleration, they are essentially the same because the laws of physics are equally applicable in ALL frames of reference. Including the frames of light and sound. E=mc. Everything is an emergent property of acceleration. F=ma. Force equals Acceleration and Acceleration equals Force. Acceleration in space equals Acceleration in Time. The inverse square law of motion. Force decreases with distance. Information about an event (when it takes place) is moved further back in time. Betelgeuse. 500 light years away. When it explodes you will think it's taking place in real time. That's the IDEA of simultanaeity. That doesn't mean they are OCCURING at the same time.
Hi, Mahesh. Will you make videos about general relativity too? I really hope so. General relativity is something I never understood, but I am very confident you could make us understand. Congratulations for these amazing videos..
I am delighted to be finally able to understand the Twins Paradox. Thank you. This is awesome. (All your videos are awesome, but I've been struggling with this basic question for fifty years. You nailed it for me. Thank you.)
Another way to think about it is if you don’t have a frame of reference switch and stay in one frame of reference the whole time. When the twin flies away from earth the twin is at rest. if we stay in this frame of reference when the twin turns around, the twin agrees that she is moving left with respect to her initial frame. And she will say that she is moving left at twice the speed than what she would be moving left at from earth’s perspective. So I suspect that the increased time dilation and length contraction she accounts for then what earth accounts for will make up for the time dilation and length contraction she didn’t have from her frame of reference in the first leg of the trip.
For me it gets more intuitive and clear when looking at a spacetime chart and drawing planes of simultaneity for different observers, seeing how they rotate by Lorentz transformation. We all live in the same 4D spacetime, we just slice it differently with our different coordinate systems.
Yes, this is the most intuitive to me as well. But it does leave me wondering how meaningful the idea of that coordinate system slicing is, outside of the math. It is an invaluable accounting tool, but to me it says that the idea of "now" is a fiction, unless you're talking about things that are happening locally; the meaningful thing is only what can reach you. So in the video, receiving the photo from a 2.7 years older earth is meaninful.
@@erinm9445 Well, we all can only observe something right here, right now, locally. Lorentz transformation keeps light cones intact, those form certain causal structure, but all the distant things we can call "now" are outside our light cones and can never be observed directly, so there's a lot of leeway in choosing what to consider "now", we're somewhat free to mentally project what we think "now" is at distant points... The "now" plane doesn't seem to be so rigidly defined as causally connected events. (just thoughts without a very clear conclusion)
@@thedeemon For me, the explanation in the video is more intuitive than the spacetime chart because with the spacetime chart I always have the question: Wait, wouldn't the graph be the same as the one of the ship, if the earth is the one that leaves and comes back? but with this video I have no room for doubt and my brain is at peace now.
@@PADARM The question at the end is valid point! But the reason you cannot do the spacetime diagram in which the earth goes away and comes back is that you are not allowed to treat the spaceship as an inertial reference frame for the whole trip. Because it accelerates at the turning point. In this videos scenario you cannot think about putting the "travelling twin" only in one reference frame because there are two ships that are clearly in different reference frames.
Nifty. For anyone interested, it's pretty old now but Brian Green's free special relativity course on world science u website was really some next level stuff, especially at the time. It's quite comprehensive regardless & there are interactive demos with every chapter. Not sure where the actual demos stand now BC they had to update them for browser compatibility a few times. Also there was a long comprehensive version & a short(mathless) version called spacetime & Einstein.
So much explanations of twin paradox out there, but your's is the only one that gives a good explanation without that weird feeling that some things don't really make sense. Your prefious video on twin paradox I find completely right as well except that there was an example with deceleration and acceleration, while here is the same without it but with opposite directions of motion. It is still hard grasp as time here not as intuitive as we experience it differently, but still even in this example it seems that the only difference between the rocket and earth that breaks the symmetry is changing the direction of motion which could be done by either acceleration or by introduction of the second rocket. Eventually some explanations that refer to coordinate transformation and change in direction due to acceleration make much more sense now considering propper understanding principles of lenth contraction and simultaneousity. Relativity is so mind-breaking - it's fascinating. The only thing I have serious issues with now, is how comes the time dilation and length contraction calculation come from geometry of vertical clock? If we consider the information speed as C then shouldn't the passage of time depend not on vertical photon clock, but on photon moving in a circle to make more sence?
I have one more question. There is a theory that spacetime is a torus. According to that you could travel in one direction, and after a long time you would come back to the same place WITHOUT changing the velocity or changing the reference frame to the other spaceship. How does the solution looks like in a setup like this?
It’s frustrated me for a while that this is referred to as the “twins paradox”, because there is never a paradox. The universe always consistently works out the correct solution the same way in every such scenario, regardless of perspective. It’s only been an issue with people being able to identify and explain the misunderstanding that’s been the source of the perceived “paradox”. Thank you for finally providing a clear explanation that so many physicists have fumbled trying to explain. Check out Fermilab too, where they use two separate rockets also to explain the science.
paradox is generally a really annoying term as it refers to both contradictions and simple problems of Intuition (which can completely become Intuitive when working with relativity!)
the previous video introducing a 3rd twin and saying the sister already sees the brother already aged 7.5 years certainly did not help and was very misleading.
_"an issue with people being able to identify and explain the misunderstanding"_ - that's what makes it a paradox. The term "paradox" is used in its meaning "a seemingly contradictory statement". There is definitely an apparent contradiction, so use of the term "paradox" is appropriate. That there is no real contradiction in reality, does not mean it's not a paradox. It just means the paradox is resolved.
@@F16_viper_pilot _"A “resolved paradox” is not a paradox"_ - then you have a different definition of the term "paradox". That is fine. I was just explaining what the normal definition is.
Notice that what you call ‘jumps in time’ only occurs when there is acceleration. Acceleration can then be called ‘traveling’ into the future frame of a locus of regions where the magnitude of the ‘jump’ depends on distance to regions.
As every experiment from Huygens, Newton, Young, Maxwell & Einstein only deduce its Particle/Wave Results by BEHAVIOUR... "ASSUMING" if we could see the Light in Microscopic Scale in Real Time, What would it really look like, A Particle/A Wave or Both??? Only you can justify my Curiosity sir🙏🙏🙏
Yes, I do agree, all videos I've watched is just trying to convince through Double Slit Experiment based on the RESULTS as Wave Behaviour...it's just so irritating to really visualise the True nature of light...plz MAHESH SIR, make a detailed rational video on this...I want to get over of This Double Slit Experiment...plz come with some new fresh approach
Thats insane! I wasn't expect to take anything more from twin paradox, but that is so cool. The best video i saw for last 2 month. I think relative simultaneity is the only reason for everything, including length contraction. Like in order to measure length you need to connect space separated points, f.e. with ruler. And that takes time to move its end to correct place.
All three effects - time dilation, length contraction, and simultaneity - can be derived from each other, all of which is a consequence of constant speed of light. I find this so wholesome (and satisfying).
Yes, but it’s not that it takes time to move, it’s that if you’re in the middle of the ruler, your definition of now at the front end is in the rulers past, so it’s closer to you. Back of the ruler is in the rulers future, so it’s closer to you: boom, ruler shorted. Note that this works with atoms, without Lorentz transformations. If you solve the ground state shroedinger equation of a moving proton, with its electric and now magnetic fields and a moving electron, the answer will not be a spherical orbital…it will be squished. Length contraction is real at the at of level. Actually, it’s really at the quark level too, but that’s a longer story.
What I find paradoxical is that in this video-which is supposed to explain advanced physics concepts intuitively and without math-there's a lot of hand-wavy _"if you do the math"_ that's doing all the heavy-lifting, but without showing how to actually do the math. Certainly there are lots of positive comments from people, claiming that they've finally understood the resolution to the twin paradox. But without the actual math, they've accepted your explanation through faith alone. Consequently, I don't think they really understand relativity, let alone the twin paradox ☹.
Alot? It's just the part about the light they see and the math isn't the point of that part. It would add unnecessary complexity to not help get an intuitive understanding of how it works. Doing and showing the Math is great for when you need to know how to do that but not when you want people to get a fundamental understanding of how it works and how to understand the paradox. The point there was how can they see the same earth and still disagree about it's current age. That question is not a math question. That is an intuition question. That is the counter argument that he was addressing there. He is not trying to show that that the math adds up but how you can resolve that question: That they disagree how old the light is they are seeing.
@@helderboymh Relativity is _not_ intuitive, and the only way to get a decent understanding of it is-IMO-to work through the math oneself. However, if Mahesh's viewers feel they understood relativity by watching videos like this, I wouldn't begrudge them their satisfaction. I mean, solving relativistic problems is not a required life skill for most people. It makes no difference whether they truly understand relativity or only think they do. I was formally taught both relativity and quantum mechanics in college. I found both very interesting. But as an engineering student, I knew even back then that I wouldn't be using them in my professional work anytime. And indeed, that's how it has been. In general, though, I find people's math phobia-coupled with the reluctance of popular educators to use math as a teaching aid-really unfortunate. It has real-world consequences, such as the inability of people to comprehend the nature of credit card debt.
Regarding the spacecraft on the return leg interpreting the earth as having approached from a much a greater distance than appears (as discussed at 21:00), why could not the earth interpret the returning spacecraft the same way?
Great video. There is another way to look at it. If you plot the courses of the spaceships on a space/time diagram (assuming time is a dimension with the same characteristics as the three dimensions of space), you can see that the outbound spacecraft is on a trajectory with a frame of reference where the Earth is behind in time (losing time due to time dilation). The inbound spacecraft is on a trajectory with a frame of reference where the Earth is ahead in time. These trajectories are visually obvious on such a diagram. That was my epiphany with special relativity. The illustration in your video alludes to this. The observer on the outbound spaceship has to look back to see the Earth, but the observer on the inbound spaceship sees the Earth up ahead. If you extend the illustration to be a three-dimensional space/time diagram (assuming the observers can "look" in all directions of spacetime), you will see that the observer in the outbound spacecraft has to look back in time to see the earth, whereas the observer in the inbound spacecraft sees the earth ahead in time (see 13:27 in your video). When the inbound spacecraft arrives at the Earth, it arrives earlier on the time scale than the Earth; the Earth has passed through more time than the combined journeys of the spacecraft to and from the red planet. On a space/time plot, acceleration rotates your frame of reference. So, if you repeat the illustration with only two spacecraft, when the traveling spacecraft accelerates to begin its return trip, its frame of reference rotates from one where the Earth is behind in time to one where the Earth is ahead in time. In the three-spacecraft illustration, the third spacecraft is already on the return trajectory with the Earth ahead in time. It works either way.
Thanks for the video! I understand why time dilation occurs in terms of signals of causation taking longer. Ie, the electrons send a signal to the other electrons, but they are moving fast, so those signals take longer. I find that explanation very helpful. But is there a corresponding reason for why lengths get contracted?
Hey sir! Great video! I kinda have an opinion. This might be wrong but please have a look. When we are looking things from the perspective of the space ship ➡️, the space ship ⬅️ is moving left of the first one with even greater speed than the earth. So if we consider the perspective of one space ship ALONG with the movement of another space ship (length contraction, time dilation and all)in animating, maybe the "time jump" type of thing might become a lil more intuitive. :)
The intuitive explanation is that the "turn around" happens in the past relative to the Earth clock. Remember: every location in space is located in the past of every other location in space. The current "now" from any location is an expanding sphere propagating at light speed (usualy this is literally real light). The outbound spaceship is chasing the "zero" clock time that is traveling at the speed of light. It will arrive at the turn around location 2.7 years after the 0.0 light has already passed that location. The inbound spaceship started years before the outbound spaceship passed the Earth at time zero. The inbound spaceship is "swimming upstream" through the light speed "clock ticks" coming from Earth. (So the Earth is going to be blue-shifted and "sped up".)
Yaa you are correct. I got that . But what I am saying is, in the animation, while animating the perspective of first space ship we only see earth and the other planet. But what does that other spaceship look like from the first ship's perspective?
That acceleration free thought experiment is not the twin's paradox. It's simply what you get with three inertial frames of reference with their own clocks. In the case of the true twin's paradox, there are just two clocks, one with each twin. If you can work out a way in which the twin and his/her clock can jump into the frame of reference of the right bound rocket without undergoing acceleration then, on reaching the red planet, jump into to the frame of reference of the left bound rocket without also undergoing acceleration then you have the twin's paradox. As it's shown, you have just presented a different scenario altogether which is not the same problem. Nobody thinks it is. The only thing that breaks the actual symmetry of the twin's paradox are those two changes of inertial reference frame of the "travelling twin". If you know of a way of a massive body changing inertial frames of reference without undergoing acceleration, then I would be interested to hear it. So if you want to simply explain the twin's paradox as simply there are two changes in inertial reference frame, then fine, but do not claim there is no acceleration involved. There is with the problem as originally posed, but the thought experiment shown is not that problem, nor was it ever a paradox. As far as I can see, there is no way of the travelling twin and his/her clock doing those jumps in inertial frames of reference without undergoing acceleration.
I agree. Acceleration is needed to shift from one inertial frame to another. The actual resolution to the twin paradox is by keeping in mind the relativity of simultaneity as done in this video: ruclips.net/video/mZByVMQpdAI/видео.html
By far the best explanation of the twin paradox. However if acceleration has NOTHING to do about it, then you can attach a rope to earth instead of the spaceship, end get the exact opposite result, just using 2 earths. Hence even if the paradox is not general relativity related, still the accelerating time frame is the one that will stay young.
Great video, love the enthusiasm! But I have to point out a glaring error. When you show the length contraction you've applied it *twice* ... you've shrunk the planets by a factor of 2, but also lengthened the space ship and rope by a factor of two, making the length contraction in your diagram a factor of 4, when it should be 2. I think you might still get your proof to work if you move the marker to the half way point on the rope instead of the 1/4 point though.
This is the best explanation I've ever heard for this paradox! Thank you! Also, does that mean the future is just as real as the past? Does that mean the future already exists since there's always a frame of reference where your future is the present? or the past? That's weird.
@silverrahul Right, that makes sense. But even with causality preserved - it still gives me a weird feeling to think that my future is already "written" so to speak. In other words, philosophically speaking here, does this mean an absence of free will?
@chrispyfrenchfries Things are happening somewhere else, and it takes time for you to find out about it. Every location in space is located in the past of every other location in space. Your feet are six nanoseconds in the past from your head, and your head is six nanoseconds in the past from your feet. Alpha Centauri is four years in the past from the Earth, and the Earth is four years in the past from Alpha Centauri. Any events happening within any three years time period on either the Earth or Alpha Centauri can be arranged so that the events at either location could occur first, or even simultaneously. All possible ordering of those events are valid. For four year periods or longer, then there will be only one possible valid order of events from cause and effect. (But for shorter periods, there is no cause and effect relationship to define a single order of events.)
Our light cones are not changed by a change of frame, Lorentz transformation, so what's in our past light cone remains in our past, what's in our future light cone remains our future, the only events that can "switch from future to past relatively to us" are ones outside our light cones, they are not directly observable anyway, so all this spacetime region outside our light cones is somewhat undefined about being future or present or past for us, the plane of simultaneity that we mentally draw remains just that, an idea.
@silverrahul Perhaps free will was a poor choice of words. I guess what I mean is best given by an example. My death has already occurred in someone's present, their "right now". I'm moving towards that event, but that event already exists out there, it just takes time for me to get to it. Do you believe in such a scenario? That means how I died, why I died, all the things surrounding that event have already been determined and have been determined for all time? In other words, time isn't something that manifests itself in the present, all of time already exists, we're just moving through it....I don't know it's hard to explain I guess.
I think this is a better explanation than the other twin paradox videos id like to hear sabina's and Dialects response to your video - what do they think?
Very interesting video, thanks! 😊 When I think about the twin paradox, I like to imagine a ship of a certain length. (to "better visualize" the movement of the "sedentary" twin on Earth) The astronaut twin is younger than his brother when the ship reaches a star (or any point in the Earth's frame), and the "sedentary" twin is younger when he reaches the tail of the ship. As the ship moves, the distance between Earth and the star contracts. And, as the Earth moves, it is the length of the ship that contracts. We have two different "families of events", which can be simultaneous in one frame and non-simultaneous in the other.
Very good video! The animations are vivid and very explanatory. The title is a bit misleading, though.... in reality, nothing CAN change frame of reference without being accelerated. It illustrates the steady state approximation after the acceleration part happened... and is correct, but much of the paradox's "meat" resides JUST in that phase. Even in the limit of an instantaneous frame change, with only ONE moment of infinite acceleration (= an _infinite_ force for an observer with mass, because the necessary impulse [DeltaF*Deltat ] is definite) the whole picture changes abruptly JUST there! (BTW: massless objects cannot be observers: they lack internal structure so they don't have memory, and that is equivalent to say they don't experience time, or space)
The people in the spacecrafts-if they understand relativity-really shouldn't be fighting each other over the elapsed time on Earth. Each would know that the other sees a different picture of events, and that both are correct in their respective frames of reference. For example, the chaps flying away from Earth would say, "According to us, Earth has aged 5 years, but according to you, Earth should have aged 35 years." And-provided nobody made a mistake in calculations-the chaps in the other spacecraft would say, "That's right." Suppose you and I stood facing each other a couple of meters apart, and a dog stood between us. I would say "The dog is facing towards my right, which is your left." Of course, when I was very young, I didn't know that different people could have different perspectives. At that age, I believe I would have insisted that the dog is facing towards *the* right (not "my" right), and I would've fought you if you contradicted me. Then again, nobody let me fly spacecrafts at that age!
Something I heard 15+ years ago was a question on if Light moves at the same speed everywhere in all directions, or slower than we expect one way and instantly the other way and how could we prove which was correct. Does this sound familiar? Have you done or would you do a video on this?
Amazing! But I am confused about photons... Is photon wave or particle or both or something else? Could you please explain it by making a detailed video on it?😊😊😊
You should abbandon the distinguish between particule and wave for every quantum particule, includding photons and just accept that they are particules that can be described by functions that describe waves
A photon is a useful mathematical tool rather than a distinct physical thing. It's the smallest meaningful peice of the electromagnetic field that can interact with something else (usualy another smallest meaningful peice of a different field).
You are doing great at elucidating special relativity. I understand it so much better than before. Perhaps I am still missing something, but this video in the twin paradox got me thinking that the science fiction Star Trek warp drive is already inherent in special relativity. In your example the space is warped into half its length in the direction of travel. So if I understand correctly, the spacecraft can accelerate even more, and the length in the direction of travel can contract to one-tenth, one-hundredth, one-thousandth of the lengths in the reference frame before the spaceship accelerates (given enough energy to affect such an acceleration). This at least for the proper time reference frame of the space explorers. Am I misunderstanding something here, or are warp drives inherent in special relativity?
Here is a question for you. If there is no jumping of frames, and instead one of the twins is on Earth while the other one travels close to the speed of light at a constant velocity (no turning allowed), then which twin will be younger after some period of time? In other words, I am trying to see the limits of the twin paradox. Why is it that we need a change in direction or a change in frames to resolve the paradox? And is it possible to solve it without this. Simply at constant velocity, can we still tell frames apart?
Both will consider the other to be younger. That's fine though, because without acceleration they can never meet up again to actually disagree. In the video, we introduce a third spaceship to try to meet both the moving and stationary twin. However, we see that it gets resolved because whichever one it meets first (either the twin on earth or on the ship), it will calculate that the other twin is already way older (but is still aging slowly).
I think that the case I mentioned lacked a beam of EM so that we could solve it. It seems it was not a complete question. After having watched the triplets paradox with a radio signal the answer becomes clear . Thank you!
@@Empiro3 Doesnt make sense. Yes if they look at the light coming from Earth/Spaceship. But with the math they should be able to figure out were and how old they really are. This is not really explained.
the twin paradox seems to be a paradox because neither the earth can see the spaceship, nor the spaceship earth. they are both doing calculations assuming the location and time of each other in the past. and those calculations are based on relative speeds and length contractions which means they get different results depending on which inertial frame they are in. p.s. which frame of reference is the 2.7 years of the photo from?
@@Mahesh_Shenoy could you do a video or explanation on this scenario please. triplets. 1 triplet E stays on earth. 1 triplet R goes right at some speed close to light 1 triplet L goes left at same speed close to light. they stop and turn and come back to earth. by my understanding. the triplet on earth should be older and the other two triplets R and L the exact same younger age as each other. But here's where i get confused again. Now same exact scenario if we remove triplet E from the scene. we get left with just triplet R and L. Now triplet R and L can both argue each other is moving away and coming back, whilst they themselves are staying still. Without earth as the reference point they can argue they are stationery. So how would their ages be the same? when they meet up. Cos it seems like I've now suddenly entered into the twin paradox and 1 twin should be younger than the other. what am i missing here in my understanding.
i mean isnt there a hidden acceleration in the fact that the spaceship moving towards earth had to get all the way to the right in the first place? assuming all matter started in the same spot (big bang), the red ship experienced an initial acceleration away from earth, and then had to turn around at some point to go towards earth. So it makes sense the difference in perspective is caused by velocity, but it is impossible to reach this state without the lopsided acceleration, right?
One thing that would help even more is adding the other space ship and the rope to both the space ship. perspective. Is it correct that when the top space ship moves past the red planet and see the 35 marker pass the earth it would have traveled an additional 60 years? So the bottom rope from the top perspective is 6 times short and moves 6 times slower? Im getting confused again. I would love to see what the other space ships and rope look like from the space ship perspective.
@Mahesh_Shenoy the earth is always a stationary system, but I know it moves in space. Do physicists know where the actual stationary point in space is? If the ship moves towards this point, slowing down in relation to it, does this mean that it will age faster than people on earth?
Hi Mahesh, you are my favorite. Can you please take this scenario and explain? A pair of twins start stationary and accelerate off in opposite directions to the same extent and then they return to their starting point. What's the explaination then? Like who is older in this case? This is a doubt from another channel called dialect and I really want to know your opinion on this. Thanks so much!!
It is that's why it's longer then it is in the top perspective. Remember that the bottom two perspectives don't include the other space ship and rope, only the top perspective includes all 3. If you added the bottom ship to the perspective of the ship moving right you would see the rope being a quarter length of that at the top. And visa versa for the bottom ship perspective.
Another video has said it best: the speed of light is really the speed of causality, basically how fast "stuff" can happen. All atomic interactions and all forces, as far as we can tell, are governed my that. So when when a light clock ticks slower, it's no different than atomic interactions happening slower, and literally everything happening inside you at the atomic level is happening slower.
Excellent explanation. Could you explain the solution to the symmetric twin paradox? Each twin gets into a different ship, and they travel at the same speed, in opposite directions. After a while, both reverse the direction of travel and return to the point of origin. Which would be the oldest and the youngest?
There is no such thing as "the symmetric twin paradox". The twin paradox is called a paradox, because the situation seems symmetric, but isn't. In your scenario, everything is actually symmetric and unsurprisingly they have the same age when meeting.
On the "dialect" channel one of the videos has a pointer to a paper where They Did The Math. It turns out if you have gravity, you can make the person who accelerates older or younger, and have neither accelerate and be older or younger. You can have one space ship orbiting (inertial movemet) in space while the other holds itself still in a gravity field (accelerating), or you can use a "gravity slingshot" to turn around without accelerating. The only way to figure it out is calculate the path thru four-space / spacetime and see which is a longer time difference. But this gives a great insight into relativity of simultaneity.
Another way to understand the phenomenon is though the space / time plotting. In the space / time plotting the path taken by the two space ships is that of two segments of lines and that of earth is one segment of line and the three segments connect on the meeting points, creating a triangle. Now the fact that more time passed for the spaceships comes directly from the fact that the sum of length of two sides of a triangle (the time passed for the two spaceships) is always greater than the length of the third side (time passed on earth). Thus all comes down to the triangle inequality in this specific scenario.
Basically when Earth was at exactly 35 years, it marked that section of the rope. It's a really special point because once you shift into the 2nd spaceship's frame, it explains where the 30 years went.
If the red planet also had a clock synchronized with the Earth clock (the two planets are in the same frame, so they can agree on this), what time do the spaceships see on the red planet at the crossover? They should agree on what the red planet clock says, and it won't have the travel time delay issue that gives the 5 vs. 35 discrepancy. Will the spaceships think that the planet clocks got out of sync somehow?
What 2 space craft orbiting earth , one orbiting clockwise and counter clockwise. It it approaching and moving away same time. Time dilation cancel out or what.
I wonder what would happen if a passenger from the spaceship travelling away from the earth were to jump on to the spaceship travelling toward it. Would their perspective instantly change? (assuming they don't get mulched from the sudden change in direction)
Yes -- he explained it well on the video too -- they'd also go, "wow, the velocity of the earth has changed instantly too!" Well, maybe not -- most folks are very familiar with how velocity changes with the reference frame, but not the notion of "now". Another interesting thing is that when it comes to what you'd actually see, any time you move away from something, they always move super slowly. When you move toward something, they always move in fast motion, even though if you do the math (taking into account that they had to have emitted the light a long time ago), you'd say that their clocks are tickly slowly.
At 4:50 Earth vs Ship frame, why the length contraction in ship's frame (between moving earth and red planet) is not the same as in Earth's frame (between moving ship and red planet)?!?! This is wrong, and so is the asymmetry enforced due to this error in length contraction.
@silverrahul No it's not (between Ship and Red Planet with observe at Earth). Only the ship length is contracted. Which is actually correct. I mistakenly assumed that the observe at Earth will see the distance contracted as well. My bad.
@silverrahul You're completely missing the point, that was not the question. And the paradox is all about observers, or rather the clocks, on earth and ship.
So, I used to think that everything around us in the Universe is the history we see. The further away something is, the longer back I am observing the information I am seeing. We also found that everything is moving away and accelerating on the grander scale except for anything being pulled towards us by gravity. Since we haven't seen on the whole anything far enough away moving towards us and decelerating, does that mean this won't help with the discrepancy in the Hubble constant? If we can't assign inherent meaning to the simultaneity of distant events, then only by noticing that they are redshifted and accelerating the further you observe that we say we do assign meaning?
ChatGPT provided a lot, but a portion of it noted what I was confirming: '5. Simultaneity and Meaning: Assigning meaning to simultaneity in cosmology is complex because of the relativistic nature of space and time. The redshift of light from distant objects is a direct observation that indicates the rate of expansion, and by studying this, we try to infer the dynamics of the universe.'
Sir can you make a video about it imagine we have two coils. One is connected to a battery and another is not connected to a battery. If the coil in which battery is connected current start flowing in clockwise direction and it is continuously increasing ,then it will form South Pole. If we put the second coil near the first coil then it will experience EMF and it will form South Pole according to lenz law. Because the first coil will act like a bar magnet which have South pole facing the coil and it is getting near second coil. If look into the time when magnetic field of first coil (MF1) just touches the second coil , MF1 will produce EMF and then this EMF will produce Magnetic feild of second coil (MF2) and that MF2 will stop MF1 from touching the second coil and then EMF will also stop , but when EMF will stop MF2 will also stops thus now MF1 can touch the second coil and EMF will produce in second coil and cycle will go on. is that above really happening, if so plz explain it well and is this thing is happening with some specific frequency or random if random how we can find the frequency or it is not working with frequency and something else is happening. If above is not happening then where I am wrong and what is actually happening.
It is known that when we need to multiply two scalar quantities, we use the algebraic method (e.g. 3m × 5kg = 15 kg-m). However, when we study about vector quantity we realise that we have two different ways to multiply vectors which give two different answers. Why is there a need of second way? If there are multiple ways, then why only two, not 3 or 4? Explain in detail please sir.
Usually a multiplication is a function that takes two elements from a set and gives back an element from the same set. Multiplying two scalars gives back a scalar. Such a function is not always defined for vectors. The "dot product" does not give back a vector. The "cross product" does, but only works in three dimensions. So the cross product is the multiplication of vectors in three dimensions. A vector space that has a multiplication (bilinear product) is called an Algebra.
As a 60 year old physicist, I can say that this is the best demonstration of the twin's paradox I have seen, and I saw the first one when I was 15. I also love your enthusiasm. Bravo!
I'm almost 50.
Thing is, back in the day we didn't have those neat animations, which helps a lot to understand
youre 50 years old and you play minecraft?, is that your kid?@@misterlau5246
This seems promising, let's watch! I watched it and the flag is not giving me a better perspective, the 5 or 35 seems arbitrary to me. It is still a paradox in my opinion.
youre a 50 year old that plays minecraft?, or is that your kid@@misterlau5246
But it's completely wrong. It is all about acceleration.
He replaced one twin and not the other with two spaceships. That completely begs the question.
School taught me how to do maths in physics like memorizing it... but mahesh taught me how to visualize it .. every inch of my understanding of physics has a contribution of him
Powerful stuff!!!
@@Mahesh_Shenoyisn't this change in direction the same thing as acceleration?
it's not physical change in acceleration, but a directional change in acceleration.
i think this language of physics is causing a lot of problems.
as in logic, it's called the fallacy of equivocation. when we think the 1 word means the same thing but it actually means different things in the sentences.
ps. your videos are by far the best on the twin paradox. the others don't even mention Relativity of simultaneity or the different perspectives of the ships/twins.
but it is still very hard for me to grasp as someone who didn't do higher maths.
@@Mahesh_Shenoyp.s.i don't know if this is an accurate metaphor.
but i like to think of the blue spaceship as running away from the light of the earth. so it's like a earth light being a tv monitor that is going from 60 frames per second to 30 frames per second. as the space ship is running away from the light of the earth. like doppler effect.
while the red spaceship by moving towards the earth its fast forwarding through time. so all of a sudden the light or frames per second coming from earth doubles from 60 per second to 120 per second. as you race towards them. running into all of them faster. like doppler effect.
so blue space ship is running away from earth, so from its perspective earth is running slow, like a monitor tv screen film running slow at half speed.
and then when it becomes the red ship, its like the earth's light, earth's monitor suddenly speeds up x2.
like how you can change the speeds of the video on RUclips.
not sure if this is a good way of understanding the time jump, time dilation and Relativity of simultaneity. .
but it seems to help. i think.
one direction you see earths frame rate slow down. the other direction you see all of tbose delayed earth frame rate suddenly speed up and bombard you with it.
like doppler effect. you ran away from your wave first ship. then you turned around and ran towards it second ship.
maybe you should change the color of your ships engine lol. 😂😂😂
I'm no expert. but thanks for the video.
are you kidding folks? nobody has spotted the huge contradiction in this video?
@@anatolyr3589 explain?
The twin's paradox has three velocities: the velocity of the Earth, the velocity of the outbound trip, and the velocity of the return trip. That means there are three inertial frames, one for each velocity. And in special relativity, an inertial frame is an observer. There are three observers but only two people, the twins. This is what confuses people.
Try drawing the space-time diagrams for each of the frames.
In the first one, the Earth is not moving and the spaceships are. Time for the outbound trip is slower than Earth time and time for the return trip is also slower. We have: Earth's time > outbound time + return time. This is the part everyone agrees on.
From the point of view of the outbound trip, the Earth is moving away from the ship, so its time is slower. But to return to Earth, the ship has to leave this frame faster than the Earth or it will never catch up to it. Time for the return trip is even slower than Earth's time. We get: slow Earth time > outbound regular time + even slower return trip.
And from the point of view of the return trip, we get a similar result: slow Earth time > even slower outbound time + return regular time.
I think the space-time diagrams make things a lot clearer.
PS: I have made the space-time diagrams. photos.app.goo.gl/duHuAZtMhMTkuDDw7
@silverrahul I don't understand why "laymen" should be scared of "spacetime diagams". Haven't they been taught in school to draw simple x against t graphs to solve problems about speeding cars and trains?
No, you're simply ignoring the problem completely.
The entire point is that the twin on the spaceship should have just as much right to perceive himself as "at rest" as anyone else. To him, the other twin speeds away and returns.
What breaks the symmetry is only absolute acceleration. The rockets on the ship.
@@MrCmon113 how is that ignoring the problem? I feel like his explanation very much makes sense. But I kinda agree, judging by the video, when the twin "changes direction" the Earth twin suddenly "gains age" and it is directly correlated with the required acceleration.
@@AbsoluteHumanI kinda agree and want to add: Mahesh never said it's completely unrelated to the acceleration needed to jump between frames, he just said acceleration is not the root cause but rather it is relativity of simultaneity. And that it gives you a better understanding if you think of it this way.
@@Grecks75 This video is nonsense. "You will see for yourself... I know you have many questions". People who don't understand space-time diagrams can not understand relativity. Everyone who thinks he learned anything from this video is deluding himself.
I just genuinely love how Mahesh “has a dialogue” with Einstein
The problem is, Einstein doesn't have a dialogue with him.
Yes, that guy again.
@@wesjohnson6833Einstein moved faster than the speed of light (which he told impossible cuz he was scared of future) and talked with this guy and traveled at 0 velocity
You are just King of Physics... saw a lot sci channels none of them really explain in such clear way... you are a truly awesome educator!
Thank you sir for also explaining the photon part and the age disagreement, it answers my question in previous video about "seeing the future" related to andromeda paradox
This is by far the best explanation for the twin paradox I’ve seen, and I have watched a lot of RUclips videos on this spanning close to a decade. This holds true for basically all of your videos. Thank you!!
Wow, thank you!
And in 10 years you still haven't figured out that the SR theory is nonsense? The paradox has not been solved at all.
Over 10 years, I've seen plenty of comments like this, too. Yawn.
Superb - I am a professor of geometry, and I never saw such a good explanation without drawing a space-time diagram.
@@kuji3009 You have no idea. all you know is what you have been fed over you lifetime, and this is BS. You are asleep.
You did it. You don't leave room for any "but what if" and now my brain rest at last. The explanations with spacetime graphs never left me 100 percent satisfied, because for me there was still "symmetry" but with your explanation there is clearly and visually no symmetry.
What if instead of staying on earth, the other twin travels at the same speed and distance with the first twin, but to the opposite direction?
What about perpendicular direction?
@@hamdaniyusuf_dani In that case both twins age the same number of years. There is no paradox
@@PADARM Have you done the same analysis as in the video, or just quick conclusion based on symmetry?
What breaks the symmetry is absolute acceleration.
@@MrCmon113 do you mean that the analysis in the video is incorrect?
This is such a fantastic video, well explained! It seems to me that the explanation for the "lost 30 years" is essentially the Andromeda Paradox. It would be interesting to do a video on the Andromeda Paradox too, and then link it back to the twin paradox explanation here.
There is an interesting technicality that a few people are pointing out in the comments, which I think is worth considering: that your example here does in fact include acceleration, but that acceleration itself has a deeper and more subtle meaning than what we are used to. Essentially, the meaning of acceleration *is* a change in reference frames. Therefore, to say that the change of reference frame is the cause, is equivalent to saying that acceleration is the cause. In the example here, none of the twins are accelerating, but the clock information does accelerate--first it was moving away from earth, then it was moving towards earth, and that is still a symmetry breaking and is, by definition, an acceleration. I like the idea that the argument over reference-frame-change vs acceleration is meaningless, because they are two ways of expressing the same thing.
Yes, nature doesn't care what we call it. Yet there is one difference: We can always accelerate -- it is local and it is a choice --- but without the consistency of light the other aspects fad away.
Great point about the "information" undergoing acceleration. Information may be the only real thing out there.
Well said! What causes the 'paradox' to be paradox-y is that the theory of relativity seems to point to absolute acceleration. Which is confusing since space, time and velocity are all relative in relativity.
I think this bothered Einstein at the time, because he was reading philosophers like Mach who said that all physical quantities (like acceleration) should be defined relationally, not absolutely. I think one of the goals of general relativity was to try to make acceleration relative.
@@marky1312 the "changing rate/direction of change" (acceleration) is relative to "change" (velocity), isn't it?
I used to tell people you can’t resolve the twin paradox because it is the andromeda paradox, once you get the trivial parts out of the way…and they would give me 💩, but minesh is on the 💰 here.
17:22 "Acceleration causes change of frame. Change of frame causes relativity of simultaneity. Relativity of simultaneity causes the resolution to the paradox." Based on definition of root cause, this would actually mean the acceleration is the root cause, not relativity of simultaneity. You are correct in saying that relativity of simultaneity is the correct explanation and not general relativity because the thought experience is done in flat space time.
To again ignore the role of acceleration in breaking the symmetry is still an incomplete solution. The explanation in the video shows it is the spaceship that is changing frames. This modification of the original paradox has already assumed it is the spaceship that is acceleraing. But if you do not consider acceleration and the fact that it's absolute, the people on spaceship can say it is in fact the people on Earth who are changing frames. Then you can construct an symmetrical situation with this scenario (i.e. the original eEarth is always moving to the left, then a second earth moves to the right during the change in reference frame, there is only 1 spaceship that is stationary and remains in the same frame, and the ropes are attached to the earths instead of the spaceships) and the math all works out to be the same and the paradox would still be there.
Ultimately, you can explain the discrepancy between the twins' age due to their relative movement in variety of ways, such as through relativity of simultaneity, change in frames, doppler, space time diagrams etc, but all these explanation are incomplete without incorporating acceleration to break the symmetry, i.e. it is the spaceship that is accelerating and not the Earth.
@silverrahul Yes, and it's as if you didn't bother reading my comment before replying
It depends on how you define root cause. To me (and to Mohesh) the definition that is the most useful is that the root cause is the deepest cause that is present in any scenario, and is still explanatory. Acceleration is only present in some versions of the paradox and not others, therefore it can't be the root cause by this definition.
It's like if you're trying to explain why people get colds. The root cause of getting a cold is that someone is exposed to and infected by a virus. Getting exposed and infected has its own causes of course. Maybe *you* got a cold by going to the movies, and for your individual case it is valid to define root cause this way; but saying that that root cause of getting a cold *in general* is going to the movies makes no sense at all. So if you are trying to understand colds in general, it makes sense to say that the root cause is exposure and infection by virus, because those are true in every case. Of course, it is still helpful to understand how exposure and infection happen, because understanding the causes of those things is still helpful in preventing colds. Similarly, the root cause of the twin paradox is changing reference frames. But it's still helpful to understand the cause of that cause, which in many (but not all!) cases is acceleration.
@@erinm9445 "Acceleration is only present in some versions of the paradox and not others, therefore it can't be the root cause by this definition."
The problem is in this statement. Acceleration is in fact stil in the paradox, albeit hidden. The change from the original version with the 2 twins to this modified version with has already used the absoluteness of acceleration to break the symmetry in the first place. Let me explain why this is:
In the original version, the earth person (A) sees the spaceship person (B) leaving and then returning. There is a change in reference frame for B, so in this modified version, a third person (C) is introduced to eliminate the acceleration of B, but instead the two different frames are represented by B and C. I will call this scenario 1.
However, in the original version, B also sees A (and the earth) leaving and return. From his point of view, he is stationary, and A is the one who is apparently accelerating. If B were to modify the thought experiment into this modified version without acceleration, he would be completely stationary throughout the entire thought experiment, A and earth travel constantly to the left, and a third person (C) would be travel towards the right, passing A and syncing clocks with A when he passes A, and then meet up with B to compare clocks at the end. In this modified setup, B is in a single reference frame and A and C are representing the two different frames. All the math is the same as in the video and B would conclude that C's time would be younger. I will call this scenario 2.
If we were to ignore acceleration or to say the paradox does not have any acceleration, there is no basis to choose scenario 1 over scenario 2 and vice versa for the modified version. The only reason that scenario 1 correctly represents the original paradox and not scenario 2 is because in the original paradox, A is truly not accelerating and B truly is accelerating. In other words, when this video is selecting scenario 1 instead of scenario 2 to illustrate the solution, it has already used the fact that acceleration is absolute when doing so. The rest of the analysis no longer requires acceleration, but the initial set up of this modified paradox did require it.
@@ToboGamers I honestly couldn't follow everything you were saying here (not a criticism, I can't really parse dense physics arguments in paragraph form). But if what you're trying to say is "changing reference frame *is* acceleration, by definition, so Mahesh's example here actually does have acceleration, just not the kind we're used to thinking about. There aren't any twins acceleration, but the time information *is* accelerated when it moves from one ship to another", then yes, I think that is probably right.
But that is not the definition of acceleration that most people use, even someone with an undergraduate physics degree would not use that definition. So if you want to claim that the clock information is in fact accelerated, then that is a pretty technical definition that needs to be called out, and recognized as a very specialized definition of acceleration.
@@erinm9445 That's not actually what I'm saying, but I'll say what I said in my previous comment a bit simpler.
As demonstrated in this video and as you have stated, by using two different persons to substitute for the accelerating twin in the original version, acceleration was removed in the modified version. But deciding on which twin to replace with the two different persons depends on which twin is accelerating in the original version. Twin A would want to replace twin B with two persons, but twin B would also want to replace twin A with two persons.
The correct analysis is to replace with accelerating twin, as this video did. The only justification for this that he was the one who is truly accelerating. Therefore, acceleration is still required in the complete answer. The video simply ignores this part when he replaces the original paradox with the modified one.
If I understand correctly, on the returning spaceship they would calculate earth's clock to be running slow but if they looked out the window they would see it running fast! Earth's clock measures 5 years (from 35 to 40) while ship clock measures 10 (from 10 to 20). However, since the image they see at the red planet is from time 2.7 they will see the remaining 37.3 years of Earth's history sped up (and blue shifted) during their 10 year return trip.
Yes!
But they know it’s Doppler shifted. When JWST looks at a spectral line in a receding galaxy, we don’t say time is running extra slow there and the atom’s orbitals are running slow…we take part of the Doppler out… but not all of it. Now I confused myself. It is running slow…and helium atoms are flat, not spherical like they are here. It’s all relative
That was such a good experience. I'm simultaneously Happy, impressed, dazzled, and awakened. I understand others comparing this to other explanations, but I want to say this is the first time it's ever really been explained. Your approach of having a conversation and asking all those questions is so incredibly effective. Thank you so much. Special relativity is itself an amazing leap of imagination. And then on top of that solving the paradoxes are a bunch of other giant leaps.
Great video. Simultaneity in relativity is often overlooked. Nice explanation of why you can't ignore it. And it was great to highlight that what you measure using scientific apparatus, clocks, rulers etc is not the same thing as what you a see using your eyes or cameras. Nice.
I do hope the author of the video reads this. Who y'gonna believe, science or your lying eyes.
Absolutely..Too many explainers just handwave away the idea that an 'oberver will see ..' without bothering to consider such things as light takes time for seeing to occur.
Thank you so much for this video. I was so unhappy with the explanation in the previous one. I couldn't wrap my head around. Now I got it. Great job.
Best teacher I've ever seen! ❤
0:56 „Acceleration is absolute“ Question: In which regard is acceleration absolute? In terms of the presence of acceleration (yes or no)? Or in terms of its value (all observers agree on its value)?
You can feel acceleration. There is no ambiguity about who it is happening to. You might see earth accelerate away in the window, but you'll agree that it is you who is feeling the acceleration.
@@akaHarvesteR The reason for this is that acceleration requires a force, right? But apart from human senses, how can we know which object is accelerating? Change in frames of reference leads to emergence of forces which can be applied here too.
Very well done. Such great videos!
I liked your explanations in the first 18 minutes of the video, but I felt like you were missing a key part of the explanation that would make it more intuitive. But then I saw the final section starting at 18:20, and I was very happy to see that you covered the key part. Your explanation was great!
Excellent explanation. Thanks again Mahesh. There are very few explanations of twins that even mention simultaneity, you have once again cracked the case by starting with intuition. I would love to help you with the animations, let me know if you would like some after effects help to really bring your message home. Keep it up!!
Thanks a lot :)
Can’t wait to hear you illustrating GENERAL RELATIVITY intuitively. Must be an even more mind-blowing journey！
That is how I thought you should explain in the first video.(the rope one)
But because of my SSC exams I don't want to use my brain in understanding this video. But this video looks great. The hardest part in understanding physics is using imagination. This video makes us to them imagine easier.
SSC-2024 here🫡
Hi Mahesh! Excellent work and real mind-bender of a concept. If I may offer a suggestion, I think the point would have really been hammered if you showed the length contracted version of spaceship 1 from the frame of spaceship 2. The reason is that there is a third spatio-temporal simultanety event that appears to be violated (i.e. the simultaneity of the ends of the two ropes being at earth at the same time (at time 20). A visualization of this simultaenity in the three frames of reference would have made a lot of sense.
Very good, lengthening the spaceships with the rods is a very good way to show how the asymmetries created by the length contraction affects spacetime. No other video on this topic that I have seen on RUclips has gone into this in such detail... if at all. The age difference between the twins is less due to time dilation, but simply due to the fact that the traveling twin arrives at the destination at a different time than the twin on Earth observes. As you move quickly in one direction, events in the direction of movement move closer to you from the future, while events in the opposite direction of movement move away from you into the future.
Yes, I enjoyed animating it as well :)
I don't think the events move in the future or past, it is just a delay in observation. They stay pretty much within the same time interval.
@@trevoro.9731 Things in the direction of movement really do happen earlier, which is why the traveling twin ages less: he arrives at his destination earlier. This event occurs later for the twin on Earth because he has a different perspective on space-time. Events are therefore not moved within space-time, but by speed or acceleration you get a different perspective. Imagine you have a magazine with a picture of a person on it. If you turn the magazine slightly so that you are looking at it from the side, the photo will become smaller for you... although it is still exactly the same size as before. This can be compared to length contraction. One side of the magazine will simultaneously turn towards you and the other away from you, making one side appear larger than the other in perspective. This can be compared to the relativity of simultaneity.
@@TingleCowboy I understand it as slow down of energy interaction for one twin, the time doesn't really slow down and remains the same. The perception of the time is different, and that it it. I don't get why adopt such a complex way of thinking. The perceived time or the time when you get information about the event doesn't matter. For me there is no paradox once you accept that the time is absolute, but the speed of energy interaction and therefore perceived time may differ. Even if one twin aged by 2 days, while the other aged by 20 years, the time relatively to the other one is still 20 years, just the perceived time in the exact spot is different. The c "constant" is different locally for both of the twins, and that is it.
@@TingleCowboy Also, I understand the aging of the traveling twin as a result of gaining energy relatively to his inert mass, the more energy he has, the greater the energy interaction is slowed for him at his moving point. But the time remains the same no matter how fast he travels.
Question for time dilatation:
I take two cloks (in my livingroom). I will send both of them to trip around the world. First of them to the west. Second one to the east.
They are still in the same distance of Earth, travel at constant speed, experience same acceleration and so on, so only dilatation based on speed is make a difference(?).
From my point of view, both ot them travel at same speed (just opposite direction) so, when they come back, there is same time (number of tiks) on both of them(?)
From point of view of west-direction clock, the west-direction clock no moving at all and the east-direction clock move -> so at after party in my livingroom east-directed clock has smaller number of tikcs(?).
And vice versa from point of view of east-direction clock, the west-direction clock has smaller number of ticks(?).
While we three (me, west-clock, east-clock) are all at the same livingroom party, this situation is evidently contradictory...
What we see on our clock at the party?
Bro this guy is succeeding fenyman in his teaching skills at this point 😅
I thought of this with your last video on the triplet paradox, and realized that changing reference frames is the only reason the turnaround matters. If we turn the accelerating frame into 2 non-accelerating ships, then that twin’s “acceleration” just moves her into the first non-accelerating ship’s reference frame, and the turnaround “acceleration” moves her into the other ship’s reference frame. In your last video, the radio tower between the planets helped me see why those reference frames have the opposite planet clock 7.5 years ahead of the close-planet clock. Those reference frames exist regardless of any acceleration, as discussed in this video you can move a clock into that reference frame by beaming a signal, but acceleration is just a different way for someone to move their clock into each of those reference frames. I finally intuitively understand the twin paradox after years and dozens of videos, thank you!!
Relativity is the very engaging topic possible only when mahesh sir turns around.Keep doing your good work sir.
First view sir. Thank you 🎉for your videos expecting this long time.
Oh yea! More to come. More to come!
Sir, what about quantum? And electromagnetism? I also want vids on it!!! @@Mahesh_Shenoy
Also would u explain everything from basics in quantum mechanics like u made the series of relativity , including works of shrodinger, broglie, and maths behind quantum? Ik it will take a long time.. and m ready to wait.. but I would like to see ur response on this!
I watched lectures of another physics professor on the SR topic in the past (he did not have such high-quality visualzations, though), and back then I already got the impression that profoundly or intuitively understanding relativity of simultaneity is key to understanding all of SR. There isn't as much talk about it than about time dilation although it is such an important aspect or result. I would love to see another video on relativity of simultaneity with another example.
the IDEA that whether two events that are separated in space happen at the same time is not absolute, but depends on the observer's reference frame.
That's the crux of the problem. You are conflating information with time. It doesn't work that way.
Causality. Cause and effect.
The traveling twins ship blows up. It takes 6 months for the EFFECT to reach Earth. Is the twin alive or dead? You won't know until the wavefront collapses. Aka, stops transmitting.
You don't see things in real time. You are always experiencing the past. Lightning strikes a tree. You don't know that until the effect arrives at your location in space.
What I don't understand is why you don't understand that light is no different than sound. They are both just carrier waves. Other than c being absolute acceleration, they are essentially the same because the laws of physics are equally applicable in ALL frames of reference. Including the frames of light and sound.
E=mc. Everything is an emergent property of acceleration.
F=ma. Force equals Acceleration and Acceleration equals Force.
Acceleration in space equals Acceleration in Time.
The inverse square law of motion. Force decreases with distance.
Information about an event (when it takes place) is moved further back in time.
Betelgeuse. 500 light years away.
When it explodes you will think it's taking place in real time. That's the IDEA of simultanaeity. That doesn't mean they are OCCURING at the same time.
Hi, Mahesh. Will you make videos about general relativity too? I really hope so. General relativity is something I never understood, but I am very confident you could make us understand. Congratulations for these amazing videos..
Your RUclips pacing is absolutely perfect. Again, another epic video.
best teacher in the whole world ! 2024's Richard Feynman... Who agree like here !
I am delighted to be finally able to understand the Twins Paradox. Thank you. This is awesome. (All your videos are awesome, but I've been struggling with this basic question for fifty years. You nailed it for me. Thank you.)
as always, MAHESH SIR ROCKS
Another way to think about it is if you don’t have a frame of reference switch and stay in one frame of reference the whole time. When the twin flies away from earth the twin is at rest. if we stay in this frame of reference when the twin turns around, the twin agrees that she is moving left with respect to her initial frame. And she will say that she is moving left at twice the speed than what she would be moving left at from earth’s perspective. So I suspect that the increased time dilation and length contraction she accounts for then what earth accounts for will make up for the time dilation and length contraction she didn’t have from her frame of reference in the first leg of the trip.
For me it gets more intuitive and clear when looking at a spacetime chart and drawing planes of simultaneity for different observers, seeing how they rotate by Lorentz transformation. We all live in the same 4D spacetime, we just slice it differently with our different coordinate systems.
Yes, this is the most intuitive to me as well. But it does leave me wondering how meaningful the idea of that coordinate system slicing is, outside of the math. It is an invaluable accounting tool, but to me it says that the idea of "now" is a fiction, unless you're talking about things that are happening locally; the meaningful thing is only what can reach you. So in the video, receiving the photo from a 2.7 years older earth is meaninful.
@@erinm9445 Well, we all can only observe something right here, right now, locally. Lorentz transformation keeps light cones intact, those form certain causal structure, but all the distant things we can call "now" are outside our light cones and can never be observed directly, so there's a lot of leeway in choosing what to consider "now", we're somewhat free to mentally project what we think "now" is at distant points... The "now" plane doesn't seem to be so rigidly defined as causally connected events. (just thoughts without a very clear conclusion)
@@thedeemon For me, the explanation in the video is more intuitive than the spacetime chart because with the spacetime chart I always have the question: Wait, wouldn't the graph be the same as the one of the ship, if the earth is the one that leaves and comes back? but with this video I have no room for doubt and my brain is at peace now.
@@PADARM The question at the end is valid point! But the reason you cannot do the spacetime diagram in which the earth goes away and comes back is that you are not allowed to treat the spaceship as an inertial reference frame for the whole trip. Because it accelerates at the turning point. In this videos scenario you cannot think about putting the "travelling twin" only in one reference frame because there are two ships that are clearly in different reference frames.
Love seeing a teacher passionate about the subject they're teacher. Keep it up!
Nifty. For anyone interested, it's pretty old now but Brian Green's free special relativity course on world science u website was really some next level stuff, especially at the time. It's quite comprehensive regardless & there are interactive demos with every chapter. Not sure where the actual demos stand now BC they had to update them for browser compatibility a few times. Also there was a long comprehensive version & a short(mathless) version called spacetime & Einstein.
I am so glad I found your channel.
Welcome!
Are you going to cover general relativity as well?
Yes! I already have a couple lined up.
So much explanations of twin paradox out there, but your's is the only one that gives a good explanation without that weird feeling that some things don't really make sense.
Your prefious video on twin paradox I find completely right as well except that there was an example with deceleration and acceleration, while here is the same without it but with opposite directions of motion.
It is still hard grasp as time here not as intuitive as we experience it differently, but still even in this example it seems that the only difference between the rocket and earth that breaks the symmetry is changing the direction of motion which could be done by either acceleration or by introduction of the second rocket.
Eventually some explanations that refer to coordinate transformation and change in direction due to acceleration make much more sense now considering propper understanding principles of lenth contraction and simultaneousity.
Relativity is so mind-breaking - it's fascinating. The only thing I have serious issues with now, is how comes the time dilation and length contraction calculation come from geometry of vertical clock? If we consider the information speed as C then shouldn't the passage of time depend not on vertical photon clock, but on photon moving in a circle to make more sence?
I have one more question. There is a theory that spacetime is a torus. According to that you could travel in one direction, and after a long time you would come back to the same place WITHOUT changing the velocity or changing the reference frame to the other spaceship. How does the solution looks like in a setup like this?
Same result. The travelling twin's simultaneity still keeps changing. O'coure, we are no longer in flat spacetime anymore
Good question. I think that case the asymmetry is broken by paths of different topological nature through spacetime.
Excellent... the final bit really helped!
It’s frustrated me for a while that this is referred to as the “twins paradox”, because there is never a paradox. The universe always consistently works out the correct solution the same way in every such scenario, regardless of perspective. It’s only been an issue with people being able to identify and explain the misunderstanding that’s been the source of the perceived “paradox”. Thank you for finally providing a clear explanation that so many physicists have fumbled trying to explain. Check out Fermilab too, where they use two separate rockets also to explain the science.
paradox is generally a really annoying term as it refers to both contradictions and simple problems of Intuition (which can completely become Intuitive when working with relativity!)
the previous video introducing a 3rd twin and saying the sister already sees the brother already aged 7.5 years certainly did not help and was very misleading.
_"an issue with people being able to identify and explain the misunderstanding"_ - that's what makes it a paradox. The term "paradox" is used in its meaning "a seemingly contradictory statement". There is definitely an apparent contradiction, so use of the term "paradox" is appropriate. That there is no real contradiction in reality, does not mean it's not a paradox. It just means the paradox is resolved.
@@renedekker9806 A “resolved paradox” is not a paradox.🤓
@@F16_viper_pilot _"A “resolved paradox” is not a paradox"_ - then you have a different definition of the term "paradox". That is fine. I was just explaining what the normal definition is.
Notice that what you call ‘jumps in time’ only occurs when there is acceleration. Acceleration can then be called ‘traveling’ into the future frame of a locus of regions where the magnitude of the ‘jump’ depends on distance to regions.
As every experiment from Huygens, Newton, Young, Maxwell & Einstein only deduce its Particle/Wave Results by BEHAVIOUR... "ASSUMING" if we could see the Light in Microscopic Scale in Real Time, What would it really look like, A Particle/A Wave or Both??? Only you can justify my Curiosity sir🙏🙏🙏
Yes, I do agree, all videos I've watched is just trying to convince through Double Slit Experiment based on the RESULTS as Wave Behaviour...it's just so irritating to really visualise the True nature of light...plz MAHESH SIR, make a detailed rational video on this...I want to get over of This Double Slit Experiment...plz come with some new fresh approach
It's a wave... but really it's just the changing direction of force felt by an electric charge from a distant electric charge that is accelerating.
Thats insane! I wasn't expect to take anything more from twin paradox, but that is so cool. The best video i saw for last 2 month.
I think relative simultaneity is the only reason for everything, including length contraction. Like in order to measure length you need to connect space separated points, f.e. with ruler. And that takes time to move its end to correct place.
All three effects - time dilation, length contraction, and simultaneity - can be derived from each other, all of which is a consequence of constant speed of light. I find this so wholesome (and satisfying).
Yes, but it’s not that it takes time to move, it’s that if you’re in the middle of the ruler, your definition of now at the front end is in the rulers past, so it’s closer to you. Back of the ruler is in the rulers future, so it’s closer to you: boom, ruler shorted.
Note that this works with atoms, without Lorentz transformations. If you solve the ground state shroedinger equation of a moving proton, with its electric and now magnetic fields and a moving electron, the answer will not be a spherical orbital…it will be squished. Length contraction is real at the at of level.
Actually, it’s really at the quark level too, but that’s a longer story.
What I find paradoxical is that in this video-which is supposed to explain advanced physics concepts intuitively and without math-there's a lot of hand-wavy _"if you do the math"_ that's doing all the heavy-lifting, but without showing how to actually do the math. Certainly there are lots of positive comments from people, claiming that they've finally understood the resolution to the twin paradox. But without the actual math, they've accepted your explanation through faith alone. Consequently, I don't think they really understand relativity, let alone the twin paradox ☹.
Alot? It's just the part about the light they see and the math isn't the point of that part. It would add unnecessary complexity to not help get an intuitive understanding of how it works.
Doing and showing the Math is great for when you need to know how to do that but not when you want people to get a fundamental understanding of how it works and how to understand the paradox.
The point there was how can they see the same earth and still disagree about it's current age. That question is not a math question. That is an intuition question.
That is the counter argument that he was addressing there.
He is not trying to show that that the math adds up but how you can resolve that question: That they disagree how old the light is they are seeing.
@@helderboymh Relativity is _not_ intuitive, and the only way to get a decent understanding of it is-IMO-to work through the math oneself. However, if Mahesh's viewers feel they understood relativity by watching videos like this, I wouldn't begrudge them their satisfaction. I mean, solving relativistic problems is not a required life skill for most people. It makes no difference whether they truly understand relativity or only think they do.
I was formally taught both relativity and quantum mechanics in college. I found both very interesting. But as an engineering student, I knew even back then that I wouldn't be using them in my professional work anytime. And indeed, that's how it has been.
In general, though, I find people's math phobia-coupled with the reluctance of popular educators to use math as a teaching aid-really unfortunate. It has real-world consequences, such as the inability of people to comprehend the nature of credit card debt.
Stra giga like, as usual! You're great, keep going man
Brilliant! Thank you so much for your work!
Regarding the spacecraft on the return leg interpreting the earth as having approached from a much a greater distance than appears (as discussed at 21:00), why could not the earth interpret the returning spacecraft the same way?
Just an unbelievably great explanation!
But he is still wrong. There is no solution for a paradox. The theory is nonsense.
Great video. There is another way to look at it. If you plot the courses of the spaceships on a space/time diagram (assuming time is a dimension with the same characteristics as the three dimensions of space), you can see that the outbound spacecraft is on a trajectory with a frame of reference where the Earth is behind in time (losing time due to time dilation). The inbound spacecraft is on a trajectory with a frame of reference where the Earth is ahead in time. These trajectories are visually obvious on such a diagram. That was my epiphany with special relativity.
The illustration in your video alludes to this. The observer on the outbound spaceship has to look back to see the Earth, but the observer on the inbound spaceship sees the Earth up ahead. If you extend the illustration to be a three-dimensional space/time diagram (assuming the observers can "look" in all directions of spacetime), you will see that the observer in the outbound spacecraft has to look back in time to see the earth, whereas the observer in the inbound spacecraft sees the earth ahead in time (see 13:27 in your video). When the inbound spacecraft arrives at the Earth, it arrives earlier on the time scale than the Earth; the Earth has passed through more time than the combined journeys of the spacecraft to and from the red planet.
On a space/time plot, acceleration rotates your frame of reference. So, if you repeat the illustration with only two spacecraft, when the traveling spacecraft accelerates to begin its return trip, its frame of reference rotates from one where the Earth is behind in time to one where the Earth is ahead in time. In the three-spacecraft illustration, the third spacecraft is already on the return trajectory with the Earth ahead in time. It works either way.
Fantastic video with a really wonderful examination of this puzzling paradox.
Yaayyyyy congrats on 100k subs 🥳🎉 right as you estimated, around 11pm.
Thank you!!!!
That was the best non-math explanation I have ever seen. How about a take on the "gravity is not a force" thing as well.
Thanks for the video! I understand why time dilation occurs in terms of signals of causation taking longer. Ie, the electrons send a signal to the other electrons, but they are moving fast, so those signals take longer. I find that explanation very helpful. But is there a corresponding reason for why lengths get contracted?
Time dilation + Relativity of simultaneity = Length Contraction!
Hey sir! Great video!
I kinda have an opinion. This might be wrong but please have a look.
When we are looking things from the perspective of the space ship ➡️, the space ship ⬅️ is moving left of the first one with even greater speed than the earth. So if we consider the perspective of one space ship ALONG with the movement of another space ship (length contraction, time dilation and all)in animating, maybe the "time jump" type of thing might become a lil more intuitive.
:)
The intuitive explanation is that the "turn around" happens in the past relative to the Earth clock. Remember: every location in space is located in the past of every other location in space. The current "now" from any location is an expanding sphere propagating at light speed (usualy this is literally real light).
The outbound spaceship is chasing the "zero" clock time that is traveling at the speed of light. It will arrive at the turn around location 2.7 years after the 0.0 light has already passed that location. The inbound spaceship started years before the outbound spaceship passed the Earth at time zero. The inbound spaceship is "swimming upstream" through the light speed "clock ticks" coming from Earth. (So the Earth is going to be blue-shifted and "sped up".)
Yaa you are correct. I got that . But what I am saying is, in the animation, while animating the perspective of first space ship we only see earth and the other planet. But what does that other spaceship look like from the first ship's perspective?
That acceleration free thought experiment is not the twin's paradox. It's simply what you get with three inertial frames of reference with their own clocks. In the case of the true twin's paradox, there are just two clocks, one with each twin. If you can work out a way in which the twin and his/her clock can jump into the frame of reference of the right bound rocket without undergoing acceleration then, on reaching the red planet, jump into to the frame of reference of the left bound rocket without also undergoing acceleration then you have the twin's paradox. As it's shown, you have just presented a different scenario altogether which is not the same problem. Nobody thinks it is.
The only thing that breaks the actual symmetry of the twin's paradox are those two changes of inertial reference frame of the "travelling twin". If you know of a way of a massive body changing inertial frames of reference without undergoing acceleration, then I would be interested to hear it. So if you want to simply explain the twin's paradox as simply there are two changes in inertial reference frame, then fine, but do not claim there is no acceleration involved. There is with the problem as originally posed, but the thought experiment shown is not that problem, nor was it ever a paradox.
As far as I can see, there is no way of the travelling twin and his/her clock doing those jumps in inertial frames of reference without undergoing acceleration.
I agree. Acceleration is needed to shift from one inertial frame to another. The actual resolution to the twin paradox is by keeping in mind the relativity of simultaneity as done in this video: ruclips.net/video/mZByVMQpdAI/видео.html
By far the best explanation of the twin paradox.
However if acceleration has NOTHING to do about it, then you can attach a rope to earth instead of the spaceship, end get the exact opposite result, just using 2 earths. Hence even if the paradox is not general relativity related, still the accelerating time frame is the one that will stay young.
Great video, love the enthusiasm! But I have to point out a glaring error. When you show the length contraction you've applied it *twice* ... you've shrunk the planets by a factor of 2, but also lengthened the space ship and rope by a factor of two, making the length contraction in your diagram a factor of 4, when it should be 2. I think you might still get your proof to work if you move the marker to the half way point on the rope instead of the 1/4 point though.
This is the best explanation I've ever heard for this paradox! Thank you! Also, does that mean the future is just as real as the past? Does that mean the future already exists since there's always a frame of reference where your future is the present? or the past? That's weird.
@silverrahul Right, that makes sense. But even with causality preserved - it still gives me a weird feeling to think that my future is already "written" so to speak. In other words, philosophically speaking here, does this mean an absence of free will?
@chrispyfrenchfries Things are happening somewhere else, and it takes time for you to find out about it.
Every location in space is located in the past of every other location in space.
Your feet are six nanoseconds in the past from your head, and your head is six nanoseconds in the past from your feet.
Alpha Centauri is four years in the past from the Earth, and the Earth is four years in the past from Alpha Centauri.
Any events happening within any three years time period on either the Earth or Alpha Centauri can be arranged so that the events at either location could occur first, or even simultaneously. All possible ordering of those events are valid. For four year periods or longer, then there will be only one possible valid order of events from cause and effect. (But for shorter periods, there is no cause and effect relationship to define a single order of events.)
Our light cones are not changed by a change of frame, Lorentz transformation, so what's in our past light cone remains in our past, what's in our future light cone remains our future, the only events that can "switch from future to past relatively to us" are ones outside our light cones, they are not directly observable anyway, so all this spacetime region outside our light cones is somewhat undefined about being future or present or past for us, the plane of simultaneity that we mentally draw remains just that, an idea.
@silverrahul Perhaps free will was a poor choice of words. I guess what I mean is best given by an example. My death has already occurred in someone's present, their "right now". I'm moving towards that event, but that event already exists out there, it just takes time for me to get to it. Do you believe in such a scenario?
That means how I died, why I died, all the things surrounding that event have already been determined and have been determined for all time? In other words, time isn't something that manifests itself in the present, all of time already exists, we're just moving through it....I don't know it's hard to explain I guess.
I think this is a better explanation than the other twin paradox videos id like to hear sabina's and Dialects response to your video - what do they think?
this is gonna be so good
Mahesh, you are the best, I watch all your videos. You are awesome!
Very interesting video, thanks! 😊
When I think about the twin paradox, I like to imagine a ship of a certain length. (to "better visualize" the movement of the "sedentary" twin on Earth)
The astronaut twin is younger than his brother when the ship reaches a star (or any point in the Earth's frame), and the "sedentary" twin is younger when he reaches the tail of the ship.
As the ship moves, the distance between Earth and the star contracts.
And, as the Earth moves, it is the length of the ship that contracts.
We have two different "families of events", which can be simultaneous in one frame and non-simultaneous in the other.
Very good video! The animations are vivid and very explanatory. The title is a bit misleading, though.... in reality, nothing CAN change frame of reference without being accelerated. It illustrates the steady state approximation after the acceleration part happened... and is correct, but much of the paradox's "meat" resides JUST in that phase. Even in the limit of an instantaneous frame change, with only ONE moment of infinite acceleration (= an _infinite_ force for an observer with mass, because the necessary impulse [DeltaF*Deltat ] is definite) the whole picture changes abruptly JUST there!
(BTW: massless objects cannot be observers: they lack internal structure so they don't have memory, and that is equivalent to say they don't experience time, or space)
The people in the spacecrafts-if they understand relativity-really shouldn't be fighting each other over the elapsed time on Earth. Each would know that the other sees a different picture of events, and that both are correct in their respective frames of reference. For example, the chaps flying away from Earth would say, "According to us, Earth has aged 5 years, but according to you, Earth should have aged 35 years." And-provided nobody made a mistake in calculations-the chaps in the other spacecraft would say, "That's right."
Suppose you and I stood facing each other a couple of meters apart, and a dog stood between us. I would say "The dog is facing towards my right, which is your left."
Of course, when I was very young, I didn't know that different people could have different perspectives. At that age, I believe I would have insisted that the dog is facing towards *the* right (not "my" right), and I would've fought you if you contradicted me. Then again, nobody let me fly spacecrafts at that age!
Flawless video 🙌
Great to hear that!
Something I heard 15+ years ago was a question on if Light moves at the same speed everywhere in all directions, or slower than we expect one way and instantly the other way and how could we prove which was correct. Does this sound familiar? Have you done or would you do a video on this?
Can this be applied to quantum particles for entanglement problems?
Amazing! But I am confused about photons... Is photon wave or particle or both or something else? Could you please explain it by making a detailed video on it?😊😊😊
You should abbandon the distinguish between particule and wave for every quantum particule, includding photons and just accept that they are particules that can be described by functions that describe waves
A photon is a useful mathematical tool rather than a distinct physical thing. It's the smallest meaningful peice of the electromagnetic field that can interact with something else (usualy another smallest meaningful peice of a different field).
You are doing great at elucidating special relativity. I understand it so much better than before.
Perhaps I am still missing something, but this video in the twin paradox got me thinking that the science fiction Star Trek warp drive is already inherent in special relativity. In your example the space is warped into half its length in the direction of travel. So if I understand correctly, the spacecraft can accelerate even more, and the length in the direction of travel can contract to one-tenth, one-hundredth, one-thousandth of the lengths in the reference frame before the spaceship accelerates (given enough energy to affect such an acceleration). This at least for the proper time reference frame of the space explorers.
Am I misunderstanding something here, or are warp drives inherent in special relativity?
Outstanding Sir 🎉
Here is a question for you. If there is no jumping of frames, and instead one of the twins is on Earth while the other one travels close to the speed of light at a constant velocity (no turning allowed), then which twin will be younger after some period of time? In other words, I am trying to see the limits of the twin paradox. Why is it that we need a change in direction or a change in frames to resolve the paradox? And is it possible to solve it without this. Simply at constant velocity, can we still tell frames apart?
Both will consider the other to be younger. That's fine though, because without acceleration they can never meet up again to actually disagree. In the video, we introduce a third spaceship to try to meet both the moving and stationary twin. However, we see that it gets resolved because whichever one it meets first (either the twin on earth or on the ship), it will calculate that the other twin is already way older (but is still aging slowly).
I think that the case I mentioned lacked a beam of EM so that we could solve it. It seems it was not a complete question. After having watched the triplets paradox with a radio signal the answer becomes clear . Thank you!
@@Empiro3 Doesnt make sense. Yes if they look at the light coming from Earth/Spaceship. But with the math they should be able to figure out were and how old they really are. This is not really explained.
I watched the video to stop thinking about this, but the end Mahesh says, this will keep you thinking for a long time.
the twin paradox seems to be a paradox because neither the earth can see the spaceship, nor the spaceship earth.
they are both doing calculations assuming the location and time of each other in the past. and those calculations are based on relative speeds and length contractions which means they get different results depending on which inertial frame they are in.
p.s. which frame of reference is the 2.7 years of the photo from?
It seems to be a paradox because we only consider some aspects of relativity :)
@@Mahesh_Shenoy could you do a video or explanation on this scenario please.
triplets.
1 triplet E stays on earth.
1 triplet R goes right at some speed close to light
1 triplet L goes left at same speed close to light.
they stop and turn and come back to earth.
by my understanding. the triplet on earth should be older and the other two triplets R and L the exact same younger age as each other.
But here's where i get confused again.
Now same exact scenario if we remove triplet E from the scene. we get left with just triplet R and L.
Now triplet R and L can both argue each other is moving away and coming back, whilst they themselves are staying still. Without earth as the reference point they can argue they are stationery.
So how would their ages be the same? when they meet up. Cos it seems like I've now suddenly entered into the twin paradox and 1 twin should be younger than the other.
what am i missing here in my understanding.
i mean isnt there a hidden acceleration in the fact that the spaceship moving towards earth had to get all the way to the right in the first place? assuming all matter started in the same spot (big bang), the red ship experienced an initial acceleration away from earth, and then had to turn around at some point to go towards earth. So it makes sense the difference in perspective is caused by velocity, but it is impossible to reach this state without the lopsided acceleration, right?
@silverrahulthat's crazy you tell me to watch the video again when you didn't even read my comment
well done.
I think the final climax helps a lot !
One thing that would help even more is adding the other space ship and the rope to both the space ship. perspective.
Is it correct that when the top space ship moves past the red planet and see the 35 marker pass the earth it would have traveled an additional 60 years?
So the bottom rope from the top perspective is 6 times short and moves 6 times slower?
Im getting confused again. I would love to see what the other space ships and rope look like from the space ship perspective.
@Mahesh_Shenoy
the earth is always a stationary system, but I know it moves in space. Do physicists know where the actual stationary point in space is? If the ship moves towards this point, slowing down in relation to it, does this mean that it will age faster than people on earth?
Hi Mahesh, you are my favorite. Can you please take this scenario and explain?
A pair of twins start stationary and accelerate off in opposite directions to the same extent and then they return to their starting point.
What's the explaination then? Like who is older in this case?
This is a doubt from another channel called dialect and I really want to know your opinion on this. Thanks so much!!
Depends on who had higher velocity and for how long. Twin travelled at higher velocity in longer time will be younger.
13:28 sir, why wont the rope also be length contracted in the third reference frame?
It is that's why it's longer then it is in the top perspective.
Remember that the bottom two perspectives don't include the other space ship and rope, only the top perspective includes all 3.
If you added the bottom ship to the perspective of the ship moving right you would see the rope being a quarter length of that at the top. And visa versa for the bottom ship perspective.
@@helderboymhthanks alot, sir 😊
Got tears in my eyes at 12:45
☺️
Do the digital clocks also slow down when travel speed is closer to the light speed? Does the rate of breathing also go down? Heart beat per min also?
Yes. Everything slows down.
Another video has said it best: the speed of light is really the speed of causality, basically how fast "stuff" can happen. All atomic interactions and all forces, as far as we can tell, are governed my that. So when when a light clock ticks slower, it's no different than atomic interactions happening slower, and literally everything happening inside you at the atomic level is happening slower.
Excellent explanation. Could you explain the solution to the symmetric twin paradox? Each twin gets into a different ship, and they travel at the same speed, in opposite directions. After a while, both reverse the direction of travel and return to the point of origin. Which would be the oldest and the youngest?
@silverrahul why? They are traveling at high speed from each other. By relativity, someone should be older.
@silverrahul your explanation don,t agree with relativity.
@silverrahul why?
No, you dindt. Your previus explanation disagree with relativity.
There is no such thing as "the symmetric twin paradox". The twin paradox is called a paradox, because the situation seems symmetric, but isn't.
In your scenario, everything is actually symmetric and unsurprisingly they have the same age when meeting.
🎉🎉 Mind blowing bro . After understanding your concept I am going to remain mad for a long long long long long long time 😅😅
On the "dialect" channel one of the videos has a pointer to a paper where They Did The Math. It turns out if you have gravity, you can make the person who accelerates older or younger, and have neither accelerate and be older or younger. You can have one space ship orbiting (inertial movemet) in space while the other holds itself still in a gravity field (accelerating), or you can use a "gravity slingshot" to turn around without accelerating. The only way to figure it out is calculate the path thru four-space / spacetime and see which is a longer time difference.
But this gives a great insight into relativity of simultaneity.
Another way to understand the phenomenon is though the space / time plotting. In the space / time plotting the path taken by the two space ships is that of two segments of lines and that of earth is one segment of line and the three segments connect on the meeting points, creating a triangle. Now the fact that more time passed for the spaceships comes directly from the fact that the sum of length of two sides of a triangle (the time passed for the two spaceships) is always greater than the length of the third side (time passed on earth). Thus all comes down to the triangle inequality in this specific scenario.
Less time passes on the spaceships.
In spacetime, the "straight line " is the path of longest proper time.
I see the time dilation now. The video is 22 mins long. But it took me about 2 hours to watch it. :D
Best explanation ever!
Nicely done, very illuminating.
Interesting vide as always. But why did you put 35 on the rope of the second ship? Where does that number come from?
Basically when Earth was at exactly 35 years, it marked that section of the rope. It's a really special point because once you shift into the 2nd spaceship's frame, it explains where the 30 years went.
If the red planet also had a clock synchronized with the Earth clock (the two planets are in the same frame, so they can agree on this), what time do the spaceships see on the red planet at the crossover? They should agree on what the red planet clock says, and it won't have the travel time delay issue that gives the 5 vs. 35 discrepancy. Will the spaceships think that the planet clocks got out of sync somehow?
What 2 space craft orbiting earth , one orbiting clockwise and counter clockwise. It it approaching and moving away same time. Time dilation cancel out or what.
I wonder what would happen if a passenger from the spaceship travelling away from the earth were to jump on to the spaceship travelling toward it. Would their perspective instantly change? (assuming they don't get mulched from the sudden change in direction)
Yes, their perspective spontaneously changes due to entering a new reference frame. Even though they would be smashed against the wall of the ship😂
Yes -- he explained it well on the video too -- they'd also go, "wow, the velocity of the earth has changed instantly too!" Well, maybe not -- most folks are very familiar with how velocity changes with the reference frame, but not the notion of "now".
Another interesting thing is that when it comes to what you'd actually see, any time you move away from something, they always move super slowly. When you move toward something, they always move in fast motion, even though if you do the math (taking into account that they had to have emitted the light a long time ago), you'd say that their clocks are tickly slowly.
@silverrahulNo, they wouldn't. They'd be ACCELERATED by the ship they jumped into.
At 4:50 Earth vs Ship frame, why the length contraction in ship's frame (between moving earth and red planet) is not the same as in Earth's frame (between moving ship and red planet)?!?!
This is wrong, and so is the asymmetry enforced due to this error in length contraction.
@silverrahul
No it's not (between Ship and Red Planet with observe at Earth). Only the ship length is contracted. Which is actually correct.
I mistakenly assumed that the observe at Earth will see the distance contracted as well. My bad.
@silverrahul
You're completely missing the point, that was not the question.
And the paradox is all about observers, or rather the clocks, on earth and ship.
Thank you so much for this explanation!!!
Mind blown! Excellent stuff!!!
So, I used to think that everything around us in the Universe is the history we see. The further away something is, the longer back I am observing the information I am seeing. We also found that everything is moving away and accelerating on the grander scale except for anything being pulled towards us by gravity. Since we haven't seen on the whole anything far enough away moving towards us and decelerating, does that mean this won't help with the discrepancy in the Hubble constant? If we can't assign inherent meaning to the simultaneity of distant events, then only by noticing that they are redshifted and accelerating the further you observe that we say we do assign meaning?
ChatGPT provided a lot, but a portion of it noted what I was confirming: '5. Simultaneity and Meaning: Assigning meaning to simultaneity in cosmology is complex because of the relativistic nature of space and time. The redshift of light from distant objects is a direct observation that indicates the rate of expansion, and by studying this, we try to infer the dynamics of the universe.'
Sir can you make a video about it
imagine we have two coils. One is connected to a battery and another is not connected to a battery.
If the coil in which battery is connected current start flowing in clockwise direction and it is continuously increasing ,then it will form South Pole. If we put the second coil near the first coil then it will experience EMF and it will form South Pole according to lenz law. Because the first coil will act like a bar magnet which have South pole facing the coil and it is getting near second coil.
If look into the time when magnetic field of first coil (MF1) just touches the second coil , MF1 will produce EMF and then this EMF will produce Magnetic feild of second coil (MF2) and that MF2 will stop MF1 from touching the second coil and then EMF will also stop , but when EMF will stop MF2 will also stops thus now MF1 can touch the second coil and EMF will produce in second coil and cycle will go on.
is that above really happening, if so plz explain it well and is this thing is happening with some specific frequency or random if random how we can find the frequency or it is not working with frequency and something else is happening.
If above is not happening then where I am wrong and what is actually happening.
It is known that when we need to multiply two scalar quantities, we use the algebraic method (e.g. 3m × 5kg = 15 kg-m).
However, when we study about vector quantity we realise that we have two different ways to multiply vectors which give two different answers.
Why is there a need of second way? If there are multiple ways, then why only two, not 3 or 4?
Explain in detail please sir.
Usually a multiplication is a function that takes two elements from a set and gives back an element from the same set. Multiplying two scalars gives back a scalar.
Such a function is not always defined for vectors. The "dot product" does not give back a vector. The "cross product" does, but only works in three dimensions.
So the cross product is the multiplication of vectors in three dimensions.
A vector space that has a multiplication (bilinear product) is called an Algebra.