TURN TO THE LORD JESUS CHRIST BEFORE ITS TOO LATE, GIVE YOUR LIFE TO HIM AND START WALKING IN OBEDIENCE, WITHSTANDING FROM ALL SIN AND WICKEDNESS, JESUS SAID THE PATH TO HEAVEN IS HARD AND NARROW, AND FEW FIND IT. MATTHEW 7:13-14, HEBREWS 5:9, JOHN 14:15, MATTHEW 7:21-26, 1ST CORINTHIANS 6:9-10, JOHN 3:16-21, JOHN 10:7-8, MATTHEW 10:26, AND LUKE 13:5. GOD BLESS YOU ALL.
I have a degree in pharmacology and am currently working in clinical trials. Please don't downplay the potential differences between the effet of a generic and a brand name. They are actually not that negligeable in a lot of times. The bioequivalence studies performed are really not that rigorous (they need to reach the same peak concentration in the blood at one point but they do not need to fit the same curve so a generic drug could reach the peak in 15 minutes whilst the brand name would reach the peak in 2 hrs, this can make a BIG difference when comes the time to prescribe and use drugs, but they would still be considered bioequivalent). Bioequivalence does not mean therapeutic equivalence. Also, depending on what is the margin of inferiority accepted in the bioequivalence trial that was performed it could be a lot less bioequivalent than claimed. (some even accept up to 50% discrepancy) Not even mentioning the recent scandals that emerged from generic companies.
I must applaud those who study and manufacture drugs (legally). I broke 6 vertebrae a few years ago and was in extreme pain. The first drug they gave me was morphine, which did nothing. However, later they gave me Dilaudid which is an awesome drug. To clarify, the bones in my back that broke were thoracic vertebrae and they did not completely break, so I am not paralyzed. Nor am I on these pain medications anymore.
I would say the most difficult thing is also the most rewarding thing: the field knows very little. Pharmacology, but especially neuropharmacology, is still somewhat embryonic as a field. As a result of this, it can be really difficult as a student to get an accurate depiction of reality, simply because your professors often don't know the answer either. And that says nothing about them of course, the difficulties are inherently part of the field. You can also see great inconsistency between pharmacology textbooks. As a pharmacology student you'll often be learning diagrams that simply are not accurate anymore. The flipside of this is that as a future researcher there is the opportunity to make genuine contributions to this field and indirectly, to the lives of millions of patients/clients around the world.
@@Guidus125 indeed! We've yet to fully understand many neuromodulators and still occasionally discover new ones, so embryonic is indeed spot on. Neurology is insanely complex, compared to something as simple as a thyroid gland! A few years back, I had a somewhat condescending pharmacist, turned out she was that way with every patient. The "I know it all" attitude, lording that knowledge, rather than sharing it with those interested. When I filled my first prescriptions with her, I declined discussing the medications, as I'm intimately familiar with the drugs, their pharmacology and mechanism of action. Beta blocker, calcium channel inhibitor and a drug that inhibits thyroperoxidase. She even got to the point of trying a spot quiz. Bad idea for her ego! She was far more respectful afterward. But, that's grade school level, compared to neurochemistry! When I see that a drug's mechanism of action being ill understood or not elucidated, I know that some soul out there will eventually find that understanding and make their mark upon science in indelible ink! Just don't look my way to do that, totally not my field. I largely dealt with communicable disease, body and fender work on humans and the plumbing leaks in humans under military conditions. ;)
TURN TO THE LORD JESUS CHRIST BEFORE ITS TOO LATE, GIVE YOUR LIFE TO HIM AND START WALKING IN OBEDIENCE, WITHSTANDING FROM ALL SIN AND WICKEDNESS, JESUS SAID THE PATH TO HEAVEN IS HARD AND NARROW, AND FEW FIND IT. MATTHEW 7:13-14, HEBREWS 5:9, JOHN 14:15, MATTHEW 7:21-26, 1ST CORINTHIANS 6:9-10, JOHN 3:16-21, JOHN 10:7-8, MATTHEW 10:26, AND LUKE 13:5. GOD BLESS YOU ALL.
@@icebreaker9006 why ever would anyone take the advice of someone incapable of following a thread subject, video subject or even know where the goddamned capslock key is? Indeed, if I'm promised to go to any heaven that you inhabit, I'll happily jump straight into hell and be better for it.
I really thanks God I found your channel Professor Dave, have been watching to help me with my nclex-rn exams. Thank you very much, it really helps me a lot specially anatomy and physiology!
Nope, although I did consider hydroxic acid. ;) Although IUPAC prefers Oxidane. Yeah, water came to mind both when he mentioned chemophobia and IUPAC naming. ;)
Heroin is most definitely *not* "the most addictive drug known to man." Many synthetic opioids and opioid analogues are far more addictive than heroin. Benzodiazepines are far more physically addictive than any opiate/opioid/analogue. Barbiturates as well. Hell, even alcohol is more addictive than heroin, once you become physically dependent on it. Heroin is the only opiate that is completely illegal, which is just silly, since it's essentially just morphine (diacetylmorphine) and is metabolized *as* morphine by the body. It just has a somewhat faster onset. There are opioids that are far more euphoric than heroin, such as hydromorphone and fentanyl. There are synthetics with much more severe withdrawal symptoms. I speak from experience. Fentynal is so potent that basically no amount of heroin can even get you well. Methadone has an acute withdrawal period of 30-45 days, vs 5-7 days with every other opioid. As for other classifications of drugs, I have witnessed a girl go into a grand maul seizure due to benzo withdrawal- nearly a *YEAR* after she had quit taking them. I don't know of anyone who has ever died from opioid withdrawal, whereas people die from benzo and alcohol withdrawal on a regular basis. I have been addicted to heroin before and it was nowhere near as bad as when I was addicted to alcohol. I had to be admitted to the emergency room due to alcohol withdrawal. I was up to 1.5 liters of 100 proof vodka a day and it had been ~10 hours since I had taken a drink. I was trying to white-knuckle it, just like I did with the opioids, but I legit felt like I was going to die (not that I just *wanted* to die, like the painkiller withdrawal). Well, when they took my vitals, my resting BP came in at 246/119 and my pulse was over 160. The nurse practitioner said I was lucky to still be on my feet and not on a crash cart with a massive stroke. I was shaking terribly and was starting to hallucinate. It was fucking awful. Much worse than the worst opioid kick I ever put myself through. And alcohol isn't anywhere on the schedule. Considering that THC and psilocybin are schedule I, I would venture to say that the DEA's drug schedule is utter bullshit.
Heroin is illegal in the US, but commonly prescribed for post-operative pain in the UK. Remember, this is international , not US centric and biochemistry and pharmacology is decidedly not any nation or continent centric. But, addictive potential is a topic lousy with confounders. Opiates and opioids have aversion factors, such as triggering MAST cell responses, I'm lousy with histamine and feel miserable taking the infernal things. That aversion tends to limit the potential for addiction and that's only one example. Susceptibility is another, such as genetic predisposition, secondary to slightly different receptor configurations or even ion channel differences. So, we look at mass numbers to determine addictive potential and far more are addicted to opioids than benzodiazepines and alcohol is outside of the scope of a discussion on pharmacology and addiction, as I've yet to see a recorded case of alcoholism secondary to a prescribed medical treatment! But, I do agree that the DEA's drug schedule is bullshit, as it's largely via Congressional input, hence political in nature more than anything evidence based. As for ethanol withdrawal, I've been known to pack away that dosage, then quit without sequelae and amazingly, my liver panels were normal. Not a clue how that worked out, but it has repeatedly for me, again, confounders like genetics and perhaps, my Grave's disease shifting my metabolism upward a bit might be what comes into play. But therein lies a confounder of medicine in general, both pharmacological and in medical theory, individual idiosyncrasy. But then, that drives everyone to distraction... ;)
@Dave - I believe any amount of codeine by itself is schedule II. In practical terms, it is combination with other APIs that make codeine C-III, and in some cases C-V. I think the _primary_ distinction between C-I and C-II is approved medical (or veterinary) use, not abuse potential. In future episode you might consider distinguishing the terms opiate and opioid (and narcotic). Keep up the good work!
Hydrocodone combination pills used to be schedule 3 but now they are schedule 2. This makes no sense to me. Hydrocodone withdrawals are nowhere near as severe or prolonged as morphene withdrawals.
In term of Psychoactive Drug, there are 6 categories: 1. Opioids 2. Central nervous systems depressant. 3. Central nervous systems stimulant 4. Marijuana and other canabbis products 5. Hallucinogens 6. Inhalant.
These are extremely simplified categories that do not really reflect their mechanism of action. I prefer to say "primarily an x agonist/antagonist/whatever".
so how do get the highest bioavailability out of a drug? with the method of delivery, it's properties, or something else?, this might be answered later on in this series but i'm watching a day at a time.
You know Bayer the manufacturer of aspirin at the same time released heroin which is a brand name as over the counter cough tablets- this was in the late 19th century/early when all this stuff was legal. (diamorphine is heroins scientific name - heroin is simply a brand name like OxyContin (oxycodone hcl) Vyvanse (lisdexamphetamine) or Tylenol (Paracetamol/acetaminophen ).
Also his statement that heroin is the most addictive substance known to man is wrong.. the reason to categorise one opioid diamorphine as schedule 1 even though in fact many schedule two opioids are stronger MORE addictive and dependency causing than diamorphine. That’s why in the uk diamorphine is a schedule 2 drug and used super commonly in hospitals ie labour pain ect all opioids have therapeutic use and many are way stronger and more addictive than heroin Fentanyl 100x stronger - , oxymorphone ,hydromorphone - and methadone which is not only 10x stronger than heroin but 10x longer acting .. the fact that strong long acting opioids are used to TREAT heroin addiction is ridiculous drawing out withdrawals longer and raising dependency levels. Way easier to just taper off using short acting opioids surely. Also we know of drugs wayy more addictive than heroin - look up Etonitazene or Etazene www.google.co.uk/amp/s/www.vice.com/amp/en/article/9bdymy/hamiltons-pharmacopeia-804-v16n4
That's not necessarily true about one generic drug name only, internationally there are differences. For example, Paracetamol and Acetaminophen, same drug, different generic names, trade names include Tylenol, and Panadol, as most people are aware.
I have chemophobia. When I was taking chemistry in the 10th grade I remember staring back at the clock. My chemistry teacher response: "Time will pass, but will you?"
How (and by who) has it been determined that heroin is the most addictive substance known to man? Is it based on statistical analysis (heroin is obviously widely abused by a lot of people the world over) or is it based on something else?
Why is the scheduling system turned around completely over there? For us the higher the schedule the more potential it has for abuse. S1 & S2 can be bought over the counter for instance and S0 can be stocked on the open shelves in the shop anything higher needs a prescription. They should seriously standerdise a scheduling system for medicines all over the world.
Currently studying pharmacy, and i must say i really like this overview. Btw, what are benzodiazepines doing in schedule 4? That can't be right xD. I',m also very happy with your acknowledgement of psychedelics and marijuanas scheduling is clearly a product of propaganda
interseting that you refer to acetominophen - as in my country the generic name is paracetamol. Is this true of any other drugs that the generic name can vary by country?
Dave, buddy, I love your work but I've been confused since day 1 as to who your target audience is. Regardless, keep doing the "Dave Debates" and if you get a chance check out Ben Davidson's channel "Suspicious Observers" because I would love to hear your opinion. Seriously would like to hear your opinion of his content. Thanks
MDMA was being prescribed for medicinal reasons when it was rescheduled to Schedule 1, despite one of the requirements being no accepted medicinal use. They took something that was literally being used as medicine and decided that it had no medical purpose. They refuse to allow research into the medical benefits of a plant that has been used medicinally for thousands of years, claiming that there is no known medical benefit. Of course there is no *known* medical use when you disallow any research into its medical use. The drug schedule has nothing to do with the actual characteristics of the drug in question, and everything to do with politics, with a heaping dose of racism. Nixon and Harry Anslinger couldn't make it illegal to be Black, Mexican, or against the Vietnam War, so they had to find other ways to target them.
"The evidence on MDMA’s therapeutic effects is limited thus far,39 although research is ongoing in this area." www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/mdma-ecstasy-abuse/what-is-the-history-of-mdma
You make it sound like MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine) aka "ecstasy" was an approved pharmaceutical with medical indications, physicians wrote prescriptions that you could fill at a pharmacy and this was a common practice. None of that is true. The substance was used privately by some psychiatrists to reduce anxiety and improve insight in therapy sessions in patients where trauma made therapy otherwise difficult. It was scheduled because it was used recreationally, and being an amphetamine it was considered a designer drug. The DEA was closing a loophole where altered molecules of scheduled drugs had similar psychological effects but escaped legal controls. "Known medical use" refers to approved medical use in the US. (Diacetylmorphine aka heroin is legally prescribed for severe pain in cancer patients in the UK, but schedule I (C-I) in the US. Amphetamines such as Adderall are C-II drugs approved for ADHD and narcolepsy in the US but the equivalent of schedule I drugs in Japan and New Zealand.) Indeed it is difficult to research schedule I controlled substances. However, MDMA is actively being researched as an adjunct to psychotherapy and results show benefits in persons with PTSD and terminal illnesses. It is not taken regularly or as needed but a few times with therapy sessions. Its common use at raves has sometimes resulted in death due to hyperthermia. It acts by an intense release of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, but it (and metabolites) also damage the presynaptic 5-HT neurons. IN general I agree with your sentiments. Harry Anslinger demonized drugs on the basis of his racism. He's responsible for the reefer madness paranoia. Decades later, Nixon, who regularly abused alcohol, went overboard scheduling drugs in the Controlled Substances Act.
@@romithromith thanks for covering that! MDMA is currently still being heavily studied, with the VA sponsoring a significant number of studies on PTSD treatment via several approaches that involve MDMA and early results do appear promising. Now, to see long term, as early results have disappointed before in many other complex illnesses.
Oh dear, I'm thinking of my adderall, flunitrazepam and oxycodone medications now.... 👀 But, I'm very, VERY careful with the nitrazepam & oxycodone, I don't take them every day. Just when I need them. Usually 2-3 times a week. So, I believe that I'm OK.
@@NickanM Opiat/Opioid withdrawals are next to nothing against serious withdrawals from Benzos and Alcohol. 5% of people die even in medical care while going through these withdrawals. You should be more concerned with your Fluni's and Nitra's instead of your opioids.
@@Hunk666 Ok, thanks! 🙂👍 I'm going to be even more careful. My doc has given me lessons about addiction, and he writes small prescriptions so he can check me, and I feel safe in his hands. A max of 20 pills per prescription. The last thing I need is getting addicted.
@@NickanM Well, an addiction/dependence on opiates/opioids is only a problem when there is no reliable source for the product and/or you could not afford it. Regarding it from the medical side, with opiates/opioids you could become one hundred years old as they are not toxic to the body in any way (if not overdosed). Besides, many studies have shown that people who take opiates/opioids because of actual medical problems (like chronic pain issues and so on) have a much easier time withdrawing them than people who abuse them as a drug. If you ever need to stop taking opiates/opioids the best way is to down dose yourself over several weeks and then go completely clean. Besides the 2nd, opiates/opioids do have a much worse reputation as they really are if handled correctly.
When you realize Bill the Butcher was the good guy _Antinauseant_ is a term that is used to make it more palatable for the average layman to understand. This video series, and this video in particular, is designed to educate laypersons on the world of western medicine. It was a perfect opportunity to educate people on the actual scientific terminology.
I love your cynical undertone. Thanks for your great job ranting on anti-intellectual podcasters. Btw. you could make money as a science consultant. Your learning content may be interesting for some companies. ;)
Although there's no evidence that Cannabis causes addiction it does however have a lot of evidence that it can cause psychoses, especially Schizoid Personality, in fact I'm living proof of that fact, I was diagnosed with Paranoid Schizophrenia (among other things) about 15+ years ago, yet nobody in my biological family has any kind of mental illness, so yeah, I don't quite understand why that would get skipped over as though Cannabis doesn't have its dangers... 🤦♂️💥 🤣
@@ProfessorDaveExplains Well it's certainly not genetic which is far more common with Schizoid Personalities and the dozen or so Consultant Psychiatrists I've had over the years seem to think that, it's been a long time since I've seen anything on the subject in all honesty but I'm aware (or at least from what I've heard from psychiatrists and literally dozens of CPN's over the last decade and a half) that there have been quite a few studies into the psychiatric effects of Cannabis which found Paranoid Schizophrenia to be the most common effect, I admit that I personally could be wrong but that wouldn't explain why almost all of the psychiatrists and CPN's including Consultants seem to agree with it, I'd be grateful if you could enlighten me further? 😊👍
M on anti rabies vaccine which contain 0.015% w/v thiomercal nd its necessry fr me to take these. I took same vaccines 5 shots 1.5 years ago. M already in stressd bcz of ovr do anti rabies now this thing just kill me. Plz reply😪
![Antihypertensive Drug Chart: Pharmacology Made Easy [Classes, Medication Trick, Mechanism of Action]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/owcZmS5KwHw/mqdefault.jpg)
![Twenty One Pilots - The Line (from Arcane Season 2) [Official Audio]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/XCz7WUotXs8/mqdefault.jpg)
This boys knows about many topics and teachers all of them very well. He was born to be a teacher. He coculd teach about any topic he wants
Cocouldns't
@@partiallyhydrogenatedsaffl1366 Just a gramatical error. You could never be a teacher
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I learned long ago, if you want to *really* understand a subject, teach a class in it. :D
TURN TO THE LORD JESUS CHRIST BEFORE ITS TOO LATE, GIVE YOUR LIFE TO HIM AND START WALKING IN OBEDIENCE, WITHSTANDING FROM ALL SIN AND WICKEDNESS, JESUS SAID THE PATH TO HEAVEN IS HARD AND NARROW, AND FEW FIND IT. MATTHEW 7:13-14, HEBREWS 5:9, JOHN 14:15, MATTHEW 7:21-26, 1ST CORINTHIANS 6:9-10, JOHN 3:16-21, JOHN 10:7-8, MATTHEW 10:26, AND LUKE 13:5. GOD BLESS YOU ALL.
I have a degree in pharmacology and am currently working in clinical trials. Please don't downplay the potential differences between the effet of a generic and a brand name. They are actually not that negligeable in a lot of times. The bioequivalence studies performed are really not that rigorous (they need to reach the same peak concentration in the blood at one point but they do not need to fit the same curve so a generic drug could reach the peak in 15 minutes whilst the brand name would reach the peak in 2 hrs, this can make a BIG difference when comes the time to prescribe and use drugs, but they would still be considered bioequivalent). Bioequivalence does not mean therapeutic equivalence. Also, depending on what is the margin of inferiority accepted in the bioequivalence trial that was performed it could be a lot less bioequivalent than claimed. (some even accept up to 50% discrepancy) Not even mentioning the recent scandals that emerged from generic companies.
Yes there can be differences but it's largely a correct statement which I think is appropriate considering that this is an introductory course.
I must applaud those who study and manufacture drugs (legally). I broke 6 vertebrae a few years ago and was in extreme pain. The first drug they gave me was morphine, which did nothing. However, later they gave me Dilaudid which is an awesome drug. To clarify, the bones in my back that broke were thoracic vertebrae and they did not completely break, so I am not paralyzed. Nor am I on these pain medications anymore.
I don't know you, but for some reason, I feel really happy to hear/read that you're doing better now... Keep it up. Pura vida.
I've a degree in pharmacology yet this is still a very useful video as an overview, thank you!
What's the would you say is the most rewarding and difficult things from your degree?
I would say the most difficult thing is also the most rewarding thing: the field knows very little.
Pharmacology, but especially neuropharmacology, is still somewhat embryonic as a field. As a result of this, it can be really difficult as a student to get an accurate depiction of reality, simply because your professors often don't know the answer either. And that says nothing about them of course, the difficulties are inherently part of the field. You can also see great inconsistency between pharmacology textbooks. As a pharmacology student you'll often be learning diagrams that simply are not accurate anymore.
The flipside of this is that as a future researcher there is the opportunity to make genuine contributions to this field and indirectly, to the lives of millions of patients/clients around the world.
@@Guidus125 indeed! We've yet to fully understand many neuromodulators and still occasionally discover new ones, so embryonic is indeed spot on.
Neurology is insanely complex, compared to something as simple as a thyroid gland!
A few years back, I had a somewhat condescending pharmacist, turned out she was that way with every patient. The "I know it all" attitude, lording that knowledge, rather than sharing it with those interested. When I filled my first prescriptions with her, I declined discussing the medications, as I'm intimately familiar with the drugs, their pharmacology and mechanism of action. Beta blocker, calcium channel inhibitor and a drug that inhibits thyroperoxidase. She even got to the point of trying a spot quiz.
Bad idea for her ego! She was far more respectful afterward.
But, that's grade school level, compared to neurochemistry!
When I see that a drug's mechanism of action being ill understood or not elucidated, I know that some soul out there will eventually find that understanding and make their mark upon science in indelible ink!
Just don't look my way to do that, totally not my field. I largely dealt with communicable disease, body and fender work on humans and the plumbing leaks in humans under military conditions. ;)
TURN TO THE LORD JESUS CHRIST BEFORE ITS TOO LATE, GIVE YOUR LIFE TO HIM AND START WALKING IN OBEDIENCE, WITHSTANDING FROM ALL SIN AND WICKEDNESS, JESUS SAID THE PATH TO HEAVEN IS HARD AND NARROW, AND FEW FIND IT. MATTHEW 7:13-14, HEBREWS 5:9, JOHN 14:15, MATTHEW 7:21-26, 1ST CORINTHIANS 6:9-10, JOHN 3:16-21, JOHN 10:7-8, MATTHEW 10:26, AND LUKE 13:5. GOD BLESS YOU ALL.
@@icebreaker9006 why ever would anyone take the advice of someone incapable of following a thread subject, video subject or even know where the goddamned capslock key is?
Indeed, if I'm promised to go to any heaven that you inhabit, I'll happily jump straight into hell and be better for it.
I really thanks God I found your channel Professor Dave, have been watching to help me with my nclex-rn exams. Thank you very much, it really helps me a lot specially anatomy and physiology!
I'm super excited for the rest of this series!!
That was the quickest and best intro ever. HELL YES TO THIS. 3 Seconds in, already liked
Anyone thinking about dihydrogen monoxide when he gave the chemophobia example?
Santiago Haristoy The most dangerous molecule, if you breathe it in you can die, it corrodes iron, and it's even in stuff like cleaning supplies.
WaaaaaaaaaaT(er)??
Funny.... H2O
Bad stuff unless from Fiji
Nope, although I did consider hydroxic acid. ;)
Although IUPAC prefers Oxidane.
Yeah, water came to mind both when he mentioned chemophobia and IUPAC naming. ;)
I love these videos because the comments too are a treasure trove of information.
Thanks professor Dave for your wonderful videos which are helping us in our studies.
Heroin is most definitely *not* "the most addictive drug known to man." Many synthetic opioids and opioid analogues are far more addictive than heroin. Benzodiazepines are far more physically addictive than any opiate/opioid/analogue. Barbiturates as well. Hell, even alcohol is more addictive than heroin, once you become physically dependent on it. Heroin is the only opiate that is completely illegal, which is just silly, since it's essentially just morphine (diacetylmorphine) and is metabolized *as* morphine by the body. It just has a somewhat faster onset. There are opioids that are far more euphoric than heroin, such as hydromorphone and fentanyl. There are synthetics with much more severe withdrawal symptoms. I speak from experience. Fentynal is so potent that basically no amount of heroin can even get you well. Methadone has an acute withdrawal period of 30-45 days, vs 5-7 days with every other opioid. As for other classifications of drugs, I have witnessed a girl go into a grand maul seizure due to benzo withdrawal- nearly a *YEAR* after she had quit taking them. I don't know of anyone who has ever died from opioid withdrawal, whereas people die from benzo and alcohol withdrawal on a regular basis. I have been addicted to heroin before and it was nowhere near as bad as when I was addicted to alcohol. I had to be admitted to the emergency room due to alcohol withdrawal. I was up to 1.5 liters of 100 proof vodka a day and it had been ~10 hours since I had taken a drink. I was trying to white-knuckle it, just like I did with the opioids, but I legit felt like I was going to die (not that I just *wanted* to die, like the painkiller withdrawal). Well, when they took my vitals, my resting BP came in at 246/119 and my pulse was over 160. The nurse practitioner said I was lucky to still be on my feet and not on a crash cart with a massive stroke. I was shaking terribly and was starting to hallucinate. It was fucking awful. Much worse than the worst opioid kick I ever put myself through. And alcohol isn't anywhere on the schedule. Considering that THC and psilocybin are schedule I, I would venture to say that the DEA's drug schedule is utter bullshit.
Heroin is illegal in the US, but commonly prescribed for post-operative pain in the UK. Remember, this is international , not US centric and biochemistry and pharmacology is decidedly not any nation or continent centric.
But, addictive potential is a topic lousy with confounders. Opiates and opioids have aversion factors, such as triggering MAST cell responses, I'm lousy with histamine and feel miserable taking the infernal things. That aversion tends to limit the potential for addiction and that's only one example. Susceptibility is another, such as genetic predisposition, secondary to slightly different receptor configurations or even ion channel differences.
So, we look at mass numbers to determine addictive potential and far more are addicted to opioids than benzodiazepines and alcohol is outside of the scope of a discussion on pharmacology and addiction, as I've yet to see a recorded case of alcoholism secondary to a prescribed medical treatment!
But, I do agree that the DEA's drug schedule is bullshit, as it's largely via Congressional input, hence political in nature more than anything evidence based.
As for ethanol withdrawal, I've been known to pack away that dosage, then quit without sequelae and amazingly, my liver panels were normal. Not a clue how that worked out, but it has repeatedly for me, again, confounders like genetics and perhaps, my Grave's disease shifting my metabolism upward a bit might be what comes into play.
But therein lies a confounder of medicine in general, both pharmacological and in medical theory, individual idiosyncrasy. But then, that drives everyone to distraction... ;)
@@spvillano You are a brave guy, you are doing the most difficult job by revisiting the jouney you went. Hope the best for you!
Very informative, thanks Dave!
Thank you sooo much you filled all of my awareness gaps.your philosophy somehow is so reliable.
Once again amazing!!! I understood the definition of drug! But what is medicine?? Is it the practice of diagnosis, preventing and treating a disease?
Thank you for saying marijuana and LSD being scheduled in class 1 is propaganda. As always, you’re the best Dave!
This is the exact reason I hit "subscribe."
Thanks so much Prof Dave for this concise and clear classification of drugs
Your teaching is the best. Thanks a million. You made me who is not smart understand the knowledge so well.
You always do a fantastic job. Thank you.
@Dave - I believe any amount of codeine by itself is schedule II. In practical terms, it is combination with other APIs that make codeine C-III, and in some cases C-V. I think the _primary_ distinction between C-I and C-II is approved medical (or veterinary) use, not abuse potential. In future episode you might consider distinguishing the terms opiate and opioid (and narcotic). Keep up the good work!
Robert Thomas
codeine has certain concentration thresholds that determines C2 vs C3...
I.e. cough syrup
See Section 1308.12 vs 1308.13
Hydrocodone combination pills used to be schedule 3 but now they are schedule 2. This makes no sense to me. Hydrocodone withdrawals are nowhere near as severe or prolonged as morphene withdrawals.
found this video to be extremely helpful. Thank you professor Dave!
Great job explaining! Even I can understand it!
Yes! I know nothing about pharmaceutical info and I learned a lot
Well done sir! You are bless indeed 👏👏😇 Could you please make a video on how to download the latest chemdraw software? Thanks!
Moving in to pharmacy i see
Thank you for posting this!! Very useful intro for us future pharmacists... I didn’t even realize that marijuana was considered a schedule 1 drug!
Yeah its bs most I think it should get is schedule 4 and even that is still dumb
In term of Psychoactive Drug, there are 6 categories:
1. Opioids
2. Central nervous systems depressant.
3. Central nervous systems stimulant
4. Marijuana and other canabbis products
5. Hallucinogens
6. Inhalant.
These are extremely simplified categories that do not really reflect their mechanism of action. I prefer to say "primarily an x agonist/antagonist/whatever".
Love all your videos. Thanks a lot! Easy to understand. They are all very useful.
Thank you, professor!
Finally a video for my SBA thank you
Professor : why did you delete the other 3 videos in pharmacology??
I liked your videos so much,so keep going .
They're not deleted they are unreleased.
Best teacher I have ever listen😘🇮🇳
Superb. Professor Dave. Really appreciate and follow your channel.
This is the best video I found!!!!
so how do get the highest bioavailability out of a drug? with the method of delivery, it's properties, or something else?, this might be answered later on in this series but i'm watching a day at a time.
I am happy to get it. I am interested about psychopharmacology
Aspirin is still a scary name to me - it attacks the lining of my stomach and it's incredibly painful. I can't take ibuprofen either.
You know Bayer the manufacturer of aspirin at the same time released heroin which is a brand name as over the counter cough tablets- this was in the late 19th century/early when all this stuff was legal. (diamorphine is heroins scientific name - heroin is simply a brand name like OxyContin (oxycodone hcl) Vyvanse (lisdexamphetamine) or Tylenol (Paracetamol/acetaminophen ).
Also his statement that heroin is the most addictive substance known to man is wrong.. the reason to categorise one opioid diamorphine as schedule 1 even though in fact many schedule two opioids are stronger MORE addictive and dependency causing than diamorphine. That’s why in the uk diamorphine is a schedule 2 drug and used super commonly in hospitals ie labour pain ect all opioids have therapeutic use and many are way stronger and more addictive than heroin Fentanyl 100x stronger - , oxymorphone ,hydromorphone - and methadone which is not only 10x stronger than heroin but 10x longer acting .. the fact that strong long acting opioids are used to TREAT heroin addiction is ridiculous drawing out withdrawals longer and raising dependency levels. Way easier to just taper off using short acting opioids surely. Also we know of drugs wayy more addictive than heroin - look up Etonitazene or Etazene www.google.co.uk/amp/s/www.vice.com/amp/en/article/9bdymy/hamiltons-pharmacopeia-804-v16n4
I'm guessing you can't take any NSAID's, so I'm also guessing that you take tylenol?
@@roro-mm7cc oww
Thank you sir.
thanks professor dave for those informations
omg yes. the haircut is so nice!
Looking forward to more videos 👍
he knows a lot about the science stuff
professor Dave drugs
I'm addicted to alprazolam antidepressants drugs. What should i do please give me some suggestions
Good stuff!
That's not necessarily true about one generic drug name only, internationally there are differences. For example, Paracetamol and Acetaminophen, same drug, different generic names, trade names include Tylenol, and Panadol, as most people are aware.
You again!!! 🤪🤩😍. Can't you leave a single subject.
Thanks professor Dave
Nice vid, bro. Tnx.
I have chemophobia. When I was taking chemistry in the 10th grade I remember staring back at the clock. My chemistry teacher response: "Time will pass, but will you?"
Can you make a video on Aurora Borealis?
this video is very well done thank you :D!
Very useful video 👍
This is great!!! Thank you
Thank you
Wow...great stuff!
thanks sir
Great excpt content
How (and by who) has it been determined that heroin is the most addictive substance known to man? Is it based on statistical analysis (heroin is obviously widely abused by a lot of people the world over) or is it based on something else?
first your vdeos got me through chemistry. and now i get to watch chemistry jesus in nursing school
Why is the scheduling system turned around completely over there? For us the higher the schedule the more potential it has for abuse. S1 & S2 can be bought over the counter for instance and S0 can be stocked on the open shelves in the shop anything higher needs a prescription. They should seriously standerdise a scheduling system for medicines all over the world.
Currently studying pharmacy, and i must say i really like this overview. Btw, what are benzodiazepines doing in schedule 4? That can't be right xD. I',m also very happy with your acknowledgement of psychedelics and marijuanas scheduling is clearly a product of propaganda
I still don’t know what is the difference between brand name and generic name
*DMT* : Schedule I.
*Meth* : Schedule II
Logic : *WTF* .
interseting that you refer to acetominophen - as in my country the generic name is paracetamol. Is this true of any other drugs that the generic name can vary by country?
Dave, buddy, I love your work but I've been confused since day 1 as to who your target audience is.
Regardless, keep doing the "Dave Debates" and if you get a chance check out Ben Davidson's channel "Suspicious Observers" because I would love to hear your opinion.
Seriously would like to hear your opinion of his content.
Thanks
Nice one 👍
MDMA was being prescribed for medicinal reasons when it was rescheduled to Schedule 1, despite one of the requirements being no accepted medicinal use. They took something that was literally being used as medicine and decided that it had no medical purpose. They refuse to allow research into the medical benefits of a plant that has been used medicinally for thousands of years, claiming that there is no known medical benefit. Of course there is no *known* medical use when you disallow any research into its medical use.
The drug schedule has nothing to do with the actual characteristics of the drug in question, and everything to do with politics, with a heaping dose of racism. Nixon and Harry Anslinger couldn't make it illegal to be Black, Mexican, or against the Vietnam War, so they had to find other ways to target them.
"The evidence on MDMA’s therapeutic effects is limited thus far,39 although research is ongoing in this area."
www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/mdma-ecstasy-abuse/what-is-the-history-of-mdma
You make it sound like MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine) aka "ecstasy" was an approved pharmaceutical with medical indications, physicians wrote prescriptions that you could fill at a pharmacy and this was a common practice. None of that is true. The substance was used privately by some psychiatrists to reduce anxiety and improve insight in therapy sessions in patients where trauma made therapy otherwise difficult. It was scheduled because it was used recreationally, and being an amphetamine it was considered a designer drug. The DEA was closing a loophole where altered molecules of scheduled drugs had similar psychological effects but escaped legal controls.
"Known medical use" refers to approved medical use in the US. (Diacetylmorphine aka heroin is legally prescribed for severe pain in cancer patients in the UK, but schedule I (C-I) in the US. Amphetamines such as Adderall are C-II drugs approved for ADHD and narcolepsy in the US but the equivalent of schedule I drugs in Japan and New Zealand.)
Indeed it is difficult to research schedule I controlled substances. However, MDMA is actively being researched as an adjunct to psychotherapy and results show benefits in persons with PTSD and terminal illnesses. It is not taken regularly or as needed but a few times with therapy sessions.
Its common use at raves has sometimes resulted in death due to hyperthermia. It acts by an intense release of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, but it (and metabolites) also damage the presynaptic 5-HT neurons.
IN general I agree with your sentiments. Harry Anslinger demonized drugs on the basis of his racism. He's responsible for the reefer madness paranoia. Decades later, Nixon, who regularly abused alcohol, went overboard scheduling drugs in the Controlled Substances Act.
@@romithromith thanks for covering that! MDMA is currently still being heavily studied, with the VA sponsoring a significant number of studies on PTSD treatment via several approaches that involve MDMA and early results do appear promising. Now, to see long term, as early results have disappointed before in many other complex illnesses.
Oh dear,
I'm thinking of my adderall, flunitrazepam and oxycodone medications now.... 👀
But, I'm very, VERY careful with the nitrazepam & oxycodone, I don't take them every day. Just when I need them. Usually 2-3 times a week. So, I believe that I'm OK.
lol 2-3 times a week?! wow
@@flowerfullgirl_
Wow? 😬
Am I in trouble?
@@NickanM
Opiat/Opioid withdrawals are next to nothing against serious withdrawals from Benzos and Alcohol. 5% of people die even in medical care while going through these withdrawals. You should be more concerned with your Fluni's and Nitra's instead of your opioids.
@@Hunk666
Ok, thanks! 🙂👍
I'm going to be even more careful. My doc has given me lessons about addiction, and he writes small prescriptions so he can check me, and I feel safe in his hands. A max of 20 pills per prescription.
The last thing I need is getting addicted.
@@NickanM
Well, an addiction/dependence on opiates/opioids is only a problem when there is no reliable source for the product and/or you could not afford it. Regarding it from the medical side, with opiates/opioids you could become one hundred years old as they are not toxic to the body in any way (if not overdosed).
Besides, many studies have shown that people who take opiates/opioids because of actual medical problems (like chronic pain issues and so on) have a much easier time withdrawing them than people who abuse them as a drug. If you ever need to stop taking opiates/opioids the best way is to down dose yourself over several weeks and then go completely clean.
Besides the 2nd, opiates/opioids do have a much worse reputation as they really are if handled correctly.
M
My son got the fresh fade , Dave you got to change your intro 😭
Isn't Heroin on S7?
Just come here to listen your jingle 🙏🙏😂
I dont even have to study at the moment and just watch these videos for Entertainment😂
That oxycodone ain’t a bad drug 👍🏼. You missed the boat on that one !
-Antinauseants- = _*antiemetics_
When you realize Bill the Butcher was the good guy
_Antinauseant_ is a term that is used to make it more palatable for the average layman to understand. This video series, and this video in particular, is designed to educate laypersons on the world of western medicine. It was a perfect opportunity to educate people on the actual scientific terminology.
Antiemetics yeah that's what I thought too ,Mean against vomiting
good
Aspirin is a brand name; you should know that.
It became the generic. Watch my tutorial on aspirin.
❤ lectures
I love your cynical undertone. Thanks for your great job ranting on anti-intellectual podcasters. Btw. you could make money as a science consultant. Your learning content may be interesting for some companies. ;)
Hello, may I for a copy of the script?
Hi khy
What do you mean?
By Justin Bieber
Hahahha
we found the words Eminem has been rapping about.
Hello im professor dave lets classify some drugs💀💀💀
I was high when I watched this 😂
Although there's no evidence that Cannabis causes addiction it does however have a lot of evidence that it can cause psychoses, especially Schizoid Personality, in fact I'm living proof of that fact, I was diagnosed with Paranoid Schizophrenia (among other things) about 15+ years ago, yet nobody in my biological family has any kind of mental illness, so yeah, I don't quite understand why that would get skipped over as though Cannabis doesn't have its dangers... 🤦♂️💥 🤣
There is no evidence that marijuana was the cause of your problem.
@@ProfessorDaveExplains Well it's certainly not genetic which is far more common with Schizoid Personalities and the dozen or so Consultant Psychiatrists I've had over the years seem to think that, it's been a long time since I've seen anything on the subject in all honesty but I'm aware (or at least from what I've heard from psychiatrists and literally dozens of CPN's over the last decade and a half) that there have been quite a few studies into the psychiatric effects of Cannabis which found Paranoid Schizophrenia to be the most common effect, I admit that I personally could be wrong but that wouldn't explain why almost all of the psychiatrists and CPN's including Consultants seem to agree with it, I'd be grateful if you could enlighten me further? 😊👍
👍
Daverin😎😅👍🏼
M on anti rabies vaccine which contain 0.015% w/v thiomercal nd its necessry fr me to take these. I took same vaccines 5 shots 1.5 years ago. M already in stressd bcz of ovr do anti rabies now this thing just kill me. Plz reply😪
amazing content... but you should try to talk less like ... just try to sound more friendli or more natural? i think you probably know what i mean...
specialy the outro of this video sounded kind of strange to me :)
I think he is fantastic,
opium
❤🎉🎉❤🎉❤🎉❤🎉❤🎉❤🎉❤
What's your ethnicity?
We just want flat Earth videos....
The schedule is horseshit. Marijuana (THC), MDMA and hallucinogens should *not* be schedule I
I would call myself a beta blocker
Sure thing buddy
Hentaipychotics