The Stellarator would fit just as well in an art gallery as it would in a research institute. The strangely intricate wavy curves look arbitrary and organic, yet they all serve some rigorous mathematical purpose. In my opinion it is the singular most futuristic-looking piece of current technology we have.
@@Sagittarius-A-Star Stellators could totally be working inside of an giant art gallery. Like Wendelstein stellators are just so beautiful and transpire so much aptitude. Modern art galleries on the other hand would need to bury stellators to the basement because it would totally reveal their grand illusion.
I'm a fusion scientist who enjoys this channel and unfortunately this is a very misinformed view. Small physics inaccuracies I can accept, but directly comparing the size and cost of Wendelstein to ITER is bonkers; Wendelstein's performance is likely to be less than 1% of ITER's. In the fusion research community it is generally accepted that stellarator-based fusion power plants would be larger and more expensive than their tokamak counterparts. You should have your videos reviewed by some people with more experience, your Blender modules and video production are great and spreading good info would be extremely welcome.
@@JaviReinaLara I spent much of the past years in your position, though now I'm doing much more theoretical work since I got fixated on something (and I like computers so). Depending on the institution you are involved with, I would say engineering and design are the major push at this point. If you do a PhD or Postdoc at Princeton, you will likely be doing some pretty advanced plasma physics theory. If you go to MIT there is theory (I'm doing it), but the majority of people are doing technology work. If you work at a private company, of course, relatively few people are expected to know plasma physics at all. If you're designing instruments and diagnostics, you're gonna need to know a lot about tokamaks, though. I found you can do this while skipping most of the physics, just thinking about how pieces fit together.
My main issue with Fusion is that is seems a much to make a mini sun on earth only to use it to boil water more efficiently to turn a turbine really fast. Surely theres a better way for us to gain access to the raw energy being produced and if so, then how?
@@Archangel657 There is a lot of literature on this. The standard operating procedure in designs right now is to assume a Helium or Supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle, which is still turbines but has large efficiency of conversion of thermal energy to electricity. Some fusion approaches can consider non-thermal energy conversion, but it is generally not worth discussing until the technology has been demonstrated (there are many methods applicable in different situations).
Collaboration is key. You should insight information to the poster and he in turn should accredite you for your contribution to the science. Love light and unity my friend ❤
I think that something a lot of people may miss after watching this video is how much we have learned while pursuing tokamak reactor designs. The people who decided ITER would utilize them were not stupid, and it was a good decision at the time. Additionally, the budget for these reactors is nothing in the grand scheme of things. Our nations can easily afford these projects dozens of times over, and that they consistently choose not to is telling.
No spending 2 trillion$ on a war is definitely better than some spare change on cool science stuffs. And we can get rid of our depleted Uranium by actually shooting it around war zones.
"The people who decided ITER would utilize them were not stupid, and it was a good decision at the time" Nope because there were several major design problems before construction was started. The team just ignored them & pressed on with construction. ITER is not an energy program, its a jobs program. Neither reactor will work as Stellarators have not solve the plasma stability problems. Nor is either going to be cost effective. A commercial Magnetic confinement reactor (if it did work) would cost 10 times more than a fission plant for the same amount of energy output. Fission power is already too expensive, and most of the world is phasing it out.
The issue with stellarators is that they are designed for only one mode of operation. Tokamaks are general and can operate in many different modes so they are much better for research. The consensus among the physicists I talked to is that once we find the best mode of operation in tokamaks, we can then mass-produce these specialized stallarators for that mode.
@@nickholloway5086 @p0xus If I'm not wrong, I believe he his talking about the optimal shape of plasma confinement. I forgot the names but you can have 2 rings one of top of the other, you can have a triangle shaped plasma ring etc, etc, etc. These shapes are made by adjusting and controlling the magnetic fields confining the plasma. Some shapes are very hard to maintain without help of an AI for example.
That was my thought too. From what I understand stellarators are quite sensitive to getting the complex shape of the coils just right. Tokamaks have a greater number of simpler, independently controlled coils, so there are a lot more options for fine tuning the operating parameters in software after the reactor is already built. Pretty handy if you're trying to improve plasma physics models. Another potential issue is maintenance of internal shielding. One of the major goals of ITER is to test if the interior of the reactor can be effectively shielded from the intense neutron flux, and how well this shielding can be maintained, replaced, and used for tritium breeding. Any reactor design without such shielding would only ever be good for short research runs. Since stellarators have narrower internal spaces and more complex geometry, I imagine such maintenance would be much harder. (On a side note, omitting this shielding is an easy way to artificially inflate the performance of "prototype" reactors.)
it is correct that tokamaks are much more flexible with respect to the magnetic configuration, but ITER will run with ONE magnetic configuration as well. It is the task of the smaller machines to check wether some other plasma shape (diferent triangularyty, negativ triangularyty, single null divertor, double null divertor, supper X divertor, snow flake divertor, wapor box divertor, liquide metal divertor, metalic wall, liquide mettal wall, ...) is better for plasma confinement.
Wendelstein 7-X is a lot less powerful than ITER, so the cost comparison isn't fair. Also, the budget is largely blown up because it is a cooperation. Let's hope Wendelstein will show promising results, so that a bigger machine can be built within next 20 years.
Yes, the W7X isn't designed to be a net gain machine and a stellerator designed to reach >1 gain will need to be similar in size to ITER (using traditional superconducting magnets). A smaller net gain machine could be built using HTS magnets but this applies to Tokamaks as well.
Although the stellarator can fix some of the hurdles behind reactor design, I still get why ITER is using a tokomak design. Beyond just the lack of research into stellarators over the years, ITER's biggest purpose is to achieve net-positive output from a fusion reactor. Even with the tokomak's drawbacks, we are still extremely close to optimizing its design to break this barrier. We need to know how the plasma will behave under self-sustained fusion. Considering how much has already been put into the technology, this is the most understood way we have of doing it. Rather than building from the ground up, we have enough data already on tokomaks to make fine adjustments throughout the experiments. And although stellarators can be cheaper to set up and run, tokomaks still hold the edge on what will get us to net-positive output the fastest. From there, we can use the data to optimize stellarators to get over that threshold faster
Your salary comes from tokamaks, right? We can breed Thorium into U233 right now in Molten Fluid Fission Reactors, while you guys tinker around. #Aloha
@@jimrobcoyle Fluid fission reactors have their own challenges. Their development stalled in the 60s since they couldn't be used to produce plutonium. The main challenge now is develop the right allows for them that can resist the heat and the corrosion effectively. IMO, we need all these technologies. They're all better in some ways, and the research into each one will certainly have a other uses.
ITER is a joke and is already obsolete. It won’t even put useable power on the grid. SPARC/ARC is the future of fusion. ARC will put electricity on the grid before ITER even builds a second plant.
Scientists decided to go in direction of Tokomak instead of stellarator not just because it's simpler to design, just check the design of any tokamak. They decided to go that way because it is a quicker way to test if fusion is viable. There is tons of project around fusion and we are only at the beginning of this technology 😅 we'll see
I like the video except for the fact that you compare the mass of the systems without talking about the output. You can create a massive stellarator that is even larger than ITER, does its mere existence suggest all stellarators must be massive? There should be a bit more explanation as to the scaling of each system in regards to input energy vs theoretical output.
@@regulate.artificer_g23.mdctlsk Ok, how much bigger? for how much output? It wasn't stated in any way. There are small tokamaks too, but they are not net positive, so I was saying that the breakeven point should be declared to show how the stellarators are more viable as they are able to have net positive output with less energy input therefore can be smaller due to requiring much less cryo cooling, energy for magnetic coils etc. These are true facts and are the great thing about stellarators, so they should be addressed!
@@regulate.artificer_g23.mdctlsk Since neither is viable at the current time and we have no idea if either will be viable your argument makes zero sense.
This is hands down my favorite video you've ever made now. From 6:00 on is just so aesthetically pleasing, both visually and auditorily. You've grown so much as a content creator and your skills are showing. I love it!
Recently found this channel, and i love how you don't dumb things down too much. Really explaining how these things work is a refreshing change of pace.
I agree. I think we've all seen a hundred videos about fusion power and every single time the producer has to explain it, and it was really great this time to get through that in 45 seconds instead of seven and a half minutes.
This is the first time I've heard of a Stellertator.... and going by this one point of view it seems like a much better way of approaching fusion.... BUT, like I said.... this is just ONE PoV... I have to learn more... But THANK YOU for opening my eyes to it :D
Well, one thing that Tokamaks have an advantage over Stellarators is that, apparently, they are more flexible as a vessel for fusion research than a Stellarator, while Stellarators are purpose built to be power generators first and foremost.
When trying to digest, advanced subjects such as this, for someone with purely a basic understanding, a soundtrack that is delivered at such levels is beyond distracting. An adjustment of, 20/30% woul be welcome. Great topic, thanks for sharing.
I still like the polywell fusor. It has a special place in my heart as the reactormthat got me obsessed with nuclear energy. Thank you Bussard. I also like focus fusion. I like the idea of a power plant in my garage powering my world. And the Spark reactor is also cool. I think ITER, DEMO and the W9 are all worthy projects that should get continued funding but I don't expect them to be the end-all in Fusion reactors.
I recently visited the Paul Schärer Institut and if I am not mistaken they have a stellarator aswell. I didn't have to check it out but I did evaluate their SULTAN facility which is the wolrd's largest testing machine for superconductors, which is used for among others testing magnets for fusion reactors.
PSI does not have a stellarator. They are involved in fusion research though, in superconductivity of course and I think also on the plasma side of things. SULTAN is amazing to see, I visited PSI last month for a work trip of the research group I do my PhD in. An alumnus of ours is working in one of PSI's superconductivity groups. Little detail, SULTAN is not used to test the magnets, but used to test the cables themselves specifically in SULTANS high magnetic field. In our group we has a long history of testing those cables as well. If I'm not mistaken SULTAN will test some samples of ours in the next few months also.
I think the developments with the MIT SPARC reactor are also very interesting. A much smaller and cheaper reactor, that while not quite as powerful as ITER, would still in theory be much more powerful then any other Fusion reactor made so far aside of it. - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC_(tokamak) Developing their much stronger magnets to full technical maturity will allow various projects to in future use much smaller reactor designs, thus vastly reducing the cost and weight issues. Which ultimately means that it becomes possible to more quickly iterate on prototype designs, as well as make it possible to run more fusion projects at the same time. One can but imagine what this could mean for future stellerator research as well. It's one of the developments making me hopeful that Fusion progress can in future go more quickly again.
The like is well deserved - for the artwork alone. I too am a Stellarator supporter. To fully enter the collective consciousness, it needs a good T-Shirt. If only we knew someone who: 1-sells T-shirts & hoodies; and 2-has crafted an awesome Stellarator picture...😉
Hi, nice movie, but ... as somebody who is working in fusion, I have a few points to trow in. Quenching is when superconductive conductors lose the superconductivite. It can happen in tokamaks as wel as in stellaratos as wel as in CERN, and it is always an isue. W7X is generally one genaration behing ITER. It is more fair to compare it to the JET tokamak. Even thou W7X is a bit smaller than JET, it is expected that W7X will have better results than JET. We were able to build the JET in 1980s, but it was possible to start to buid the W7X in 2010s. Generally, if we expect to produce electricity with stellarators, we will still have to build either the machine in the siye of ITER, or build it with strongel magnetic field like the ARC should have. Also, since the heat load of the plasma facing components, mainly the divertor, is much larger that the heat load of the space shuttle during the landing, we still have a lot of work to do to push this to the powerplant, does not matter if we talk about the tokamaks or the stellarators. but thank for a nice movie and cool animations.
One part of stellarator vs. tokamaks is that by definition, stellarators are steady state, compared to tokamaks which will always be pulsed, which induces fatigues in the machine, and is hard to add to the grid
I’m a little disappointed with the information you decided to bring; you haven’t discussed the physics that makes tokamaks better than stellarators. There is a Q parameter defined as Fusion energy output over Energy input. This criterion is a powerful way to asses how close a particular fusion concept is to achieving the necessary conditions. There are mainly three things required for fusion energy: plasma density (n), plasma temperature (T) and energy confinement time (e). Basically: T and ne giving Q => 0.1 is ready for fusion energy; Q lower than that is a physics experiment The idea of stellarators is quite impressive since we get a very good plasma performance but as of today it’s very tough to engineer. Since they are difficult to work with, Q is very low. Some can say engineers have the duty to improve them since they are approaching relevant conditions but other might say it’d be better to push the engineering of tokamaks since they have performed the best (scientists managed to get Q near 1) The tokamaks lead by a lot since they have demonstrated energy-ready performance, of course stellarators come next and will be interesting to watch By the way I really love the graphics
How would quenching make it unsafe? at the very most it would result in melted wires, there is no chance of it creating a hazard for humans even if it could damage the machine I am about to say something mean, but I hope you believe me when I say that I do not want to be mean spirited. I love your models/animations, they are nearly, if not the best, on this platform; the only other chanel I know that produces visuals that are comparable is branch education. However, I believe that there is a lack of deeper understanding in much of the material you talk about. It is surface level and sensationalized, like with the inherent unsafety of the tokamak design or with how the ITER weighs more than the Wendelstein stellerator. Of course it weighs more, it is a bigger project. I am also sure that the people behind ITER are not stupid and know what they are doing and just talking about the positives without explaining why the other types exist is doing a disservice. The informative value of your videos is subpar. In my opinion, what is holding the channel back isn't the amount of work you put in, but rather the way in which you cover the topics. I think you like to cover cool topics, and a way I think you could do this while using your strong suit would be to do collaborations with other youtubers. Everyday astronaut and Markus House are two youtubers who know quite a bit about rockets and regularly cover new developments. You could reach out to them or some others and work on a model of some new system or something. Then your visuals could be paired with something that is more informative and better researched. Once again, I do not intend to be mean... I love your work!
The heat generated by a quench will boil of the liquid helium coolant, which worst case scenario can make for a massive explosion. Also the insides of the reactor become radioactive due to continuous neutron bombardment, which potentially could spread.
@@WouterVerbruggen an MRI machine works on the exact same principle, not one has ever exploded as for the insides of the reactor being radioactive, this is the exact same for the stellerator as for the toroidal fusion device... the whole video was about how the stellerator was better
@@michal5642 for an MRI the stored magnetic energy is much, much lower. Of course there are protection systems in place to prevent and/or detect and limit quenches. My professor always says "redundancy, redundancy, redundancy!", which really is a main concern in large superconducting systems. Still that doesn't make it cannot happen. That what "worst case scenario" means ;) On your second point, that's irrelevant since I respond to your comment here, where you argue that there's no hazard in general.
@@WouterVerbruggen the total weight of the superconducting wire is about 600 tonnes for iter, with an energy capacity of 59E9 J. Assuming a heat capacity of around .5 j/(k*g), total supermagnetic collapse would raise the temperature of the wire by 200K, up to around room temperature. No wire would melt. As for the helium, I am sure it is not that difficult to design a venting system.
@@michal5642 If the entire magnet would lose superconductivity at once yes, but that is specifically not the case in a quench. If your quench protection is ideal and can propagate the quench through the entire magnet fast enough then there doesn't need to be an issue. Btw specific heat at cryogenic temperatures drop down significantly, numbers in the order of 10 mJ/(g*K) are not out of the ordinary. That especially makes the local nature of a quench very dangerous. Quench detection and protection is a huge topic in our field of applied superconductivity. About the helium, a flash evaporation somewhere in the middle of an integrated magnet system can't simply be vented easily. Check the design of the ITER cables. There should also be plenty of videos to be found online of research magnets quenching where you can see some massive venting. Now keep in mind that those systems are in a bath of liquid helium and also have ample room for easy venting.
Thank you so much for busting out the explanation of fusion power in 45 seconds. Anyone with any interest in this has already seen hundred videos on the progress of this technology, but somehow ever video always spends somewhere between five and ten minutes doing the exposition of how it all works and I think I speak for us all when I say, we are bored to tears with that sht. Thank you for being speedy about it!! Also really great video!! amazing progress with your graphics!
We'll see how the W7-X Stellarator performs soon this year, as for Tokamaks they have proven to be reliable candidate for fusion energy due to more time spent working with them and more promising results as of late regardless of similar drawbacks. ITER has exponentially more funding and could be the direction we most likely will go for a few decades before a promising Stellarator is produced to have net-positive return in energy and is self- sustaining.
Been a Stellarator fan since before the W-7X was finished, so like, 2013 maybe? I've always been a big fan of plasma based fusion, and Stellarators just look so much cooler..
Without tokamak, there would be no stellarator. ITER was always research and development project fundamental research with no goal of ever producing energy (except to break through the net profit barrier) or monetary profits. We learned so much from it and it's incredibly important knowledge about fusion, how plasma behaves etc. and fundamental physics.
Well, that title is unfortunate. Edit: to future viewers, the author labled this video as stellarators are the "MASTER RACE" of fusion reactors. Just lol.
i find it intersting to see photos of my work from 15 Years ago. The cable of w7-x gave me a lot of trouble, the blueprints just remebering this let my brain hurt.
Before I watched this video I've had the crazy idea that maybe the plasma in Fusion reactors needs to be compressed into a specific shape to maintain stability. And for no actual reason I wondered if a mobius strip would improve the plasmas characteristics. Now I'm convinced this is true.
the stellarator is basically what would happen if you gave the classical problems that tokamak faces, and then give it zero parameters other than universal constants to work with. the design defies all human engineering with its complexity and yet it is so beautifully elegant in its simplicity of fundamental physics. it truly is a technology that defies an age of conformity. tohamak literally tries to solve the problem of getting the plasma closer together by brute forcing them together with more powerful magnets and more power, causing huge risks in both thermal management and magnetic disasters. the stellarator fixes this by taking advantage of physics itself to tighten the corridor of the plasma using the inherent quirks of poroidal magnets to squeeze them together, much like you twist a wet towel to squeeze out the water. its ingenious yet elegantly simple.
with modern manufacturing both additive and subtractive and given inflation and breakdown on international material supply chain a stellarator holds promise to meet the needs
Nice graphics, you are right. It is interesting to see the comparison between ITER and W7X. Well done! Thank you. Although it is not quite a fair comparison, because the ITER in Caderache is a first attempt at a commercial Fusion power plant, while the Stellarator in Greifswald is mire at a similar stage as the JET in Oxford. It would also have been nice to portray the current state of W7X operation. there is an infrequent annual or biannual newsletter of the Max Planck Institute for Plasmaphysik (MPP) team detailing the progress of the W7X project.
The single most important difference between the Tokomak and the Stellarator is direct energy transfer: the Tokomak releases a lot of energy in many forms, electromagnetic, kinetic, and thermal, but only the thermal energy is captured, wasting most of it's power. The Stellarator can capture the electromagnetic energy directly: the plasma torus generates it's own magnetic field, which drives current in the surrounding coils, who's own EM field confines the plasma, creating a nuclear self-exciting generator who's excess electrical energy is sent out to the grid. Cooling is still required but that is only used to produce supplemental power, for maximum efficiency.
The most beautiful video I have ever seen on youtube, Btw the recent advancement in quantum computing sounds quite promising , presuming somehow in the near future we will be able to make enough Qbits which will allow us to make a practical quantum computer, we could do some serious chemistry, We might be able to build some incredible super-conductors and that just might be the key to confine plasma for energy production, We might be standing a chance after all.
I will tell you an important fact from the history of science of the USSR. In July 1950, Oleg Lavrentiev sent to Stalin a letter in which he described the basic principle of creating a hydrogen bomb (using Li 6 deuteride) and ways to obtain peaceful energy from a thermonuclear reactor. The retention method was electrostatic. This letter (a handwritten notebook) was handed over by Beria to Andrei Sakharov for review. Sakharov actually used these ideas of the hydrogen bomb in the Soviet hydrogen bomb program and put forward as his idea the creation of a thermonuclear reactor, but based not on an electrostatic, but on a magnetic method of plasma retention. That is, by a different method of plasma retention than Lavrentiev's. In the end, it was not comme il faut to copy Lavrentiev's idea completely. And now the whole world is moving in the wrong direction (initiated by Sakharov) to create a thermonuclear reactor. The stellarator is just one of the versions of this dead-end direction. The solution of the problem of nuclear synthesis is using cold fusion.
I was part of the team that built the twisty curvy pressure vessel for the University of Wisconsin's HSX Stellarator (which I believe was the predicessor to the W7) and was lessor involved though its final build and startup. While I agree that stellarators are a better candidate for fusion power than Tokamaks I currently believe that the most promising fusion power technology is currently Helion's symetrical pulse machine that already extracts about 90% of the energy that went into generating the pulses by direct conversion to electricity. By eliminating the steam cycle you can likely increase the energy conversion efficiency by at least 250% (The Carnot Cycle typically converts 30-33% of the heat energy into electricity). Helion is currently building their 7th generation machine which is expected to be online in 2024 and the focus is on extracting the electricity and using it for something (I believe they are only looking to power some lighting initially). They are not focusing on a Q greater then 1 at this time (they believe that they know how to achieve that). They are working to perfect the direct electrical energy extraction and conversion to 60 cycle AC current which will be needed for net power production. They also admit that they are at likely 4-6 generations away from a sustained power generation machine as they have to be able to increase the pulse rate from once every 10 minutes on their 6th generation machine (which is currently running) to at least once per second. Ultimately, they are targeting 50 MW electrical output fusion generating units as their 1st step of entry into the power generation market. Helion and several other companies using non-tokamak designs are being privately funded and several of them are moving through prototypes every several years.... ITER I believe took 6 years for base design, 13 years so far for construction (and will likely take more than that). Perhaps in another 15-20 years (assuming its actually running by then) they will be ready to start the next iteration on design.
We need to resist reading too much into Helion's statements. On their web site, they say, "Our earliest machines demonstrated that we could take electricity stored in capacitors, convert it to magnetic fields, and then recover it back out as electricity at as high as over 95% efficiency (without plasma present). We have continued to operate and build systems that demonstrate similarly high efficiencies at large scale and for long durations." Well, that is done every day worldwide in large and small dc-to-dc converters as well as in industrial settings where power factor correction capacitors are used to absorb reactive currents and release that energy as useful currents, realigned in-phase with the voltage on power lines. They go on to say, "Helion’s approach to fusion also utilizes pulsed high-Beta fusion plasmas which should have the ability to very efficiently recover electrical energy put into the plasma (and any new energy created from fusion in charged particles) back to those same capacitors. To date, we have not released results overviewing our energy recovery with plasmas present." Well, the first sentence of this pair containing the word, "should", expresses their hope. Regarding the second sentence, it would seem that if they had some encouraging results with energy recovery with plasmas present, they would be releasing them. Also, I don't find a statement anywhere that says they have produced fusion energy of any significance. I wish them good luck, but so far, I don't find encouragement from their stated results.
Sometimes people forget that ITER is not meant to be the first fusion reactor as a "product", rather it aims to be a technological and research testbed of fusion on a grand scale, not as dissimilar to what the CERN meant to be on particle physics when it was first constructed. Yes, it may or may not lead to the design of a real power plant in the future, but i think that our understanding of fusion energy as a whole will largely benefit from a big project like ITER.
The future is NOW! We are truly on the cusp of interstellar and interdimensional travel / communication... if we can just avoid destroying ourselves before then...
This is why we need to invest in modern advanced nuclear energy options. Small form reactors, LFTRs, Thorium Reactors, liquid reactors. Utilizing our advanced modern technology, engineering, material science, safety measures understandings and designs, computer technology, robotics, It will really allow any nation to be pretty much be energy independent. Less reliant on fossil fuels. They'll have efficient, stable electrical grids and the rest of the grid could experiment with alternative power sources, etc. We need to heal from the trauma of our past and see that it came solely from Us not understanding what we were doing, not have advanced enough technology, material science, engineering, safety measures, understanding of how to go about everything, etc. This source of energy will greatly help the world improve towards the future and lowering emissions more than anything else could while having a very stable electrical grid system. Currently we have alternative energy options but the majority of our grid is powered off of fossil fuels and emission producing sources of energy. We will be so much better going forward commiting to modern advanced nuclear energy options. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ {I truly believe, The more our surroundings flourish, the more we all flourish.} With how bad I've been seeing "water level/droughts" in the Western America lately. I really hope we not only reintroduce Beavers all over I hope we actively do cloud seeding to influence more rain to such important area's that supply crops, deal with forest fires, & are running out of water. We've really messed up natural waterways from hydroelectric. Ecosystems and biodiversity, water oxygen, carbon levels, algae blooms, nutrient flow from inland location to off shore location. In some areas like where I live in NW Oregon, rivers are a direct connection from the ocean to the inland ecosystems and how both those ecosystems can flourish which directly connects to our qualities of Life. Our natural waterways are crucial aspects of the entire overall health of every aspect of that environment and anything that environment connects too. In Oregon, we had some of the best Salmon runs on the planet and lush inland forests, wetland ecosystems, beaver's that created special habitats/fire safety and all that got totally flipped upside down from all the hydro dams they built in the early 1900s, and many other practices we once commonly did. Before we knew or understood the effects and outcomes that comes from them. So I really hope to see tons of projects that are working on rewilding areas for the sole purpose of reestablishing ecosystem's that once flourished. Because Humans inherently do better when their environment is doing better. It provides a ton of benefit to it's people and to the quality of Life as a whole for not just humans but the entire ecosystem around you which will definitely have positive impacts to so many layers to people's life's and your community as a whole. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Yes, I was thinking that the whole time. I wonder if anyone is working on that. Either way, I feel like the world's supply of YBCO wire needs to be going straight to CFS for their SPARC project, but once that's proven to be viable it would be interesting to see if a more complicated stellarator design with YBCO superconductors could take things to the next level.
Have you consider to have a newsletter? Would love to receive newsletters about fusion and similar topics. Asionemetry, Sinocism or Semianalysis are great but they dont talk about fusion and the future of the energy.
I was still at school when I read about TOKAMAK. And I intuitively felt that something was wrong in the design. And here is the STELLARATOR, and again there is a feeling that they DID NOT TURN IT UP ... That is, one more axis is needed for PLASMA convection ... Comes to mind something like a Mobius loop or a Triglav Triquetra symbol 😅
The tokamak design is ideal for technology development. To science the process and to get it understandable, to test theories. Stellarator would be the day-today device when all the spikes of technology would be tested and fixed with Tokamak.
The Stellarator would fit just as well in an art gallery as it would in a research institute. The strangely intricate wavy curves look arbitrary and organic, yet they all serve some rigorous mathematical purpose. In my opinion it is the singular most futuristic-looking piece of current technology we have.
It reminded me of some Sci-fi movies where they also used organic designs ( e.g. Buckaroo Banzai and 12 Monkeys ).
looks lke a slinky on the perfect dose of lsd, or anything on dmt.
@@Sagittarius-A-Star Stellators could totally be working inside of an giant art gallery. Like Wendelstein stellators are just so beautiful and transpire so much aptitude. Modern art galleries on the other hand would need to bury stellators to the basement because it would totally reveal their grand illusion.
the design came out after years of calculating on a supercomputer
I think "the most futuristic looking piece of 20-year-old technology that we have" is probably more correct and also slightly more profound
I'm a fusion scientist who enjoys this channel and unfortunately this is a very misinformed view. Small physics inaccuracies I can accept, but directly comparing the size and cost of Wendelstein to ITER is bonkers; Wendelstein's performance is likely to be less than 1% of ITER's. In the fusion research community it is generally accepted that stellarator-based fusion power plants would be larger and more expensive than their tokamak counterparts. You should have your videos reviewed by some people with more experience, your Blender modules and video production are great and spreading good info would be extremely welcome.
@@JaviReinaLara I spent much of the past years in your position, though now I'm doing much more theoretical work since I got fixated on something (and I like computers so). Depending on the institution you are involved with, I would say engineering and design are the major push at this point. If you do a PhD or Postdoc at Princeton, you will likely be doing some pretty advanced plasma physics theory. If you go to MIT there is theory (I'm doing it), but the majority of people are doing technology work. If you work at a private company, of course, relatively few people are expected to know plasma physics at all. If you're designing instruments and diagnostics, you're gonna need to know a lot about tokamaks, though. I found you can do this while skipping most of the physics, just thinking about how pieces fit together.
My main issue with Fusion is that is seems a much to make a mini sun on earth only to use it to boil water more efficiently to turn a turbine really fast.
Surely theres a better way for us to gain access to the raw energy being produced and if so, then how?
@@Archangel657 There is a lot of literature on this. The standard operating procedure in designs right now is to assume a Helium or Supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle, which is still turbines but has large efficiency of conversion of thermal energy to electricity.
Some fusion approaches can consider non-thermal energy conversion, but it is generally not worth discussing until the technology has been demonstrated (there are many methods applicable in different situations).
Collaboration is key. You should insight information to the poster and he in turn should accredite you for your contribution to the science. Love light and unity my friend ❤
Do you have Instagram ?
I think that something a lot of people may miss after watching this video is how much we have learned while pursuing tokamak reactor designs. The people who decided ITER would utilize them were not stupid, and it was a good decision at the time. Additionally, the budget for these reactors is nothing in the grand scheme of things. Our nations can easily afford these projects dozens of times over, and that they consistently choose not to is telling.
No spending 2 trillion$ on a war is definitely better than some spare change on cool science stuffs. And we can get rid of our depleted Uranium by actually shooting it around war zones.
agreed, what we can learn from ITER is worth it, along with the building of international relations in the fusion sector
Yea, this video is pretty biased and obviously trying to say stellerstors are better.
@@crackedemerald4930 I mean he provides an argument i agree with, im just saying there is still value to be gained from ITER
"The people who decided ITER would utilize them were not stupid, and it was a good decision at the time"
Nope because there were several major design problems before construction was started. The team just ignored them & pressed on with construction. ITER is not an energy program, its a jobs program.
Neither reactor will work as Stellarators have not solve the plasma stability problems. Nor is either going to be cost effective. A commercial Magnetic confinement reactor (if it did work) would cost 10 times more than a fission plant for the same amount of energy output. Fission power is already too expensive, and most of the world is phasing it out.
The issue with stellarators is that they are designed for only one mode of operation.
Tokamaks are general and can operate in many different modes so they are much better for research.
The consensus among the physicists I talked to is that once we find the best mode of operation in tokamaks, we can then mass-produce these specialized stallarators for that mode.
What are these modes your physicists speak of?
I also wonder what these different modes are
@@nickholloway5086 @p0xus If I'm not wrong, I believe he his talking about the optimal shape of plasma confinement. I forgot the names but you can have 2 rings one of top of the other, you can have a triangle shaped plasma ring etc, etc, etc. These shapes are made by adjusting and controlling the magnetic fields confining the plasma. Some shapes are very hard to maintain without help of an AI for example.
That was my thought too. From what I understand stellarators are quite sensitive to getting the complex shape of the coils just right. Tokamaks have a greater number of simpler, independently controlled coils, so there are a lot more options for fine tuning the operating parameters in software after the reactor is already built. Pretty handy if you're trying to improve plasma physics models.
Another potential issue is maintenance of internal shielding. One of the major goals of ITER is to test if the interior of the reactor can be effectively shielded from the intense neutron flux, and how well this shielding can be maintained, replaced, and used for tritium breeding. Any reactor design without such shielding would only ever be good for short research runs. Since stellarators have narrower internal spaces and more complex geometry, I imagine such maintenance would be much harder. (On a side note, omitting this shielding is an easy way to artificially inflate the performance of "prototype" reactors.)
it is correct that tokamaks are much more flexible with respect to the magnetic configuration, but ITER will run with ONE magnetic configuration as well. It is the task of the smaller machines to check wether some other plasma shape (diferent triangularyty, negativ triangularyty, single null divertor, double null divertor, supper X divertor, snow flake divertor, wapor box divertor, liquide metal divertor, metalic wall, liquide mettal wall, ...) is better for plasma confinement.
Wendelstein 7-X is a lot less powerful than ITER, so the cost comparison isn't fair. Also, the budget is largely blown up because it is a cooperation. Let's hope Wendelstein will show promising results, so that a bigger machine can be built within next 20 years.
I would go and say that the size and mass comparison are the most irrelevant of all these.
Yes, the W7X isn't designed to be a net gain machine and a stellerator designed to reach >1 gain will need to be similar in size to ITER (using traditional superconducting magnets). A smaller net gain machine could be built using HTS magnets but this applies to Tokamaks as well.
Like for 20 years joke :)
Even this size can produce that much energy it could light up Berlin easelly
The plasma volume is 840 m^3 vs 30 m^3.
Although the stellarator can fix some of the hurdles behind reactor design, I still get why ITER is using a tokomak design. Beyond just the lack of research into stellarators over the years, ITER's biggest purpose is to achieve net-positive output from a fusion reactor.
Even with the tokomak's drawbacks, we are still extremely close to optimizing its design to break this barrier. We need to know how the plasma will behave under self-sustained fusion. Considering how much has already been put into the technology, this is the most understood way we have of doing it. Rather than building from the ground up, we have enough data already on tokomaks to make fine adjustments throughout the experiments. And although stellarators can be cheaper to set up and run, tokomaks still hold the edge on what will get us to net-positive output the fastest. From there, we can use the data to optimize stellarators to get over that threshold faster
Your salary comes from tokamaks, right?
We can breed Thorium into U233 right now in Molten Fluid Fission Reactors, while you guys tinker around.
#Aloha
@@jimrobcoyle Fluid fission reactors have their own challenges. Their development stalled in the 60s since they couldn't be used to produce plutonium. The main challenge now is develop the right allows for them that can resist the heat and the corrosion effectively.
IMO, we need all these technologies. They're all better in some ways, and the research into each one will certainly have a other uses.
ITER is a joke and is already obsolete. It won’t even put useable power on the grid. SPARC/ARC is the future of fusion. ARC will put electricity on the grid before ITER even builds a second plant.
so just yeet more money till we get it?
but the stellarator still looks cool as f*ck
Scientists decided to go in direction of Tokomak instead of stellarator not just because it's simpler to design, just check the design of any tokamak. They decided to go that way because it is a quicker way to test if fusion is viable. There is tons of project around fusion and we are only at the beginning of this technology 😅 we'll see
"it is a quicker way to test if fusion is viable"
In other words: it's simpler to work with, or _simpler to design_ as they say.
I'm starting research in a plasma physics lab... definitely going to run a sim on a stellarator if I get the chance after seeing this 👀
@@regulate.artificer_g23.mdctlsk No, it's more versatile to study
My jaw (literally, not figuratively) dropped at the quality of the animations while illustrating such a complex design. Thank you for the video.
I like the video except for the fact that you compare the mass of the systems without talking about the output. You can create a massive stellarator that is even larger than ITER, does its mere existence suggest all stellarators must be massive? There should be a bit more explanation as to the scaling of each system in regards to input energy vs theoretical output.
You didn't catch the fact that Tokamaks needed to be bigger to be more viable.
@@regulate.artificer_g23.mdctlsk Ok, how much bigger? for how much output? It wasn't stated in any way. There are small tokamaks too, but they are not net positive, so I was saying that the breakeven point should be declared to show how the stellarators are more viable as they are able to have net positive output with less energy input therefore can be smaller due to requiring much less cryo cooling, energy for magnetic coils etc. These are true facts and are the great thing about stellarators, so they should be addressed!
@@Dem0nshade oh, yeah you're right
@@regulate.artificer_g23.mdctlsk Since neither is viable at the current time and we have no idea if either will be viable your argument makes zero sense.
@@thomgizziz yeah, you sound like you know a lot more about this stuff
/s
You really should make a few of your renders available as wallpapers. They look AMAZING
This is hands down my favorite video you've ever made now. From 6:00 on is just so aesthetically pleasing, both visually and auditorily. You've grown so much as a content creator and your skills are showing. I love it!
Recently found this channel, and i love how you don't dumb things down too much. Really explaining how these things work is a refreshing change of pace.
I agree. I think we've all seen a hundred videos about fusion power and every single time the producer has to explain it, and it was really great this time to get through that in 45 seconds instead of seven and a half minutes.
This is the first time I've heard of a Stellertator.... and going by this one point of view it seems like a much better way of approaching fusion.... BUT, like I said.... this is just ONE PoV... I have to learn more...
But THANK YOU for opening my eyes to it :D
Well, one thing that Tokamaks have an advantage over Stellarators is that, apparently, they are more flexible as a vessel for fusion research than a Stellarator, while Stellarators are purpose built to be power generators first and foremost.
When trying to digest, advanced subjects such as this, for someone with purely a basic understanding, a soundtrack that is delivered at such levels is beyond distracting. An adjustment of, 20/30% woul be welcome. Great topic, thanks for sharing.
Two years later and you are definitely on another level with your design. Great work!
i love your animations. i've amused myself trying to make a stellarator in Blender several times and never got it looking half as good as you have
This is my first exposure to your channel and wow, bravo, instant subscribe
I don't understand how you don't have the whole world subscribed i have been watching the videos for a while and the work put in is just incredible
I still like the polywell fusor. It has a special place in my heart as the reactormthat got me obsessed with nuclear energy. Thank you Bussard.
I also like focus fusion. I like the idea of a power plant in my garage powering my world.
And the Spark reactor is also cool.
I think ITER, DEMO and the W9 are all worthy projects that should get continued funding but I don't expect them to be the end-all in Fusion reactors.
This video is peak subject zero. models on point, music on point and really intresting subject
I recently visited the Paul Schärer Institut and if I am not mistaken they have a stellarator aswell. I didn't have to check it out but I did evaluate their SULTAN facility which is the wolrd's largest testing machine for superconductors, which is used for among others testing magnets for fusion reactors.
PSI does not have a stellarator. They are involved in fusion research though, in superconductivity of course and I think also on the plasma side of things. SULTAN is amazing to see, I visited PSI last month for a work trip of the research group I do my PhD in. An alumnus of ours is working in one of PSI's superconductivity groups. Little detail, SULTAN is not used to test the magnets, but used to test the cables themselves specifically in SULTANS high magnetic field. In our group we has a long history of testing those cables as well. If I'm not mistaken SULTAN will test some samples of ours in the next few months also.
I think the developments with the MIT SPARC reactor are also very interesting. A much smaller and cheaper reactor, that while not quite as powerful as ITER, would still in theory be much more powerful then any other Fusion reactor made so far aside of it.
- en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC_(tokamak)
Developing their much stronger magnets to full technical maturity will allow various projects to in future use much smaller reactor designs, thus vastly reducing the cost and weight issues. Which ultimately means that it becomes possible to more quickly iterate on prototype designs, as well as make it possible to run more fusion projects at the same time. One can but imagine what this could mean for future stellerator research as well.
It's one of the developments making me hopeful that Fusion progress can in future go more quickly again.
They are doing good work as well as tokomak UK and helion who have a different take
The like is well deserved - for the artwork alone. I too am a Stellarator supporter. To fully enter the collective consciousness, it needs a good T-Shirt. If only we knew someone who: 1-sells T-shirts & hoodies; and 2-has crafted an awesome Stellarator picture...😉
yeah it should be Subject Zero
OOO finaly a video about stellarators! thanks as always!
Let's give him a 100,000 likes for this!!!
Rafael, you're the f****** man! Another masterpiece of graphics and stellar content!
Gorgeous and informative graphics!
I didn't get the notifications :( Thank god youtube recommended this relatively soon because if not I would've missed out on a true gem
Great video. Thoughtful content. Groovy music.
The best thing about this channel is that we can watch the high-quality videos for free.
I LOVE stellarators. They're so cool. Learned about them a while back but thus gave me some more insight into them.
Your 3D skills are just amazing man! that stellarator is looking fine AF.
Hi, nice movie, but ... as somebody who is working in fusion, I have a few points to trow in.
Quenching is when superconductive conductors lose the superconductivite. It can happen in tokamaks as wel as in stellaratos as wel as in CERN, and it is always an isue.
W7X is generally one genaration behing ITER. It is more fair to compare it to the JET tokamak. Even thou W7X is a bit smaller than JET, it is expected that W7X will have better results than JET. We were able to build the JET in 1980s, but it was possible to start to buid the W7X in 2010s.
Generally, if we expect to produce electricity with stellarators, we will still have to build either the machine in the siye of ITER, or build it with strongel magnetic field like the ARC should have.
Also, since the heat load of the plasma facing components, mainly the divertor, is much larger that the heat load of the space shuttle during the landing, we still have a lot of work to do to push this to the powerplant, does not matter if we talk about the tokamaks or the stellarators.
but thank for a nice movie and cool animations.
finally ... a video on fusion reactors that has new information in it.
One part of stellarator vs. tokamaks is that by definition, stellarators are steady state, compared to tokamaks which will always be pulsed, which induces fatigues in the machine, and is hard to add to the grid
I’m a little disappointed with the information you decided to bring; you haven’t discussed the physics that makes tokamaks better than stellarators. There is a Q parameter defined as Fusion energy output over Energy input. This criterion is a powerful way to asses how close a particular fusion concept is to achieving the necessary conditions. There are mainly three things required for fusion energy: plasma density (n), plasma temperature (T) and energy confinement time (e).
Basically: T and ne giving Q => 0.1 is ready for fusion energy; Q lower than that is a physics experiment
The idea of stellarators is quite impressive since we get a very good plasma performance but as of today it’s very tough to engineer. Since they are difficult to work with, Q is very low. Some can say engineers have the duty to improve them since they are approaching relevant conditions but other might say it’d be better to push the engineering of tokamaks since they have performed the best (scientists managed to get Q near 1)
The tokamaks lead by a lot since they have demonstrated energy-ready performance, of course stellarators come next and will be interesting to watch
By the way I really love the graphics
Exceptionally well done video, the animations and transitions are really terrific!
How would quenching make it unsafe? at the very most it would result in melted wires, there is no chance of it creating a hazard for humans even if it could damage the machine
I am about to say something mean, but I hope you believe me when I say that I do not want to be mean spirited. I love your models/animations, they are nearly, if not the best, on this platform; the only other chanel I know that produces visuals that are comparable is branch education. However, I believe that there is a lack of deeper understanding in much of the material you talk about. It is surface level and sensationalized, like with the inherent unsafety of the tokamak design or with how the ITER weighs more than the Wendelstein stellerator. Of course it weighs more, it is a bigger project. I am also sure that the people behind ITER are not stupid and know what they are doing and just talking about the positives without explaining why the other types exist is doing a disservice. The informative value of your videos is subpar.
In my opinion, what is holding the channel back isn't the amount of work you put in, but rather the way in which you cover the topics. I think you like to cover cool topics, and a way I think you could do this while using your strong suit would be to do collaborations with other youtubers. Everyday astronaut and Markus House are two youtubers who know quite a bit about rockets and regularly cover new developments. You could reach out to them or some others and work on a model of some new system or something. Then your visuals could be paired with something that is more informative and better researched.
Once again, I do not intend to be mean... I love your work!
The heat generated by a quench will boil of the liquid helium coolant, which worst case scenario can make for a massive explosion. Also the insides of the reactor become radioactive due to continuous neutron bombardment, which potentially could spread.
@@WouterVerbruggen an MRI machine works on the exact same principle, not one has ever exploded
as for the insides of the reactor being radioactive, this is the exact same for the stellerator as for the toroidal fusion device... the whole video was about how the stellerator was better
@@michal5642 for an MRI the stored magnetic energy is much, much lower. Of course there are protection systems in place to prevent and/or detect and limit quenches. My professor always says "redundancy, redundancy, redundancy!", which really is a main concern in large superconducting systems. Still that doesn't make it cannot happen. That what "worst case scenario" means ;)
On your second point, that's irrelevant since I respond to your comment here, where you argue that there's no hazard in general.
@@WouterVerbruggen the total weight of the superconducting wire is about 600 tonnes for iter, with an energy capacity of 59E9 J. Assuming a heat capacity of around .5 j/(k*g), total supermagnetic collapse would raise the temperature of the wire by 200K, up to around room temperature. No wire would melt. As for the helium, I am sure it is not that difficult to design a venting system.
@@michal5642 If the entire magnet would lose superconductivity at once yes, but that is specifically not the case in a quench. If your quench protection is ideal and can propagate the quench through the entire magnet fast enough then there doesn't need to be an issue. Btw specific heat at cryogenic temperatures drop down significantly, numbers in the order of 10 mJ/(g*K) are not out of the ordinary. That especially makes the local nature of a quench very dangerous. Quench detection and protection is a huge topic in our field of applied superconductivity.
About the helium, a flash evaporation somewhere in the middle of an integrated magnet system can't simply be vented easily. Check the design of the ITER cables. There should also be plenty of videos to be found online of research magnets quenching where you can see some massive venting. Now keep in mind that those systems are in a bath of liquid helium and also have ample room for easy venting.
the fact that im starting to see fusion related videos and adds everywhere means that fusion is indeed the future
Thank you so much for busting out the explanation of fusion power in 45 seconds. Anyone with any interest in this has already seen hundred videos on the progress of this technology, but somehow ever video always spends somewhere between five and ten minutes doing the exposition of how it all works and I think I speak for us all when I say, we are bored to tears with that sht. Thank you for being speedy about it!!
Also really great video!! amazing progress with your graphics!
Never stop making videos
The most beautiful CGI I’ve ever seen
We'll see how the W7-X Stellarator performs soon this year, as for Tokamaks they have proven to be reliable candidate for fusion energy due to more time spent working with them and more promising results as of late regardless of similar drawbacks. ITER has exponentially more funding and could be the direction we most likely will go for a few decades before a promising Stellarator is produced to have net-positive return in energy and is self- sustaining.
Your videos are seriously next level. Nice job.
Been a Stellarator fan since before the W-7X was finished, so like, 2013 maybe? I've always been a big fan of plasma based fusion, and Stellarators just look so much cooler..
nice, i have been up close to one
Your quality is outstanding mate! Amazing video, as always!.
Amazing video!
The music in the background was especially fitting too!
Any chance you could link them?
Without tokamak, there would be no stellarator. ITER was always research and development project
fundamental research with no goal of ever producing energy (except to break through the net profit barrier) or monetary profits.
We learned so much from it and it's incredibly important knowledge about fusion, how plasma behaves etc. and fundamental physics.
These videos are so so good
You put a lot of work in this one again! Fantastic! Will share!
Agreed; you have really been mastering you craft, and it should. You have my “like” and acknowledgement!
Well, that title is unfortunate.
Edit: to future viewers, the author labled this video as stellarators are the "MASTER RACE" of fusion reactors. Just lol.
There should be as many approaches to fusion as possible because creativity should be valued.
Fantastic video, thankyou! 😎
Thank you, thank you, thank you for skipping the “how fusion works” section!
Just premium content as always
Such an underrated channel !
6:25 the animaltion of your logo is too cool to describe 😮
Incredible work with the video, SZS!
Amazing video quality! Really impressive
Scientifically and visually excellent video, this video cost more to produce than youtube revenue.
i find it intersting to see photos of my work from 15 Years ago. The cable of w7-x gave me a lot of trouble, the blueprints just remebering this let my brain hurt.
You deserve a million likes! You got mine!
I’m so fascinated by plasma fusion technology and the future value it’s research and application bring.
Before I watched this video I've had the crazy idea that maybe the plasma in Fusion reactors needs to be compressed into a specific shape to maintain stability. And for no actual reason I wondered if a mobius strip would improve the plasmas characteristics. Now I'm convinced this is true.
the stellarator is basically what would happen if you gave the classical problems that tokamak faces, and then give it zero parameters other than universal constants to work with. the design defies all human engineering with its complexity and yet it is so beautifully elegant in its simplicity of fundamental physics. it truly is a technology that defies an age of conformity. tohamak literally tries to solve the problem of getting the plasma closer together by brute forcing them together with more powerful magnets and more power, causing huge risks in both thermal management and magnetic disasters. the stellarator fixes this by taking advantage of physics itself to tighten the corridor of the plasma using the inherent quirks of poroidal magnets to squeeze them together, much like you twist a wet towel to squeeze out the water. its ingenious yet elegantly simple.
I'll vote for the design that eventually works. Over unity and economics are the ultimate deciders.
with modern manufacturing both additive and subtractive and given inflation and breakdown on international material supply chain a stellarator holds promise to meet the needs
Love the original intro tune
great animations dude
I LOVE the blender models and renders you make, astonoshing and good to know about this revisions of technologies, thanks for the content
Nice graphics, you are right. It is interesting to see the comparison between ITER and W7X.
Well done! Thank you.
Although it is not quite a fair comparison, because the ITER in Caderache is a first attempt at a commercial Fusion power plant, while the Stellarator in Greifswald is mire at a similar stage as the JET in Oxford.
It would also have been nice to portray the current state of W7X operation. there is an infrequent annual or biannual newsletter of the Max Planck Institute for Plasmaphysik (MPP) team detailing the progress of the W7X project.
The single most important difference between the Tokomak and the Stellarator is direct energy transfer: the Tokomak releases a lot of energy in many forms, electromagnetic, kinetic, and thermal, but only the thermal energy is captured, wasting most of it's power. The Stellarator can capture the electromagnetic energy directly: the plasma torus generates it's own magnetic field, which drives current in the surrounding coils, who's own EM field confines the plasma, creating a nuclear self-exciting generator who's excess electrical energy is sent out to the grid. Cooling is still required but that is only used to produce supplemental power, for maximum efficiency.
The most beautiful video I have ever seen on youtube, Btw the recent advancement in quantum computing sounds quite promising , presuming somehow in the near future we will be able to make enough Qbits which will allow us to make a practical quantum computer, we could do some serious chemistry, We might be able to build some incredible super-conductors and that just might be the key to confine plasma for energy production, We might be standing a chance after all.
I will tell you an important fact from the history of science of the USSR.
In July 1950, Oleg Lavrentiev sent to Stalin a letter in which he described the basic principle of creating a hydrogen bomb (using Li 6 deuteride) and ways to obtain peaceful energy from a thermonuclear reactor. The retention method was electrostatic. This letter (a handwritten notebook) was handed over by Beria to Andrei Sakharov for review. Sakharov actually used these ideas of the hydrogen bomb in the Soviet hydrogen bomb program and put forward as his idea the creation of a thermonuclear reactor, but based not on an electrostatic, but on a magnetic method of plasma retention. That is, by a different method of plasma retention than Lavrentiev's. In the end, it was not comme il faut to copy Lavrentiev's idea completely.
And now the whole world is moving in the wrong direction (initiated by Sakharov) to create a thermonuclear reactor. The stellarator is just one of the versions of this dead-end direction.
The solution of the problem of nuclear synthesis is using cold fusion.
Always top notch
I was part of the team that built the twisty curvy pressure vessel for the University of Wisconsin's HSX Stellarator (which I believe was the predicessor to the W7) and was lessor involved though its final build and startup. While I agree that stellarators are a better candidate for fusion power than Tokamaks I currently believe that the most promising fusion power technology is currently Helion's symetrical pulse machine that already extracts about 90% of the energy that went into generating the pulses by direct conversion to electricity. By eliminating the steam cycle you can likely increase the energy conversion efficiency by at least 250% (The Carnot Cycle typically converts 30-33% of the heat energy into electricity).
Helion is currently building their 7th generation machine which is expected to be online in 2024 and the focus is on extracting the electricity and using it for something (I believe they are only looking to power some lighting initially). They are not focusing on a Q greater then 1 at this time (they believe that they know how to achieve that). They are working to perfect the direct electrical energy extraction and conversion to 60 cycle AC current which will be needed for net power production. They also admit that they are at likely 4-6 generations away from a sustained power generation machine as they have to be able to increase the pulse rate from once every 10 minutes on their 6th generation machine (which is currently running) to at least once per second. Ultimately, they are targeting 50 MW electrical output fusion generating units as their 1st step of entry into the power generation market.
Helion and several other companies using non-tokamak designs are being privately funded and several of them are moving through prototypes every several years.... ITER I believe took 6 years for base design, 13 years so far for construction (and will likely take more than that). Perhaps in another 15-20 years (assuming its actually running by then) they will be ready to start the next iteration on design.
We need to resist reading too much into Helion's statements. On their web site, they say, "Our earliest machines demonstrated that we could take electricity stored in capacitors, convert it to magnetic fields, and then recover it back out as electricity at as high as over 95% efficiency (without plasma present). We have continued to operate and build systems that demonstrate similarly high efficiencies at large scale and for long durations." Well, that is done every day worldwide in large and small dc-to-dc converters as well as in industrial settings where power factor correction capacitors are used to absorb reactive currents and release that energy as useful currents, realigned in-phase with the voltage on power lines.
They go on to say, "Helion’s approach to fusion also utilizes pulsed high-Beta fusion plasmas which should have the ability to very efficiently recover electrical energy put into the plasma (and any new energy created from fusion in charged particles) back to those same capacitors. To date, we have not released results overviewing our energy recovery with plasmas present." Well, the first sentence of this pair containing the word, "should", expresses their hope. Regarding the second sentence, it would seem that if they had some encouraging results with energy recovery with plasmas present, they would be releasing them. Also, I don't find a statement anywhere that says they have produced fusion energy of any significance.
I wish them good luck, but so far, I don't find encouragement from their stated results.
Where did the song at 5:15 come from? It's amazing!
Sometimes people forget that ITER is not meant to be the first fusion reactor as a "product", rather it aims to be a technological and research testbed of fusion on a grand scale, not as dissimilar to what the CERN meant to be on particle physics when it was first constructed. Yes, it may or may not lead to the design of a real power plant in the future, but i think that our understanding of fusion energy as a whole will largely benefit from a big project like ITER.
The future is NOW! We are truly on the cusp of interstellar and interdimensional travel / communication... if we can just avoid destroying ourselves before then...
Fusion master race! ✊
100k is less you will get 1m
Love the video and this tech will be one more stepping stone for humanity
thank you for making this video
Great choices of music
I love the audio design of your video, how do you find these audios or are you making them yourself?
369 vortice -124578 toroidal energy efficiency 🤯 Awesome 😎
man, your videos are amazing! Are you on Nebula?
This is why we need to invest in modern advanced nuclear energy options. Small form reactors, LFTRs, Thorium Reactors, liquid reactors. Utilizing our advanced modern technology, engineering, material science, safety measures understandings and designs, computer technology, robotics, It will really allow any nation to be pretty much be energy independent. Less reliant on fossil fuels. They'll have efficient, stable electrical grids and the rest of the grid could experiment with alternative power sources, etc.
We need to heal from the trauma of our past and see that it came solely from Us not understanding what we were doing, not have advanced enough technology, material science, engineering, safety measures, understanding of how to go about everything, etc. This source of energy will greatly help the world improve towards the future and lowering emissions more than anything else could while having a very stable electrical grid system. Currently we have alternative energy options but the majority of our grid is powered off of fossil fuels and emission producing sources of energy. We will be so much better going forward commiting to modern advanced nuclear energy options.
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{I truly believe, The more our surroundings flourish, the more we all flourish.} With how bad I've been seeing "water level/droughts" in the Western America lately. I really hope we not only reintroduce Beavers all over I hope we actively do cloud seeding to influence more rain to such important area's that supply crops, deal with forest fires, & are running out of water.
We've really messed up natural waterways from hydroelectric. Ecosystems and biodiversity, water oxygen, carbon levels, algae blooms, nutrient flow from inland location to off shore location. In some areas like where I live in NW Oregon, rivers are a direct connection from the ocean to the inland ecosystems and how both those ecosystems can flourish which directly connects to our qualities of Life. Our natural waterways are crucial aspects of the entire overall health of every aspect of that environment and anything that environment connects too. In Oregon, we had some of the best Salmon runs on the planet and lush inland forests, wetland ecosystems, beaver's that created special habitats/fire safety and all that got totally flipped upside down from all the hydro dams they built in the early 1900s, and many other practices we once commonly did. Before we knew or understood the effects and outcomes that comes from them. So I really hope to see tons of projects that are working on rewilding areas for the sole purpose of reestablishing ecosystem's that once flourished. Because Humans inherently do better when their environment is doing better. It provides a ton of benefit to it's people and to the quality of Life as a whole for not just humans but the entire ecosystem around you which will definitely have positive impacts to so many layers to people's life's and your community as a whole.
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Fusion is just around the corner and always will be there )
Imagine this, but with YBCO superconductors.
Yes, I was thinking that the whole time. I wonder if anyone is working on that. Either way, I feel like the world's supply of YBCO wire needs to be going straight to CFS for their SPARC project, but once that's proven to be viable it would be interesting to see if a more complicated stellarator design with YBCO superconductors could take things to the next level.
I hope so. They are the coolest by far.
2:00 I've never seen anyone even mention waste removal, which will certainly poison the reaction.
Great video! Thank you for all the effort! It really shows and makes a difference!
Have you consider to have a newsletter? Would love to receive newsletters about fusion and similar topics. Asionemetry, Sinocism or Semianalysis are great but they dont talk about fusion and the future of the energy.
Thank You so much for that initial joke on over exagerated Music!
I was still at school when I read about TOKAMAK. And I intuitively felt that something was wrong in the design. And here is the STELLARATOR, and again there is a feeling that they DID NOT TURN IT UP ... That is, one more axis is needed for PLASMA convection ... Comes to mind something like a Mobius loop or a Triglav Triquetra symbol 😅
Very well prepared session, very clear and very helpful... Thank u very much
The tokamak design is ideal for technology development. To science the process and to get it understandable, to test theories.
Stellarator would be the day-today device when all the spikes of technology would be tested and fixed with Tokamak.
I've been following the Wendelstein design ever since before it achieved first light a few years back. I think stellarators are highly underrated.
Excellent update vid for people like me who don’t follow nuclear closely