It makes me unbelieveably happy as a car nerd to hear someone use "turbosupercharger" correctly! While modernly "turbocharger" is what they are called, during WW2 they were brand new and just ran with the name of the supercharger with a suffix as that was what was commonly used at the time.
Something to keep note of at this BR is that USA tends to get extremely inexperienced players. Which means that you often see the enemy team wiped before you get a chance to do anything, or you end up being the last person left on your team. Most people watching this video probably know this, but it's still worth a mention for new players.
The production variants of the Ki-100 used Mitsubishi Kinsei Model 61 (Ha-112-II) engine with two-speed supercharger. These include the following variants: - Ki-100-I _Ko_ initial production variant, modified from Ki-61 II Kai airframes. This version is depicted in War Thunder as the tech tree Ki-100. - Ki-100-I _Otsu_ with bubble canopy and cropped down rear fuselage. The prototype Ki-100-II used the Mitsubishi Kinsei 62 Ru (Ha-112-II Ru) with turbosupercharger. Only three of these prototypes were ever built, however. This can be found in War Thunder as a premium aircraft.
There’s a bunch of other late/post war planes that are at pretty low brs. Off the top of my head, there’s the ki 109, the bv 155 and the infamous wyvern.
One of my favourite aircraft in the game. Thank you, great video. Even tho prop videos aren't performing as well as top tier, I enjoy them most. Btw, this plane could dive like a western fighter (according to Greg's Airplanes) and it behaves like this in the game too. You can surprise quite a few opponents who think they can just dive away.
Yeah, its only been up for a day, and I've already lost 4 subscribers on this vid lol. Its fine though, I still enjoy the low tier stuff even if it doesn't pull in the big numbers.
Welp, I got my fabled “RUclips Yearly Gaming Review”, and it happens that Mr. Tim’s Variety was my most watched gaming RUclipsr. You have magnificent content my good sir. Please continue with it. Trite discussion unrelated to the video aside, I never knew this plane existed! I’ve only played the Japanese Air Tech Tree, and I’ve played through it very throughly. I always try to get all the planes of one rank before moving onto the next. As I watched this video, I realized that despite the fact that I’m now up in Rank 8, I’d never played this plane. What I think happened is that this plane got moved around in the “Sons of Attila” update, and I had just happened to have recently gotten the plane before it in the tree before the update. After the update though, the location of the two in the tree flipped, so I completely missed this one! I shall research it and give it a play through in the next few days. Thank you for bringing this pressing matter to my attention.
You're amazing, thank you so much! and yeah, I've had a few planes in similar spots - they got added to the game after I was past that point in the tech tree, so I never ended up doing much/anything with them. I've got a few really weird holes in the middle of some of my trees :-)
I love the Ki-100 and fhe Ki-61, such fun planes to fly at their BR especially in ground RB where you can carry bombs and be an extremely effective CAP plane after dropping them. They also hit pretty hard with the two cannons and the two large caliber MGs especially compared to Japanese naval aircraft in those BRs.
One (incredibly) minor note, the Mitsubishi Kinsei Radial engine used a turbo charged engine. Turbo-supercharged is maybe a mistranslation or a difference from evolution of language. Supercharged engines use the rotation of the engine to spin the induction fan; usually with a belt, turbo charged engines use the exhaust gases to spin the induction fan.
My source is "Japanese Aero-Engines 1910-1945" by Mike Goodwin and Peter Starkings. They mention that mid-revision versions of the engine used a regular supercharger, but that the later 62series (specifically, the Ha-112-II Ru - which is what the series production Ki-100 used) had a turbo-supercharger. I can't vouch for their original Japanese language source documentation.
Most of the Mitsubishi Kinsei engine variants had just a supercharger. Only one variant, the Kinsei 62 Ru had a turbosupercharger. This is similar to how the Pratt&Whitney R-2800 engine was used with different forced induction systems on American aircraft: Some used just mechanical superchargers (F6F Hellcat, F4U Corsair), others also used a turbocharge (P-47 Thunderbolt. Another example would be the Allison V-1710 which in most cases was just supercharged, but in the P-38 Lightning it had turbochargers to increase high altitude performance further. Engines used in IJA aircraft can be confusing because usually they have both the manufacturer's type name, and the Imperial Japanese Army's designation for that engine. The Ki-100 in the tech tree is actually a Ki-100-I _Ko_ which used a Mitsubishi Kinsei Model 61 engine, which in IJA book-keeping was called Ha-112-II engine. This engine had a fairly standard two-speed supercharger. Kawasaki experimented with turbochargers with the Ki-100-II prototypes, three of which were built. These used a Mitsubishi Kinsei 62 Ru engine, or Ha-112-II Ru in IJA designation system. This version of the aircraft is available as a premium in War Thunder. The distinction between superchargers and turbosuperchargers is technically simple but details can be more complicated. In simple terms, the _turbo_ refers to having an exhaust-powered turbine, which drives a compressor to provide manifold pressure. However, a lot of WW2 aero engines also had a mechanically driven compressor (or supercharger) in addition to a turbocharger. For example, the P-47 had a single-stage, single-speed supercharger integrated to the back of the engine block, which was strictly optimized to deliver maximum performance with sea level air conditions (1 atmosphere of pressure). On the back of the aircraft was the massive turbine and compressor system designed to pressurize air to deliver that optimal 29.92 inHg (1 atm) to the supercharger at the front. The supercharger would then further compress the air to whatever the power settings were requesting and what the engine was set up to do. At full war emergency power, the manifold pressure could be as low as 54 inHg for early variants of the P-47, to 70 inHg by the end of the war. So you can see that when a P-47 is flying at low altitude, the turbocharger is basically idling and not doing anything because the air being delivered to the engine already getting that optimal 29.92 inHg air pressure from ambient air. As the altitude increases, the exhaust valves at the front of the aircraft start to close and direct the exhaust more towards the turbine, causing the turbocharger's speed to increase and thus providing the necessary pressure boost to maintain sea level conditions for the engine. This would continue up to the critical altitude of the supercharger, which was mostly determined by the speed at which the supercharger could spin without seizing within minutes.
I'll get back to liking and commenting earlier on your videos Tim when I finish the semester in grad school. Love to see some prop stuff! Now more low tier....
IIRC in one of my WWII aviation history books, it was written that this was one of the aircraft with design changes where the original designer was miffed that the original clean lines were ruined by the radial, and to add insult to injury, it would turn out to work overall better with the clumsy radial vs. the sleek inline. Had some amazing battles with this one several years ago, when we still had nice, realistic matchmaker matchups with Japan vs. USA
Great question. The TLDR is : When a new update comes out, the next 2 or 3 are what I guess the hype might be highest for. Similarly, I try to cover event vehicles as soon as possible (IAR-93 will be here as soon as I can get my hands on it). Otherwise, I just kindof pick whatever I feel like trying to add a little variety into the line up - not reviewing planes that are too similar too close together. Sometimes I'll do polls to see what the audience wants next.
You do the best reviews mainly because of you teach the history. I appreciate that you review a good verity of planes not just the newest power creep crap.
I like the Ki's in game. They're a good balance of all necessary traits. Like a P-40 or BF-109. The only complaint I have is that some of the rounds they fire can be pretty low velocities compared to other 20mm or 12.7mm leading to belts of mixed velocities and leads. Kinda like some of the german and Italian belts.
I heard that mechanically in game, all the shells have the same velocity as the first shell in the mix, so e.g. if the first shell is an AP shell at 700m/s then all the other shells in the belt will have 700m/s as well. Not sure if this has been fixed, or if it's intentional to simplify things for the client/server or what though
The Ki-61 Tada's is my favorite premium, along with the NA Harrier (absolutely love it in sim battles). Not the fastest prop, but the handling is superb.
Nice video as Always , i didn't play this plane while grinding japan but i regret it , i'm on the ki84 right now and it sounds that it's the same type of plane
Hi Tim, love it when you do videos on WW2 Props, especially the Japanese ones! I'm currently going back to spade a lot of them myself, and was wondering what your thoughts are on some of the J2M or N1K series fighters?
Tim would you consider listing speeds in Knots in addition to KPH for all your references? I know KPH is the default but some of us use knots like in real life
@TimsVariety Defending against Fox1 and Fox3 missiles feels completly like RNG to me at this point. Any chance you can make a guide here if it ain't?^^
Its on my to-do list, but its a long list so I cant promise an ETA. You're not wrong though, even when you execute an academically perfect evasion maneuver, there is still a significant element of luck involved in most cases.
@@Mintymint89 Its very situational, and almost impossible to control when it is going to help and when its not. In my opinion, the main use of ground clutter and MPH is to degrade the quality of the lock (or break the lock) to make your opponent hold back the shot in the first place, rather than potentially waste it.
Speaking of the KI-61, would it be possible to get a review of the premium version in the US tech tree? I’m pretty sure, at least what I can gather bouncing between my US and Japanese tech trees, that’s its the same as a free version in the Japanese tech tree, but I have grown quite fond of using it. I know it’s really not that special, but I think it would be cool to see someone else with much more experience play it and review it. As always the video was awesome!
The prem ver was my first prem vehicle for free from the warbond shop back when gaijin introduced the WB shop. Ah man 12 special task used to be tiresome but now we gotta grind 15. I think you should do tank reviews aswell. If you do play tanks.
@@TimsVariety Lovely! can't wait for it. Do the tank reviews in the similar manner you do with aircraft. History section, spec/capabilities, ammo type to use, your personal experience on the vehicle, miscellaneous.
ki-100 are kinda on the sluggish side imo. idk why but I feel that ki-61s felt lighter compared to ki-100. Both are great of course but I don't feel the supposed "upgrade" over the ki-61
@@soldat88hun No offense taken, you should hear me speak Mandarin Chinese (I have in a few vids). I'm told that its intelligible, but that I've got a very obvious accent. With MiG, I wish I knew dude. I've never heard it pronounced any other way than saying it like a word (rather than an acronym), but with a lot of the others we tend to pronounce out the letters individually. I won't claim it makes any sense - it doesn't.
@soldat88hun There are people that pronounce 'K I', some pronounce it as 'Kai', then there are weebs that say 'Kee'. Bet you pronounce Pe-2 as 'P E' and not 'Pe' like in the word '[Pe]t', or 'I L' instead of 'Eel'.
That’s strange, I always thought the guns were pretty good on that plane. Did they nerf the guns or something? It’s been a while since I’ve flown the ki 100.
Makes sense. Their mechanics in the fields probably had trouble fixing this type of engine when they previously only worked on radial engines. Thus a lot had to be sent back to factories where the engineers and mechanic there knew how to fix them.
Tim, I think you are very good at imparting information in a structured and understandable way. However, I do have a bone to pick with you. In one of your videos you complained about people being able to determine other player's ability during a match. You said you lobbied hard to try and stop this. Looks like you were successful. So successful in fact, the worst aspect of the last update has your handywork all over it. I am talking about the player profile page. It is a complete abortion and really deflating everytime I look at it. If you were indeed successful in this campaign, THANKS. Please don't do that again. Like communism, such meddling has unintended consequences.
The premium version is honestly one of my favorite premiums in the game, I once joined a match late and somehow clutched a 1 v 5 in it 😅
Hell yeah!
@@TimsVariety granted its was like 3 p-38s trying to turn fight me but yeah 😂
@@Thud105D Still, take the win :-)
ki-61s are clutch machines! There're many times I won a dogfight against 3 and more opponents at once
It makes me unbelieveably happy as a car nerd to hear someone use "turbosupercharger" correctly! While modernly "turbocharger" is what they are called, during WW2 they were brand new and just ran with the name of the supercharger with a suffix as that was what was commonly used at the time.
Just wait till you meet Greg.
Something to keep note of at this BR is that USA tends to get extremely inexperienced players. Which means that you often see the enemy team wiped before you get a chance to do anything, or you end up being the last person left on your team. Most people watching this video probably know this, but it's still worth a mention for new players.
The production variants of the Ki-100 used Mitsubishi Kinsei Model 61 (Ha-112-II) engine with two-speed supercharger. These include the following variants:
- Ki-100-I _Ko_ initial production variant, modified from Ki-61 II Kai airframes. This version is depicted in War Thunder as the tech tree Ki-100.
- Ki-100-I _Otsu_ with bubble canopy and cropped down rear fuselage.
The prototype Ki-100-II used the Mitsubishi Kinsei 62 Ru (Ha-112-II Ru) with turbosupercharger. Only three of these prototypes were ever built, however. This can be found in War Thunder as a premium aircraft.
I appreciate the historical context that you give for each vehicle!!
Always liked the idea of having a 1945 plane in relatively low tier.
Back when this thing was at 3.7 it was overlooked but an amazing plane.
There’s a bunch of other late/post war planes that are at pretty low brs. Off the top of my head, there’s the ki 109, the bv 155 and the infamous wyvern.
@@Nate_935_ F8F-1 at 4.7
Speaking of fighters gone from inlines to radials, the La-5 line could use a remaster after the FM update
Finally a review of the KI-100. This aircraft is fantastic
One of my favourite aircraft in the game. Thank you, great video. Even tho prop videos aren't performing as well as top tier, I enjoy them most.
Btw, this plane could dive like a western fighter (according to Greg's Airplanes) and it behaves like this in the game too. You can surprise quite a few opponents who think they can just dive away.
Yeah, its only been up for a day, and I've already lost 4 subscribers on this vid lol.
Its fine though, I still enjoy the low tier stuff even if it doesn't pull in the big numbers.
Thanks for the review! Another excellently put together video.
Welp, I got my fabled “RUclips Yearly Gaming Review”, and it happens that Mr. Tim’s Variety was my most watched gaming RUclipsr. You have magnificent content my good sir. Please continue with it.
Trite discussion unrelated to the video aside, I never knew this plane existed! I’ve only played the Japanese Air Tech Tree, and I’ve played through it very throughly. I always try to get all the planes of one rank before moving onto the next. As I watched this video, I realized that despite the fact that I’m now up in Rank 8, I’d never played this plane. What I think happened is that this plane got moved around in the “Sons of Attila” update, and I had just happened to have recently gotten the plane before it in the tree before the update. After the update though, the location of the two in the tree flipped, so I completely missed this one! I shall research it and give it a play through in the next few days. Thank you for bringing this pressing matter to my attention.
You're amazing, thank you so much!
and yeah, I've had a few planes in similar spots - they got added to the game after I was past that point in the tech tree, so I never ended up doing much/anything with them. I've got a few really weird holes in the middle of some of my trees :-)
I love the Ki-100 and fhe Ki-61, such fun planes to fly at their BR especially in ground RB where you can carry bombs and be an extremely effective CAP plane after dropping them. They also hit pretty hard with the two cannons and the two large caliber MGs especially compared to Japanese naval aircraft in those BRs.
One (incredibly) minor note, the Mitsubishi Kinsei Radial engine used a turbo charged engine. Turbo-supercharged is maybe a mistranslation or a difference from evolution of language. Supercharged engines use the rotation of the engine to spin the induction fan; usually with a belt, turbo charged engines use the exhaust gases to spin the induction fan.
My source is "Japanese Aero-Engines 1910-1945" by Mike Goodwin and Peter Starkings. They mention that mid-revision versions of the engine used a regular supercharger, but that the later 62series (specifically, the Ha-112-II Ru - which is what the series production Ki-100 used) had a turbo-supercharger. I can't vouch for their original Japanese language source documentation.
It’s likely just an artifact of turbochargers being called turbo-superchargers at the time, where turbos were seen as a subset of superchargers
@@Iden_in_the_Rain Exactly. "Turbocharger" and "Turbo-supercharger" were used interchangeably in the aviation world for about 50 years.
Most of the Mitsubishi Kinsei engine variants had just a supercharger. Only one variant, the Kinsei 62 Ru had a turbosupercharger.
This is similar to how the Pratt&Whitney R-2800 engine was used with different forced induction systems on American aircraft: Some used just mechanical superchargers (F6F Hellcat, F4U Corsair), others also used a turbocharge (P-47 Thunderbolt. Another example would be the Allison V-1710 which in most cases was just supercharged, but in the P-38 Lightning it had turbochargers to increase high altitude performance further.
Engines used in IJA aircraft can be confusing because usually they have both the manufacturer's type name, and the Imperial Japanese Army's designation for that engine.
The Ki-100 in the tech tree is actually a Ki-100-I _Ko_ which used a Mitsubishi Kinsei Model 61 engine, which in IJA book-keeping was called Ha-112-II engine. This engine had a fairly standard two-speed supercharger.
Kawasaki experimented with turbochargers with the Ki-100-II prototypes, three of which were built. These used a Mitsubishi Kinsei 62 Ru engine, or Ha-112-II Ru in IJA designation system. This version of the aircraft is available as a premium in War Thunder.
The distinction between superchargers and turbosuperchargers is technically simple but details can be more complicated. In simple terms, the _turbo_ refers to having an exhaust-powered turbine, which drives a compressor to provide manifold pressure.
However, a lot of WW2 aero engines also had a mechanically driven compressor (or supercharger) in addition to a turbocharger. For example, the P-47 had a single-stage, single-speed supercharger integrated to the back of the engine block, which was strictly optimized to deliver maximum performance with sea level air conditions (1 atmosphere of pressure). On the back of the aircraft was the massive turbine and compressor system designed to pressurize air to deliver that optimal 29.92 inHg (1 atm) to the supercharger at the front. The supercharger would then further compress the air to whatever the power settings were requesting and what the engine was set up to do. At full war emergency power, the manifold pressure could be as low as 54 inHg for early variants of the P-47, to 70 inHg by the end of the war.
So you can see that when a P-47 is flying at low altitude, the turbocharger is basically idling and not doing anything because the air being delivered to the engine already getting that optimal 29.92 inHg air pressure from ambient air. As the altitude increases, the exhaust valves at the front of the aircraft start to close and direct the exhaust more towards the turbine, causing the turbocharger's speed to increase and thus providing the necessary pressure boost to maintain sea level conditions for the engine. This would continue up to the critical altitude of the supercharger, which was mostly determined by the speed at which the supercharger could spin without seizing within minutes.
If you want to be pedantic, if its turbocharged and supercharged, then its called a twincharged configuration.
I'll get back to liking and commenting earlier on your videos Tim when I finish the semester in grad school. Love to see some prop stuff! Now more low tier....
IIRC in one of my WWII aviation history books, it was written that this was one of the aircraft with design changes where the original designer was miffed that the original clean lines were ruined by the radial, and to add insult to injury, it would turn out to work overall better with the clumsy radial vs. the sleek inline.
Had some amazing battles with this one several years ago, when we still had nice, realistic matchmaker matchups with Japan vs. USA
Another great video! Btw, is there any pattern to the aircraft you review, or is it just random/what you feel like?
Great question.
The TLDR is :
When a new update comes out, the next 2 or 3 are what I guess the hype might be highest for.
Similarly, I try to cover event vehicles as soon as possible (IAR-93 will be here as soon as I can get my hands on it).
Otherwise, I just kindof pick whatever I feel like trying to add a little variety into the line up - not reviewing planes that are too similar too close together. Sometimes I'll do polls to see what the audience wants next.
You do the best reviews mainly because of you teach the history. I appreciate that you review a good verity of planes not just the newest power creep crap.
"Variety" is literally the name of the channel ;-)
First premium i ever bought. Git my first 6 kill match in this the prem version. Good memories
I like the Ki's in game. They're a good balance of all necessary traits. Like a P-40 or BF-109. The only complaint I have is that some of the rounds they fire can be pretty low velocities compared to other 20mm or 12.7mm leading to belts of mixed velocities and leads. Kinda like some of the german and Italian belts.
I heard that mechanically in game, all the shells have the same velocity as the first shell in the mix, so e.g. if the first shell is an AP shell at 700m/s then all the other shells in the belt will have 700m/s as well. Not sure if this has been fixed, or if it's intentional to simplify things for the client/server or what though
Good to know. I'll try to match my belts first shell and see if that helps 👍
@@LovableCoolGuyNot fixed yet. The report is also still not acknowledged.
Pretty sure it was always like this.
The Ki-61 Tada's is my favorite premium, along with the NA Harrier (absolutely love it in sim battles). Not the fastest prop, but the handling is superb.
This is the best thing I ever saw.
Nice video as Always , i didn't play this plane while grinding japan but i regret it , i'm on the ki84 right now and it sounds that it's the same type of plane
Hi Tim, love it when you do videos on WW2 Props, especially the Japanese ones! I'm currently going back to spade a lot of them myself, and was wondering what your thoughts are on some of the J2M or N1K series fighters?
I'll get to them eventually, but my thoughts are generally positive.
got this plane during the last sales. I even made a little video of my first match in it. All i have to say is: "Japan is op pls nerf"
Tim would you consider listing speeds in Knots in addition to KPH for all your references? I know KPH is the default but some of us use knots like in real life
Wonder how it performs in sim. It's 3.7 compared to the -61 Tei's 4.0, wondering what causes that.
@TimsVariety Defending against Fox1 and Fox3 missiles feels completly like RNG to me at this point. Any chance you can make a guide here if it ain't?^^
Its on my to-do list, but its a long list so I cant promise an ETA.
You're not wrong though, even when you execute an academically perfect evasion maneuver, there is still a significant element of luck involved in most cases.
Especially the ground clutter/ MPH feels completly unhelpful.
@@Mintymint89 Its very situational, and almost impossible to control when it is going to help and when its not. In my opinion, the main use of ground clutter and MPH is to degrade the quality of the lock (or break the lock) to make your opponent hold back the shot in the first place, rather than potentially waste it.
@@TimsVariety thx :)
I never knew it was an offshoot of the ki 61. Never liked the 61, but 100 is fun for sure
A Japanese plane maintaining a positive win rate so late in the war against the American juggernaut? That's impressive.
Speaking of the KI-61, would it be possible to get a review of the premium version in the US tech tree? I’m pretty sure, at least what I can gather bouncing between my US and Japanese tech trees, that’s its the same as a free version in the Japanese tech tree, but I have grown quite fond of using it. I know it’s really not that special, but I think it would be cool to see someone else with much more experience play it and review it. As always the video was awesome!
I'm sure I'll get to it eventually.
The prem ver was my first prem vehicle for free from the warbond shop back when gaijin introduced the WB shop. Ah man 12 special task used to be tiresome but now we gotta grind 15.
I think you should do tank reviews aswell. If you do play tanks.
I do, and more are coming. They take me much longer to produce though, so ground reviews will be sporadic.
@@TimsVariety Lovely! can't wait for it. Do the tank reviews in the similar manner you do with aircraft. History section, spec/capabilities, ammo type to use, your personal experience on the vehicle, miscellaneous.
@@mab2187 Thats the idea. Do a search on my channel for Maus or PT-76, those were the first two I reviewed in my normal format.
I always struggled with this one for some reason
ki-100 are kinda on the sluggish side imo. idk why but I feel that ki-61s felt lighter compared to ki-100. Both are great of course but I don't feel the supposed "upgrade" over the ki-61
"K I "
lol
I'm American, we frequently pronounce aircraft identifiers as the letters rather than sounding it out as "Kee" , "Sue" , "Tue" , etc.
@@TimsVariety Could have guessed :D, no offense but american pronunciation of other languages is horrible. How does it work with MiG though?
@@soldat88hun No offense taken, you should hear me speak Mandarin Chinese (I have in a few vids). I'm told that its intelligible, but that I've got a very obvious accent.
With MiG, I wish I knew dude. I've never heard it pronounced any other way than saying it like a word (rather than an acronym), but with a lot of the others we tend to pronounce out the letters individually. I won't claim it makes any sense - it doesn't.
@soldat88hun There are people that pronounce 'K I', some pronounce it as 'Kai', then there are weebs that say 'Kee'.
Bet you pronounce Pe-2 as 'P E' and not 'Pe' like in the word '[Pe]t', or 'I L' instead of 'Eel'.
@@0GTXR Why you assume that? Both of those are the first syllable of a name. And Ki is pronounced as neither of those...
That’s strange, I always thought the guns were pretty good on that plane. Did they nerf the guns or something? It’s been a while since I’ve flown the ki 100.
They're good if you can connect with the cannons and machine guns at the same time.
Japans issues with inline engines was due to a crippling lack of experience with them.
Makes sense. Their mechanics in the fields probably had trouble fixing this type of engine when they previously only worked on radial engines. Thus a lot had to be sent back to factories where the engineers and mechanic there knew how to fix them.
🤚
TL;DW - A fantastic 1943 era fighter, pity it came out in 1945...
Tim, I think you are very good at imparting information in a structured and understandable way. However, I do have a bone to pick with you. In one of your videos you complained about people being able to determine other player's ability during a match. You said you lobbied hard to try and stop this. Looks like you were successful. So successful in fact, the worst aspect of the last update has your handywork all over it. I am talking about the player profile page. It is a complete abortion and really deflating everytime I look at it. If you were indeed successful in this campaign, THANKS. Please don't do that again. Like communism, such meddling has unintended consequences.
I was not successful. The recent changes were in the works before I said anything.