You sir are fantastic, taught me nucleophilic substitution in 15 minutes, when it takes my teacher 3 lessons to barely scratch the surface! Thank you very much for your video, keep making more!
i love how you end ur videos ‘hopefully that’s been of some help’ mate you’re absolutely saving my chemistry grade. i appreciate ur videos so so so much i can’t even put into words. its not some help it’s a looot of help. thank you endlessly !!
Amazing! The next Khan Academy?! This made my day. So good, too good. Are you professional? Where do you work? Who are you? God. You must be God. I'm gonna pass my exams! I can feel it! I know it! With these video's I can do ANYTHING. Thank you sir, thank you for the gift of brain.
+Ryan Stanga Hi, Ryan! How are you? Long time no see - I'm glad to see that you're doing Chemistry, clearly you got some excellent inspiration back in Year 7...
+E Rintoul Of course! Best Science teacher ever! wow yeah im taking Core Maths, Computing, Chemistry and Physics. Chemistry is hard though but im handling it, these videos will make it much easier! Keep up the good work ;) and Merry Christmas!
Awwwwww this reminds me of my old fav teacher. I’d give anything to see her one more time and to just have a chat with her😊😊 you clearly are a great teacher and I’m hoping i can fix my chem grade with these videos. It’s always nice to see teachers inspiring children!!❤❤
Currently lost in my chemistry class but I learn more from a few of your videos than I do in class. Guess it's because it feels like a one on one compared to a class environment. Thank you so much!!!- a very grateful chemistry student.
ngl I go into class and I come out hating them but then i watch your videos and i love chemistry again *starts tearing up due to the overflow of emotions* LOL my existence is so cringe but its actually so true
genuinely, thank you so so so much, you're making chemistry so much clearer for me and doing it in a way that its simple and I'm not getting stressed, as stress demotivates me so much - I'm hoping if I keep going I can get an A or even an A* in chem this summer!
quote E Rintoul 'It asked for the mechanism that would make the final molecule with the NH2 group, it didn't ask me to draw the final molecule. My mechanism, at the stage with the NH3+ shows the bond collapsing onto the nitrogen atom, the result being an NH2 group. You only need to draw the final product if asked to' just found his answer to the same question further down the page
@@puddleduck1405 oh my bad I saw similar comments under other threads so I thought it was u asking how everyones getting on after they finished A levels years after. I'm still retaking
Hi, I have 2 questions: 1) Where do these lone pairs come from - are they just 2 electrons in the valence band of the nucleophile? 2) I don't quite understand why the nitrogen is given a 1+ positive charge when it is a covalent bond and it still has the electron that it gave to the carbon to form the bond? Olly
Reaction machanism is the base of whole organic chemistry. Once you will understand the uses of tools of reaction mechanism . You will know the logic behind every reactions
Good videos mate. Helping me get through the course with these and because I work and take A-Levels, I barely ever have time to actually study. You sound young so I was somewhat skeptical at first but you know your stuff and I can actually take stuff from these videos into my lessons. Just wanted to say thanks and if there was anyway I could drop an email or something to you somehow if I ever get stuck?
However, the Ammonium part has baffled me. I thought Nitrogen could only make 3 covalent bonds? Yet, it's here making 4? C-NH3? The electrons donated from that Nitrogen atom has also confused me a little but perhaps I am just too tired right now. I'll check back later!
can i just say you the babzzz, the bomb and the bosss (LOL overly bum-licking). honestly our teacher spent four lessons trying to teach this but your video wasn't even half an hour and i picked it up. Thanks dude :)
Hey, great video and thanks. By the way, at the end with the ammonia, you know you only get nh2 on the carbon, if there wasn't another nh3 to form ammonium would you form HBr as another product?
moneyhoneyhoney It asked for the mechanism that would make the final molecule with the NH2 group, it didn't ask me to draw the final molecule. My mechanism, at the stage with the NH3+ shows the bond collapsing onto the nitrogen atom, the result being an NH2 group. You only need to draw the final product if asked to.
9clpc8 It depends on the nucleophile; for NH3, yes, for the others, no. When it comes to the OH- ion or the CN- ion, just draw the one stage. The ammonia molecule is the trickier one. That helped?
I am back. Good video still, watched it a few times now. My earlier comment can be rectified to a certain extent but still, questions I have! The propane nitrile? Now, I may be getting confused due to some intense cramming tonight - but, Cn+H2n+2 = alkanes g. formula? How are we getting an "-ane" here?
Hi Mr Rintoul, could you kindly explain to me why the nitrogen becomes positive during the nucleophilic substitution with NH3 ? I still don't fully understand.. thank you! :-)
callum macneil Elimination will form an alkene, and will be using concentrated hydroxide, heat and ethanol as a solvent. Nucleophilic substitution will form a haloalkane, nitrile or amine and will use dilute, aqueous hydroxide that is cold.
I like this topic! Easy peasy! Just a question, in my book, it mentions that you get the amine, but you also get the Bromide and the Ammonium Ion. They both combine to form Ammonium Bromide, will we have to include this?
Boro Jen xX Ypu're absolutely right, but I don't think I've ever seen a question come up that has asked anything about the ammonium ion or the bromide ion!
Hi! If you mean the question at 11:44, then I did draw the intermediate stage! The intermediate stage of the NH3 nucleophilic substitution reaction is where you have the positively charged N. Get it?
Thanks! In all honesty, probably not. If the question you are referring to is the one where you are expected to draw the mechanism for any of the reactions, the partial charges don't tend to come up on the markscheme. More importantly are things like drawing arrows from lone-pairs/bonds and then putting them onto the correct position as well as those cheeky charges on atoms (as in the positive nitrogen atom that is formed in the intermediate stage when ammonia acts as a nucleophile with a haloalkane). The only place I've ever seen marks given for partial charges has been on the question where it asks you to draw out the bonding in liquid water for example. Here, with the hydrogen bonding present, you need to include the partial charges. However that was in CHEM 1 so that's gone now! That help at all?
Apple Orange Hey, Apple! Hydrolysis is a reaction that involves breaking a molecule using water. So the answer is yes and no. The reactions shown here are of the hydroxide ion coming from sodium/potassium hydroxide. But, the reaction with water is hydrolysis and a nucleophilic substitution reaction - it just isn't drawn quite the same... Have a look at this page... www.chemguide.co.uk/mechanisms/nucsub/water.html
E Rintoul Hey sir! Thanks, that was really helpful, do you think those mechanisms are beyond the scope of AS chem? Also another question, do you have any tips for doing well in the ISAs? I did my first one and got 35/50, but I am hoping to achieve an A overall so I am afraid this mark will pull my grade down in the summer. I am going to do the milk of magnesia isa paper next week but I was just wondering if you have any general tips/advice to help improve my mark. I am quite worried because I don't want to be in a position where I achieve good marks in the exam and get pulled down due to the ISA paper!!
Apple Orange I don't think they'd put that mechanism into the paper - it's not specified on the specification! ISAs are tricky - my classes are doing them at the minute. The trick is to read the question fully and to make sure that your answer is detailed and actually answers the question! You can use the past grade boundaries for ISAs to get a rough idea of where your mark would put you in terms of UMS, but you can get an A with no UMS at all from the ISA - it just means getting full marks on both papers!
Pattie Boswell Never! And that goes for the A2 as well. All of the mechanisms that you'll come across in AS and A2 Chemistry revolve around the movement of pairs of electrons, hence the double-headed arrow. The only time I ever use single-headed arrows is when showing the homolytic fission of Cl2 as a starting point for free-radical substitution.
Is there not a temporary intermediate stage where the for example CN is partially bonded to the C at the same time that the Br is giving it a negative charge? Will this not get marks in the exam?
Omar Alias Hi and thanks! Yeah for sure - it's particularly important to note the differences between the conditions required to favour elimination over nucleophilic sub. Nucleophilic sub. - OH- ions in solution, cool temp. Elimination - OH- ions in ethanolic solution, warmed That helped?
+Jerusaa Vasikaran if you're doing the new aqa spec then very likely. ive done many past paper q's from the previous one that always awarded the marks for them. however i havent seen specimen paper 2 for the new one so im not too sure. either way it's probably best to put them in as it clarifies where the electron goes
Thank you so much without you i probably would have failed unit 1 but with the exam question, do you know it's a nucleophilic substitution just because of the NH3?
In CHEM 2, if you are required to draw a mechanism and one reactant is NH3, you can be sure that you are dealing with nucleophilic substitution. And thank you for the kind words!
at 4;36 shouldn't the arrow be a half arrow from the bond to the bromine as only one electron is moved? Can you please explain because i am stuck, thanks
Imagine him as your chemistry teacher 😭 I’d actually be so blessed
right i just realized how useless mine is she just reads the book
Honestly, he’s a godsend
He’s mine
I got lucky
You sir are fantastic, taught me nucleophilic substitution in 15 minutes, when it takes my teacher 3 lessons to barely scratch the surface! Thank you very much for your video, keep making more!
lavaman137 Well I am glad! How long are your lessons?!
E Rintoul my lessons are an hour long, but you condensed it so well!
@@lavaman137 what grade did u get and are u done with uni?
@@zlayer_115LMAAOO bro askin this 7 years later
hahahah@@ella-kt8ue
i love how you end ur videos ‘hopefully that’s been of some help’ mate you’re absolutely saving my chemistry grade. i appreciate ur videos so so so much i can’t even put into words. its not some help it’s a looot of help. thank you endlessly !!
Amazing! The next Khan Academy?! This made my day. So good, too good. Are you professional? Where do you work? Who are you? God. You must be God. I'm gonna pass my exams! I can feel it! I know it! With these video's I can do ANYTHING. Thank you sir, thank you for the gift of brain.
Fell off my chair with this. LMFAO!
well did you pass LMAO
@@masonchin4705 6 years later😭
@@masonchin4705 bro man probably has passed graduated married and had kids by now 😭😂
oscar u better have passed that exam. In fact, how are your kids doing.
Sir! its Ryan Stanga from year 7!!! im doing A level chemistry at harrogate grammar, great videos this one was a lot of help!
+Ryan Stanga Hi, Ryan! How are you? Long time no see - I'm glad to see that you're doing Chemistry, clearly you got some excellent inspiration back in Year 7...
+E Rintoul Of course! Best Science teacher ever! wow yeah im taking Core Maths, Computing, Chemistry and Physics. Chemistry is hard though but im handling it, these videos will make it much easier! Keep up the good work ;) and Merry Christmas!
Ryan Stanga Haha flattery will get you far. Let me know if there's anything I can help you with! Merry Christmas and a happy New Year! Take care.
Awwwwww this reminds me of my old fav teacher. I’d give anything to see her one more time and to just have a chat with her😊😊 you clearly are a great teacher and I’m hoping i can fix my chem grade with these videos. It’s always nice to see teachers inspiring children!!❤❤
Currently lost in my chemistry class but I learn more from a few of your videos than I do in class. Guess it's because it feels like a one on one compared to a class environment. Thank you so much!!!- a very grateful chemistry student.
I honestly owe you so much, you're a chemistry wizard 👐 Thank you!
Molly Pow I'm a what?
I life saver amongst many other things! E Rintoul
Molly Pow You're too kind!
*honest! Really appreciate everything :) E Rintoul
@@MrERintoul you're a wizard eliot
6:58 the minus sliding in out of no-where.
Bit creepy that!!!
You have got some eye mate
😂
Thank you once again! How will I ever thank you enough?
Manvir J Spread the words about my videos!
This guy’s about to save my Alevel fr
this way of teaching is so efficient, makes you despise school for wasting hours of your time when everything can be covered so simply and quickly.
ngl I go into class and I come out hating them but then i watch your videos and i love chemistry again *starts tearing up due to the overflow of emotions* LOL my existence is so cringe but its actually so true
genuinely, thank you so so so much, you're making chemistry so much clearer for me and doing it in a way that its simple and I'm not getting stressed, as stress demotivates me so much - I'm hoping if I keep going I can get an A or even an A* in chem this summer!
what did you get
I hope you did yourself proud :)
thank you , i missed the lesson when my class covered this and its so helpful
I quite liked your explanation , thank you!
+Kalifa Joseph No worries :)
Hi sir, i was wondering why in the last question the molecule ended with NH2 but you drew 3 hydrogens attached to the nitrogen?
quote E Rintoul 'It asked for the mechanism that would make the final molecule with the NH2 group, it didn't ask me to draw the final molecule. My mechanism, at the stage with the NH3+ shows the bond collapsing onto the nitrogen atom, the result being an NH2 group.
You only need to draw the final product if asked to' just found his answer to the same question further down the page
I feel enlightened. Truly thank. This is wonderful xample of the gft that keeps giving - the gift of know. Thank so :D
This really helped me to understand the ammonia part of this topic. Thank you!
You sir have saved me from possible doom! Your videos are very helpful and you pushed me up 3 letter grades! Thank you so much!
Wow, that's some serious progress! Well done!
wow 7 years ago...how r u doing now
@@puddleduck1405 are u just asking everyone how their getting on 😭
@@icecold4085 wdym lmao
@@puddleduck1405 oh my bad I saw similar comments under other threads so I thought it was u asking how everyones getting on after they finished A levels years after. I'm still retaking
what about SN1 and SN2 mechanisms..... are they out of spec....
THANK YOU SO MUCH for this video as well as all your other ones, you make a difficult subject a lot more bearable and easier to understand :)
you should use chemrevise too
thank you so much for your videos, your the reason i will pass my as chemistry :)
Have u done your a levels.
Hi,
I have 2 questions:
1) Where do these lone pairs come from - are they just 2 electrons in the valence band of the nucleophile?
2) I don't quite understand why the nitrogen is given a 1+ positive charge when it is a covalent bond and it still has the electron that it gave to the carbon to form the bond?
Olly
These videos are so good thanks for doing them!
THIS IS AMAZING, literally never understood it until now. THANK YOU FOR SAVING ME FOR PAPER 2 TOMORROW!
Victoria Roch good luck to us 🤣🤣🤣
JakzKmt we probs need it, this is the only thing i understand 😂
thankyou so much my chemistry teacher is terrible you have no idea how much this has helped!
Reaction machanism is the base of whole organic chemistry. Once you will understand the uses of tools of reaction mechanism . You will know the logic behind every reactions
Good videos mate. Helping me get through the course with these and because I work and take A-Levels, I barely ever have time to actually study. You sound young so I was somewhat skeptical at first but you know your stuff and I can actually take stuff from these videos into my lessons. Just wanted to say thanks and if there was anyway I could drop an email or something to you somehow if I ever get stuck?
However, the Ammonium part has baffled me. I thought Nitrogen could only make 3 covalent bonds? Yet, it's here making 4? C-NH3? The electrons donated from that Nitrogen atom has also confused me a little but perhaps I am just too tired right now. I'll check back later!
@@yoiki2897 you are right, that is why the bond between Nitrogen and Hydrogen is broken by NH3
Thank you so much, Sir
I wish you made a video on electrophilic substitution
I got my As exam tomorrow and this is helping me so much thankyou for these videos. ❤️❤️
this is fantastic, couldn't understand this unit before, especially with the ammonia, but it makes a lot more sense now :)
This video was superb! Thank you so much! :)
***** Not a problem :)
can i just say you the babzzz, the bomb and the bosss (LOL overly bum-licking). honestly our teacher spent four lessons trying to teach this but your video wasn't even half an hour and i picked it up.
Thanks dude :)
Thank you so much for making these videos!!! You're honestly a life saverrrr!
this helped me so much, thanks!! such clear explanation, brilliant
I don't understand that final step between NH3 and H
I wish you taught at my school, why don't you? I'm stuck with a teacher who couldnt distinguish between endothermic and exothermic.
Emma Se How do you know that I don't teach at your school...?
Thank you so much!!! This just helped me beyond imagination and I finally understand nucleophilic substitution!
Hey, great video and thanks. By the way, at the end with the ammonia, you know you only get nh2 on the carbon, if there wasn't another nh3 to form ammonium would you form HBr as another product?
I actually love you. Like, LOVE you.
My teacher spent at least 10 lessons on this and I didn't get it at all and u made me understand within 15 mins
You helped me a lot thank you for every min
Haha feels nice to see such a recent comment :)
what are the conditions of each of these nucleophilic substitutions
This is so nice and clear, thank you so much!
you are a lifesaver ,Prof!!!
Thank youuu
Hi quick question, the exam question asked for the final molecule to have NH2 but you left it at NH3. Why was that
moneyhoneyhoney It asked for the mechanism that would make the final molecule with the NH2 group, it didn't ask me to draw the final molecule. My mechanism, at the stage with the NH3+ shows the bond collapsing onto the nitrogen atom, the result being an NH2 group.
You only need to draw the final product if asked to.
Hello sir. Do you need to draw the intermediate phase in the exams? And how many steps is there to draw?
9clpc8 It depends on the nucleophile; for NH3, yes, for the others, no.
When it comes to the OH- ion or the CN- ion, just draw the one stage. The ammonia molecule is the trickier one.
That helped?
Your the best,bless up
your videos have helped me SO much, thankyou!!
not the hero we deserve but the hero we need.
I am back. Good video still, watched it a few times now. My earlier comment can be rectified to a certain extent but still, questions I have!
The propane nitrile? Now, I may be getting confused due to some intense cramming tonight - but, Cn+H2n+2 = alkanes g. formula? How are we getting an "-ane" here?
I love you Eliot. Thank you so much🤩🤩🤩
Oh tomorrow's going to be so much fun hahaha thanks for the great videos though they've been really helpfull 😀😀👍
Stomper TJ It'll be a right laugh! No worries :)
You are the best teacher!
Why is it deficient? There are 4 bonds hence 8 electrons .
Is this an example of heterolytic bond fission, as the halogen gains both electrons during the substitution?
Big thanks!
ruqaya suadad No problem!
Your videos are amazing THANK YOU SO MUCH!!
Hi Mr Rintoul, could you kindly explain to me why the nitrogen becomes positive during the nucleophilic substitution with NH3 ? I still don't fully understand.. thank you! :-)
Awesome explanation, only question is in minute 11 you say the NH3 loses one H and it goes to a NH4, could you explain that somehow?
May i ask how would you know when to use nucleophilic subsitution or elimination?
callum macneil Elimination will form an alkene, and will be using concentrated hydroxide, heat and ethanol as a solvent. Nucleophilic substitution will form a haloalkane, nitrile or amine and will use dilute, aqueous hydroxide that is cold.
awesome, thanks alot ahha finally found a channel that actually replies. :)
callum macneil I'm all about the replies!
Also what is the usefulness of these reactions in organic synthesis? thank you
I like this topic! Easy peasy! Just a question, in my book, it mentions that you get the amine, but you also get the Bromide and the Ammonium Ion. They both combine to form Ammonium Bromide, will we have to include this?
Boro Jen xX Ypu're absolutely right, but I don't think I've ever seen a question come up that has asked anything about the ammonium ion or the bromide ion!
E Rintoul On the Amine, do you need to include the lone pair of electrons on the N atom?
Boro Jen xX If you are referring to the finished product, no.
Sir, at the end of the video where you show the question, why did you not draw the intermediate phase?
Hi!
If you mean the question at 11:44, then I did draw the intermediate stage!
The intermediate stage of the NH3 nucleophilic substitution reaction is where you have the positively charged N. Get it?
Oh ok thank you!
God bless you please keep up the good work !
thank you so much for this it makes so much sense now
Would you say that nitrogen in the intermediate stage is Delta Negative ?
sir that was amazing, but please could you explain SN1 and SN2 mechanisms of nucleophilic substitution... thank you in advance :)
When reacting with CN- does it not make propionitrile rather than propanenitrile?
This video is really good! Thank you!
Quick question - in the five mark exam questions, do you need to put the partial charges on the C-Halogen bond??
Thanks!
In all honesty, probably not. If the question you are referring to is the one where you are expected to draw the mechanism for any of the reactions, the partial charges don't tend to come up on the markscheme. More importantly are things like drawing arrows from lone-pairs/bonds and then putting them onto the correct position as well as those cheeky charges on atoms (as in the positive nitrogen atom that is formed in the intermediate stage when ammonia acts as a nucleophile with a haloalkane).
The only place I've ever seen marks given for partial charges has been on the question where it asks you to draw out the bonding in liquid water for example. Here, with the hydrogen bonding present, you need to include the partial charges. However that was in CHEM 1 so that's gone now!
That help at all?
In the last question why have you left it as CH3CH2CH2N+H3 not CH3CH2CH2NH2 ?
In my book it talks about hydrolysis of haloalkanes, but is this just the same as nucleophilic substitution with :OH-? Are they just the same thing?
Apple Orange Hey, Apple!
Hydrolysis is a reaction that involves breaking a molecule using water. So the answer is yes and no. The reactions shown here are of the hydroxide ion coming from sodium/potassium hydroxide. But, the reaction with water is hydrolysis and a nucleophilic substitution reaction - it just isn't drawn quite the same...
Have a look at this page... www.chemguide.co.uk/mechanisms/nucsub/water.html
E Rintoul Hey sir! Thanks, that was really helpful, do you think those mechanisms are beyond the scope of AS chem? Also another question, do you have any tips for doing well in the ISAs? I did my first one and got 35/50, but I am hoping to achieve an A overall so I am afraid this mark will pull my grade down in the summer. I am going to do the milk of magnesia isa paper next week but I was just wondering if you have any general tips/advice to help improve my mark. I am quite worried because I don't want to be in a position where I achieve good marks in the exam and get pulled down due to the ISA paper!!
Apple Orange I don't think they'd put that mechanism into the paper - it's not specified on the specification!
ISAs are tricky - my classes are doing them at the minute. The trick is to read the question fully and to make sure that your answer is detailed and actually answers the question!
You can use the past grade boundaries for ISAs to get a rough idea of where your mark would put you in terms of UMS, but you can get an A with no UMS at all from the ISA - it just means getting full marks on both papers!
When do we use the half curly arrows Mr. Rintoul?
Pattie Boswell Never! And that goes for the A2 as well.
All of the mechanisms that you'll come across in AS and A2 Chemistry revolve around the movement of pairs of electrons, hence the double-headed arrow.
The only time I ever use single-headed arrows is when showing the homolytic fission of Cl2 as a starting point for free-radical substitution.
Very interesting video. Thank you so much!
Not a problem!
sir..dnt u think we hve to state the partial charges too for a perfect score??
+Mehreen Yousaf Nope.
Once again, great videos! Just a question, what would the last product of the exam question be called? Thanks again!
+iPlay Using the rule given at 11:10 should be propylamine
Is there not a temporary intermediate stage where the for example CN is partially bonded to the C at the same time that the Br is giving it a negative charge? Will this not get marks in the exam?
This video is great! It would be good if you could do the other mechanisms, thanks :)
Thanks! I have one on free-radical substitution coming soon and will be making one on electrophilic addition in the near future.
Hi there great video. Quick question do you need to know about reaction conditions e.g. warm aqueous sodium/ potassium hydroxide ?
Omar Alias Hi and thanks! Yeah for sure - it's particularly important to note the differences between the conditions required to favour elimination over nucleophilic sub.
Nucleophilic sub. - OH- ions in solution, cool temp.
Elimination - OH- ions in ethanolic solution, warmed
That helped?
Thank you just to let you know your vids are a great help :P
Thank you so much man you made me improve alot
I'm gonna be sitting my exam soon, and this has helped so much! I was just wandering do we have to show the partial charges on carbon and bromine?
+Jerusaa Vasikaran if you're doing the new aqa spec then very likely. ive done many past paper q's from the previous one that always awarded the marks for them. however i havent seen specimen paper 2 for the new one so im not too sure. either way it's probably best to put them in as it clarifies where the electron goes
at 11:35 what about the bromine what happens with that does it attach to the H+ and -br which will form HBR GAS
+Aqib Ahmed Ja.
dear Sir, dont you need to include the
CH3CH2CH2NH2 step on the exam question you did
Sir isnt the negative charge on cn supposed to be on carbon?
why does it have to be aqueous in the hydroxide ion mechanism?
I can’t thank you enough
Thank you so much without you i probably would have failed unit 1 but with the exam question, do you know it's a nucleophilic substitution just because of the NH3?
In CHEM 2, if you are required to draw a mechanism and one reactant is NH3, you can be sure that you are dealing with nucleophilic substitution.
And thank you for the kind words!
If it's a two bromo molecule do you do the mechanism twice?
at 4;36 shouldn't the arrow be a half arrow from the bond to the bromine as only one electron is moved? Can you please explain because i am stuck, thanks
Great video, this helps so much :)
is so helpful, thank you so much
thanks so much, this was really helpful
what are the reactions conditions and reagents for nucleophilic sub for the formation of an alcohol?
Cold. Dilute and aqueous hydroxide.
Sorry.... but i need to clarify.... i thought that the reagents are NaOH(aq) and heating with reflux?
Really helpful & clear :)
Would you also get HBr from the intermediate stage?
hi, in an exam does it matter which way around you put the arrow head as long as they are facing the right place? or will you be penalised
Very nice
i dont understand "the bond to the halogen" why does that happen someone explain thx
on 11:10 where did the NH3- come from? (the one where you drew the curly arrow bonding to the hydrogen)
+Blueberry 2 Love It's another NH3 from solution. It does not have a charge though!
1-aminopropane